Forage peanut legume as a strategy for improving beef production without increasing livestock greenhouse gas emissions

The transformation of pastures from a degraded state to sustainable productivity is a major challenge in tropical livestock production. Stoloniferous forage legumes such as Arachis pintoi (forage peanut) are one of the most promising alternatives for intensifying pasture-based beef livestock operations with reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This 2-year study assessed beef cattle performance, nutrient intake and digestibility, and balance of GHG emissions in three pasture types (PT): (1) mixed Palisade grass - Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster (syn. Brachiaria brizantha Stapf cv. Marandu) and forage peanut (A. pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg. cv. BRS Mandobi) pastures (Mixed), (2) monoculture Palisade grass pastures with 150 kg of N/ha per year (Fertilised), and (3) monoculture Palisade grass without N fertiliser (Control). Continuous stocking with a variable stocking rate was used in a randomised complete block design, with four replicates per treatment. The average daily gain and carcass gain were not influenced by the PT (P = 0.439 and P = 0.100, respectively) and were, on average, 0.433 kg/animal per day and 83.4 kg/animal, respectively. Fertilised and Mixed pastures increased by 102 and 31.5%, respectively, the liveweight gain per area (kg/ha/yr) compared to the Control pasture (P < 0.001). The heifers in the Mixed pasture had lower CH4 emissions (g/animal per day; P = 0.009), achieving a reduction of 12.6 and 10.1% when compared to the Fertilised and Control pastures, respectively. Annual (N2O) emissions (g/animal) and per kg carcass weight gain were 59.8 and 63.1% lower, respectively, in the Mixed pasture compared to the Fertilised pasture (P < 0.001). Mixed pasture mitigated approximately 23% of kg CO2eq/kg of carcass when substituting 150 kg of N/ha per year via fertiliser. Mixed pastures with forage peanut are a promising solution to recover degraded tropical pastures by providing increased animal production with lower GHG emissions.

A profile of practice: The occupational therapy process in community aged care in Australia

INTRODUCTION

Occupational therapists working in community aged care play a key role in service provision because of their expertise in considering the person, their occupations, and environmental context. To further understand occupational therapy practice in community aged care, this study aimed to explore the approaches, models, frames of reference, assessments, interventions, and outcome evaluation methods being used by Australian occupational therapists in aged care.

METHODS

An online questionnaire was developed, piloted, and delivered to occupational therapists working in community aged care in Australia. Responses to closed-ended questions were analysed using descriptive statistics, and a summative approach to content analysis was applied to open-ended questions.

RESULTS

Seventy-one occupational therapists employed in community aged care across Australia participated in the questionnaire. Almost half of the respondents were employed in private practice. All respondents used a compensatory approach to practice, whereas just over three-quarters used a restorative approach. The Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) model was the most frequently used occupation-focused model (n = 45). The biomechanical and rehabilitative frames of reference were each used by over two thirds of respondents. Cognitive assessments were most common, followed by functional and environmental assessments. The interventions of equipment and home modifications were very common followed by remedial therapy.

CONCLUSION

Community aged care occupational therapists show coherence in theory-to-practice application, but there is wide diversity in practice decisions and possibly gaps in practice. Occupational therapists remain firmly client centred but apply compensatory approaches more than reablement approaches. This trend may be due to the influence of aged care funding models and limits on time. In addition to reacting to crisis, there is scope for occupational therapists to have a greater focus on early intervention to support dementia care and prevent falls.

Impairments, and physical design and culture of a rehabilitation unit influence stroke survivor activity: qualitative analysis of rehabilitation staff perceptions

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate rehabilitation staff perceptions of factors influencing stroke survivor activity outside of dedicated therapy time for the purpose of supporting successful translation of activity promoting interventions in a rehabilitation unit.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Purposive sampling of multi-disciplinary teams from four rehabilitation units was performed, and semi-structured interviews were conducted by telephone, digitally audio-recorded and then transcribed verbatim. A stepped iterative process of thematic analysis was employed until data saturation was reached.

RESULTS

All but one of the 22 participants were female, the majority were either physiotherapists or occupational therapists, with a median of 4 years (interquartile range, 2-10) working at their respective rehabilitation units. Analysis of the data revealed three themes: (i) stroke survivor characteristics influence their activity outside therapy, (ii) the rehabilitation environment influences physical, cognitive, and social activity, and (iii) institutional priorities, staff culture, and attitude can be barriers to activity. Rehabilitation units were perceived to be unstimulating, and visitors considered enablers of activity when resources were perceived to be scarce.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest careful consideration of the involvement of visitors, an individual's needs and preferences, and the institution's priorities and staff attitude may result in greater stroke survivor activity during rehabilitation.Implications for rehabilitationStaff should consider stroke survivor impairments and a rehabilitation unit's institutional priorities and staff attitudes when aiming to enhance stroke survivor engagement in activity.The physical and social environment of a rehabilitation unit can be optimised by rehabilitation staff to promote activity.Utilisation of visitors of stroke survivors on a rehabilitation unit may be one way to enhance engagement in activity.Discussion within the rehabilitation team concerning "ownership" of the role of supporting stroke survivor activity outside of structured therapy time may support better engagement in same.

Effects of the CarFreeMe Traumatic Injuries, a Community Mobility Group Intervention, to Increase Community Participation for People With Traumatic Injuries: A Randomized Controlled Trial With Crossover

Introduction

After traumatic injuries community participation is a common goal, promoting wellbeing and independence. Community mobility and transportation influence an individual's independence in community participation. With the ability to drive safely often compromised after traumatic injuries, the adverse consequences of driving cessation include a loss of identity and reduced participation in chosen activities. In rehabilitation, individualized community mobility intervention is not routinely provided. The primary aim of this trial was to evaluate whether a group-based intervention, the CarFreeMe TI program was more effective than standard intervention, an information sheet of alternative transport, in improving community mobility for people following traumatic injuries. The secondary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect: types of transport used, transport satisfaction, community mobility self-efficacy, quality of life, goal satisfaction and performance, for people following traumatic injuries; and to undertake a preliminary assessment of the potential resource use associated with the intervention, and lessons for implementation.

Design

Prospective, pilot, randomized, blind observer, controlled trial with crossover.

Participants

Twenty individuals with traumatic injuries.

Intervention

Six-week group-based support and education program, the CarFreeMe TI delivered in community settings (intervention) and standard information related to transport options available (control).

Primary Outcome Measures

Community participation using a Global Positioning System device to record the location and number of outings from home.

Secondary Outcome Measures

CarFreeMe TI Transport Questionnaire, Community Mobility Self-efficacy Scale, quality of life measures, Modified Canadian Occupational Performance Measure for goals (importance and satisfaction), participant satisfaction survey results and researcher logs.

Results

Those who received the intervention were more likely to use public transport and transport services and had an improved quality of life, when compared to the control group. The intervention group also reported high levels of improvement in goal performance and satisfaction. Global Positioning System data collection was incomplete, with geolocation data unusable. There was no significant change in number/type of visits away from home.

Conclusions

A group-based community mobility education program promoted modes of active independent transport but did not impact on outings from home. Future research could include passive collection methods using a smartphone to record community participation.

Clinical Trial Registration

https://www.anzctr.org.au/, identifier: ACTRN12616001254482.

Professional reasoning of occupational therapy driver rehabilitation interventions

INTRODUCTION

Driver-trained occupational therapists are advanced practitioners who work with people to help maintain their independence and autonomy through driving. There is a lack of investigation of professional reasoning processes for why interventions are recommended by driver-trained occupational therapists. This research project sought to explore the reasoning of driver-trained occupational therapists when they plan, implement, and reflect on driver rehabilitation interventions.

METHODS

In-depth semistructured interviews (n = 7) and one focus group (n = 5) were conducted with 12 experienced driver-trained occupational therapists, comprising a wide range of experience, client populations, and licensing jurisdictions. Data were analysed using a modified template analysis approach.

RESULTS

Seven higher order modes that reflect professional reasoning theory and hierarchical models were evident in the work of the driver-trained occupational therapists, with no new modes of reasoning emerging. Ethical reasoning regarding the balance of safety versus client independence was an overarching shared framework, with therapists mostly using interactive and conditional reasoning in practice. Twenty-three second-level themes were identified that exemplify how the reasoning modes operate in practice. Therapists described assessment activity even when solely asked about intervention, indicating the importance of assessment to intervention design. The full hierarchy of reasoning was evident during the rehabilitation phase.

CONCLUSION

These findings elucidate the application of professional reasoning in advanced occupational therapy practices and could support driver-trained occupational therapists in making driving rehabilitation recommendations if used in reflective practices.

Mild cognitive impairment and fitness to drive: An audit of practice in a driving specialist clinic in Australia

OBJECTIVE

To describe current practice and outcomes relating to fitness to drive for people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) attending a specialist driving clinic.

METHODS

Retrospective medical record audit from a driving fitness assessment clinic at a tertiary medical centre, South Australia, from 2015 to 2019.

RESULTS

Of 100 notes audited, n = 40 had a documented diagnosis of MCI and n = 60 had subjective cognitive concerns characteristic of MCI. Participants mean age was 80.0 years (SD 6.7), and mean Mini-Mental State Examination score was 26.1 (SD 2.1). Medical practitioners completed a comprehensive initial assessment relating to medical fitness to drive, considering scores from a cognitive assessment battery and non-cognitive factors (driving history, current driving needs, vision, physical abilities and collateral from family). After the initial assessment, most participants (84%) were referred for a practical on-road assessment, before receiving a final driving recommendation. Over half of participants continued driving (51%), most with conditions, while 35% ceased driving. Outcomes for the remaining 14% are unknown as we were unable to determine whether the practical assessment (11%) or lessons (3%) were completed.

CONCLUSIONS

Driving outcomes for people with MCI with questionable driving capabilities are variable, with both cognitive and non-cognitive factors important in guiding medical fitness to drive recommendations. There is a need for more driving clinics to provide in-depth assessment for people with MCI who demonstrate uncertain driving capabilities and improved support for decision-making in other non-driving specialist settings.

Intergenerational Virtual Program: Promoting Meaningful Connections Across the Lifespan During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Intergenerational programs have long been identified as a way of promoting health and well-being for participants. Continuing such programs during pandemic restrictions is challenging and requires a novel approach. This community case study describes the use of co-design to create a high-level intergenerational program model, adapt it to specific community needs, and deliver it virtually with the aid of modern communication technology. Interviews conducted after the program had finished indicated that despite the challenges and limitations of the virtual environment, meaningful connections were achieved across three generations. The high-level program model may serve as a basis for other programs wanting to explore this area.

Crucial role of extra-domain A containing fibronectin for the development of pulmonary hypertension and associated right heart failure

Background

Pulmonary vascular and right ventricular myocardial remodelling are unique phenomena in PH progression. Both processes are accompanied by an abundant re-expression of the extra-domain A of fibronectin (ED-A+ Fn) therefore qualifying as promising biomarker or even therapeutic target. Nevertheless, its functional role in PH pathogenesis remains unclear until now. Objective: The purpose of our study was to analyse the development of PH and RHF in a mouse model of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH comparing C57BL/6 ED-A+ Fn knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice.

Methods

PH was induced by subcutaneous injection of a single dose of MCT (60 mg/kg body weight). Subgroups were additionally treated with the dual endothelin receptor antagonist Macitentan (MAC, 15mg/kg body weight per day from day 14 to 28). There were 6 experimental groups: sham-treated control WT mice (WTco, n=4); MCT induced PH WT mice (WTPH, n=6); MCT induced PH WT mice treated with MAC (WTPH_MAC, n=6); sham-treated control KO mice (KOco, n=4); MCT induced PH KO mice (KOPH, n=6); MCT induced PH KO mice treated with MAC (KOPH_MAC, n=6). Between day 26 and 28, transthoracic echocardiography and right heart catheterization were performed. Both, lung and cardiac tissue samples were subjected to histological analyses.

Results

Right heart catheterization revealed significantly increased RVPsys values in WTPH (87.0±16.4mmHg) compared to WTco (36.1±9.4mmHg; p=0.034) animals, which showed, at least in trend, a diminution in the WTPH_MAC group (67.1±20.9mmHg; p=n.s.). There was a non-significant increase in RVPsys in the KOPH (55.6±14.9mmHg) compared to KOco mice (37.2±5.6mmHg; p=n.s.) without any differences compared to the KOPH_MAC group (60.9±14.0mmHg; p=n.s.). When comparing the WTPH and the KOPH group, RVPsys was significantly lower in the KO animals (p=0.014), while there were no differences between the WTPH_MAC and the KOPH_MAC group (p=n.s.). Echocardiographic evaluation including surrogate parameters of right ventricular (RV) overload and failure were significantly altered in WTPH compared to WTco animals (p&lt;0.05) and could not be shown to be relevantly improved in the WTPH_MAC group (p=n.s.). The majority of echocardiographic parameters did not significantly differ between the KOPH and the KOco group (p=n.s.). Lung tissue analysis revealed significant alterations in both, the WTPH and the KOPH group, each compared to the corresponding control (p&lt;0.05). The level of lung tissue damage was significantly decreased in KOPH compared to WTPH mice (p&lt;0.05). In RV, the amount of interstitial fibrosis was increased in the WTPH (p=0.009) but not in the KOPH group (p=n.s.), each compared to the corresponding controls.

Conclusions

The findings of the current study underline the hypothesis that ED-A+ Fn is a key player in the pathogenesis of PH and associated RHF. Thus, it might represent a promising therapeutic target, e.g., by the administration of neutralizing antibodies.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): University Hospital Jena

Interaction of Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Enteritidis with peripheral leucocytes of hens with different laying performance

Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovars Enteritidis (SE) and Gallinarum (SG) cause different diseases in chickens. However, both are able to reach the blood stream where heterophils and monocytes are potentially able to phagocytose and kill the pathogens. Using an ex vivo chicken whole blood infection model, we compared the complex interactions of the differentially host-adapted SE and SG with immune cells in blood samples of two White Leghorn chicken lines showing different laying performance (WLA: high producer; R11: low producer). In order to examine the dynamic interaction between peripheral blood leucocytes and the Salmonella serovars, we performed flow cytometric analyses and survival assays measuring (i) leucocyte numbers, (ii) pathogen association with immune cells, (iii) Salmonella viability and (iv) immune gene transcription in infected whole blood over a four-hour co-culture period. Inoculation of blood from the two chicken lines with Salmonella led primarily to an interaction of the bacteria with monocytes, followed by heterophils and thrombocytes. We found higher proportions of monocytes associated with SE than with SG. In blood samples of high producing chickens, a decrease in the numbers of both heterophils and Salmonella was observed. The Salmonella challenge induced transcription of interleukin-8 (IL-8) which was more pronounced in SG- than SE-inoculated blood of R11. In conclusion, the stronger interaction of monocytes with SE than SG and the better survivability of Salmonella in blood of low-producer chickens shows that the host-pathogen interaction and the strength of the immune defence depend on both the Salmonella serovar and the chicken line.

Occupational Therapy Interventions to Improve Driving Performance in Older People With Mild Cognitive Impairment or Early-Stage Dementia: A Systematic Review

IMPORTANCE

For a person with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or early-stage dementia, driving is important for independence. However, driving presents safety concerns for both the person and family members. It is important to determine whether occupational therapy interventions can prolong safe driving for this population.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions to improve driving performance in older people with MCI or early-stage dementia.

DATA SOURCES

We conducted a search of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and gray literature using Google Scholar. Study Selection and Data Collection: Studies were included if they evaluated interventions that (1) aimed to improve the driving performance of older people (M age ≥60 yr) with MCI or early-stage dementia and (2) could be designed or delivered by an occupational therapy practitioner who specializes in driving. Citations were reviewed independently by two authors, and quality appraisal was conducted using the Cochrane risk-of-bias guidelines.

FINDINGS

One Level I randomized controlled trial (RCT) and 4 Level III quasi-experimental studies were included; these studies had 231 participants in total with reported M ages of 65.6-72.5 yr. One study evaluated a compensatory approach, whereas the others evaluated a remedial approach. The studies used different measures to assess outcomes and reported mixed effects.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Low strength of evidence suggests that occupational therapy interventions may improve the driving performance of older people with MCI or early-stage dementia. More RCTs are needed that include long-term follow-up measures and address clinically important outcomes. What This Article Adds: In the absence of conclusive evidence from research studies and best practice guidelines, occupational therapy practitioners must rely on their clinical experience and their clients' abilities. Development of evidence and guidelines in this area is critical. It is also important for practitioners to work closely with clients, families, and interdisciplinary team members to carefully monitor fitness to drive.

Facilitating manual wheelchair skills following lower limb amputation using a group process: A nested mixed methods pilot study

Introduction

The manual wheelchair skills training programme is used to structure teaching manual wheelchair use for people following injury or disability. This pilot study aimed to explore the outcomes of introducing a group wheelchair skills training programme on skill performance, confidence and frequency of wheelchair use for people with lower limb amputation in a rehabilitation setting from the perspective of participants and group facilitators.

Method

This pilot study used a two‐phase mixed methods nested design. Eleven people with lower limb amputations received a minimum of two 45‐min wheelchair skills sessions, using the Wheelchair Skills Training Program, delivered in a mix of group and one‐to‐one sessions. In phase one, wheelchair skill performance, confidence and frequency were measured using the Wheelchair Skills Test Questionnaire‐Version 5.0, goal achievement was measured through the Functional Independence Measure and Goal Attainment Scale. These measures were repeated in phase two. Nested within phase two was qualitative data collection. Interviews were conducted with eight participants and a focus group held with three programme facilitators, to gather their perceptions of the training process. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse and report quantitative data and thematic analysis was used to combine qualitative data from the two participant groups.

Results

Post intervention, the mean Wheelchair Skills Test Questionnaire score increased in performance (42.3 ± 13.4), confidence (33.9 ± 20.7) and frequency (33.9 ± 27.3). Goal Attainment was achieved or exceeded by 91% of all participants. Four themes were developed from qualitative data including, “motivators driving learning,” “delivery methods, structure and profile of the Wheelchair Skills Training Program,” “managing risk and safety” and “confidence in wheelchair use.”

Conclusions

The pilot study found that The Wheelchair Skills Training Program can improve wheelchair performance, confidence and frequency to support enhanced safety, independence and quality of life for people with lower limb amputations.

Effects of supplementation with corn distillers' dried grains on animal performance, nitrogen balance, and enteric CH4 emissions of young Nellore bulls fed a high-tropical forage diet

The inclusion of corn-dried distillers' grains (DDG) could be an alternative supplement to increase animal performance, nitrogen efficiency usage (NEU), and decrease enteric methane (CH₄) emissions. Our goal was to determine whether DDG could replace a traditional supplement (cottonseed meal) without affecting animal performance, N balance, and CH₄ emissions. The experiment was conducted during the forage growing season (December to April), with 15 d adaptation, and a 112 d experimental period. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments: a mineral supplement (MS), cottonseed meal supplement (CS), 50% replacement of CS by DDG (50DDG), and 100% replacement of CS by DDG (100DDG). Cottonseed meal and DDG were used as protein supplement. A total of 12 paddocks, 3 per treatment, were used to measure forage mass: morphological and chemical composition of forage, forage allowance, and animal performance. Six animals per treatment were used to evaluate DM intake, digestibility, CH₄ emissions, microbial protein production (MCP), and NEU of each treatment. Eighty-one Young Nellore bulls (48 testers, 12 per treatments and 33 adjusters) with initial BW of 255 ± 5 kg (10-12 months old) were supplemented with each supplement type at a level of 0.3% of BW. Pasture management was continuous stocking with a variable stocking rate (put-and-take). Enteric CH₄ was measured using the gas tracer technique. The MCP was quantified using purine derivatives and the NEU mass balance. No differences were found in nutrient intake (P > 0.228). Individual animal performance and gain per area were higher in the treatments with concentrates compared with that of MS; however, there was no difference among treatments CS, 50DDG, and 100DDG. The ADG was 0.83 for MS and 1.08 kg/animal/d when supplemented (P < 0.05). Gain per hectare was 709 kg/ha for MS and 915 kg/ha when supplemented with concentrates (P < 0.05). There was no difference in CH₄ production among treatments that average 180 g/animal/d; however, CH₄ per kg of gain was reduced with CS. The CH₄ conversion factor averaged 5.91%. There was no difference in the synthesis of MCP and NEU. Corn DDG can replace 100% of cottonseed meal as a protein source for supplementation of young Nellore bulls grazing in tropical pastures without affecting animal performance, NEU, MCP, and CH₄ emissions.

Progressive inclusion of pearl millet herbage as a supplement for dairy cows fed mixed rations: Effects on methane emissions, dry matter intake, and milk production

The inclusion of grazing in dairy feeding systems can improve animal welfare and reduce feed costs and labor for animal care and manure management. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of including pearl millet herbage (Pennisetum glaucum 'Campeiro') as a supplement for dairy cows fed total mixed rations (TMR). The treatments included 100% TMR offered ad libitum (control, TMR₁₀₀), 75% TMR ad libitum intake + access to grazing of a pearl millet pasture between the morning and afternoon milkings (7 h/d; pTMR₇₅), and 50% TMR ad libitum intake + access to grazing of a pearl millet pasture between the morning and afternoon milkings (7 h/d; pTMR₅₀). Nine multiparous Holstein and F₁ Jersey × Holstein cows were distributed in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 periods of 21 d (a 16-d adaptation period and a 5-d measurement period). Cows in the TMR₇₅ and TMR₅₀ groups strip-grazed a pearl millet pasture with pre- and postgrazing sward height targets of 60 and 30 cm, respectively. The herbage dry matter intake (DMI) increased with decreasing mixed ration supplies, and the total DMI decreased linearly from 19.0 kg/d in the TMR₁₀₀ group to 18.0 kg/d in the pTMR₅₀ group. Milk production decreased linearly from 24.0 kg/d in the TMR₁₀₀ group to 22.4 kg/d in the pTMR₅₀ group, and energy-corrected milk (ECM) production decreased linearly from 26.0 kg/d to 23.6 kg/d. Enteric methane (CH₄) emissions decreased linearly from 540 g/d in the TMR₁₀₀ group to 436 g/d in the pTMR₅₀ group, and CH₄ yields (g/kg of DMI) tended to decrease linearly. The CH₄ intensity was similar between treatments, averaging 20 g of CH₄/kg of ECM. The inclusion of pearl millet herbage in the dairy cow diets decreased the total DMI and milk production to a small extent without affecting CH₄ intensity (g/kg of ECM).

Dynamic Interplay of Host and Pathogens in an Avian Whole-Blood Model

Microbial survival in blood is an essential step toward the development of disseminated diseases and blood stream infections. For poultry, however, little is known about the interactions of host cells and pathogens in blood. We established an ex vivo chicken whole-blood infection assay as a tool to analyze interactions between host cells and three model pathogens, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Following a systems biology approach, we complemented the experimental measurements with functional and quantitative immune characteristics by virtual infection modeling. All three pathogens were killed in whole blood, but each to a different extent and with different kinetics. Monocytes, and to a lesser extent heterophils, associated with pathogens. Both association with host cells and transcriptional activation of genes encoding immune-associated functions differed depending on both the pathogen and the genetic background of the chickens. Our results provide first insights into quantitative interactions of three model pathogens with different immune cell populations in avian blood, demonstrating a broad spectrum of different characteristics during the immune response that depends on the pathogen and the chicken line.

Using social return on investment analysis to calculate the social impact of modified vehicles for people with disability

INTRODUCTION

Returning to driving is often a goal for people with acquired disabilities. Vehicle modifications make it possible for people with both acquired and lifelong disabilities to drive yet can be costly. There has been no financial evaluation of vehicle modifications in Australia or internationally.

METHODS

A social return on investment analysis of vehicle modifications was undertaken. Primary data were collected via qualitative interviews with consumers and other stakeholders (e.g. driver-trained occupational therapists, rehabilitation physicians, driving instructors, vehicle modifiers) (n = 23). Secondary data were collected from literature searches and used to identify suitable financial proxies and make estimations of the proportion of drivers with vehicle modifications experiencing each outcome. A co-investment model was adopted to estimate social return on investment and payback period for funder and consumer. Five scenarios were developed to illustrate social return for low-cost modifications (Scenario 1) through to high-cost modifications (Scenario 5).

RESULTS

Social return on investment ratios was positive for funder and consumer investment in all five scenarios. Social return on investment calculations based on co-investment ranged from $17.32 for every $1 invested (Scenario 1) to $2.78 for every $1 invested (Scenario 5). Consumers' payback periods were between 5.4 and 7.1 months, and funders between 3.5 weeks and 2 years 8.4 months.

CONCLUSION

Vehicle modifications represent sound investments for both funders and consumers. Given the short payback periods, funders should reconsider age restrictions on vehicles considered suitable for modifications, especially for low- to medium-cost modifications.

P5579Pre-existing depression significantly improves after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI): analysis of long-term effects and screening for novel biomarkers

Background and aims

Depression negatively affects symptom tolerance as well as clinical endpoints in cardiovascular diseases. For aortic stenosis (AS) patients undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI), a reduction of pre-existing depression and anxiety in short term follow-up could be recently shown by our group. The current study was aimed to evaluate these effects in long-term follow-up and to screen for promising biomarkers, e.g., 5-Hydroxytryptamin (5-HT), Endothelin-1 (ET-1), neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) and Tenascin-C (Tn-C) variants. These molecules might reflect a pathophysiological link between reverse cardiac remodelling and mental state.

Methods

The study included 182 out of 226 patients who underwent TAVI at the University Hospital Jena since August 2016. Besides clinical parameters, the EuroQol questionnaire (EQ-5D), the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and, to specifically detect depression and anxiety, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D) were assessed directly before TAVI, at 6-weeks, 6-month as well as 12- months follow-up. Blood samples were withdrawn before TAVI and during 6-weeks and 6-month follow-up.

Results

Study patients represented a typical moderate- to high-risk TAVI collective (n=182, mean age 78,1±7.9 years, 46,9% male, mean STS-Score 4.6±2,8). Before TAVI, analysis of HADS revealed ≥8 points, defined as pathologic, for depression and/or anxiety in 71 patients (39%) and for depression only in 46 patients (25.3%). In the depressive subgroup, there was a significant improvement after 6 weeks for depression (p<0.001) and anxiety (p=0.006). BNP serum levels were significantly reduced (p=0.007) and 6-minutes' walk distance was significantly increased from a low level (p=0.008), VAS, CFS and 2 out of 5 parameters of the EQ-5D were significantly improved (p<0.05). All observed short-term effects continued at stable levels over time. A pre-existing depression state was not associated with an increased long-term mortality rate, which was 14.8%. Circulating biomarker levels in depressive patients before and 6 weeks after TAVI revealed no significant differences. At the 6 months follow-up, only for C+ Tn-C there was a significant increase compared to both, the timepoint before TAVI (p=0.046) and the 6 weeks follow-up (p=0.033).

Conclusions

Already in short-term follow-up after successful TAVI, a remarkable decrease in depression could be detected using HADS. Especially in the depressive subgroup, the patients showed benefit also with respect to other surrogate parameters of mental health and functional performance. Interestingly, these effects were completely maintained not only in mid-term but also in long-term follow-up. We could show that the improvement of depression after TAVI is reflected by a delayed decrease of C+ Tn-C serum levels. C+ Tn-C can be suggested as promising biomarker possibly linked to reactive depression in somatic diseases.

P6345Chronic cardiac allograft rejection after heterotopic rat heart transplantation: ed-a but not ed-b domain containing fibronectin as novel serum biomarker of cardiac allograft vasculopathy

Background and aims

Diagnosis of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy (CAV) following heart transplantation (HTX) is still challenging but of prognostic relevance. Thus, the identification of biomarkers non-invasively detecting the disease is an hitherto unmet clinical need. Fetal variants of the cell adhesion modulating protein Fibronectin (Fn) could be proven to re-occur in the context of chronic rejection in rat and human cardiac tissue after HTX in spatial association to CAV and fibrosis. This study was aimed to determine serum levels of fetal Fn variants in a heterotopic rat HTX model of chronic rejection.

Methods

Chronic cardiac allograft rejection was induced by heterotopic rat HTX using inbred male Lewis (LEW) rats as donors and Fisher (F344) rats as recipients (n=24). After microsurgical modifications, the allograft was implanted into the abdomen of the recipient animal. Rats were sacrificed after 70 days. Untreated F344 rats were used as controls (n=6). Cardiac tissue was subjected to histological analysis according to a recently established sum-score system between 0 and 10 (0 = no detectable rejection; 1 to 3 = weak rejection; 4 to 7 = moderate rejection; and 8 to 10 = severe rejection). The score includes all relevant parameters of chronic rejection (CAV, lymphocyte infiltration, cardiomyocyte degeneration, fibrosis). Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was determined by a commercially available ELISA. Serum levels of both, ED-A domain containing Fn (ED-A+ Fn) and ED-B domain containing Fn (ED-B+ Fn) were quantified using ELISA protocols established in our group.

Results

Final experiments were performed on day 70, mortality rate was 0%. Histological analysis revealed a chronic cardiac allograft rejection in all transplanted animals (mean sum-score 6.92±1.94) while controls did not exhibit relevant alterations (mean sum-score 0.1±0.2; p<0.001). There were significantly elevated BNP levels in HTX rats (76.16±23.22 pg/ml) compared to controls (352.23±132.09 pg/ml; p<0.001). BNP showed a strong positive correlation to the histological sum-score (r=0.653; p<0.001). Serum levels of ED-A+ Fn (HTX: 34.42±11.4 μg/ml, controls: 17.3±6.13 μg/ml; p=0.009) but not ED-B+ Fn (HTX: 8.58±4.12 μg/ml, controls: 9.4±2.61 μg/ml; p=0.804) were significantly increased in HTX rats qualifying ED-A+ Fn for further analysis with respect to histological signs of chronic rejection. Interestingly, there is a noticeable association to the occurrence of CAV representing 1 out of 4 parameters included in the histological sum-score (r=0.51; p=0.006).

Conclusions

Chronic cardiac allograft rejection and, in particular, CAV as major long-term prognosis-limiting factor after HTX are accompanied by both, a re-expression and vessel associated tissue deposition of ED-A+ Fn and also a relevant liberation into blood. These results underline the potential impact of ED-A+ Fn as biomarker or potential therapeutic target patients that underwent HTX.

Valuing the impact of health and social care programs using social return on investment analysis: how have academics advanced the methodology? A systematic review

OBJECTIVES

To identify how social return on investment (SROI) analysis-traditionally used by business consultants-has been interpreted, used and innovated by academics in the health and social care sector and to assess the quality of peer-reviewed SROI studies in this sector.

DESIGN

Systematic review.

SETTINGS

Community and residential settings.

PARTICIPANTS

A wide range of demographic groups and age groups.

RESULTS

The following databases were searched: Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, Econlit, Medline, PsychINFO, Embase, Emerald, Social Care Online and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Limited uptake of SROI methodology by academics was found in the health and social care sector. From 868 papers screened, 8 studies met the criteria for inclusion in this systematic review. Study quality was found to be highly variable, ranging from 38% to 90% based on scores from a purpose-designed quality assessment tool. In general, relatively high consistency and clarity was observed in the reporting of the research question, reasons for using this methodology and justifying the need for the study. However, weaknesses were observed in other areas including justifying stakeholders, reporting sample sizes, undertaking sensitivity analysis and reporting unexpected or negative outcomes. Most papers cited links to additional materials to aid in reporting. There was little evidence that academics had innovated or advanced the methodology beyond that outlined in a much-cited SROI guide.

CONCLUSION

Academics have thus far been slow to adopt SROI methodology in the evaluation of health and social care interventions, and there is little evidence of innovation and development of the methodology. The word count requirements of peer-reviewed journals may make it difficult for authors to be fully transparent about the details of their studies, potentially impacting the quality of reporting in those studies published in these journals.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42018080195.

Modified motor vehicles: the experiences of drivers with disabilities

Purpose: Driving is often a rehabilitation goal of people with acquired disability, and vehicle modifications are typically required to facilitate this outcome. Though there have been several survey studies on vehicle modifications for people with disability, there has been no qualitative work on understanding people with disabilities' experiences of being a modified vehicle driver.Method: An interpretative phenomenological approach was used to understand the lived experiences of drivers with disability. Semi-structured interviews were conducted (n = 8) with drivers who used a variety of vehicle modifications from simple to highly complex. Using NVivo, Stage 1 of the coding involved case by case analysis and Stage 2 cross case analysis to identify themes that best captured drivers' experiences.Results: Four core themes were identified: knowing vs. challenging limitations, making complex driving considerations, considering undesired alternative transportation options, and responding emotionally to temporary vehicle loss. The Person-Environment-Occupation model was used as an orientating framework to discuss findings.Conclusions: This explorative small scale study highlights that less than full utilisation of modified vehicles is not a result of driver choice, but rather a complex interface between drivers' physical and psychological limitations, and physical environments that do not support the needs of drivers with disability.Implications for RehabilitationThe development of resources that identify environmental factors in public spaces (e.g., number and location of parking for people with disability, steps, slopes, ticket machines and their height and location) could support the driving choices of people with disabilities.It is important to assess psychological limitations of driving as well as physical limitations.Driving goals and driving capacity across different locations requires periodic review post-rehabilitation.More advocacy for improving community accessibility is required.

Host-pathogen interaction in Toxoplasma gondii-infected mixed chicken blood cell cultures

Toxoplasma gondii has the ability to infect various nucleated cell types in different hosts. The aim of the present study was to investigate which chicken blood cells were targeted by T. gondii in a mixed blood cell culture similar to in vivo conditions and to evaluate parasite-host cell interactions. The study consisted of two subsequent experiments. In experiment 1, we applied T. gondii tachyzoites (ME49) at a multiplicity of infection of 1 tachyzoite per blood cell and examined parasite replication, cytokine, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression between 1 h and 48 h post-infection (p.i.) by quantitative PCR. By using T. gondii RH-GFP tachyzoites expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) in experiment 2, we aimed for visualizing infected cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and flow cytometric analysis at 24 h p.i. The parasite replication curve showed a massive decrease of parasite stages until 24 h p.i. followed by an approximately plateau phase. We observed mainly significantly increased iNOS mRNA expression levels in T. gondii-infected culture compared to uninfected cells. Flow cytometry and CLSM data confirmed monocytes/macrophages as main target cells for T. gondii. Moreover, different lymphocytes like B cells and cytotoxic T cells seem to be targeted to a low extent. Our findings indicate that monocytes/macrophages play a key role during T. gondii infection in chicken as host cells and triggering of immune response. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a mixed chicken blood cell culture experimentally infected with T. gondii.

Valuing the impact of health and social care programmes using social return on investment analysis: how have academics advanced the methodology? A protocol for a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature

INTRODUCTION

Unlike other forms of evaluation, social return on investment (SROI) methodology offers a way of placing values on personal, social and community outcomes, not just economic outcomes. Developed in 2000, there have been calls for greater academic involvement in development of SROI, which to date has been more typically implemented in-house or by consultants. This protocol describes a systematic review of SROI analysis conducted on health and social care programmes which represent a significant sector of social enterprise internationally. The aims of the systematic review are to (1) identify the extent to which academics have adopted SROI methodology, (2) how academics have interpreted, used and developed SROI methodology and (3) to assess the quality of studies published under peer review.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

The systematic review will include peer-reviewed studies since 2000 published in English. Search terms will be 'social return on investment' or 'SROI'. Health and social care interventions will be identified in the initial screening given the proliferation of possible key words in these areas. Databases to be searched include Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, Social Care Online and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Two reviewers will independently conduct initial screening based on titles and abstracts against the inclusion criteria. Data extracted will include date of intervention, country, study design, aim of intervention/programme, participants and setting, health and social care measures used, and SROI ratio. The quality of studies will be assessed by two reviewers using a SROI quality framework designed for the purpose of this study.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The systematic review will review existing published academic literature; as such, ethics approval is not required for this study. A paper of the systematic review will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42018080195.

Prediction of the chemical body composition of Nellore and crossbreed bulls

Young Nellore and crossbreed bulls were comparatively slaughtered to generate equation models for predicting the chemical composition of the empty body and carcass from the chemical composition of the Hankins and Howe section (; ). Data were collected from 236 animals from different genetic groups: Nellore, one-half Canchim + one-half Nellore, one-half Angus + one-half Nellore, and one-half Simmental + one-half Nellore, with 48 baseline animals (BW range from 218 to 433 kg) and 188 animals finished in the feedlot (BW range from 356 to 618 kg). The chemical composition prediction equation model was developed for all genetic groups using stepwise regression analysis. Across all animals, the percentages of water and ether extract in the HH section were highly correlated ( < 0.001) with the percentages in the carcass ( = 0.911 and = 0.901, respectively, for water content of the carcass [HOC] and = 0.921 and = 0.921, respectively, for ether extract content of the carcass [EEC]) and empty body ( = 0.937 and = 0.926, respectively, for water content of the empty body [HOEB] and = 0.935 and = 0.939, respectively, for ether extract content of the empty body [EEEB]). The best prediction models were for the traits of empty body weight, HOEB, EEEB, HOC, and EEC. Determination coefficients for predicting the dependent variables obtained from the carcass composition were lower than those obtained from the empty body composition. It was concluded that the chemical composition of the empty body and the carcass can be predicted from the composition of the HH section, using a general equation for different genetic groups.

Effectiveness of distance learning strategies for continuing professional development (CPD) for rural allied health practitioners: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Allied health professionals working in rural areas face unique challenges, often with limited access to resources. Accessing continuing professional development is one of those challenges and is related to retention of workforce. Effectiveness of distance learning strategies for continuing professional development in rural allied healthcare workers has not been evaluated.

METHODS

We searched 17 databases and the grey literature up to September 2016 following the PRISMA guidelines. Any primary studies were included that focussed on allied health and distance delivery regardless of education topic or study design. Two independent reviewers extracted data and critically appraised the selected studies.

RESULTS

The search returned 5257 results. With removal of duplicate references, we reviewed 3964 article titles and abstracts; n = 206 appeared potentially eligible and were scrutinised via full text screening; n = 14 were included. Studies were published between 1997 and 2016, were of varied methodological quality and were predominantly from Australia, USA and Canada with a focus on satisfaction of learners with the delivery method or on measures of educational outcomes. Technologies used to deliver distance education included video conference, teleconference, web based platforms and virtual reality. Early papers tended to focus more on the technology characteristics than educational outcomes. Some studies compared technology based delivery to face to face modes and found satisfaction and learning outcomes to be on par. Only three studies reported on practice change following the educational intervention and, despite a suggestion there is a link between the constructs, none measured the relationship between access to continuing professional development and workforce retention.

CONCLUSION

Technology based options of delivery have a high utility, however the complex inter-relatedness of time, use, travel, location, costs, interactivity, learning outcomes and educational design suggest a need for more sophisticated consideration by educational providers.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Registration with PROSPERO 30 June 2016: CRD42016041588 .

Effect of the genetic group, production system and sex on the meat quality and sensory traits of beef from crossbred animals

The crossbreeding of two or more breeds from the Bos taurus and Bos indicus species is an alternative for obtaining high-quality meat from animals adapted to tropical climates. Quality and sensory attributes of beef, mainly its tenderness and flavour, are very important with regard to the consumer's point of view. This study aimed to evaluate the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of crossbred young bulls and heifers, the offspring of Angus or Limousin bulls and 1/2 Angus + 1/2 Nellore or 1/2 Simental + 1/2 Nellore cows that were finished on feedlot or pasture. Meat quality traits (pH, colour, cooking loss, water holding capacity and shear force) and sensory parameters (characteristic beef aroma/flavour intensity, strange aroma/flavour intensity, tenderness and juiciness descriptive attributes, flavour, texture (tenderness) and overall acceptance) were evaluated. The genetic group had an effect on the beef pH, but it was not as relevant as the effect of the combination between the production system and the sex or genetic group, which affected many of the quality and sensory traits.

In vitro and in vivo generation of heterophil extracellular traps after Salmonella exposure

The release of extracellular traps (ETs) by granulocytes is a unique strategy to stop the dissemination of microbial pathogens. This study was undertaken to elucidate the potential of avian granulocytes (heterophils) to form ETs that can arrest and kill Salmonella organisms. After in vitro exposure of isolated heterophils and in vivo infection of day-old chicks with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars Infantis (SI) or Enteritidis (SE), the generation of ETs as well as the trapping and survivability of Salmonella organisms in the ET meshwork were determined by means of microscopy and spectrophotometry. In vitro, heterophils were able to form ETs within 15min after SE and SI inoculation. At 120min and with a multiplicity of infection of 1 and 5, SI induced significantly more ETs and DNA release than SE. Both SE and SI were found to be associated with the ET structures. Live-dead staining showed most of the microorganisms within the extracellular scaffold alive. In vivo, heterophils were detected in cecal lumen of SE-, but not SI-infected chicks. In cecum of the SE-exposed chicks, ET formations were scarcely detected whereas intact heterophils with phagocytosed bacteria were frequently found. The results evidence the capability of heterophils to generate ETs after SE and SI exposure in vitro. However, an infection of chicks with Salmonella did not significantly induce the formation of ET structures in cecum. Thus, the process to form ETs (ETosis) seems not to be of special relevance for Salmonella defense within the cecal lumen of young chicks.

Replication of Toxoplasma gondii in chicken erythrocytes and thrombocytes compared to macrophages

Toxoplasma (T.) gondii is able to infect various cell types in different hosts. The replication of this parasite within different peripheral mononuclear blood cell populations in chicken has not yet been fully understood. Aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of chicken erythrocytes and thrombocytes as potential host cells for T. gondii. Cultures of primary avian erythrocytes and thrombocytes were inoculated with tachyzoites of T. gondii type II strain ME49. Parasite replication was detected by a quantitative real-time PCR at different times postinoculation until 24 or 48 h, respectively, displaying long-term investigations for the chosen cultures. The parasite replication curve showed a continuous decrease of parasite stages in erythrocytes and thrombocytes. Observations by light microscopy showed massive destruction for both cell populations. Few macrophages in between the infected thrombocytes were viable during the investigation period and showed internalised tachyzoites by confocal laser scanning microscopy. These findings show that T. gondii is not capable of replication in chicken erythrocytes and thrombocytes; therefore, both cannot be considered as potential host cells. In further consequence, monocyte-derived macrophages seem to be the key to the dissemination mechanisms for T. gondii in chicken.

Promoting participation and engagement for people with dementia through a cognitive stimulation therapy programme delivered by students: A descriptive qualitative study

Introduction

Dementia can affect participation and engagement due to deprivation of cognitive, social and sensory stimulation. To meet this need, educators and a service provider collaborated for occupational therapy students to provide cognitive stimulation therapy for people with dementia.

Method

We used a published, evidence-based cognitive stimulation therapy programme called ‘Making a Difference’. However, due to student availability, we adapted the programme to be conducted once weekly for 12 weeks by students in pairs. These services occurred in both community and residential settings. Following completion of the programme in 2012, perspectives of staff ( n = 8), family carers ( n = 5) and three people with dementia were sought about their involvement. Semi-structured interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis.

Findings

We found three themes of ‘something to talk about’, ‘it was a new relationship’ and ‘wanting to have a go’. Despite some initial concerns about people with dementia becoming stressed, the programme promoted social interactions, participation and engagement. The students adopted a relationship-centred approach with empathy and deliberate planning of sessions being important.

Conclusion

Through provision of the adapted Making a Difference programme, occupational therapy students were able to fulfil an unmet need while learning from their experience.

Approaches to Investigating Complex Genetic Traits in a Large-Scale Inbred Mouse Aging Study

Inbred mice are a unique model system for studying aging because of the genetic homogeneity within inbred strains, the short life span of mice relative to humans, and the rich array of analytic tools that are available. A large-scale aging study was conducted on 28 inbred strains representing great genetic diversity to determine, via histopathology, the type and diversity of spontaneous diseases that aging mice develop. A total of 20 885 different diagnoses were made, with an average of 12 diagnoses per mouse in the study. Eighteen inbred strains have had their genomes sequenced, and many others have been partially sequenced to provide large repositories of data on genetic variation among the strains. This vast amount of genomic information can be utilized in genome-wide association studies to find candidate genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of spontaneous diseases. As an illustration, this article presents a genome-wide association study of the genetic associations of age-related intestinal amyloidosis, which implicated 3 candidate genes: translocating chain-associated membrane protein 1 (Tram1); splicing factor 3b, subunit 5 (Sf3b5); and syntaxin 11 (Stx11). Representative photomicrographs are available on the Mouse Tumor Biology Database and Pathbase to serve as a reference when evaluating inbred mice used in other genetic or experimental studies to rule out strain background lesions. Many of the age-related mouse diseases are similar, if not identical, to human diseases; therefore, the genetic discoveries have direct translational benefit.

Kinetics of Local and Systemic Leucocyte and Cytokine Reaction of Calves to Intrabronchial Infection with Chlamydia psittaci

Infection of cattle with chlamydiae is ubiquitous and, even in the absence of clinical sequeleae, has a quantifiable negative impact on livestock productivity. Despite recent progress, our knowledge about immune response mechanisms capable of counteracting the infection and preventing its detrimental effects is still limited. A well-established model of bovine acute respiratory Chlamydia (C.) psittaci infection was used here to characterize the kinetics of the local and systemic immune reactions in calves. In the course of two weeks following inoculation, leukocyte surface marker expression was monitored by flow cytometry in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Immune-related protein and receptor transcription were determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR in blood, BALF and lung tissue. An early increase of IL2RA, IL10 and HSPA1A mRNA expressions was followed by a rise of lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes exhibiting activated phenotypes in blood. Monocytes showed elevated expression rates of CD11b, CD14 and MHC class II. The rates of CD62L expression on CD8^hi T cells in blood and on CD4⁺ T cells in BALF were also augmented and peaked between 2 and 4 dpi. Notably, CD25 antigen expression was significantly elevated, not only on CD8d^im/CD62L⁺ and CD8^-/CD62L⁺ cells in blood, but also on granulocytes in blood and BALF between 2–3 dpi. From 4 dpi onwards, changes declined and the calves recovered from the infection until 10 dpi. The findings highlight the effectiveness of rapid local and systemic immune reaction and indicate activated T cells, monocytes and granulocytes being essential for rapid eradication of the C. psittaci infection.

Immune reaction and survivability of salmonella typhimurium and salmonella infantis after infection of primary avian macrophages

Salmonella serovars are differentially able to infect chickens. The underlying causes are not yet fully understood. Aim of the present study was to elucidate the importance of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and -2) for the virulence of two non-host-specific, but in-vivo differently invasive, Salmonella serovars in conjunction with the immune reaction of the host. Primary avian splenic macrophages were inoculated with Salmonella enterica sub-species enterica serovar (S.) Typhimurium and S. Infantis. The number and viability of intracellular bacteria and transcription of SPI-1 and -2 genes by the pathogens, as well as transcription of immune-related proteins, surface antigen expression and nitric oxide production by the macrophages, were compared at different times post inoculation. After infection, both of the Salmonella serovars were found inside the primary macrophages. Invasion-associated SPI-1 genes were significantly higher transcribed in S. Infantis- than S. Typhimurium-infected macrophages. The macrophages counteracted the S. Infantis and S. Typhimurium infection with elevated mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-12, IL-18 and lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha factor (LITAF) as well as with an increased synthesis of nitric oxide. Despite these host cell attacks, S. Typhimurium was better able than S. Infantis to survive within the macrophages and transcribed higher rates of the SPI-2 genes spiC, ssaV, sifA, and sseA. The results showed similar immune reactions of primary macrophages after infection with both of the Salmonella strains. The more rapid and stronger transcription of SPI-2-related genes by intracellular S. Typhimurium compared to S. Infantis might be responsible for its better survival in avian primary macrophages.

Evaluation of antimicrobial treatment in a bovine model of acute Chlamydia psittaci infection: tetracycline versus tetracycline plus rifampicin

Antimicrobial treatment of chlamydial infections is known to be of limited efficacy. In this study, effects of doxycycline (D), usually the drug of choice, were compared with the combined therapy of doxycycline and rifampicin (R) in a bovine model of respiratory Chlamydia psittaci infection. After intrabronchial inoculation of the pathogen, 30 animals were assigned to five groups (n = 6 per group): untreated controls, monotherapy with D (5 mg kg(-1)day(-1) or 10 mg kg(-1)day(-1)), and combination therapy of D and R (600 mg day(-1)). Treatment continued until day 14 post inoculation (d.p.i.). Clinical signs, inflammatory markers, and pathological findings confirmed successful infection in all animals. Reisolation of the pathogen was possible in 4/6 untreated animals and in 4/12 animals treated with D alone until 4 d.p.i., but in none of the calves of the two D + R groups. Pathogen detection was possible in all animals without significant differences among groups. Severity of disease and time course of its resolution, assessed by clinical and pathological findings as well as inflammatory parameters, were not significantly different between untreated controls and calves receiving D alone or in combination with R. Regardless of the treatment regimen, all groups recovered clinically and cleared the infection within 2 weeks.

Host-pathogen interactions in specific pathogen-free chickens following aerogenous infection with Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia abortus

Although Chlamydia (C.) psittaci infections are recognized as an important factor causing economic losses and impairing animal welfare in poultry production, the specific mechanisms leading to severe clinical outcomes are poorly understood. In the present study, we comparatively investigated pathology and host immune response, as well as systemic dissemination and expression of essential chlamydial genes in the course of experimental aerogeneous infection with C. psittaci and the closely related C. abortus, respectively, in specific pathogen-free chicks. Clinical signs appeared sooner and were more severe in the C. psittaci-infected group. Compared to C. abortus infection, more intense systemic dissemination of C. psittaci correlated with higher and faster infiltration of immune cells, as well as more macroscopic lesions and epithelial pathology, such as hyperplasia and erosion. In thoracic air sac tissue, mRNA expression of immunologically relevant factors, such as IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, LITAF and iNOS was significantly stronger up-regulated in C. psittaci- than in C. abortus-infected birds between 3 and 14 days post-infection. Likewise, transcription rates of the chlamydial genes groEL, cpaf and ftsW were consistently higher in C. psittaci during the acute phase. These findings illustrate that the stronger replication of C. psittaci in its natural host also evoked a more intense immune response than in the case of C. abortus infection.

Effect of lipid sources with different fatty acid profiles on the intake, performance, and methane emissions of feedlot Nellore steers

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lipids with different fatty acid profiles on the intake, performance, and enteric CH4 emission of Nellore steers. A total of 45 Nellore animals with an average initial BW of 419 ± 11 kg (at 15 ± 2 mo) were distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of 5 treatments and 9 replicates. The roughage feed was maize silage (600 g/kg on a DM basis) plus concentrate (400 g/kg on a DM basis). The dietary treatments were as follows: without additional fat (WF), palm oil (PO), linseed oil (LO), protected fat (PF; Lactoplus), and whole soybeans (WS). The lipid source significantly affected (P < 0.05) nutrient intake. The greatest intakes of DM, OM, and CP were observed in the animals that were fed the WF or PF diets, and the lowest intakes were observed in the animals that were fed the PO diet. Intake of NDF decreased (P < 0.05) with the addition of PO. Enteric methane emission (g/kg DMI) was reduced by an average of 30% when the animals were fed diets containing WS, LO, and PO (P < 0.05), and these diets caused a larger reduction in the energy loss in the form of methane compared to those without added fat and with added PF (3.3 vs. 4.7%). The different fatty acid profiles did not affect the backfat thickness or the loin eye area of the animals (P > 0.05). However, animals fed PO displayed lower daily weight gain (0.36 kg/d), feed efficiency (0.08 kg ADG/kg DM), HCW (245 kg), and hot yield percentage (52.6%) compared to animals that were fed the other diets. Therefore, PO compared to the other lipid sources used in this study reduces intake, performance, feed efficiency, and carcass yield. Therefore, PO is not suggested for feedlot-finished animals.