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Colloud S, Metcalfe T, Askin S, Belachew S, Ammann J, Bos E, Kilchenmann T, Strijbos P, Eggenspieler D, Servais L, Garay C, Konstantakopoulos A, Ritzhaupt A, Vetter T, Vincenzi C, Cerreta F. Evolving regulatory perspectives on digital health technologies for medicinal product development. NPJ Digit Med 2023; 6:56. [PMID: 36991116 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital health technology tools (DHTTs) present real opportunities for accelerating innovation, improving patient care, reducing clinical trial duration and minimising risk in medicines development. This review is comprised of four case studies of DHTTs used throughout the lifecycle of medicinal products, starting from their development. These cases illustrate how the regulatory requirements of DHTTs used in medicines development are based on two European regulatory frameworks (medical device and the medicinal product regulations) and highlight the need for increased collaboration between various stakeholders, including regulators (medicines regulators and device bodies), pharmaceutical sponsors, manufacturers of devices and software, and academia. As illustrated in the examples, the complexity of the interactions is further increased by unique challenges related to DHTTs. These case studies are the main examples of DHTTs with a regulatory assessment thus far, providing an insight into the applicable current regulatory approach; they were selected by a group of authors, including regulatory specialists from pharmaceutical sponsors, technology experts, academic researchers and employees of the European Medicines Agency. For each case study, the challenges faced by sponsors and proposed potential solutions are discussed, and the benefit of a structured interaction among the different stakeholders is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ernst Bos
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Laurent Servais
- Muscular Dystrophy UK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Child Neurology, Centre de Références des Maladies Neuromusculaires, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Liège and University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Orellana García LP, Ehmann F, Hines PA, Ritzhaupt A, Brand A. Biomarker and Companion Diagnostics-A Review of Medicinal Products Approved by the European Medicines Agency. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:753187. [PMID: 34790681 PMCID: PMC8591033 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.753187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: An increasing number of medicines authorised in Europe recommend or require biomarker-based patient selection. For some of these the use of a companion diagnostic (CDx), a subset of in vitro diagnostics (IVDs), to identify patient populations eligible for a specific medicinal product may be required. The information and recommendations of use of a medicinal product for which a CDx is required is particularly important to healthcare professionals for correct patient identification. Methods: We reviewed the existing information in SmPCs and European Public Assessment Reports (EPARs) of EU medicinal products approved via the centralised procedure at EMA where reference was made to biomarker testing, including by CDx, for patient selection. Results: The results show that varying levels of detail are provided for the biomarker and the diagnostic test, including variability in where the information was presented. The overall results demonstrate transparent but sometimes heterogeneous reporting of CDx in the SmPC and EPAR. Conclusions: With the introduction of the new Regulation (EU) 2017/746 on in vitro diagnostic medical devices, medicines regulatory authorities' will be required to be consulted during the review of CDx conformity assessment and so, there is opportunity for more consistent and transparent information on CDx to be provided in the SmPC and EPAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patricia Orellana García
- Department of International Health, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHLM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands.,European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Falk Ehmann
- European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Philip A Hines
- Department of International Health, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHLM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands.,European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,The United Nations University-Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU-MERIT), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Angela Brand
- Department of International Health, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHLM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Ritzhaupt A, Hayes I, Ehmann F. Implementing the EU in vitro diagnostic regulation - a European regulatory perspective on companion diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:565-567. [PMID: 31976775 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1720653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Ritzhaupt
- Scientific and Regulatory Management Department, European Medicines Agency (EMA) , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivana Hayes
- Scientific and Regulatory Management Department, European Medicines Agency (EMA) , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Falk Ehmann
- Product Development Scientific Support Department, European Medicines Agency (EMA) , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Forst T, Uhlig-Laske B, Ring A, Ritzhaupt A, Graefe-Mody U, Dugi KA. The oral DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin significantly lowers HbA1c after 4 weeks of treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011; 13:542-50. [PMID: 21352464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of linagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS After screening and a 14-day washout, subjects received linagliptin 2.5, 5 or 10 mg or placebo once-daily for 28 days in this randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled within-dose groups study. RESULTS Seventy-seven patients entered the study (linagliptin: 61; placebo: 16). Four patients withdrew prematurely. There was little evidence of linagliptin accumulation. Exposure, maximum and trough plasma concentrations of linagliptin increased less than dose-proportionally. Rapid and sustained inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 reached 91-93% across linagliptin doses at steady state. At the end of the 24-h dosing interval, inhibition was still high (82-90%). There were marked increases in plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 after 28 days of dosing. Compared to placebo, all linagliptin doses resulted in statistically significant decreases of the area under the glucose curve following a meal tolerance test on day 29, that is, 24 h after the last study drug intake. After 28 days of treatment with linagliptin the placebo-corrected mean change in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (median baseline 7.0%) was -0.31% (2.5-mg dose), -0.37% (5-mg dose) and -0.28% (10-mg dose). The frequency of adverse events was similar for linagliptin (31%) and placebo (34%). There were no notable safety concerns. CONCLUSIONS Linagliptin administration led to attenuation of postprandial glucose excursions and, despite a low HbA1c at baseline, statistically significant reductions in HbA1c after only 4 weeks of treatment. Linagliptin had a safety and tolerability profile similar to placebo in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Forst
- Institut für Klinische Forschung und Entwicklung GmbH, Mainz, Germany
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Karow A, Ritzhaupt A, Roesch F, Novick D, Naber D, Dittmann RW. Association of clinical and non-clinical factors with subjective well-being – data of the SOHO study. Pharmacopsychiatry 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-825396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Argaw T, Ritzhaupt A, Wilson CA. Corrigendum to “Development of a real time quantitative PCR assay for detection of porcine endogenous retrovirus”. J Virol Methods 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(03)00168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wilson CA, Laeeq S, Ritzhaupt A, Colon-Moran W, Yoshimura FK. Sequence analysis of porcine endogenous retrovirus long terminal repeats and identification of transcriptional regulatory regions. J Virol 2003; 77:142-9. [PMID: 12477819 PMCID: PMC140639 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.1.142-149.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine cells express endogenous retroviruses, some of which are infectious for human cells. To better understand the replication of these porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) in cells of different types and animal species, we have performed studies of the long terminal repeat (LTR) region of known gammaretroviral isolates of PERV. Nucleotide sequence determination of the LTRs of PERV-NIH, PERV-C, PERV-A, and PERV-B revealed that the PERV-A and PERV-B LTRs are identical, whereas the PERV-NIH and PERV-C LTRs have significant sequence differences in the U3 region between each other and with the LTRs of PERV-A and PERV-B. Sequence analysis revealed a similar organization of basal promoter elements compared with other gammaretroviruses, including the presence of enhancer-like repeat elements. The sequences of the PERV-NIH and PERV-C repeat element are similar to that of the PERV-A and PERV-B element with some differences in the organization of these repeats. The sequence of the PERV enhancer-like repeat elements differs significantly from those of other known gammaretroviral enhancers. The transcriptional activities of the PERV-A, PERV-B, and PERV-C LTRs relative to each other were similar in different cell types of different animal species as determined by transient expression assays. On the other hand, the PERV-NIH LTR was considerably weaker in these cell types. The transcriptional activity of all PERV LTRs was considerably lower in porcine ST-IOWA cells than in cell lines from other species. Deletion mutant analysis of the LTR of a PERV-NIH isolate identified regions that transactivate or repress transcription depending on the cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Wilson
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Ritzhaupt A, Van Der Laan LJW, Salomon DR, Wilson CA. Porcine endogenous retrovirus infects but does not replicate in nonhuman primate primary cells and cell lines. J Virol 2002; 76:11312-20. [PMID: 12388691 PMCID: PMC136785 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.22.11312-11320.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2002] [Accepted: 08/05/2002] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) can infect human cell lines in vitro; hence, there is a presumed risk of viral exposure to a recipient when pig cells are transplanted into humans (xenotransplantation). Nonhuman primates (NHP) are considered a potential permissive animal model to study the risk of in vivo infection of PERV after xenotransplantation. We set out to determine whether PERV can infect and replicate in NHP primary cells or established cell lines from African green monkey, rhesus macaque, and baboon. We confirm that the NHP cell lines under investigation were infected with PERV as measured by detection of viral DNA and RNA by PCR and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, respectively, indicating that a functional receptor must be present on the cell surface. However, the load of detectable viral DNA in infected NHP cells declined over time, and the cells never had detectable reverse transcriptase activity. Utilizing quantitative real-time TaqMan PCR we found detectable levels of unintegrated DNA intermediates, but the levels were approximately 100-fold lower compared to HEK 293 cells infected with PERV. Virions released from infected NHP cells could productively infect naïve human cell lines, HEK 293 and HeLa, as shown by RT-PCR and RT assay. However, naïve NHP cells remained negative in RT-PCR and RT assay after exposure to virions from infected NHP cells. Together our data demonstrate that NHP cells are not permissive to productive replication by PERV, presumably due to inefficient cell entry and replication. In light of these observations, the appropriateness of NHP as suitable animal models to study PERV infection in vivo needs to be reevaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Ritzhaupt
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
Real time PCR technology was applied to the development of assays for detection and quantitation of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) RNA and DNA sequences in tissues and cells of human or animal origin. A plasmid construct encoding the PERV-pol gene or the in vitro transcribed RNA derived from the plasmid (cRNA) serves as a standard template for amplification of a 178 bp fragment. This study showed that the detection of this target sequence was linear over a range from 20 copies to 2 million copies of the plasmid and from 100 copies to 1 million copies of the cRNA. In addition, amplification of the target sequence was not inhibited by the presence of exogenous genomic DNA. These results demonstrate that a real time (TaqMan-based) PCR or RT-PCR assay can provide a sensitive, reproducible, and robust method for detecting and quantifying PERV DNA or RNA sequences in samples of human or guinea pig origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takele Argaw
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Ritzhaupt A, Wood IS, Ellis A, Hosie KB, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Identification and characterization of a monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1) in pig and human colon: its potential to transport L-lactate as well as butyrate. J Physiol 1998; 513 ( Pt 3):719-32. [PMID: 9824713 PMCID: PMC2231331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.719ba.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Oligonucleotide primers based on the human heart monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1) cDNA sequence were used to isolate a 544 bp cDNA product from human colonic RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The sequence of the RT-PCR product was identical to that of human heart MCT1. Northern blot analysis using the RT-PCR product indicated the presence of a single transcript of 3.3 kb in mRNA isolated from both human and pig colonic tissues. Western blot analysis using an antibody to human MCT1 identified a specific protein with an apparent molecular mass of 40 kDa in purified and well-characterized human and pig colonic lumenal membrane vesicles (LMV). 2. Properties of the colonic lumenal membrane L-lactate transporter were studied by the uptake of L-[U-14C]lactate into human and pig colonic LMV. L-Lactate uptake was stimulated in the presence of an outward-directed anion gradient at an extravesicular pH of 5.5. Transport of L-lactate into anion-loaded colonic LMV appeared to be via a proton-activated, anion exchange mechanism. 3. L-Lactate uptake was inhibited by pyruvate, butyrate, propionate and acetate, but not by Cl- and SO4(2-). The uptake of L-lactate was inhibited by phloretin, mercurials and alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (4-CHC), but not by the stilbene anion exchange inhibitors, 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2, 2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS) and 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2, 2'-disulphonic acid (SITS). 4. The results indicate the presence of a MCT1 protein on the lumenal membrane of the colon that is involved in the transport of L-lactate as well as butyrate across the colonic lumenal membrane. Western blot analysis showed that the abundance of this protein decreases in lumenal membrane fractions isolated from colonic carcinomas compared with that detected in the normal healthy colonic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ritzhaupt
- Epithelial Function and Development Group, Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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Ritzhaupt A, Wood IS, Ellis A, Hosie KB, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Identification of a monocarboxylate transporter isoform type 1 (MCT1) on the luminal membrane of human and pig colon. Biochem Soc Trans 1998; 26:S120. [PMID: 9649795 DOI: 10.1042/bst026s120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Ritzhaupt
- Department of Veterinary Pre-clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
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Ritzhaupt A, Wood IS, Jackson AA, Moran BJ, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Isolation of a RT-PCR fragment from human colon and sheep rumen RNA with nucleotide sequence similarity to human and rat urea transporter isoforms. Biochem Soc Trans 1998; 26:S122. [PMID: 9649797 DOI: 10.1042/bst026s122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Ritzhaupt
- Department of Veterinary Pre-clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
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Ritzhaupt A, Ellis A, Hosie KB, Shirazi-Beechey SP. The characterization of butyrate transport across pig and human colonic luminal membrane. J Physiol 1998; 507 ( Pt 3):819-30. [PMID: 9508842 PMCID: PMC2230813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.819bs.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/1997] [Accepted: 11/19/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Luminal membrane vesicles (LMV) were isolated from human and pig colonic tissues. They were characterized in terms of purity and ability to transport [14C]butyrate. 2. The activity of cysteine-sensitive alkaline phosphatase, and the abundance of villin, NHE2 and NHE3 proteins, markers of the colonic luminal membrane, were significantly enriched in the LMV compared with the original cellular homogenate. The LMV were free from contamination by other cellular organelles and basolateral membranes, as revealed by the negligible presence of either specific marker enzyme activity or characteristic immunogenic protein. 3. The transport of butyrate into the luminal membrane vesicles was enhanced 5-fold at pH 5.5 compared with pH 8.0. Butyrate transport was temperature dependent, and was stimulated in the presence of an outward-directed anion gradient in the order of butyrate > bicarbonate > propionate > chloride. Kinetic analysis of increasing substrate concentration showed saturation kinetics with an apparent Km value of 14.8 +/- 3.6 mM and a Vmax of 54 +/- 14 nmol min-1 (mg protein)-1. 4. Butyrate transport was significantly reduced in the presence of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), acetate, propionate and other monocarboxylates (pyruvate and L-lactate). Butyrate uptake was inhibited by several cysteine group modifying reagents such as p-chloromercuribenzosulphonic acid (pCMBS), p-chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB), mersalyl acid and HgCl2, but not by the stilbene anion exchange inhibitors, 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulphonate (DIDS) and 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulphonate (SITS). 5. The described properties of butyrate transport across the luminal pole of the colon suggest the involvement of a carrier protein, in the form of a pH-activated anion exchange process. The transporter is distinct from the erythrocyte band-3 type anion exchanger and may belong to the monocarboxylate-type transport proteins (MCT1).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ritzhaupt
- Epithelial Function and Development Group, Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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Ritzhaupt A, Breves G, Schröder B, Winckler CG, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Urea transport in gastrointestinal tract of ruminants: effect of dietary nitrogen. Biochem Soc Trans 1997; 25:490S. [PMID: 9388711 DOI: 10.1042/bst025490s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Ritzhaupt
- Epithelial Function and Development Group, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK
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Dyer J, Ritzhaupt A, Wood IS, de la Horra C, Illundain AA, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Expression of the Na+/glucose co-transporter (SGLT1) along the length of the avian intestine. Biochem Soc Trans 1997; 25:480S. [PMID: 9388701 DOI: 10.1042/bst025480s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Dyer
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, UK
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