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Entine J, Felipe MSS, Groenewald JH, Kershen DL, Lema M, McHughen A, Nepomuceno AL, Ohsawa R, Ordonio RL, Parrott WA, Quemada H, Ramage C, Slamet-Loedin I, Smyth SJ, Wray-Cahen D. Regulatory approaches for genome edited agricultural plants in select countries and jurisdictions around the world. Transgenic Res 2021; 30:551-584. [PMID: 33970411 PMCID: PMC8316157 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing in agriculture and food is leading to new, improved crops and other products. Depending on the regulatory approach taken in each country or region, commercialization of these crops and products may or may not require approval from the respective regulatory authorities. This paper describes the regulatory landscape governing genome edited agriculture and food products in a selection of countries and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Entine
- Genetic Literacy Project, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maria Sueli S Felipe
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | | | - Martin Lema
- Departamento de Ciencia Y Tecnología and Maestría en Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alan McHughen
- Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | | | - Ryo Ohsawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Reynante L Ordonio
- Crop Biotechnology Center, Philippine Rice Research Institute, Maligaya, Science City of Munoz, Philippines
| | - Wayne A Parrott
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hector Quemada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Carl Ramage
- Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Industry Engagement), Rautaki Solutions Pty Ltd, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Inez Slamet-Loedin
- Fellow of The World Academy of Sciences, Cluster Lead-Trait and Genome Engineering, International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines
| | - Stuart J Smyth
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Diane Wray-Cahen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, Washington, DC, USA
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Smyth SJ, McHughen A, Entine J, Kershen D, Ramage C, Parrott W. Removing politics from innovations that improve food security. Transgenic Res 2021; 30:601-612. [PMID: 34053007 PMCID: PMC8164681 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) organisms and crops have been a feature of food production for over 30 years. Despite extensive science-based risk assessment, the public and many politicians remain concerned with the genetic manipulation of crops, particularly food crops. Many governments have addressed public concern through biosafety legislation and regulatory frameworks that identify and regulate risks to ensure human health and environmental safety. These domestic regulatory frameworks align to international scientific risk assessment methodologies on a case-by-case basis. Regulatory agencies in 70 countries around the world have conducted in excess of 4400 risk assessments, all reaching the same conclusion: GM crops and foods that have been assessed provide no greater risk to human health or the environment than non-GM crops and foods. Yet, while the science regarding the safety of GM crops and food appears conclusive and societal benefits have been globally demonstrated, the use of innovative products have only contributed minimal improvements to global food security. Regrettably, politically-motivated regulatory barriers are currently being implemented with the next genomic innovation, genome editing, the implications of which are also discussed in this article. A decade of reduced global food insecurity was witnessed from 2005 to 2015, but regrettably, the figure has subsequently risen. Why is this the case? Reasons have been attributed to climate variability, biotic and abiotic stresses, lack of access to innovative technologies and political interference in decision making processes. This commentary highlights how political interference in the regulatory approval process of GM crops is adversely affecting the adoption of innovative, yield enhancing crop varieties, thereby limiting food security opportunities in food insecure economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Smyth
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Alan McHughen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jon Entine
- Genetic Literacy Project, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Drew Kershen
- College of Law, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Carl Ramage
- Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wayne Parrott
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics & Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Tassi R, McNeilly TN, Fitzpatrick JL, Fontaine MC, Reddick D, Ramage C, Lutton M, Schukken YH, Zadoks RN. Strain-specific pathogenicity of putative host-adapted and nonadapted strains of Streptococcus uberis in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:5129-45. [PMID: 23769372 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus uberis is an important cause of intramammary infection in dairy cattle. Strains of Strep. uberis appear to differ in their ability to cause disease based on previous epidemiological studies. We explored the pathogenicity of 2 strains of Strep. uberis, where one strain represented a putatively host-adapted type based on its ability to cause persistent infection and to spread from cow to cow in a lactating herd. This type was part of a clonal complex that is commonly associated with bovine mastitis. The other strain, which was isolated from a transient infection in a single animal in the same herd and did not belong to any known clonal complex, was selected as putatively nonadapted type. Cows (6 per strain) were experimentally challenged in a single hind quarter and the adjacent hind quarter was used as mock challenged control quarter. Both strains showed an equal ability to grow in the milk of challenge animals in vitro. All cows that were challenged with the putatively host-adapted strain developed clinical signs of mastitis, including fever and milk yield depression as well as elevated somatic cell count due to influx of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes. The cytokine response followed a specific order, with an increase in IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 levels at the time of first SCC elevation, followed by an increase in IL-10, IL-12p40, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels approximately 6h later. In 4 of 6 animals, IL-17A was detected in milk between 57 and 168 h postchallenge. The increase in IL-17A levels coincided with inversion of the prechallenge CD4(+)-to-CD8(+) T lymphocyte ratio, which was observed from 96 h postchallenge. This was followed by normalization of the CD4(+)-to-CD8(+) ratio due to continued increase of the CD8(+) concentration up to 312 h postchallenge. Spontaneous resolution of infection was observed in 5 animals and coincided with a measurable IL-17A response in 4 animals, suggesting that IL-17 may be involved in the resolution of intramammary infection. With the exception of minor elevation of IL-8 levels, no clinical, cytological, or immunological response was detected in quarters challenged with the nonadapted strain. The observed strain-specific pathogenicity was consistent across animals, implying that it is determined by pathogen factors rather than host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tassi
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, United Kingdom
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Ramage C, Bartley D, Jackson F, Cody R, Hosking B. The efficacy of monepantel against naturally acquired inhibited and developing fourth-stage larvae of Teladorsagia circumcincta in sheep in the United Kingdom. Vet Parasitol 2012; 186:528-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Makoschey B, Ramage C, Reddick D, Fraser S, Donachie W. Colostrum from cattle immunized with a vaccine based on iron regulated proteins of Mannheimia haemolytica confers partial protection. Vaccine 2012; 30:969-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Godinho K, Benchaoui HA, Tilt N, Ramage C, Quirie M, Donachie W, De La Puente-Redondo V, Rowan TG. Efficacy of danofloxacin in the treatment of pneumonic pasteurellosis in specific pathogen-free lambs. Vet Rec 2007; 160:770-1. [PMID: 17545648 DOI: 10.1136/vr.160.22.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Godinho
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Pfizer, Sandwich, Kent cj13 9nj
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Dillon S, Ramage C, Ashmore S, Drew RA. Development of a codominant CAPS marker linked to PRSV-P resistance in highland papaya. Theor Appl Genet 2006; 113:1159-69. [PMID: 16932884 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-006-0375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Development of resistant papaya varieties is widely considered the best strategy for long-term control of the papaya ringspot virus type P (PRSV-P). Several species of "highland papaya" from the related genus Vasconcellea exhibit complete resistance to PRSV-P, and present a valuable source of resistance genes with potential for application in Carica papaya. The objectives of this study were two fold; to identify molecular markers linked to a previously characterised PRSV-P resistance gene in V. cundinamarcensis (psrv-1), and to develop codominant marker based strategies for reliable selection of PRSV-P resistant genotypes. Using a bulked segregant analysis approach, dominant randomly amplified DNA fingerprint (RAF) markers linked to prsv-1 were revealed in the resistant DNA bulk, which comprised F2 progeny from a V. parviflora (susceptible) x V. cundinamarcensis (resistant) interspecific cross. One marker, Opk4_1r, mapped adjacent to the prsv-1 locus at 5.4 cM, while a second, Opa11_5r, collocated with it. Sequence characterisation of the Opk4_1r marker permitted its conversion into a codominant CAPS marker (PsiIk4), diagnostic for the resistant genotype based on digestion with the restriction endonuclease PsiI. This marker mapped within 2 cM of the prsv-1 locus. Psilk4 was shown to correctly identify resistant genotypes 99% of the time when applied to interspecific F2 progeny segregating for the resistant character, and has potential for application in breeding programs aimed to deliver the PRSV-P resistance gene from V. cundinamarcensis into C. papaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dillon
- CSIRO, Ensis genetics, Banks Street, Yarralumla, ACT 2600, Australia.
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Neutze J, Cormack B, Kerr B, Pepper L, Ramage C. Contribution of a risk factor clinic to lipid management in patients with coronary artery disease. N Z Med J 1992; 105:97-9. [PMID: 1553122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The progress of a cohort of 145 patients seen between June 1986 and June 1989 was reviewed. These patients had treatment prescribed by the clinic and had data recorded over serial visits; they allowed us to determine the contribution of the risk factor clinic. Eighty-six percent had coronary artery disease. Patients were given nutritional advice, partly in groups. In addition 61% were treated with drug therapy. Seventy-four percent had modified their diet before the clinic visit but only 32% received less than 30% of energy from fat; the number rose to 67% by discharge. Sixty-four percent had a body mass index of 25 or greater, falling to 53% at discharge. Mean total cholesterol of the 145 patients was 7.9, HDL cholesterol 1.06, and total:HDL cholesterol ratio 7.7 mmol/L. Changes with clinic management were: total cholesterol -19%, HDL cholesterol +11%, total:HDL cholesterol ratio -25%, LDL cholesterol -21%. Despite these changes, levels were less than optimal for patients with coronary arterial disease in at least 50% of patients at the time of discharge. Improved results can be achieved only with a more aggressive approach to drug therapy. Recent studies in patients with coronary disease provide strong support for such a change in management.
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Abstract
The repatriation of 33 hospitalized patients to the United Kingdom following the Joigny coach accident in 1990 is described. The repatriation was undertaken by medical staff from St Bartholomew's Hospital Careflight project and EuropAssistance using a chartered McDonnell Douglas 83 aircraft. All patients were repatriated without mishap, but a number of difficulties were encountered. It is recommended that agreement is reached in advance as to the organization that should handle overseas disasters involving British citizens. The organization should have expertise in repatriation as well as close ties with the NHS. A protocol should be designed and adhered to. The initial response should involve despatching a team to the disaster country and provision of a control centre in the U.K. Special arrangements need to be made for staff and equipment. Liason with the airlines and ambulance services is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Jefferies
- Department of Anaesthetics, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London
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Kee S, Ramage C, Bristow A. Barts Careflight: a truly nationwide service. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 1990; 44:244. [PMID: 2249096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ramage C, Kee S, Bristow A. Interhospital transfer of the critically ill patient by helicopter. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 1990; 43:147-8. [PMID: 2310888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of critically ill patients between hospitals is difficult for staff and dangerous for patients. A dedicated helicopter transfer scheme has been designed to deal with these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ramage
- St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London
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Leroy O, Billiau V, Beuscart C, Santre C, Chidiac C, Ramage C, Mouton Y. Nosocomial infections associated with long-term radial artery cannulation. Intensive Care Med 1989; 15:241-6. [PMID: 2787343 DOI: 10.1007/bf00271059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
From January 1987 to December 1987, 193 radial artery cannulations were performed in 112 patients (87 males, 25 females; mean age = 57.5 years). The mean duration of cannulation was 6.45 days. After removal, the tip of the catheter was cultured using a semiquantitative culture technique: 164 catheters were cultured and positive results were seen in 37 cases (22.5%); 98 samples of infusate were cultured. Positive results were observed in 23 cases (23.5%). No bacteriological correlation was found between these two culture results. During the study, no catheter-related or infusate-related bacteraemia was detected. It is concluded that nosocomial infections associated with long-term radial artery cannulation are not commonly seen, in particular no catheter or infusate-related bacteraemia occurs even if the duration exceeds 4 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Leroy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Center, Tourcoing, France
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Dei-Cas E, Slomianny C, Charet P, Prensier G, Ajana F, Ramage C, Vernes A. In vitro growth and chloroquine sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum (FCR-3 strain) in red blood cells containing HbC. Parasitol Res 1987; 73:306-12. [PMID: 3303019 DOI: 10.1007/bf00531083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Freshly drawn AA and CC red cells were more suitable for in vitro development of Plasmodium falciparum than red blood cells (RBC) stored for 13 days before use. Growth rate inhibition in CC red cell cultures reached 31% in freshly drawn red cells and 57% in aged red cells of the same donor. Ultrastructural studies of CC cells revealed very important irregular cavities sometimes occupied by a granular content. Parasites in CC cells were generally normal but occasionally showed signs of functional impairment. P. falciparum growing in CC red cells was less sensitive in vitro to chloroquine than in AA red cells. This phenomenon may be explained either by the type of the hemoglobin of the host cell or to abnormal haematological parameters of the HbC homozygote donor, particularly the high proportion of neocytes. As metabolism of reduced glutathione is higher in young RBC and as chloroquine lyses parasitized RBC by reducing the regeneration capacities of this compound, the increased rate of young RBC in the CC red cell population was probably related to the decreased chloroquine sensitivity of P. falciparum growing in these cells.
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Ouaissi A, Dei-Cas E, Colin JJ, Ramage C, Muller F, Triboulet JP, Vernes A. [Quantitative changes of plasma fibronectin in Plasmodium knowlesi malaria]. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1986; 34:186-8. [PMID: 3517789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the variation of plasma fibronectin (FN) during malaria infection, two male monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were splenectomized and infected with Plasmodium knowlesi. As parasitaemia increased FN concentration decreased gradually from 260 to 140 microgram/ml and 300 to 85 micrograms/ml for monkeys 1 and 2 respectively. The significance of this finding is discussed.
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Beaucaire G, Caillaux M, Deboscker Y, Mouton Y, Fourrier A, Ramage C. [Distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in Northern France. Multicenter study (October 1980 - April 1982)]. LARC Med 1982; 2:557-60. [PMID: 7167030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
A patient with a nasal neuroblastoma was found to have hypertension and severe hyponatraemia. Radiotherapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy were ineffective in reducing the size and vascularity of the neoplasm. Assay of tumor tissue post mortem revealed high levels of arginine vasopressin. The possibility of vasopressin formation to be added to the better known potential hormonal secretory activities of neuroblastomas.
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