1
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Faksness LG, Altin D, Hansen BH, Nordtug T. Use of TLM derived models to estimate toxicity of weathered MC252 oil based on conventional chemical data and the potential impact of unresolved polar components. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:596-605. [PMID: 38375806 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2024.2321165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Target lipid model (TLM) and toxic unit (TU) approaches were applied to ecotoxicity and chemistry data from low-energy WAFs (LE-WAFs) of source and weathered crude oils originating from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The weathered oils included artificially weathered oils and naturally weathered samples collected in the Gulf of Mexico after the spill. Oil weathering greatly reduced the concentrations of identified LE-WAF components, however, the mass of uncharacterized polar material (UPC) in the LE-WAFs remained largely unchanged during the weathering process. While the TLM-derived calculations displayed a significant decrease in toxicity (TUs) for the heavily weathered oils, copepod toxicity, expressed as LC10-based TUs, were comparable between LE-WAFs of fresh and weathered oils. The discrepancy between observed and predicted toxicity for the LE-WAFs of artificially weathered oils may be related to limitations by the chemical analyses or increased toxicity due to generation of new unknown compounds during the weathering process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dag Altin
- BioTrix, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Infrastructure Sealab, Norwegian Institute of Natural Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Trond Nordtug
- Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean AS, Trondheim, Norway
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2
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Williamson DR, Davies EJ, Ludvigsen M, Hansen BH. Flow-through imaging and automated analysis of oil-exposed early stage Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua). Toxicol Mech Methods 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38572598 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2024.2338389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Toxicology studies in early fish life stages serve an important function in measuring the impact of potentially harmful substances, such as crude oil, on marine life. Morphometric analysis of larvae can reveal the effects of such substances in retarding growth and development. These studies are labor intensive and time consuming, typically resulting in only a small number of samples being considered. An automated system for imaging and measurement of experimental animals, using flow-through imaging and an artificial neural network to allow faster sampling of more individuals, has been described previously and used in toxicity experiments. This study compares the performance of the automated imaging and analysis system with traditional microscopy techniques in measuring biologically relevant endpoints using two oil treatments as positive controls. We demonstrate that while the automated system typically underestimates morphometric measurements relative to analysis of manual microscopy images, it shows similar statistical results to the manual method when comparing treatments across most endpoints. It allows for many more individual specimens to be sampled in a shorter time period, reducing labor requirements and improving statistical power in such studies, and is noninvasive allowing for repeated sampling of the same population.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Williamson
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emlyn J Davies
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Ludvigsen
- Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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3
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Sørensen L, Størseth TR, Altin D, Nordtug T, Faksness LG, Hansen BH. A simple protocol for estimating the acute toxicity of unresolved polar compounds from field-weathered oils. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:245-255. [PMID: 38375852 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2024.2310003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Crude oil spilled at sea is chemically altered through environmental processes such as dissolution, biodegradation, and photodegradation. Transformation of hydrocarbons to oxygenated species increases water-solubility. Metabolites and oxidation products largely remain uncharacterized by common analytical methods but may be more bioavailable to aquatic organisms. Studies have shown that unresolved (i.e. unidentified) polar compounds ('UPCs') may constitute > 90% of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of heavily weathered crude oils, but still there is a paucity of information characterizing their toxicological significance in relation to other oil-derived toxicants. In this study, low-energy WAFs (no droplets) were generated from two field-weathered oils (collected during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon incident) and their polar fractions were isolated through fractionation. To allow establishment of thresholds for acute toxicity (LC50) of the dissolved and polar fraction of field collected oils, we concentrated both WAFs and polar fractions to beyond field-documented concentrations, and the acute toxicity of both to the marine copepod Acartia tonsa was measured and compared to the toxicity of the native WAF (non-concentrated). The difference in toxic units (TUs) between the total of the mixture and of identified compounds of known toxicity (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs] and alkyl phenols) in both WAF and polar fractions was used to estimate the contribution of the UPC to overall toxicity. This approach identified that UPC had a similar contribution to toxicity as identified compounds within the WAFs of the field-weathered oils. This signifies the relative importance of polar compounds when assessing environmental impacts of spilled and weathered oil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
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4
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Hansen BH, Tarrant AM, Lenz PH, Roncalli V, Almeda R, Broch OJ, Altin D, Tollefsen KE. Effects of petrogenic pollutants on North Atlantic and Arctic Calanus copepods: From molecular mechanisms to population impacts. Aquat Toxicol 2024; 267:106825. [PMID: 38176169 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Oil and gas industries in the Northern Atlantic Ocean have gradually moved closer to the Arctic areas, a process expected to be further facilitated by sea ice withdrawal caused by global warming. Copepods of the genus Calanus hold a key position in these cold-water food webs, providing an important energetic link between primary production and higher trophic levels. Due to their ecological importance, there is a concern about how accidental oil spills and produced water discharges may impact cold-water copepods. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the toxicity of petroleum on North Atlantic and Arctic Calanus copepods. We also review how recent development of high-quality transcriptomes from RNA-sequencing of copepods have identified genes regulating key biological processes, like molting, diapause and reproduction in Calanus copepods, to suggest linkages between exposure, molecular mechanisms and effects on higher levels of biological organization. We found that the available ecotoxicity threshold data for these copepods provide valuable information about their sensitivity to acute petrogenic exposures; however, there is still insufficient knowledge regarding underlying mechanisms of toxicity and the potential for long-term implications of relevance for copepod ecology and phenology. Copepod transcriptomics has expanded our understanding of how key biological processes are regulated in cold-water copepods. These advances can improve our understanding of how pollutants affect biological processes, and thus provide the basis for new knowledge frameworks spanning the effect continuum from molecular initiating events to adverse effects of regulatory relevance. Such efforts, guided by concepts such as adverse outcome pathways (AOPs), enable standardized and transparent characterization and evaluation of knowledge and identifies research gaps and priorities. This review suggests enhancing mechanistic understanding of exposure-effect relationships to better understand and link biomarker responses to adverse effects to improve risk assessments assessing ecological effects of pollutant mixtures, like crude oil, in Arctic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann M Tarrant
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Petra H Lenz
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, United States
| | | | - Rodrigo Almeda
- EOMAR-ECOAQUA, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ole Jacob Broch
- SINTEF Ocean, Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dag Altin
- BioTrix, 7020 Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Research Infrastructure SeaLab, 7010 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), 0579 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), N-1433 Ås, Norway
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5
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Piarulli S, Riedel JA, Fossum FN, Kermen F, Hansen BH, Kvæstad B, Olsvik PA, Farkas J. Effects of gadolinium (Gd) and a Gd-based contrast agent (GBCA) on early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chemosphere 2024; 350:140950. [PMID: 38114019 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd) is one of the rare earth elements (REY) and is widely used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Anthropogenic Gd enrichment has frequently been found in wastewater treatment plant effluents in industrialised countries, rising concerns regarding effects on aquatic biota. This study investigates the acute toxicity and sublethal effects of Gd in two forms, as inorganic salt (GdCl3) and as Gd-based contrast agent (GBCA), on early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Nominal exposure concentrations ranged from 3 to 3000 μg L-1, with an exposure duration of 96 h. None of the two tested compounds were acutely toxic to embryos and larvae. Similarly, we did not observe any effects on larval development and locomotive behaviour. However, we found significant changes in the brain activity of larvae exposed to the highest concentrations of GdCl3 and the GBCA. Our findings show that Gd can have sublethal effects on developing fish at lower concentrations than reported previously, highlighting the necessity of investigating the long-term fate and effects of GBCAs released into the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Piarulli
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Juliane A Riedel
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Universitetsalléen 11, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | - Frida N Fossum
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Florence Kermen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Henrik Hansen
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjarne Kvæstad
- Department of Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pål A Olsvik
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Universitetsalléen 11, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | - Julia Farkas
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010, Trondheim, Norway.
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6
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Farkas J, Svendheim LH, Øverjordet IB, Davies EJ, Altin D, Nordtug T, Olsvik PA, Jager T, Hansen BH. Effects of mine tailing exposure on the development of early life stages of the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2023:1-9. [PMID: 37902244 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2274935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The demand for mineral resources is increasing mining activities worldwide. In Norway, marine tailing disposal (MTD) is practiced, introducing mineral particles into fjord ecosystems. We investigated the effects of two concentrations (high and low) of fine tailings from a CaCO3 processing plant on early life stages of the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Results show that the exposure did not significantly impact hatching success or development in non- and early feeding life stages. However, feeding stage nauplii ingested tailings, which caused a significantly slower development in later nauplii stages in high exposure groups, with most individuals being two stages behind the control group. Further, high mortality occurred in late nauplii and early copepodite stages in low exposure groups, which could be caused by insufficient energy accumulation and depleted energy reserves during development. Individuals exposed to high exposure concentrations seemed to survive by arresting development and potentially by reduced activity, thereby conserving energy reserves. In nature, slower development could affect lipid storage buildup and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Farkas
- Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Linn H Svendheim
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Emlyn J Davies
- Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Trond Nordtug
- Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pål A Olsvik
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
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7
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Hansen BH, Altin D, Nordtug T. Do oil droplets and chemical dispersants contribute to uptake of oil compounds and toxicity of crude oil dispersions in cold-water copepods? J Toxicol Environ Health A 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37870159 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2271003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Accidental crude oil spills to the marine environment cause dispersion of oil into the water column through the actions of breaking waves, a process that can be facilitated using chemical dispersants. Oil dispersions contain dispersed micron-sized oil droplets and dissolved oil components, and the toxicity of oil dispersions has been assumed to be associated primarily with the latter. However, most hydrophobic, bioaccumulative and toxic crude oil components are retained within the droplets which may interact with marine filter-feeders. We here summarize the findings of 15 years of research using a unique methodology to generate controlled concentrations and droplet size distributions of dispersed crude oil to study effects on the filter-feeding cold-water copepod Calanus finmarchicus. We focus primarily on the contribution of chemical dispersants and micron-sized oil droplets to uptake and toxicity of oil compounds. Oil dispersion exposures cause PAH uptake and oil droplet accumulation on copepod body surfaces and inside their gastrointestinal tract, and exposures to high exposure (mg/L range) reduce feeding activity, causes reproductive impairments and mortality. These effects were slightly higher in the presence of chemical dispersants, possibly due to higher filtration of chemically dispersed droplets. For C. finmarchicus, dispersions containing oil droplets caused more severe toxic effects than filtered dispersions, thus, oil droplets contribute to the observed toxicity. The methodology for generating crude oil dispersion is a valuable tool to isolate impacts of crude oil microdroplets and can facilitate future research on oil dispersion toxicity and produce data to improve oil spill models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dag Altin
- BioTrix, Trondheim, Norway
- Research Infrastructure SeaLab, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
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8
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Strople LC, Vieweg I, Yadetie F, Odei DK, Thorsen A, Karlsen OA, Goksøyr A, Sørensen L, Sarno A, Hansen BH, Frantzen M, Hansen ØJ, Puvanendran V, Nahrgang J. Spawning time in adult polar cod ( Boreogadus saida) altered by crude oil exposure, independent of food availability. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2023:1-24. [PMID: 37395093 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2228535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Fish early life stages are well known for their sensitivity to crude oil exposure. However, the effect of crude oil exposure on adults and their gametes during their spawning period is not well studied. Polar cod, a key arctic fish, may be at risk for crude oil exposure during this potentially sensitive life stage. Additionally, this species experiences lower food availability during their spawning season, with unknown combined consequences. In the present study, wild-caught polar cod were exposed to decreasing levels of a water-soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil or control conditions and fed either at a low or high feed ration to assess the combined effect of both stressors. Samples were taken during late gonadal development, during active spawning (spawning window), and in the post-spawning period. Histology analysis of gonads from fish sampled during the spawning window showed that oil-exposed polar cod were more likely to have spawned compared to controls. Oil-exposed females had 947 differentially regulated hepatic genes, and their eggs had a higher polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon body burden compared to controls. Feed ration did not consistently affect polar cod's response to oil exposure for the endpoints measured, however, did alone result in decreases in some sperm motility parameters. These results suggest that polar cod's spawning period is a sensitive life event to crude oil exposure, while feed limitation may play a minor role for this supposedly capital breeder. The effects of adult exposure to crude oil on gamete quality and the next generation warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Strople
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ireen Vieweg
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Fekadu Yadetie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Derrick Kwame Odei
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Odd André Karlsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Antonio Sarno
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - Jasmine Nahrgang
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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9
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Hansen BH, Arukwe A, Knutsen HM, Skarpnord K, Farkas J, Veylit L, Nepstad R, Khan EA, Nordtug T, Sørensen L. Effects of Exposure Timing on cyp1a Expression, PAH Elimination, and Lipid Utilization in Lumpfish Embryos Exposed to Produced Water. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:7666-7674. [PMID: 37170530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Intentional discharges of produced water from oil production platforms to the marine environment contain a complex mixture of toxicants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Early life stages of fish are highly sensitive to petrogenic exposure, and short-term exposure during critical periods of embryonic development may have detrimental effects on larvae health and survival. However, why different periods are more sensitive to exposure than others are not fully understood. Three identical exposure experiments (48 h, approx. 30 μg/L tPAH, sum 42 PAHs) on lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) embryos were conducted where only exposure timing was varied: 0-48 h post fertilization (hpf, starting before chorion hardening), 36-84 hpf (starting after chorion hardening), and 240-288 hpf (during organogenesis). Total PAH (tPAH) uptake at the end of exposure was 5× higher when exposed during fertilization than when exposed late (during organogenesis). The first evidence of cyp1a induction in lumpfish during embryogenesis was observed after 84 hpf. Early exposure affected lipid droplet coagulation, indicating altered lipid utilization during embryogenesis. Although no significant impacts of exposure were observed on hatching success, hatching was delayed when exposed at the latest time point. This study shows that chorion properties, lipid content, biotransformation potential, and timing of produced water exposure during lumpfish embryogenesis affected PAH uptake and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hannah Marie Knutsen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kaja Skarpnord
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julia Farkas
- Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lara Veylit
- Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Raymond Nepstad
- Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Essa Ahsan Khan
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trond Nordtug
- Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
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10
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Sørensen L, Farkas J, Beathe Øverjordet I, Hansen BH. In situ biomonitoring using caged lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) eggs reveal plastic and rubber associated chemicals in a harbour area in Central Norway. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2023; 86:397-403. [PMID: 37162368 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2209113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plastics- and rubber-derived chemicals are given increasing focus due to their migration into the environment and potential for causing detrimental effects. The current study demonstrates the use of a novel biomonitoring platform using caged fertilized eggs of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) in combination with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of a selection of target chemicals extracted from the lumpfish eggs after deployment. A monitoring campaign in the Trondheim harbor and off the coast of Trøndelag in Norway was executed using the described system. Here we found accumulation of UV stabilizers (benzophenone and benzothiazoles), plasticizers (n-butylbenzenesulfonamide), reagents, and polymer synthesis precursors (bisphenol A, acetophenone, phthalide, and phthalimide) in deployed eggs. Several of the compounds were detected in concentrations above previously quantified legacy contaminants in the same study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
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11
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Sørhus E, Sørensen L, Grøsvik BE, Le Goff J, Incardona JP, Linbo TL, Baldwin DH, Karlsen Ø, Nordtug T, Hansen BH, Thorsen A, Donald CE, van der Meeren T, Robson W, Rowland SJ, Rasinger JD, Vikebø FB, Meier S. Crude oil exposure of early life stages of Atlantic haddock suggests threshold levels for developmental toxicity as low as 0.1 μg total polyaromatic hydrocarbon (TPAH)/L. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 190:114843. [PMID: 36965263 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) embryos bind dispersed crude oil droplets to the eggshell and are consequently highly susceptible to toxicity from spilled oil. We established thresholds for developmental toxicity and identified any potential long-term or latent adverse effects that could impair the growth and survival of individuals. Embryos were exposed to oil for eight days (10, 80 and 300 μg oil/L, equivalent to 0.1, 0.8 and 3.0 μg TPAH/L). Acute and delayed mortality were observed at embryonic, larval, and juvenile stages with IC50 = 2.2, 0.39, and 0.27 μg TPAH/L, respectively. Exposure to 0.1 μg TPAH/L had no negative effect on growth or survival. However, yolk sac larvae showed significant reduction in the outgrowth (ballooning) of the cardiac ventricle in the absence of other extracardiac morphological defects. Due to this propensity for latent sublethal developmental toxicity, we recommend an effect threshold of 0.1 μg TPAH/L for risk assessment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway; SINTEF Ocean AS, Postbox 4762, Torgarden, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Jérémie Le Goff
- ADn'tox, Bâtiment Recherche, Centre François Baclesse 3, Avenue du Général Harris, 14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - John P Incardona
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David H Baldwin
- Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Postbox 4762, Torgarden, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - William Robson
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
| | - Steven J Rowland
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
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12
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Nepstad R, Kotzakoulakis K, Hansen BH, Nordam T, Carroll J. An impact-based environmental risk assessment model toolbox for offshore produced water discharges. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 191:114979. [PMID: 37126994 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel approach to environmental risk assessment of produced water discharges based on explicit impact and probability, using a combination of transport, fate and toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic models within a super-individual framework, with a probabilistic element obtained from ensemble simulations. Our approach is motivated by a need for location and species specific tools which also accounts for the dynamic nature of exposure and uptake of produced water components in the sea. Our approach is based on the well-established fate model DREAM, and accounts for time-variable exposure, considers body burden and effects for specific species and stressors, and assesses the probability of impact. Using a produced water discharge in the Barents Sea, with early life stages of spawning haddock, we demonstrate that it is possible to conduct a model-based risk assessment that highlights the effect of natural variations in environmental conditions. The benefits, limitations and potential for further improvements are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tor Nordam
- SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Physics, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
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13
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Hansen BH, Nordtug T, Øverjordet IB, Sørensen L, Kvæstad B, Davies EJ, Meier S, Gomes T, Brooks S, Farkas J. Monitoring ocean water quality by deployment of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) eggs: In situ bioaccumulation and toxicity in embryos. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 245:114074. [PMID: 36137423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fish embryos can bioaccumulate and are particularly sensitive to a wide range of contaminants, which makes them suitable sentinels for environmental biomonitoring. However, fish embryos are very rarely utilized in environmental monitoring surveys, possibly due to their fragility and seasonality. In the present work, we assessed the applicability of caged lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) eggs for in situ biomonitoring of exposure and effects of organic contaminants focusing on polyaromatic hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds. Fertilized eggs (1 dpf) were transplanted for 17-19 days at different locations that differed in terms of contaminant load, depths and weather conditions, namely at three stations close to the city of Trondheim (two harbour areas and a one in the Fjord) and three stations at a coastal aquaculture facility. High survival upon retrieval after deployment showed that lumpfish eggs are relatively robust and survive encaging in different environments. Bioaccumulation of organic contaminants (PAHs and phenolic compounds) was measured and potential effects on hatching, development, survival and larvae morphometry were determined. Chemical analyses showed that especially PAHs were effectively accumulated in eggs in contaminated sites, with concentrations of ƩPAHs being 15 - 25 times higher in harbour areas compared to those at the aquaculture facility. A higher incidence of embryonic deformations was observed in the most polluted deployment location, but larvae morphometry revealed no evidence of toxicity related to pollutant body burden. In conclusion, the in-situ exposure method was proven to work well, making it attractive for implementations in environmental monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Henrik Hansen
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ida Beathe Øverjordet
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjarne Kvæstad
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emlyn John Davies
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Tânia Gomes
- Norwegian Institute of Water Research, Økernveien 94, NO-0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Brooks
- Norwegian Institute of Water Research, Økernveien 94, NO-0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
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14
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Jager T, Malzahn AM, Hagemann A, Hansen BH. Testing a simple energy-budget model for yolk-feeding stages of cleaner fish. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Hansen BH, Nordtug T, Øverjordet IB, Altin D, Farkas J, Daling PS, Sørheim KR, Faksness LG. Application of chemical herders do not increase acute crude oil toxicity to cold-water marine species. Sci Total Environ 2022; 823:153779. [PMID: 35150678 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical herders may be used to sequester and thicken surface oil slicks to increase the time window for performing in situ burning of spilled oil on the sea surface. For herder use to be an environmentally safe oil spill response option, information regarding their potential ecotoxicity both alone and in combination with oil is needed. This study aimed at assessing if using herders can cause toxicity to cold-water marine organisms. Our objective was to test the two chemical herders Siltech OP-40 (OP-40) and ThickSlick-6535 (TS-6535) with and without oil for toxicity using sensitive life stages of cold-water marine copepod (Calanus finmarchicus) and fish (Gadus morhua). For herders alone, OP-40 was consistently more toxic than TS-6535. To test herders in combination with oil, low-energy water accommodated fractions (LE-WAFs, without vortex) with Alaskan North Slope crude oils were prepared with and without herders. Dissolution of oil components from surface oil was somewhat delayed following herder application, due to herder-induced reduction in contact area between water and oil. The LE-WAFs were also used for toxicity testing, and we observed no significant differences in toxicity thresholds between treatments to LE-WAFs generated with oil alone and oil treated with herders. The operational herder-to-oil ratio is very low (1:500), and the herders tested in the present work displayed acute toxicity at concentrations well above what would be expected following in situ application. Application of chemical herders to oil slicks is not expected to add significant effects to that of the oil for cold-water marine species exposed to herder-treated oil slicks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per S Daling
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
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16
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Williamson DR, Nordtug T, Leirvik F, Kvæstad B, Hansen BH, Ludvigsen M, Davies EJ. A flow-through imaging system for automated measurement of ichthyoplankton. MethodsX 2022; 9:101773. [PMID: 35813159 PMCID: PMC9256663 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscopic imaging and morphometric measurement of fish embryos and larvae is essential in environmental monitoring of fish populations and to evaluate larvae development in aquaculture. Traditional microscopy methods require time-consuming, repetitive work by human experts. We present a method for fast imaging and analysis of millimetre-scale ichthyoplankton suspended in seawater. Our system can be easily built from common and off-the-shelf components and uses open-source software for image capture and analysis. Our system obtains images of similar quality to traditional microscopy, and biological measurements comparable to those by human experts, with minimal human interaction. This saves time and effort, while increasing the size of data sets obtained. We demonstrate our approach with cod eggs and larvae, and present results showing biologically relevant endpoints including egg diameter, larval standard length, yolk volume and eye diameter, with comparison to similar measurements reported in the literature. • High throughput, microscope-scale imaging of fish eggs and larvae • Automated measurement of biologically relevant endpoints • Easily built from off-the-shelf components and open-source software
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Williamson
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010 Trondheim, Norway
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Marine Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Corresponding author.
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Frode Leirvik
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjarne Kvæstad
- SINTEF Ocean, Fisheries and New Resources, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Henrik Hansen
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Ludvigsen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Marine Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emlyn John Davies
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010 Trondheim, Norway
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17
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Nordtug T, Olsen AJ, Wold PA, Salaberria I, Øverjordet IB, Altin D, Kjørsvik E, Hansen BH. The impact of exposure timing on embryo mortality and the partitioning of PAHs when cod eggs are exposed to dispersed and dissolved crude oil. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 229:113100. [PMID: 34923326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During sub-sea oil spills to the marine environment, oil droplets will rise towards the sea surface at a rate determined by their density and diameter as well as the vertical turbulence in the water. Micro-droplets (< 50 µm) are expected to have prolonged residence times in the water column. If present, pelagic fish eggs may thus be exposed to dispersed oil from subsurface oil spills for days, and the contribution of these micro-droplets to toxicity is not well known. The purpose of this work was to investigate to what extent timing of exposure and the presence of oil micro droplets affects PAH uptake and survival of pelagic Atlantic cod eggs. A single batch of eggs was separated in two groups and exposed to dispersions and corresponding water-soluble fraction at 3-7 days (Early exposure) and 9-13 days (Late exposure) post fertilization. Partitioning of PAHs between crude oil microdroplets, water and eggs was estimated as well as the contribution of oil droplets to PAH body residue and acute and delayed mortality. Timing of oil exposure clearly affects both the mortality rate and the timing of mortality. Even though the body residue of PAHs were lower when embryos were exposed in the later embryonic stage, mortality rate increased relative to the early exposure indicating that critical body residue threshold is stage specific. Although our results suggest that the dissolved fraction is the dominating driver for toxicity in cod embryos exposed to oil dispersions, crude oil micro droplets contribute to increased mortality as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, 7465 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Anders J Olsen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per-Arvid Wold
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; Queen Maud University College, 7044 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Iurgi Salaberria
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - Elin Kjørsvik
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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18
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Kvæstad B, Hansen BH, Davies E. Automated morphometrics on microscopy images of Atlantic cod larvae using Mask R-CNN and classical machine vision techniques. MethodsX 2021; 9:101598. [PMID: 34917490 PMCID: PMC8666706 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurements of morphometrical parameters on i.e., fish larvae are useful for assessing the quality and condition of the specimen in environmental research or optimal growth in the cultivation industry. Manually acquiring morphometrical parameters from microscopy images can be time consuming and tedious, this can be a limiting factor when acquiring samples for an experiment. Mask R-CNN, an instance segmentation neural network architecture, has been implemented for finding outlines on parts of interest on fish larvae (Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua). Using classical machine vision techniques on the outlines makes it is possible to acquire morphometrics such as area, diameter, length, and height. The combination of these techniques is providing accurate-, consistent-, and high-volume information on the morphometrics of small organisms, making it possible to sample more data for morphometric analysis.•Capabilities to automatically analyse a set of microscopy images in approximately 2-3 seconds per image, with results that have a high degree of accuracy when compared to morphometrics acquired manually by an expert.•Can be implemented on other species of ichthyoplankton or zooplankton and has successfully been tested on ballan wrasse, zebrafish, lumpsucker and calanoid copepods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Kvæstad
- SINTEF Ocean, Environment and New Resources, Brattørkaia 17C, Trondheim NO-7010, Norway
| | - Bjørn Henrik Hansen
- SINTEF Ocean, Environment and New Resources, Brattørkaia 17C, Trondheim NO-7010, Norway
| | - Emlyn Davies
- SINTEF Ocean, Environment and New Resources, Brattørkaia 17C, Trondheim NO-7010, Norway
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19
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Piarulli S, Hansen BH, Ciesielski T, Zocher AL, Malzahn A, Olsvik PA, Sonne C, Nordtug T, Jenssen BM, Booth AM, Farkas J. Sources, distribution and effects of rare earth elements in the marine environment: Current knowledge and research gaps. Environ Pollut 2021; 291:118230. [PMID: 34597732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) are critical elements for a wide range of applications and consumer products. Their growing extraction and use can potentially lead to REY and anthropogenic-REY chemical complexes (ACC-REY) being released in the marine environment, causing concern regarding their potential effects on organisms and ecosystems. Here, we critically review the scientific knowledge on REY sources (geogenic and anthropogenic), factors affecting REY distribution and transfer in the marine environment, as well as accumulation in- and effects on marine biota. Further, we aim to draw the attention to research gaps that warrant further scientific attention to assess the potential risk posed by anthropogenic REY release. Geochemical processes affecting REY mobilisation from natural sources and factors affecting their distribution and transfer across marine compartments are well established, featuring a high variability dependent on local conditions. There is, however, a research gap with respect to evaluating the environmental distribution and fate of REY from anthropogenic sources, particularly regarding ACC-REY, which can have a high persistence in seawater. In addition, data on organismal uptake, accumulation, organ distribution and effects are scarce and at best fragmentary. Particularly, the effects of ACC-REY at organismal and community levels are, so far, not sufficiently studied. To assess the potential risks caused by anthropogenic REY release there is an urgent need to i) harmonise data reporting to promote comparability across studies and environmental matrices, ii) conduct research on transport, fate and behaviour of ACC-REY vs geogenic REY iii) deepen the knowledge on bioavailability, accumulation and effects of ACC-REY and REY mixtures at organismal and community level, which is essential for risk assessment of anthropogenic REY in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Piarulli
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Bjørn Henrik Hansen
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anna-Lena Zocher
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Arne Malzahn
- Department of Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pål A Olsvik
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Universitetsalléen 11, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Trond Nordtug
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Munro Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andy M Booth
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julia Farkas
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010, Trondheim, Norway
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20
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Svendheim LH, Jager T, Olsvik PA, Øverjordet IB, Ciesielski TM, Nordtug T, Kristensen T, Hansen BH, Kvæstad B, Altin D, Farkas J. Effects of marine mine tailing exposure on the development, growth, and lipid accumulation in Calanus finmarchicus. Chemosphere 2021; 282:131051. [PMID: 34470148 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Marine tailing disposal (MTD) is sometimes practiced as an alternative to traditional mine tailing deposition on land. Environmental challenges connected to MTD include spreading of fine particulate matter in the water column and the potential release of metals and processing chemicals. This study investigated if tailing exposure affects the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus, and whether effects are related to exposure to mineral particles or the presence of metals and/or processing chemicals in the tailings. We investigated the impacts of three different tailing compositions: calcium carbonate particles with and without processing chemicals and fine-grained tailings from a copper ore. Early life stages of C. finmarchicus were exposed over several developmental stages to low and high suspension concentrations for 15 days, and their development, oxygen consumption and biometry determined. The data was fitted in a dynamic energy budget (DEB) model to determine mechanisms underlying responses and to understand the primary modes of action related to mine tailing exposure. Results show that copepods exposed to tailings generally exhibited slower growth and accumulated less lipids. The presence of metals and processing chemicals did not influence these responses, suggesting that uptake of mineral particles was responsible for the observed effects. This was further supported by the applied DEB model, confirming that ingestion of tailing particles while feeding can result in less energy being available for growth and development.
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21
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Hansen BH, Farkas J, Piarulli S, Vicario S, Kvæstad B, Williamson DR, Sørensen L, Davies EJ, Nordtug T. Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua) embryos are highly sensitive to short-term 3,4-dichloroaniline exposure. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1754-1761. [PMID: 34703771 PMCID: PMC8523877 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) is one of the most widely produced anilines world-wide, used in plastic packaging, fabrics, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, dyes and paints as well as being a degradation product of several pesticides. 3,4-DCA has been detected in freshwater, brackish and marine environments. Although freshwater toxicity thresholds exist, very little toxicological information is available on marine and cold-water species. In this study, we exposed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) embryos (3-7 days post fertilization) to 3,4-DCA concentrations ranging from 8-747 μg/L for 4 days followed by a recovery period in clean sea water until 14 days post fertilization (dpf). The cod embryos were significantly more sensitive to acute 3,4-DCA exposure compared to other species tested and reported in the literature. At the highest concentration (747 μg/L), no embryos survived until hatch, and even at the lowest concentration (8 μg/L), a small, but significant increase in mortality was observed at 14 dpf. Delayed and concentration-dependent effects on surviving yolk-sac larvae, manifested as cardiac, developmental and morphometric alterations, more than a week after exposure suggest potential long-term effects of transient embryonic exposure to low concentrations of 3,4-DCA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Vicario
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milan, Italy
| | | | - David R. Williamson
- SINTEF Ocean, 7465, Trondheim, Norway
- Centre for Autonomous Marine Operations and System (AMOS), Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Norway
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22
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Farkas J, Nordtug T, Svendheim LH, Amico ED, Davies EJ, Ciesielski T, Jenssen BM, Kristensen T, Olsvik PA, Hansen BH. Effects of mine tailing exposure on early life stages of cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Environ Res 2021; 200:111447. [PMID: 34102163 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mining and processing of minerals produce large quantities of tailings as waste. Some countries, including Norway, allow disposal of mine tailings in the sea. In this study we investigated the impacts of tailings from a calcium carbonate (CaCO3) processing plant on early live stages of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Fish eggs (3 days post fertilisation; dpf) were exposed for 48 h to three concentrations of tailings, nominally 1 mg L-1 (low, L); 10 mg L-1 (medium, M) and 100 mg L-1 (high, H); with L and M representing concentrations occurring at tailing release points. Results show that tailings rapidly adhered to eggs of both species, causing negative buoyancy (sinking of eggs) in M and H exposures. While tailings remained on egg surfaces in both species also after exposure termination, adhesion seemed more pronounced in cod, leading to larger impacts on buoyancy even after exposure. Tailing exposure further induced early hatching and significantly reduced survival in M and H exposed embryos in both fish species, and in cod from the L exposure group. Moreover, tailing exposure caused reduced survival and malformations in larvae, potentially related to premature hatching. This study shows that mineral particles adhere to haddock and cod eggs, affecting egg buoyancy, survival and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Elettra D Amico
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emlyn J Davies
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz Ciesielski
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Munro Jenssen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Pål A Olsvik
- Nord University, Universitetsalléen 11, 8026, Bodø, Norway
| | - Bjørn Henrik Hansen
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010, Trondheim, Norway
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23
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Hansen BH, Nordtug T, Farkas J, Khan EA, Oteri E, Kvæstad B, Faksness LG, Daling PS, Arukwe A. Toxicity and developmental effects of Arctic fuel oil types on early life stages of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Aquat Toxicol 2021; 237:105881. [PMID: 34139396 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the heavy fuel oil (HFO) ban in Arctic maritime transport and new legislations restricting the sulphur content of fuel oils, new fuel oil types are continuously developed. However, the potential impacts of these new fuel oil types on marine ecosystems during accidental spills are largely unknown. In this study, we studied the toxicity of three marine fuel oils (two marine gas oils with low sulphur contents and a heavy fuel oil) in early life stages of cod (Gadus morhua). Embryos were exposed for 4 days to water-soluble fractions of fuel oils at concentrations ranging from 4.1 - 128.3 µg TPAH/L, followed by recovery in clean seawater until 17 days post fertilization. Exposure to all three fuel oils resulted in developmental toxicity, including severe morphological changes, deformations and cardiotoxicity. To assess underlying molecular mechanisms, we studied fuel oil-mediated activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) gene battery and genes related to cardiovascular, angiogenesis and osteogenesis pathways. Overall, our results suggest comparable mechanisms of toxicity for the three fuel oils. All fuel oils caused concentration-dependant increases of cyp1a mRNA which paralleled ahrr, but not ahr1b transcript expression. On the angiogenesis and osteogenesis pathways, fuel oils produced concentration-specific transcriptional effects that were either increasing or decreasing, compared to control embryos. Based on the observed toxic responses, toxicity threshold values were estimated for individual endpoints to assess the most sensitive molecular and physiological effects, suggesting that unresolved petrogenic components may be significant contributors to the observed toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Essa A Khan
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erika Oteri
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjarne Kvæstad
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Per S Daling
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
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24
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Bender ML, Giebichenstein J, Teisrud RN, Laurent J, Frantzen M, Meador JP, Sørensen L, Hansen BH, Reinardy HC, Laurel B, Nahrgang J. Combined effects of crude oil exposure and warming on eggs and larvae of an arctic forage fish. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8410. [PMID: 33863955 PMCID: PMC8052424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87932-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change, along with environmental pollution, can act synergistically on an organism to amplify adverse effects of exposure. The Arctic is undergoing profound climatic change and an increase in human activity, resulting in a heightened risk of accidental oil spills. Embryos and larvae of polar cod (Boreogadus saida), a key Arctic forage fish species, were exposed to low levels of crude oil concurrently with a 2.3 °C increase in water temperature. Here we show synergistic adverse effects of increased temperature and crude oil exposure on early life stages documented by an increased prevalence of malformations and mortality in exposed larvae. The combined effects of these stressors were most prevalent in the first feeding larval stages despite embryonic exposure, highlighting potential long-term consequences of exposure for survival, growth, and reproduction. Our findings suggest that a warmer Arctic with greater human activity will adversely impact early life stages of this circumpolar forage fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Lizabeth Bender
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Julia Giebichenstein
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ragnar N. Teisrud
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jennifer Laurent
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marianne Frantzen
- grid.417991.30000 0004 7704 0318Akvaplan-Niva, Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - James P. Meador
- grid.422702.10000 0001 1356 4495Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, Washington, 98112 USA
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- SINTEF Ocean, Environment and New Resources, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Helena C. Reinardy
- grid.410415.50000 0000 9388 4992Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, PA37 1QA UK ,grid.20898.3b0000 0004 0428 2244Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Svalbard Norway
| | - Benjamin Laurel
- grid.422702.10000 0001 1356 4495Fisheries Behavioral Ecology Program, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR 97365 USA
| | - Jasmine Nahrgang
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Almeda R, Rodriguez-Torres R, Rist S, Winding MHS, Stief P, Hansen BH, Nielsen TG. Microplastics do not increase bioaccumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons in Arctic zooplankton but trigger feeding suppression under co-exposure conditions. Sci Total Environ 2021; 751:141264. [PMID: 32871308 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arctic sea ice has alarmingly high concentrations of microplastics (MPs). Additionally, sea ice reduction in the Arctic is opening new opportunities for the oil and maritime industries, which could increase oil pollution in the region. Yet knowledge of the effects of co-exposure to MPs and crude oil on Arctic zooplankton is lacking. We tested the influence of MPs (polyethylene, 20.7 μm) on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bioaccumulation and oil toxicity in the key arctic copepod Calanus hyperboreus after exposure to oil with and without dispersant. Up to 30% of the copepods stopped feeding and fecal pellet production rates were reduced after co-exposure to oil (1 μL L-1) and MPs (20 MPs mL-1). The PAH body burden was ~3 times higher in feeding than in non-feeding copepods. Copepods ingested both MPs and crude oil droplets. MPs did not influence bioaccumulation of PAHs in copepods or their fecal pellets, but chemical dispersant increased bioaccumulation, especially of ≥4 ring-PAHs. Our results suggest that MPs do not act as vectors of PAHs in Arctic marine food webs after oil spills, but, at high concentrations (20 MPs mL-1), MPs can trigger behavioral stress responses (e.g., feeding suppression) to oil pollution in zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Almeda
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
| | - R Rodriguez-Torres
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - S Rist
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - M H S Winding
- Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Greenland
| | - P Stief
- University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | | | - T Gissel Nielsen
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
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26
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Nepstad R, Hansen BH, Skancke J. North sea produced water PAH exposure and uptake in early life stages of Atlantic Cod. Mar Environ Res 2021; 163:105203. [PMID: 33160645 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Produced water discharges from offshore oil and gas platforms represent a significant source of petroleum components such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) released to the ocean. High molecular weight PAHs are persistent in the environment and have a potential for bioaccumulation, and the investigation of their fate and uptake pathways in marine life are relevant when assessing environmental risk of produced water discharges. To study the exposure and uptake of 2-5 ring PAHs in early life stages of Atlantic Cod in the North Sea, we run a coupled fate and individual-based numerical model that includes discharges from 26 platforms. We consider 26 different PAH components in produced water which biodegrade with primary degradation rates; intermediate degradation products are not included. Model simulations are run covering multiple years (2009-2012) to study annual exposure variability, while a one-day time slice of spawning products from the peak spawning season are followed. By covering multiple release points and large spatio-temporal scales, we show how individuals can be exposed to produced water from multiple regions in the North Sea. We find that a combination of oceanic fate processes and toxicokinetics lead to markedly different compositions in the predicted internal concentrations of PAHs compared to discharge concentrations; for instance, naphthalene makes up 30% of the total discharged PAHs, but contributes to at most 1% of internal concentrations. In all simulations we find the predicted total internal PAH concentration (26 components) to be below 1.2 nmol/g, a factor of 1000 less than concentrations commonly associated with acute narcotic effects.
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Oppegård M, Hansen BH, Sørensen L. Determination of C 0 -C 9 alkyl phenols in produced-water-exposed fish eggs using gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2020; 34:e8950. [PMID: 32945058 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Produced water (PW) discharge from the oil and gas industry represents the largest intentional marine waste volume. Alkyl phenols (APs) are one of the main toxic component groups found in PW, with concentration of APs in discharged PW from the Norwegian Sector of the North Sea up to >16 mg/L. Several species of fish spawn in direct proximity to offshore production platforms and may be at risk of AP exposure. Therefore, a sensitive method to determine the potential for bioaccumulation of APs in fish eggs is needed. METHODS Fish eggs were extracted using liquid-solid extraction followed by gel permeation chromatography cleanup. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Extraction and analytical conditions were optimized for analysis of phenol and 30 APs (C1 -C9 ) with different degrees of branching in the alkyl chain. The method was verified and applied to analyze the body residue of APs in PW-exposed marine fish (Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua) eggs. RESULTS A comprehensive and sensitive method for the determination of C0 -C9 APs was developed. Detection limits were in the range 0.03-8 ng. Apart from a few compounds with poor recovery, the method generally provided reliable results with good precision (<15%). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the successful application of an optimized extraction method for APs in fish eggs and show first results of AP accumulation in cod embryos exposed to PW in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Oppegård
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Henrik Hansen
- Department of Environment and New Resources, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- Department of Environment and New Resources, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
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28
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Farkas J, Cappadona V, Olsen AJ, Hansen BH, Posch W, Ciesielski TM, Goodhead R, Wilflingseder D, Blatzer M, Altin D, Moger J, Booth AM, Jenssen BM. Combined effects of exposure to engineered silver nanoparticles and the water-soluble fraction of crude oil in the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Aquat Toxicol 2020; 227:105582. [PMID: 32823071 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While it is likely that ENPs may occur together with other contaminants in nature, the combined effects of exposure to both ENPs and environmental contaminants are not studied sufficiently. In this study, we investigated the acute and sublethal toxicity of PVP coated silver nanoparticles (AgNP) and ionic silver (Ag+; administered as AgNO3) to the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus. We further studied effects of single exposures to AgNPs (nominal concentrations: low 15 μg L-1 NPL, high 150 μg L-1 NPH) or Ag+ (60 μg L-1), and effects of co-exposure to AgNPs, Ag+ and the water-soluble fraction (WSF; 100 μg L-1) of a crude oil (AgNP + WSF; Ag++WSF). The gene expression and the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes SOD, CAT and GST, as well as the gene expression of HSP90 and CYP330A1 were determined as sublethal endpoints. Results show that Ag+ was more acutely toxic compared to AgNPs, with 96 h LC50 concentrations of 403 μg L-1 for AgNPs, and 147 μg L-1 for Ag+. Organismal uptake of Ag following exposure was similar for AgNP and Ag+, and was not significantly different when co-exposed to WSF. Exposure to AgNPs alone caused increases in gene expressions of GST and SOD, whereas WSF exposure caused an induction in SOD. Responses in enzyme activities were generally low, with significant effects observed only on SOD activity in NPL and WSF exposures and on GST activity in NPL and NPH exposures. Combined AgNP and WSF exposures caused slightly altered responses in expression of SOD, GST and CYP330A1 genes compared to the single exposures of either AgNPs or WSF. However, there was no clear pattern of cumulative effects caused by co-exposures of AgNPs and WSF. The present study indicates that the exposure to AgNPs, Ag+, and to a lesser degree WSF cause an oxidative stress response in C. finmarchicus, which was slightly, but mostly not significantly altered in combined exposures. This indicated that the combined effects between Ag and WSF are relatively limited, at least with regard to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Farkas
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - V Cappadona
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - A J Olsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - B H Hansen
- SINTEF Ocean, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - W Posch
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - R Goodhead
- Department for Bioscience, University of Exeter, UK
| | - D Wilflingseder
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Blatzer
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Julian Moger
- Physics and Medical Imaging, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - A M Booth
- SINTEF Ocean, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - B M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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29
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Farkas J, Altin D, Hansen BH, Øverjordet IB, Nordtug T. Acute and long-term effects of anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) on different developmental stages of two marine copepod species. Chemosphere 2020; 257:127259. [PMID: 32535361 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The application of synthetic polymers such as anionic polyacrylamides (APAM) in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) may increase in the future. This can lead to environmental release through offshore produced water discharges with so far limited knowledge on impacts in marine ecosystems. We investigated impacts of APAM polymers on two marine copepod species. Acute effects of APAM were studied on different life stages of C. finmarchicus (three molecular sizes: 200 kDa, 2800 kDa and 8000 kDa) and Acartia tonsa (one molecular size: 2800 kDa). Further, effects on development and survival following long-term exposure (spanning over several life stages) to 200 kDa APAM were studied in C. finmarchicus. Results show that none of the APAM molecules caused mortality in acute exposure experiments in adult C. finmarchicus even at high exposure concentrations (≥1000 mg/L). Comparing toxicity of the 2800 kDa APAM between C. finmarchicus and the standard marine toxicity test copepod Acartia tonsa showed that the latter was slightly more sensitive. Early life stages of both copepods were more sensitive compared to later ones, and APAM exposure induced increased mortality and developmental delays. Effects were generally more pronounced for the larger polymers, most likely due to increased viscosity of the test dispersions leading to increased energy expenditures of the animals. However, significant effects were only observed at very high exposure concentrations that are probably higher than concentrations found in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean, Environmental and New Resources, N-7465, Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | | | | | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean, Environmental and New Resources, N-7465, Trondheim, Norway
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30
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Faksness LG, Altin D, Størseth TR, Nordtug T, Hansen BH. Comparison of artificially weathered Macondo oil with field samples and evidence that weathering does not increase environmental acute toxicity. Mar Environ Res 2020; 157:104928. [PMID: 32275510 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Macondo source oils and artificially weathered oil residues from 150 °C+ to 300 °C+, including artificially photo oxidized oils, were prepared and used for generating low energy water accommodated fractions (LE-WAFs) in order to assess the impact of oil weathering on WAF chemistry composition and toxicity to marine organisms. Two pelagic species representing primary producers (the marine algae Skeletonema pseudocostatum) and invertebrates (the marine copepod Acartia tonsa) were tested. Obtained acute toxicity levels, expressed as EC/LC50 values, were in the same range or above the obtained maximum WAF concentrations for WAFs from most weathering degrees. Based on % WAF dilutions, reduced toxicity was determined as a function of weathering. The chemical compositions of all WAFs were compared to compositions obtained from water samples reported in the GRIIDC database using multivariate analysis, indicating that WAFs of photo oxidized and two field weathered oils resembled the field data the most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv-Guri Faksness
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, NO-7465, Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | - Trond R Størseth
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, NO-7465, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, NO-7465, Trondheim, Norway
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31
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Hansen BH, Sørensen L, Størseth TR, Altin D, Gonzalez SV, Skancke J, Rønsberg MU, Nordtug T. The use of PAH, metabolite and lipid profiling to assess exposure and effects of produced water discharges on pelagic copepods. Sci Total Environ 2020; 714:136674. [PMID: 31982742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Several laboratory studies have demonstrated that exposure to oil components cause toxicity to copepods, however, this has never been shown in natural populations of copepods. In the present study, we sampled copepods in an area of the North Sea with high density of oil production platforms discharging produced water. Environmental modelling was used to predict produced water and copepod trajectories prior to copepod sampling in situ. To maximise output from a minimal number of field samples, a novel and combined methodology was developed to allow exploitation of the same extract for several purposes; contaminant body burden, lipidomics, and metabolomics analysis. PAH body burdens were low compared to laboratory experiments where correlations between PAH body burden and acute toxicity, reproduction and molecular endpoints had been established. Still, station-specific PAH profiles strongly indicated copepod exposure to PW. NMR metabolomics, focusing on water-soluble metabolites, suggested no correlation between metabolites and stations. Interestingly, lipidomics analyses suggested site-specific fingerprints and profiles displayed for acyl-glycerols and wax esters. Potential effects of produced water exposure on lipid metabolism in copepods cannot be ruled out and deserves more attention. Our study exemplifies the importance of incorporating novel and improved analytical methodologies in environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - Susana Villa Gonzalez
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Dept. of Chemistry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Skancke
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
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32
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Skottene E, Tarrant AM, Olsen AJ, Altin D, Hansen BH, Choquet M, Olsen RE, Jenssen BM. A Crude Awakening: Effects of Crude Oil on Lipid Metabolism in Calanoid Copepods Terminating Diapause. Biol Bull 2019; 237:90-110. [PMID: 31714858 DOI: 10.1086/705234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus glacialis are keystone zooplankton species in North Atlantic and Arctic marine ecosystems because they form a link in the trophic transfer of nutritious lipids from phytoplankton to predators on higher trophic levels. These calanoid copepods spend several months of the year in deep waters in a dormant state called diapause, after which they emerge in surface waters to feed and reproduce during the spring phytoplankton bloom. Disruption of diapause timing could have dramatic consequences for marine ecosystems. In the present study, Calanus C5 copepodites were collected in a Norwegian fjord during diapause and were subsequently experimentally exposed to the water-soluble fraction of a naphthenic North Sea crude oil during diapause termination. The copepods were sampled repeatedly while progressing toward adulthood and were analyzed for utilization of lipid stores and for differential expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Our results indicate that water-soluble fraction exposure led to a temporary pause in lipid catabolism, suggested by (i) slower utilization of lipid stores in water-soluble fraction-exposed C5 copepodites and (ii) more genes in the β-oxidation pathway being downregulated in water-soluble fraction-exposed C5 copepodites than in the control C5 copepodites. Because lipid content and/or composition may be an important trigger for termination of diapause, our results imply that the timing of diapause termination and subsequent migration to the surface may be delayed if copepods are exposed to oil pollution during diapause or diapause termination. This delay could have detrimental effects on ecosystem dynamics.
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33
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Hansen BH, Salaberria I, Read KE, Wold PA, Hammer KM, Olsen AJ, Altin D, Øverjordet IB, Nordtug T, Bardal T, Kjørsvik E. Developmental effects in fish embryos exposed to oil dispersions - The impact of crude oil micro-droplets. Mar Environ Res 2019; 150:104753. [PMID: 31284099 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During accidental crude oil spills and permitted discharges of produced water into the marine environment, a large fraction of naturally occurring oil components will be contained in micron-sized oil droplets. Toxicity is assumed to be associated with the dissolved fraction of oil components, however the potential contribution of oil droplets to toxicity is currently not well known. In the present work we wanted to evaluate the contribution of oil droplets to effects on normal development of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) through exposing embryos for 96 h to un-filtered (dispersions containing droplets) and filtered (water soluble fractions) dispersions in a flow-through system at dispersion concentrations ranging from 0.14 to 4.34 mg oil/L. After exposure, the embryos were kept in clean seawater until hatch when survival, development and morphology were assessed. The experiment was performed at two different stages of embryonic development to cover two potentially sensitive stages (gastrulation and organogenesis). Exposure of cod embryos to crude oil dispersions caused acute and delayed toxicity, including manifestation of morphological deformations in hatched larvae. Oil droplets appear to contribute to some of the observed effects including mortality, larvae condition (standard length, body surface, and yolk sac size), spinal deformations as well as alterations in craniofacial and jaw development. The timing of exposure may be essential for the development of effects as higher acute mortality was observed when embryos were exposed from the start of gastrulation (Experiment 1) than when exposed during organogenesis (Experiment 2). Even though low mortality was observed when exposed during organogenesis, concentration-dependent mortality was observed during recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iurgi Salaberria
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kari Ella Read
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Arvid Wold
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Anders J Olsen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tora Bardal
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elin Kjørsvik
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
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34
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Sørensen L, Hansen BH, Farkas J, Donald CE, Robson WJ, Tonkin A, Meier S, Rowland SJ. Accumulation and toxicity of monoaromatic petroleum hydrocarbons in early life stages of cod and haddock. Environ Pollut 2019; 251:212-220. [PMID: 31078960 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A multitude of recent studies have documented the detrimental effects of crude oil exposure on early life stages of fish, including larvae and embryos. While polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly alkyl PAHs, are often considered the main cause of observed toxic effects, other crude oil derived organic compounds are usually overlooked. In the current study, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was applied to investigate the body burden of a wide range of petrogenic compounds in Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and cod (Gadus morhua) embryos that had been exposed to sublethal doses of dispersed crude oil. Several groups of alkylated monoaromatic compounds (e.g. alkyl tetralins, indanes and alkyl benzenes), as well as highly alkylated PAHs, were found to accumulate in the fish embryos upon crude oil exposure. To investigate the toxicity of the monoaromatic compounds, two models (1-isopropyl-4-methyltetralin and 1-isopropyl-4-methylindane) were synthesized and shown to bioaccumulate and cause delayed hatching in developing embryos. Minor developmental effects, including craniofacial and jaw deformations and pericardial edemas, were also observed at the highest studied concentrations of the alkylindane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbet Sørensen
- SINTEF Ocean, Environment and New Resources, N-7465, Trondheim, Norway; Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean, Environment and New Resources, N-7465, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Carey E Donald
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - William J Robson
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
| | - Andrew Tonkin
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Steven J Rowland
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
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35
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Hansen BH, Sørensen L, Størseth TR, Nepstad R, Altin D, Krause D, Meier S, Nordtug T. Embryonic exposure to produced water can cause cardiac toxicity and deformations in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae. Mar Environ Res 2019; 148:81-86. [PMID: 31108339 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Regular discharges of produced water from the oil and gas industry represents the largest direct discharge of effluent into the marine environment worldwide. Organic compound classes typically reported in produced water include saturated hydrocarbons, monoaromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs, PAHs) as well as oxygenated compounds, such as phenols, acids and ketones. This forms a cocktail of known and suspect toxicants, but limited knowledge is yet available on the sub-lethal toxicity of produced water to cold-water marine fish species. In the present work, we conducted a 4-day exposure of embryos of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) to produced water extracts equivalent to 1:50, 1:500 and 1:5000 times dilutions of raw effluent. No significant reduction in survival or hatching success was observed, however, for cod, hatching was initiated earlier for exposed embryos in a concentration-dependent manner. During recovery, significantly reduced embryonic heart rate was observed for both species. After hatch, larvae subjected to embryonic exposure to produced water extracts were smaller, and displayed signs of cardiotoxicity, jaw and craniofacial deformations. In order to improve risk assessment and regulation of produced water discharges, it is important to identify which produced water components contribute to these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- (a)SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trond R Størseth
- (a)SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Raymond Nepstad
- (a)SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Daniel Krause
- (a)SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Trond Nordtug
- (a)SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
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36
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Hansen BH, Malzahn A, Hagemann A, Farkas J, Skancke J, Altin D, Nordtug T. Acute and sub-lethal effects of an anionic polyacrylamide on sensitive early life stages of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Sci Total Environ 2019; 652:1062-1070. [PMID: 30586793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the possible increase in use of anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) in enhanced oil recovery operations, very little relevant information regarding ecotoxicity exists. The current study assessed acute and sub-lethal toxicity in sensitive early life stages (ELS) of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) exposed to 200 kDa APAM under controlled laboratory conditions. Two experiments (screening and long-term study) were conducted covering ecologically relevant endpoints (survival, hatching, growth, deformations, respiration and heart rate) in fish developing through embryogenesis, hatching, yolk-sac larvae stage and the first feeding period. The screening experiment was an 8-day exposure of embryos, whereas in the long-term experiments embryos and developing larvae were exposed continuously for 23 days. In the screening experiment, a significant reduction in embryonic heart rate was observed during exposure to 150 and 1500 mg APAM/L. However, we observed no effects on fitness-related endpoints (survival, hatching and growth) at concentrations up to 1500 mg L-1 APAM. Also, for the long-term exposure from late embryo to first feeding larvae stage, we observed reduced heart rate at 125 mg L-1. No consistent responses on survival, growth or respiration were observed except for the highest concentration tested (6000 mg L-1). Dispersion modelling based on expected and relevant discharged polymer concentrations and durations showed that predicted environmental concentrations were orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations tested in our experiments, indicating that 200 kDa APAM will have a limited probability of causing fitness-related effects on Atlantic cod ELS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arne Malzahn
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andreas Hagemann
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Skancke
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
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Hansen BH, Parkerton T, Nordtug T, Størseth TR, Redman A. Modeling the toxicity of dissolved crude oil exposures to characterize the sensitivity of cod (Gadus morhua) larvae and role of individual and unresolved hydrocarbons. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 138:286-294. [PMID: 30660275 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of weathered oil was investigated using Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae. A novel exposure system was applied to differentiate effects associated with dissolved and droplet oil with and without dispersant. After a 4-day exposure and subsequent 4-day recovery period, survival and growth were determined. Analytical data characterizing test oil composition included polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) based on GC/MS and unresolved hydrocarbon classes obtained by two-dimensional chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection was used as input to an oil solubility model to calculate toxic units (TUs) of dissolved PAHs and whole oil, respectively. Critical target lipid body burdens derived from modeling characterizing the sensitivity of effect endpoints investigated were consistent across treatments and within the range previously reported for pelagic species. Individually measured PAHs captured only 3-11% of the TUs associated with the whole oil highlighting the limitations of traditional total PAH exposure metrics for expressing oil toxicity data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trond R Størseth
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Aaron Redman
- ExxonMobil Petroleum and Chemical, Machelen, Belgium
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Hansen BH, Olsen AJ, Salaberria I, Altin D, Øverjordet IB, Gardinali P, Booth A, Nordtug T. Partitioning of PAHs between Crude Oil Microdroplets, Water, and Copepod Biomass in Oil-in-Seawater Dispersions of Different Crude Oils. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:14436-14444. [PMID: 30481011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The impact of oil microdroplets on the partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between water and marine zooplankton was evaluated. The experimental approach allowed direct comparison of crude oil dispersions (containing both micro-oil droplets and water-soluble fraction; WSF) with the corresponding WSF (without oil droplets). Dispersion concentration and oil type have an impact on the PAH composition of WSFs and therefore affect dispersion bioavailability. Higher T-PAH body residues were observed in copepods treated with dispersions compared to the corresponding WSFs. PAHs with log Kow 3-4.5 displayed comparable accumulation factors between treatments; however, accumulation factors for less soluble PAHs (log Kow = 4.5-6) were higher for the WSF than for the dispersions, suggesting low bioavailability for components contained in oil droplets. The higher PAH body residue in dispersion exposures is assumed to result mainly from copepods grazing on oil droplets, which offers an alternative uptake route to passive diffusion. To a large degree this route is controlled by the filtration rates of the copepods, which may be inversely related to droplet concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders J Olsen
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Iurgi Salaberria
- Environment and New Resources , SINTEF Ocean , 7465 Trondheim , Norway
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | | | | | - Piero Gardinali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southeast Environmental Research Center , Florida International University , North Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
| | - Andy Booth
- Environment and New Resources , SINTEF Ocean , 7465 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Trond Nordtug
- Environment and New Resources , SINTEF Ocean , 7465 Trondheim , Norway
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Hansen BH, Sørensen L, Carvalho PA, Meier S, Booth AM, Altin D, Farkas J, Nordtug T. Adhesion of mechanically and chemically dispersed crude oil droplets to eggs of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Sci Total Environ 2018; 640-641:138-143. [PMID: 29859431 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil accidentally spilled into the marine environment undergoes natural weathering processes that result in oil components being dissolved into the water column or present in particulate form as dispersed oil droplets. Oil components dissolved in seawater are typically considered as more bioavailable to pelagic marine organisms and the main driver of crude oil toxicity, however, recent studies indicate that oil droplets may also contribute. The adhesion of crude oil droplets onto the eggs of pelagic fish species may cause enhanced transfer of oil components via the egg surface causing toxicity during the sensitive embryonic developmental stage. In the current study, we utilized an oil droplet dispersion generator to generate defined oil droplets sizes/concentrations and exposed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) to investigate if the potential for dispersed oil droplets to adhere onto the surface of eggs was species-dependent. The influence of a commercial chemical dispersant on the adhesion process was also studied. A key finding was that the adhesion of oil droplets was significantly higher for haddock than cod, highlighting key differences and exposure risks between the two species. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that the differences in oil droplet adhesion may be driven by the surface morphology of the eggs. Another important finding was that the adhesion capacity of oil droplets to fish eggs is significantly reduced (cod 37.3%, haddock 41.7%) in the presence of the chemical dispersant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - Andy M Booth
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
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Øverjordet IB, Nepstad R, Hansen BH, Jager T, Farkas J, Altin D, Brönner U, Nordtug T. Toxicokinetics of Crude Oil Components in Arctic Copepods. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:9899-9907. [PMID: 29897747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The risk of accidental oil spills in the Arctic is on the rise due to increased shipping and oil exploration activities, making it essential to calibrate parameters for risk assessment of oil spills to Arctic conditions. The toxicokinetics of crude oil components were assessed by exposing one lipid-poor (CIII) and one lipid-rich (CV) stage of the Arctic copepod Calanus hyperboreus to crude oil WSF (water-soluble fraction). Water concentrations and total body residues (BR), as well as lipid volume fractions, were measured at regular intervals during exposure and recovery. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and elimination rates ( ke) for 26 petrogenic oil components were estimated from one-compartment models fitted to the BR data. Our parameters were compared to estimations made by the OMEGA bioaccumulation model, which uses the octanol-water partitioning coefficient ( KOW) in QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship) predictions. Our parameters for the lipid-poor CIIIs generally agreed with the OMEGA predictions, while neither the BCFs nor the kes for the lipid-rich CVs fitted within the realistic range of the OMEGA parameters. Both the uptake and elimination rates for the CVs were in general half an order of magnitude lower than the OMEGA predictions, showing an overestimation of these parameters by the OMEGA model.
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Brakstad OG, Størseth TR, Rønsberg MU, Hansen BH. Biodegradation-mediated alterations in acute toxicity of water-accommodated fraction and single crude oil components in cold seawater. Chemosphere 2018; 204:87-91. [PMID: 29653326 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrocarbon biodegradation may be slower in cold Arctic than in temperate seawater, and this will affect the toxicity time window of the hydrocarbons. In this study, the acute toxicities of water-soluble phases of 1,3-dimethylnaphthalene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and low energy water-accommodated fractions (LE-WAFs) of an evaporated (200 °C+) crude oil, were screened by a Microtox bioassay during biodegradation in cold seawater (4-5 °C). The water-solubility of fluoranthene was too low to provoke a toxic response at any time, whereas the toxicity of 1,3-dimethylnaphthalene and phenanthrene decreased over time in relation to biotransformation of these compounds. In LE-WAFs, the Microtox EC50 was associated with biodegradation of the predominant hydrocarbons (naphthalenes, 2- to 3-ring PAH), as well as with phenol degradation products. The acute toxicities of single hydrocarbons and LE-WAFs persisted for a longer period in the cold seawater than previously shown at higher seawater temperatures. These results suggest implications for fate and effects assessment of hydrocarbons after oil spills in cold environments, like the Arctic. However, further biodegradation studies using Arctic seawater and relevant species for toxicity testing are needed for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odd G Brakstad
- SINTEF Ocean, Dept. of Environment and New Resources, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Trond R Størseth
- SINTEF Ocean, Dept. of Environment and New Resources, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marianne U Rønsberg
- SINTEF Ocean, Dept. of Environment and New Resources, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Henrik Hansen
- SINTEF Ocean, Dept. of Environment and New Resources, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
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Farkas J, Yvonne Bådsvik C, Altin D, Nordtug T, Olsen AJ, Hansen BH. Acute and physical effects of water-based drilling mud in the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2017; 80:907-915. [PMID: 28891761 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1352197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate impacts of fine particulate fraction of a commonly used barite-containing drilling mud on the pelagic filter feeding copepod Calanus finmarchicus. The results show that the tested drilling mud had a low acute toxicity on C. finmarchicus (LC50 > 320 mg/L) and that the observed toxicity was likely caused by dissolved constituents in the mud and not the particle phase containing the weighting agent barite. Further, animals were exposed to drilling mud at a concentration of 10 mg/L for 168 hr followed by a 100 hr recovery phase. A rapid uptake of drilling mud particles was observed, while the excretion was slow and incomplete even after 100 hr recovery in clean seawater. The uptake of drilling mud particles caused a significant increase in sinking velocity of copepods, indicating that uptake of drilling mud particles affected their buoyancy. Long-term exposure to low concentrations of drilling mud could therefore cause physical effects such as impacts on the animal's buoyancy which may affect the energy budget of the copepods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Farkas
- a Environmental Technology, SINTEF Ocean , Trondheim , Norway
| | | | | | - Trond Nordtug
- a Environmental Technology, SINTEF Ocean , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Anders Johny Olsen
- d Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim
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Nepstad R, Davies E, Altin D, Nordtug T, Hansen BH. Automatic determination of heart rates from microscopy videos of early life stages of fish. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2017; 80:932-940. [PMID: 28850016 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1352212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxic effects of organic hydrophobic contaminants include impacts on fish heart rate (HR) and cardiac functioning. Thus, in ecotoxicology as well as aquaculture and even medicine, fish heart functioning plays an important role in application areas. The aim of this study was to assemble a pipeline of image processing and statistical techniques to extract HR information from microscopy videos of the embryo and larval stages of three species of fish (Atlantic cod, haddock, and Atlantic bluefin tuna). The method enables automatic processing for a large number of individuals, saving a significant amount of time compared with manual processing, while simultaneously eliminating the type of errors such a manual process might incur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Nepstad
- a Environmental Technology, SINTEF Ocean , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Emlyn Davies
- a Environmental Technology, SINTEF Ocean , Trondheim , Norway
| | | | - Trond Nordtug
- a Environmental Technology, SINTEF Ocean , Trondheim , Norway
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45
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Tollefsen KE, Song Y, Høgåsen T, Øverjordet IB, Altin D, Hansen BH. Mortality and transcriptional effects of inorganic mercury in the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2017; 80:845-861. [PMID: 28841366 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1352198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic mercury (Hg) is highly toxic to organisms including crustaceans and displays multiple toxic modes of action (MoA). The main aim of this investigation was to assess the acute and sublethal toxicity mediated by mercury chloride (HgCl2) in the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus. A combination of short-term static studies to determine acute toxicity and a transcriptional investigation to characterize the sublethal MoA of HgCl2 were conducted with an in-house continuous culture of C. finmarchicus. Transcriptional changes were determined by a custom 6.6 k C. finmarchicus Agilent oligonucleotide microarray and quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Data demonstrate that HgCl2 produced a concentration- and time-dependent reduction in survival (NOEC48 h = 6.9 μg/L [Hg2+] and LC50 of 279, 73, 48, and 34 µg/L [Hg2+] after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, respectively) and that exposure to sublethal concentrations of HgCl2 (5 μg/L [Hg2+]) induced differential expression of 98 features (probes) on the microarray. Gene ontology (GO) and toxicological pathway analyses suggested that the main MOA were (1) uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and ATP production, (2) oxidative stress and macromolecular damage, (3) inactivation of cellular enzymes, (4) induction of cellular apoptosis and autophagocytosis, (5) over-excitation of glutamate receptors (neurotoxicity), (6) disruption of calcium homeostasis and signaling, and (7) modulation of nuclear receptor activity involved in vitamin D receptor signaling. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis verified that oligoarray performed reliably in terms of specificity and response, thus demonstrating that Hg2+ exerts multiple potential MoA in C. finmarchicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut Erik Tollefsen
- a Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Oslo , Norway
- b Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management , Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) , Ås , Norway
- c Centre for Environmental Radioactivity , Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) , Ås , Norway
| | - You Song
- a Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Oslo , Norway
- c Centre for Environmental Radioactivity , Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) , Ås , Norway
| | - Tore Høgåsen
- a Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ida Beathe Øverjordet
- d Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim , Norway
- e SINTEF Ocean AS, Environmental Technology , Trondheim , Norway
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Hansen BH, Tarrant AM, Salaberria I, Altin D, Nordtug T, Øverjordet IB. Maternal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) transfer and effects on offspring of copepods exposed to dispersed oil with and without oil droplets. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2017; 80:881-894. [PMID: 28841382 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1352190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Copepods of the genus Calanus have the potential for accumulating lipophilic oil components due to their high lipid content and found to filter and ingest oil droplets during exposure. As female copepods produce eggs at the expense of lipid storage, there is a concern for transfer of lipophilic contaminants to offspring. To assess the potential for maternal transfer of oil components, ovigerous female copepods (Calanus finmarchicus) were exposed to filtered and unfiltered oil dispersions for 4 days, collected and eggs maintained in clean seawater and hatching and gene expression examined in hatched nauplii. Oil droplet exposure contributed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) uptake in dispersion-treated adult copepods, as displayed through PAH body residue analyses and fluorescence microscopy. Applying the latter methodology, transfer of heavy PAH from copepod mothers to offspring were detected Subtle effects were observed in offspring as evidenced by a temporal reduction in hatching success appear to be occurring only when mothers were exposed to the unfiltered oil dispersions. Offspring reared in clean water through to late naupliar stages were collected for RNA extraction and preparation of libraries for high-throughput transcriptome sequencing. Differentially expressed genes were identified through pairwise comparisons between treatments. Among these, several expressed genes have known roles in responses to chemical stress including xenobiotic metabolism enzymes, antioxidants, chaperones, and components of the inflammatory response. While gene expression results suggest a transgenerational activation of stress responses, the increase in relatively small number of differentially expressed genes suggests a minor long-term effect on offspring following maternal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann M Tarrant
- b Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Biology Department , Woods Hole , USA
| | - Iurgi Salaberria
- a SINTEF Ocean AS, Environmental Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | | | - Trond Nordtug
- a SINTEF Ocean AS, Environmental Technology , Trondheim , Norway
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Hansen BH, Hallmann A, Altin D, Jenssen BM, Ciesielski TM. Acute hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) exposure does not cause oxidative stress in late-copepodite stage of Calanus finmarchicus. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2017; 80:820-829. [PMID: 28777041 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1352182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Use of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for removal of salmon lice in the aquaculture industry has created concern that non-target organisms might be affected during treatment scenarios. The aim of the present study was to examine the potential for H2O2 to produce oxidative stress and reduce survival in one of the most abundant zooplankton species in Norwegian coastal areas, the copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Copepods were subjected to two 96-hr tests: (1) acute toxicity test where mortality was determined and (2) treated copepods were exposed to concentrations below the No Observed Effect Concentration (0.75 mg/L) H2O2 and analyzed for antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as levels of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Compared to available and comparable LC50 values from the literature, our results suggest that C. finmarchicus is highly sensitive to H2O2. However, 96-hr exposure of C. finmarchicus to 0.75 mg H2O2/L did not significantly affect the antioxidant systems even though the concentration is just below the level where mortality is expected. Data suggest that aqueous H2O2 exposure did not cause cellular accumulation with associated oxidative stress, but rather produced acute effects on copepod surface (carapace). Further investigation is required to ensure that aqueous exposure during H2O2 treatment in salmon fish farms does not exert adverse effects on local non-target crustacean species and populations. In particular, studies on copepod developmental stages with a more permeable carapace are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Hallmann
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry , Medical University of Gdańsk , Gdańsk , Poland
| | | | - Bjørn Munro Jenssen
- d Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Department of Biology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- d Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Department of Biology , Trondheim , Norway
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Jager T, Øverjordet IB, Nepstad R, Hansen BH. Dynamic Links between Lipid Storage, Toxicokinetics and Mortality in a Marine Copepod Exposed to Dimethylnaphthalene. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:7707-7713. [PMID: 28598612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Efficiently assessing and managing the risks of pollution in the marine environment requires mechanistic models for toxic effects. The General Unified Threshold model for Survival (GUTS) provides a framework for deriving toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models for the end point survival. Two recurring questions in the application of GUTS concern the most appropriate death mechanism, and whether the total body residue is a proper dose metric for toxic effects. We address these questions with a case study for dimethylnaphthalene in the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus. A detailed analysis revealed that body residues were best explained by representing copepods with two toxicokinetic compartments: separating structural biomass and lipid storage. Toxicity is most likely related to the concentration in structure, which led to identification of "stochastic death" as the most appropriate death mechanism. Interestingly, the parametrized model predicts that lipid content will have only minor influence on short-term toxicity. However, the toxicants stored in lipids may have more substantial impacts in situations not included in our experiments (e.g., during diapause and gonad maturation), and for contaminant transfer to eggs and copepod predators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raymond Nepstad
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environmental Technology, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
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Hansen BH, Altin D, Nordtug T, Øverjordet IB, Olsen AJ, Krause D, Størdal I, Størseth TR. Exposure to crude oil micro-droplets causes reduced food uptake in copepods associated with alteration in their metabolic profiles. Aquat Toxicol 2017; 184:94-102. [PMID: 28119129 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute oil spills and produced water discharges may cause exposure of filter-feeding pelagic organisms to micron-sized dispersed oil droplets. The dissolved oil components are expected to be the main driver for oil dispersion toxicity; however, very few studies have investigated the specific contribution of oil droplets to toxicity. In the present work, the contribution of oil micro-droplet toxicity in dispersions was isolated by comparing exposures to oil dispersions (water soluble fraction with droplets) to concurrent exposure to filtered dispersions (water-soluble fractions without droplets). Physical (coloration) and behavioral (feeding activity) as well as molecular (metabolite profiling) responses to oil exposures in the copepod Calanus finmarchicus were studied. At high dispersion concentrations (4.1-5.6mg oil/L), copepods displayed carapace discoloration and reduced swimming activity. Reduced feeding activity, measured as algae uptake, gut filling and fecal pellet production, was evident also for lower concentrations (0.08mg oil/L). Alterations in metabolic profiles were also observed following exposure to oil dispersions. The pattern of responses were similar between two comparable experiments with different oil types, suggesting responses to be non-oil type specific. Furthermore, oil micro-droplets appear to contribute to some of the observed effects triggering a starvation-type response, manifested as a reduction in metabolite (homarine, acetylcholine, creatine and lactate) concentrations in copepods. Our work clearly displays a relationship between crude oil micro-droplet exposure and reduced uptake of algae in copepods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Henrik Hansen
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Environmental Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Environmental Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Anders J Olsen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dan Krause
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Environmental Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingvild Størdal
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trond R Størseth
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Environmental Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Farkas J, Altin D, Hammer KM, Hellstrøm KC, Booth AM, Hansen BH. Characterisation of fine-grained tailings from a marble processing plant and their acute effects on the copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Chemosphere 2017; 169:700-708. [PMID: 27914355 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Submarine tailing disposal (STD) of mining waste is practiced as an alternative to land fill disposal in several countries. Knowledge regarding the environmental implications of STD on fjord and other marine ecosystems, including the pelagic environment, is scarce. In this study, we characterised the particle shape, size and metal content of the fine-grained fraction of tailings (FGT) from a Norwegian marble processing plant and investigated their acute toxicity and impact on feeding rate in adult Calanus finmarchicus. Initial tailing dispersions with a concentration of 1 mg mL-1 contained approximately 72 million particles, with 62% of particles between 0.6 and 1 μm in size. After a sedimentation time of 1 h, 69% of the particles between 0.6 and 5 μm remained dispersed, decreasing to 22% after 6 h. When subjected to low energy turbulence in exposure experiments, the formation of fragile agglomerates was observed. The FGT contained Al, Mn, Fe and Ni, with no detectable dissolution occurring during the 48 h exposure period. Acute exposure (up to 5 g L-1) to FGT caused no mortality in C. finmarchicus. Similarly, feeding rates determined during a 40 h depuration period, were not significantly impacted. However, surface attachment and uptake of FGT into the digestive tract of the copepods was observed. This indicates that, whilst marble FGT are not acutely toxic to copepods, chronic effects such as impacts on organism's energy budgets could occur, highlighting the need for further research on potential sublethal effects in organisms exposed to fine inorganic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Marine Environmental Technology, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | - Karen M Hammer
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Marine Environmental Technology, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kaja C Hellstrøm
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Marine Environmental Technology, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andy M Booth
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Marine Environmental Technology, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Henrik Hansen
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Marine Environmental Technology, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway
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