1
|
Ugwu CA, Alao O, John OG, Akinnawo B, Ajayi I, Odebode O, Bejide I, Campbell A, Campbell J, Adole JA, B. Olawoye I, Akano K, Okolie J, Eromon P, Olaitan P, Olagunoye A, Adebayo I, Adebayo V, Babalola E, Abioye O, Ajayi N, Ogah E, Ukwaja K, Okoro S, Oje O, Kingsley OC, Eke M, Onyia V, Achonduh-Atijegbe O, Ewah FE, Obasi M, Igwe V, Ayodeji O, Chukwuyem A, Owhin S, Oyejide N, Abah S, Ingbian W, Osoba M, Alebiosu A, Nadesalingam A, Aguinam ET, Carnell G, Krause N, Chan A, George C, Kinsley R, Tonks P, Temperton N, Heeney J, Happi C. Immunological insights into COVID-19 in Southern Nigeria. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1305586. [PMID: 38322252 PMCID: PMC10844438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1305586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction One of the unexpected outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic was the relatively low levels of morbidity and mortality in Africa compared to the rest of the world. Nigeria, Africa's most populous nation, accounted for less than 0.01% of the global COVID-19 fatalities. The factors responsible for Nigeria's relatively low loss of life due to COVID-19 are unknown. Also, the correlates of protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and the impact of pre-existing immunity on the outcome of the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa are yet to be elucidated. Here, we evaluated the natural and vaccine-induced immune responses from vaccinated, non-vaccinated and convalescent individuals in Southern Nigeria throughout the three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. We also examined the pre-existing immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 from samples collected prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We used spike RBD and N- IgG antibody ELISA to measure binding antibody responses, SARS-CoV-2 pseudotype assay protocol expressing the spike protein of different variants (D614G, Delta, Beta, Omicron BA1) to measure neutralizing antibody responses and nucleoprotein (N) and spike (S1, S2) direct ex vivo interferon gamma (IFNγ) T cell ELISpot to measure T cell responses. Result Our study demonstrated a similar magnitude of both binding (N-IgG (74% and 62%), S-RBD IgG (70% and 53%) and neutralizing (D614G (49% and 29%), Delta (56% and 47%), Beta (48% and 24%), Omicron BA1 (41% and 21%)) antibody responses from symptomatic and asymptomatic survivors in Nigeria. A similar magnitude was also seen among vaccinated participants. Interestingly, we revealed the presence of preexisting binding antibodies (N-IgG (60%) and S-RBD IgG (44%)) but no neutralizing antibodies from samples collected prior to the pandemic. Discussion These findings revealed that both vaccinated, non-vaccinated and convalescent individuals in Southern Nigeria make similar magnitude of both binding and cross-reactive neutralizing antibody responses. It supported the presence of preexisting binding antibody responses among some Nigerians prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lastly, hybrid immunity and heterologous vaccine boosting induced the strongest binding and broadly neutralizing antibody responses compared to vaccine or infection-acquired immunity alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu A. Ugwu
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Oluwasina Alao
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Oluwagboadurami G. John
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Blossom Akinnawo
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Israel Ajayi
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Ooreofe Odebode
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoluwa Bejide
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Allan Campbell
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Julian Campbell
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Jolly A. Adole
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Idowu B. Olawoye
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Kazeem Akano
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Johnson Okolie
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Philomena Eromon
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Peter Olaitan
- Osun State University Teaching Hospital (UNIOSUNTH), Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Ajibola Olagunoye
- Osun State University Teaching Hospital (UNIOSUNTH), Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Ibukun Adebayo
- Osun State University Teaching Hospital (UNIOSUNTH), Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Victor Adebayo
- Osun State University Teaching Hospital (UNIOSUNTH), Osogbo, Nigeria
| | | | - Omowumi Abioye
- Osun State University Teaching Hospital (UNIOSUNTH), Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Nnennaya Ajayi
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (AEFUTHA), Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Emeka Ogah
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (AEFUTHA), Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Kingsley Ukwaja
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (AEFUTHA), Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Sylvanus Okoro
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (AEFUTHA), Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Ogbonnaya Oje
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (AEFUTHA), Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | | | - Matthew Eke
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (AEFUTHA), Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Venatius Onyia
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (AEFUTHA), Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Olivia Achonduh-Atijegbe
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Friday Elechi Ewah
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (AEFUTHA), Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Mary Obasi
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (AEFUTHA), Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Violet Igwe
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (AEFUTHA), Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas Oyejide
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | | | - Winifred Ingbian
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Moyosoore Osoba
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed Alebiosu
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Angalee Nadesalingam
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest T. Aguinam
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - George Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Krause
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Chan
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte George
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Kinsley
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Tonks
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Greenwich and Kent, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Happi
- The Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Uwanibe JN, Kayode TA, Oluniyi PE, Akano K, Olawoye IB, Ugwu CA, Happi CT, Folarin OA. The Prevalence of Undiagnosed Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi in Healthy School-Aged Children in Osun State, Nigeria. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040594. [PMID: 37111480 PMCID: PMC10140884 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever remains a significant public health concern due to cases of mis-/overdiagnosis. Asymptomatic carriers play a role in the transmission and persistence of typhoid fever, especially among children, where limited data exist in Nigeria and other endemic countries. We aim to elucidate the burden of typhoid fever among healthy school-aged children using the best surveillance tool(s). In a semi-urban/urban state (Osun), 120 healthy school-aged children under 15 years were enrolled. Whole blood and fecal samples were obtained from consenting children. ELISA targeting the antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anti-LPS antibodies of Salmonella Typhi, culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) were used to analyze the samples. At least one of the immunological markers was detected in 65.8% of children, with 40.8%, 37.5%, and 39% of children testing positive for IgM, IgG, and antigen, respectively. Culture, PCR, and NGS assays did not detect the presence of Salmonella Typhi in the isolates. This study demonstrates a high seroprevalence of Salmonella Typhi in these healthy children but no carriage, indicating the inability to sustain transmission. We also demonstrate that using a single technique is insufficient for typhoid fever surveillance in healthy children living in endemic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Uwanibe
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope A Kayode
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Paul E Oluniyi
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Kazeem Akano
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Idowu B Olawoye
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu A Ugwu
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Christian T Happi
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Onikepe A Folarin
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede 232103, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Oshogbo 232102, Osun State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Olawoye IB, Oluniyi PE, Oguzie JU, Uwanibe JN, Kayode TA, Olumade TJ, Ajogbasile FV, Parker E, Eromon PE, Abechi P, Sobajo TA, Ugwu CA, George UE, Ayoade F, Akano K, Oyejide NE, Nosamiefan I, Fred-Akintunwa I, Adedotun-Sulaiman K, Brimmo FB, Adegboyega BB, Philip C, Adeleke RA, Chukwu GC, Ahmed MI, Ope-Ewe OO, Otitoola SG, Ogunsanya OA, Saibu MF, Sijuwola AE, Ezekiel GO, John OG, Akin-John JO, Akinlo OO, Fayemi OO, Ipaye TO, Nwodo DC, Omoniyi AE, Omwanghe IB, Terkuma CA, Okolie J, Ayo-Ale O, Ikponmwosa O, Benevolence E, Naregose GO, Patience AE, Blessing O, Micheal A, Jacqueline A, Aiyepada JO, Ebhodaghe P, Racheal O, Rita E, Rosemary GE, Solomon E, Anieno E, Edna Y, Chris AO, Donatus AI, Ogbaini-Emovon E, Tatfeng MY, Omunakwe HE, Bob-Manuel M, Ahmed RA, Onwuamah CK, Shaibu JO, Okwuraiwe A, Ataga AE, Bock-Oruma A, Daramola F, Yusuf IF, Fajola A, Ntia NA, Ekpo JJ, Moses AE, Moore-Igwe BW, Fakayode OE, Akinola M, Kida IM, Oderinde BS, Wudiri ZW, Adeyemi OO, Akanbi OA, Ahumibe A, Akinpelu A, Ayansola O, Babatunde O, Omoare AA, Chukwu C, Mba NG, Omoruyi EC, Olisa O, Akande OK, Nwafor IE, Ekeh MA, Ndoma E, Ewah RL, Duruihuoma RO, Abu A, Odeh E, Onyia V, Ojide CK, Okoro S, Igwe D, Ogah EO, Khan K, Ajayi NA, Ugwu CN, Ukwaja KN, Ugwu NI, Abejegah C, Adedosu N, Ayodeji O, Liasu AA, Isamotu RO, Gadzama G, Petros BA, Siddle KJ, Schaffner SF, Akpede G, Erameh CO, Baba MM, Oladiji F, Audu R, Ndodo N, Fowotade A, Okogbenin S, Okokhere PO, Park DJ, Mcannis BL, Adetifa IM, Ihekweazu C, Salako BL, Tomori O, Happi AN, Folarin OA, Andersen KG, Sabeti PC, Happi CT. Emergence and spread of two SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest in Nigeria. Nat Commun 2023; 14:811. [PMID: 36781860 PMCID: PMC9924892 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying the dissemination patterns and impacts of a virus of economic or health importance during a pandemic is crucial, as it informs the public on policies for containment in order to reduce the spread of the virus. In this study, we integrated genomic and travel data to investigate the emergence and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.318 and B.1.525 (Eta) variants of interest in Nigeria and the wider Africa region. By integrating travel data and phylogeographic reconstructions, we find that these two variants that arose during the second wave in Nigeria emerged from within Africa, with the B.1.525 from Nigeria, and then spread to other parts of the world. Data from this study show how regional connectivity of Nigeria drove the spread of these variants of interest to surrounding countries and those connected by air-traffic. Our findings demonstrate the power of genomic analysis when combined with mobility and epidemiological data to identify the drivers of transmission, as bidirectional transmission within and between African nations are grossly underestimated as seen in our import risk index estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Idowu B Olawoye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Paul E Oluniyi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Judith U Oguzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Jessica N Uwanibe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope A Kayode
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Testimony J Olumade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Fehintola V Ajogbasile
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Edyth Parker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philomena E Eromon
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Priscilla Abechi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Tope A Sobajo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu A Ugwu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Uwem E George
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Femi Ayoade
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Kazeem Akano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Nicholas E Oyejide
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Iguosadolo Nosamiefan
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Iyanuoluwa Fred-Akintunwa
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Kemi Adedotun-Sulaiman
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Farida B Brimmo
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Babatunde B Adegboyega
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Courage Philip
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Richard A Adeleke
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Grace C Chukwu
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad I Ahmed
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Oludayo O Ope-Ewe
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Shobi G Otitoola
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olusola A Ogunsanya
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Mudasiru F Saibu
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ayotunde E Sijuwola
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Grace O Ezekiel
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwagboadurami G John
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Julie O Akin-John
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwasemilogo O Akinlo
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olanrewaju O Fayemi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Testimony O Ipaye
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Deborah C Nwodo
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Abolade E Omoniyi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Iyobosa B Omwanghe
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Christabel A Terkuma
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Johnson Okolie
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olubukola Ayo-Ale
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Odia Ikponmwosa
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Ebo Benevolence
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Osiemi Blessing
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Airende Micheal
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | - John O Aiyepada
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Omiunu Racheal
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Esumeh Rita
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Giwa E Rosemary
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Ekanem Anieno
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Yerumoh Edna
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Aire O Chris
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Mirabeau Y Tatfeng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Niger Delta University, Amassoma, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Hannah E Omunakwe
- Satellite Molecular Laboratory, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Mienye Bob-Manuel
- Satellite Molecular Laboratory, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Rahaman A Ahmed
- The Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Chika K Onwuamah
- The Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Joseph O Shaibu
- The Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Azuka Okwuraiwe
- The Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony E Ataga
- Molecular Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology and Bioresources Research, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | | | - Funmi Daramola
- Clinical Health, SPDC, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | | | - Akinwumi Fajola
- Regional Community Health, SPDC, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | | | - Julie J Ekpo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Anietie E Moses
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Monilade Akinola
- WHO Polio Laboratory, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim M Kida
- Department of Immunology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Bamidele S Oderinde
- Department of Immunology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Zara W Wudiri
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwapelumi O Adeyemi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology. Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences. College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nwando G Mba
- Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ewean C Omoruyi
- Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Department, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olasunkanmi Olisa
- Biorepository Clinical Virology Laboratory, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olatunji K Akande
- Biorepository Clinical Virology Laboratory, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ifeanyi E Nwafor
- Virology Laboratory, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Matthew A Ekeh
- Virology Laboratory, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Erim Ndoma
- Virology Laboratory, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Richard L Ewah
- Virology Laboratory, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Rosemary O Duruihuoma
- Virology Laboratory, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Augustine Abu
- Virology Laboratory, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth Odeh
- Virology Laboratory, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Venatius Onyia
- Virology Laboratory, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Chiedozie K Ojide
- Virology Laboratory, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Sylvanus Okoro
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Igwe
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Emeka O Ogah
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Kamran Khan
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- BlueDot, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nnennaya A Ajayi
- Internal Medicine Department, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Collins N Ugwu
- Internal Medicine Department, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Kingsley N Ukwaja
- Internal Medicine Department, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Ngozi I Ugwu
- Haematology Department, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Galadima Gadzama
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - George Akpede
- Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Marycelin M Baba
- WHO Polio Laboratory, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
- Department of Immunology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Femi Oladiji
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Rosemary Audu
- The Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | | | - Adeola Fowotade
- Virology Laboratory, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Danny J Park
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Oyewale Tomori
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Anise N Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Onikepe A Folarin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian T Happi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Happi AN, Olumade TJ, Ogunsanya OA, Sijuwola AE, Ogunleye SC, Oguzie JU, Nwofoke C, Ugwu CA, Okoro SJ, Otuh PI, Ngele LN, Ojo OO, Adelabu A, Adeleye RF, Oyejide NE, Njaka CS, Heeney JL, Happi CT. Increased Prevalence of Lassa Fever Virus-Positive Rodents and Diversity of Infected Species Found during Human Lassa Fever Epidemics in Nigeria. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0036622. [PMID: 35913205 PMCID: PMC9430508 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00366-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of Lassa virus (LASV) infections in rodent reservoirs and their endemic human caseloads remain poorly understood. During the endemic period, human infections are believed to be associated with the seasonal migration of Mastomys natalensis, thought to be the primary reservoir that triggers multiple spillovers of LASV to humans. It has become imperative to improve LASV diagnosis in rodents while updating their prevalence in two regions of Lassa fever endemicity in Nigeria. Rodents (total, 942) were trapped in Ondo (531) and Ebonyi (411) states between October 2018 and April 2020 for detection of LASV using various tissues. Overall, the LASV prevalence was 53.6%. The outbreak area sampled in Ondo had three and two times higher capture success and LASV prevalence, respectively, than Ebonyi State. This correlated with the higher number of annual cases of Lassa fever (LF) in Ondo State versus Ebonyi State. All rodent genera (Mastomys, Rattus, Crocidura, Mus, and Tatera) captured in both states showed slightly variable LASV positivity, with Rattus spp. being the most predominantly infected (77.3%) rodents in Ondo State versus Mastomys spp. (41.6%) in Ebonyi State. The tissues with the highest LASV positivity were the kidneys, spleen, and testes. The finding of a relatively high LASV prevalence in all of the rodent genera captured highlights the complex interspecies transmission dynamics of LASV infections in the reservoirs and their potential association with increased environmental contact, as well as the risk of zoonotic spillover in these communities, which have the highest prevalence of Lassa fever in Nigeria. IMPORTANCE Our findings show the highest LASV positivity in small rodents ever recorded and the first direct detection of LASV in Tatera spp. Our findings also indicate the abundance of LASV-infected small rodents in houses, with probable interspecies transmission through vertical and horizontal coitus routes. Consequently, we suggest that the abundance of different reservoir species for LASV may fuel the epizootic outbreaks of LF in affected human communities. The high prevalence of LASV with the diversity of affected rodents has direct implications for our understanding of the transmission risk, mitigation, and ultimately, the prevention of LF in humans. Optimal tissues for LASV detection in rodents are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anise N. Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Testimony J. Olumade
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Olusola A. Ogunsanya
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Ayotunde E. Sijuwola
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | | | - Judith U. Oguzie
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Cecilia Nwofoke
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu A. Ugwu
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | - Samuel J. Okoro
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria
| | - Patricia I. Otuh
- Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia, Nigeria
| | - Louis N. Ngele
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas E. Oyejide
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| | | | - Jonathan L. Heeney
- Lab of Viral Zoonotics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian T. Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
- Redeemer’s University, Ede, Osun, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Petrovan SO, Aldridge DC, Bartlett H, Bladon AJ, Booth H, Broad S, Broom DM, Burgess ND, Cleaveland S, Cunningham AA, Ferri M, Hinsley A, Hua F, Hughes AC, Jones K, Kelly M, Mayes G, Radakovic M, Ugwu CA, Uddin N, Veríssimo D, Walzer C, White TB, Wood JL, Sutherland WJ. Post COVID-19: a solution scan of options for preventing future zoonotic epidemics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021. [PMID: 34231315 DOI: 10.17605/osf.io/5jx3g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The crisis generated by the emergence and pandemic spread of COVID-19 has thrown into the global spotlight the dangers associated with novel diseases, as well as the key role of animals, especially wild animals, as potential sources of pathogens to humans. There is a widespread demand for a new relationship with wild and domestic animals, including suggested bans on hunting, wildlife trade, wet markets or consumption of wild animals. However, such policies risk ignoring essential elements of the problem as well as alienating and increasing hardship for local communities across the world, and might be unachievable at scale. There is thus a need for a more complex package of policy and practical responses. We undertook a solution scan to identify and collate 161 possible options for reducing the risks of further epidemic disease transmission from animals to humans, including potential further SARS-CoV-2 transmission (original or variants). We include all categories of animals in our responses (i.e. wildlife, captive, unmanaged/feral and domestic livestock and pets) and focus on pathogens (especially viruses) that, once transmitted from animals to humans, could acquire epidemic potential through high rates of human-to-human transmission. This excludes measures to prevent well-known zoonotic diseases, such as rabies, that cannot readily transmit between humans. We focused solutions on societal measures, excluding the development of vaccines and other preventive therapeutic medicine and veterinary medicine options that are discussed elsewhere. We derived our solutions through reading the scientific literature, NGO position papers, and industry guidelines, collating our own experiences, and consulting experts in different fields. Herein, we review the major zoonotic transmission pathways and present an extensive list of options. The potential solutions are organised according to the key stages of the trade chain and encompass solutions that can be applied at the local, regional and international scales. This is a set of options targeted at practitioners and policy makers to encourage careful examination of possible courses of action, validating their impact and documenting outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silviu O Petrovan
- BioRISC (Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's), St Catharine's College, Cambridge, CB2 1RL, U.K
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - David C Aldridge
- BioRISC (Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's), St Catharine's College, Cambridge, CB2 1RL, U.K
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - Harriet Bartlett
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, U.K
| | - Andrew J Bladon
- BioRISC (Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's), St Catharine's College, Cambridge, CB2 1RL, U.K
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - Hollie Booth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
| | - Steven Broad
- TRAFFIC, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - Donald M Broom
- BioRISC (Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's), St Catharine's College, Cambridge, CB2 1RL, U.K
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, U.K
| | - Neil D Burgess
- UNEP-WCMC, 219 Huntington Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K
- GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K
| | | | - Maurizio Ferri
- Italian Society of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Simevep), Via Nizza 11, Rome, 00198, Italy
| | - Amy Hinsley
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
| | - Fangyuan Hua
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Alice C Hughes
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, 666303, P.R. China
| | - Kate Jones
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Moira Kelly
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium
| | - George Mayes
- MacArthur Barstow & Gibbs Veterinary Surgeons, 36 Hanbury Road, Droitwich, WR9 8PW, U.K
| | - Milorad Radakovic
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, U.K
| | - Chinedu A Ugwu
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemers' University Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Nasir Uddin
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, 666303, P.R. China
| | - Diogo Veríssimo
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA, 92027, U.S.A
| | - Christian Walzer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1, Vienna, A-1160, Austria
- Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY, U.S.A
| | - Thomas B White
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - James L Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, U.K
| | - William J Sutherland
- BioRISC (Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's), St Catharine's College, Cambridge, CB2 1RL, U.K
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Petrovan SO, Aldridge DC, Bartlett H, Bladon AJ, Booth H, Broad S, Broom DM, Burgess ND, Cleaveland S, Cunningham AA, Ferri M, Hinsley A, Hua F, Hughes AC, Jones K, Kelly M, Mayes G, Radakovic M, Ugwu CA, Uddin N, Veríssimo D, Walzer C, White TB, Wood JL, Sutherland WJ. Post COVID-19: a solution scan of options for preventing future zoonotic epidemics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2694-2715. [PMID: 34231315 PMCID: PMC8444924 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The crisis generated by the emergence and pandemic spread of COVID-19 has thrown into the global spotlight the dangers associated with novel diseases, as well as the key role of animals, especially wild animals, as potential sources of pathogens to humans. There is a widespread demand for a new relationship with wild and domestic animals, including suggested bans on hunting, wildlife trade, wet markets or consumption of wild animals. However, such policies risk ignoring essential elements of the problem as well as alienating and increasing hardship for local communities across the world, and might be unachievable at scale. There is thus a need for a more complex package of policy and practical responses. We undertook a solution scan to identify and collate 161 possible options for reducing the risks of further epidemic disease transmission from animals to humans, including potential further SARS-CoV-2 transmission (original or variants). We include all categories of animals in our responses (i.e. wildlife, captive, unmanaged/feral and domestic livestock and pets) and focus on pathogens (especially viruses) that, once transmitted from animals to humans, could acquire epidemic potential through high rates of human-to-human transmission. This excludes measures to prevent well-known zoonotic diseases, such as rabies, that cannot readily transmit between humans. We focused solutions on societal measures, excluding the development of vaccines and other preventive therapeutic medicine and veterinary medicine options that are discussed elsewhere. We derived our solutions through reading the scientific literature, NGO position papers, and industry guidelines, collating our own experiences, and consulting experts in different fields. Herein, we review the major zoonotic transmission pathways and present an extensive list of options. The potential solutions are organised according to the key stages of the trade chain and encompass solutions that can be applied at the local, regional and international scales. This is a set of options targeted at practitioners and policy makers to encourage careful examination of possible courses of action, validating their impact and documenting outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silviu O Petrovan
- BioRISC (Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's), St Catharine's College, Cambridge, CB2 1RL, U.K.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - David C Aldridge
- BioRISC (Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's), St Catharine's College, Cambridge, CB2 1RL, U.K.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - Harriet Bartlett
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, U.K
| | - Andrew J Bladon
- BioRISC (Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's), St Catharine's College, Cambridge, CB2 1RL, U.K.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - Hollie Booth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
| | - Steven Broad
- TRAFFIC, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - Donald M Broom
- BioRISC (Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's), St Catharine's College, Cambridge, CB2 1RL, U.K.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, U.K
| | - Neil D Burgess
- UNEP-WCMC, 219 Huntington Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K.,GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K
| | | | - Maurizio Ferri
- Italian Society of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (Simevep), Via Nizza 11, Rome, 00198, Italy
| | - Amy Hinsley
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
| | - Fangyuan Hua
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Alice C Hughes
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, 666303, P.R. China
| | - Kate Jones
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Moira Kelly
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium
| | - George Mayes
- MacArthur Barstow & Gibbs Veterinary Surgeons, 36 Hanbury Road, Droitwich, WR9 8PW, U.K
| | - Milorad Radakovic
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, U.K
| | - Chinedu A Ugwu
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemers' University Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Nasir Uddin
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, 666303, P.R. China
| | - Diogo Veríssimo
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K.,Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA, 92027, U.S.A
| | - Christian Walzer
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1, Vienna, A-1160, Austria.,Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY, U.S.A
| | - Thomas B White
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| | - James L Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, U.K
| | - William J Sutherland
- BioRISC (Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's), St Catharine's College, Cambridge, CB2 1RL, U.K.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- Anise N Happi
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu A Ugwu
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Christian T Happi
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Happi AN, Ugwu CA, Happi CT. Preparing for the next Ebola outbreak: in-country genomic capacity in Africa. Lancet Infect Dis 2019; 19:569-570. [PMID: 31000467 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anise N Happi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu A Ugwu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede 200012, Nigeria; African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede 200012, Nigeria
| | - Christian T Happi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede 200012, Nigeria; African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede 200012, Nigeria.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Happi AN, Toepp AJ, Ugwu CA, Petersen CA, Sykes JE. Detection and identification of blood-borne infections in dogs in Nigeria using light microscopy and the polymerase chain reaction. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2017; 11:55-60. [PMID: 31014619 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many sick dogs brought to the University of Ibadan Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UIVTH) are infested with ticks and are anemic. Up until recently, light microscopy (LM) has been the only available means used for detection of blood-borne infections. In other parts of the world, PCR-based assays been used as a gold standard for accurate diagnosis of blood-borne infections. In this study, we used LM and broad-spectrum rRNA gene PCR-based assays on 116 blood samples from dogs brought to the UIVTH for detection of the 18S rRNA gene of Babesia and the 16S rRNA genes of Ehrlichia and hemotropic mycoplasmas. The relationship between clinicopathological findings and PCR results was evaluated. Age, sex, presence of ticks, anemia, co-infection status, and fever were also assessed in relation to PCR positivity to determine the risk factors using stepwise logistic regression analyses. Light microscopic examination revealed an overall prevalence of infection of 14.7% (17/116). Organisms detected were Babesia canis (3.5%), Ehrlichia canis (10.3%) and Trypanosoma congolense (0.9%) and a single co-infection with Babesia canis and Ehrlichia canis (0.9%). PCR analysis revealed 89/116 (76.7%) positive samples. Infections with 1, 2 and 3 infectious agents occurred in 49 (55.1%), 36 (40.4%) and 4 (4.5%) samples, respectively. Specifically, among the 89 PCR positive samples, Babesia spp. (85.4%) was the most abundant infection followed by Ehrlichia spp. (46.1%) and hemoplasmas (13.5%). Sequencing of PCR products identified two samples (1.7%) that contained Hepatozoon canis DNA. Sequencing of hemoplasma positive samples identified 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' in 0.8% of dogs. Using PCR, a 5-fold higher prevalence of blood-borne infections was found in the dogs (76.7%, 89/116) than with LM (14.7%, 17/116) alone" Dogs between 1 and 12months were the most frequently infected with multiple agents (47.2% double and 50.0% triple infections). Male dogs had the highest prevalence of infection (80.4%) and more triple infections (75.0%). A total of 57.3% of infected dogs were anemic. Anemic dogs were 2.77 times more likely to test positive for Ehrlichia spp. (OR: 2.77 95% CI: 1.25-6.16) and dogs with ticks were 3.6 times more likely to test positive for hemoplasmas (OR=3.60 95% CI: 1.05-12.38). This study underscores the abundance of blood-borne infections in dogs in Ibadan, Nigeria, which is underestimated using light microscopy. This is also the first evidence of existence of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' in a dog in Nigeria and in Africa. Consequently there is a need for molecular diagnostic facilities for routine screening of sick animals, as multiple infections were not found by light microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anise N Happi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Angela J Toepp
- College of Public Health, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - C A Ugwu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Christine A Petersen
- College of Public Health, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jane E Sykes
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|