1
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Block M, Sieger P, Truenkle C, Saal C, Simon R, Truebenbach I. Miniaturized screening and performance prediction of tailored subcutaneous extended-release formulations for preclinical in vivo studies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 196:106733. [PMID: 38408709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Microencapsulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) for preparation of long acting injectable (LAI) formulations is an auspicious technique to enable preclinical characterization of a broad variety of APIs, ideally independent of their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics. During early API discovery, tunable LAI formulations may enable pharmacological proof-of-concept for the given variety of candidates by tailoring the level of plasma exposure over the duration of various timespans. Although numerous reports on small scale preparation methods for LAIs utilizing copolymers of lactic and glycolic acid (PLGA) and polymers of lactic acid (PLA) highlight their potential, application in formulation screening and use in preclinical in vivo studies is yet very limited. Transfer from downscale formulation preparation to in vivo experiments is hampered in early preclinical API screening by the large number of API candidates with simultaneously very limited available amount in the lower sub-gram scale, lack of formulation stability and deficient tunability of sustained release. We hereby present a novel comprehensive platform tool for tailored extended-release formulations, aiming to support a variety of preclinical in vivo experiments with ranging required plasma exposure levels and timespans. A novel small-scale spray drying process was successfully implemented by using an air brush based instrument for preparation of PLGA and PLA based formulations. Using Design of Experiments (DoE), required API amount of 250 mg was demonstrated to suffice for identification of dominant polymer characteristics with largest impact on sustained release capability for an individual API. BI-3231, a hydrophilic and weakly acidic small compound with good water solubility and permeability, but low metabolic stability, was used as an exemplary model for one of the many candidates during API discovery. Furthermore, an in vitro to in vivo correlation (IVIVC) of API release rate was established in mice, which enabled the prediction of in vivo plasma concentration plateaus after single subcutaneous injection, using only in vitro dissolution profiles of screened formulations. By tailoring LAI formulations and their doses for acute and sub-chronic preclinical experiments, we exemplary demonstrate the practical use for BI-3231. Pharmacological proof-of-concept could be enabled whilst circumventing the need of multiple administration as result of extensive hepatic metabolism and simultaneously superseding numerous in vivo experiments for formulation tailoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Block
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß 88397, Germany
| | - Peter Sieger
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß 88397, Germany
| | - Cornelius Truenkle
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß 88397, Germany
| | - Christoph Saal
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß 88397, Germany
| | - Roman Simon
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß 88397, Germany
| | - Ines Truebenbach
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß 88397, Germany.
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2
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Plano D, Rudolph N, Saal C, Abrahamsson B, Cristofoletti R, Kambayashi A, Langguth P, Mehta M, Parr A, Polli JE, Shah VP, Charoo N, Dressman J. Biowaiver Monograph for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Isavuconazonium Sulfate. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:386-395. [PMID: 37951471 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
A Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS)-based biowaiver monograph is presented for isavuconazonium sulfate. A BCS-based biowaiver is a regulatory option to substitute appropriate in vitro data for in vivo bioequivalence studies. Isavuconazonium sulfate is the prodrug of isavuconazole, a broad-spectrum azole antifungal indicated for invasive fungal infections. While the prodrug can be classified as a BCS Class III drug with high solubility but low permeability, the parent drug can be classified as a BCS Class II drug with low solubility but high permeability. Interestingly, the in vivo behavior of both is additive and leads isavuconazonium sulfate to act like a BCS class I drug substance after oral administration. In this work, experimental solubility and dissolution data were evaluated and compared with available literature data to investigate whether it is feasible to approve immediate release solid oral dosage forms containing isavuconazonium sulfate according to official guidance from the FDA, EMA and/or ICH. The risks associated with waiving a prodrug according to the BCS-based biowaiver guidelines are reviewed and discussed, noting that current regulations are quite restrictive on this point. Further, results show high solubility but instability of isavuconazonium sulfate in aqueous media. Although experiments on the dissolution of the capsule contents confirmed 'very rapid' dissolution of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) isavuconazonium sulfate, its release from the commercial marketed capsule formulation Cresemba is limited by the choice of capsule shell material, providing an additional impediment to approval of generic versions via the BCS-Biowaiver approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Plano
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Niklas Rudolph
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Saal
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827, USA
| | - Atsushi Kambayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Peter Langguth
- Institute of Pharmacy, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mehul Mehta
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Centre for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - Alan Parr
- BioCeutics LLC, Cary , North Carolina 27511, USA
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Vinod P Shah
- The International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Naseem Charoo
- Adcan Pharma LLC, ICAD III, Mussafah, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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3
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Zöller L, Avdeef A, Karlsson E, Borde A, Carlert S, Saal C, Dressman J. A comparison of USP 2 and µDISS Profiler™ apparatus for studying dissolution phenomena of ibuprofen and its salts. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 193:106684. [PMID: 38154507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmaceutical salts of poorly soluble drugs typically dissolve faster than their corresponding free acid or base, resulting in supersaturation under some circumstances. The key questions relevant to drug bioavailability "does the salt invoke the supersaturated state?" and, if so, "does precipitation occur?" remain. To answer these questions, different types of dissolution equipment are often used at different stages of the development process. AIM To compare the dissolution behaviour of ibuprofen and its sodium and lysine salts in the USP 2 apparatus and the µDISS Profiler™ apparatus. The dissolution, supersaturation of the salt forms and precipitation to the free acid of ibuprofen were characterized along with the dissolution of the free acid form. METHODS Media containing different concentrations of the salt-forming counterions - sodium and lysine - were used to investigate the influence of the type of dissolution apparatus used for the study on dissolution, supersaturation and precipitation behaviour. KEY RESULTS Supersaturation was observed for both the sodium and lysinate salts of ibuprofen in all USP 2 apparatus and µDISS Profiler™ experiments. However, precipitation tended to be far greater in the µDISS Profiler™ than in the USP 2 apparatus. The difference was most pronounced in pH 4.5 acetate buffer, in which precipitation was observed exclusively in experiments with the µDISS Profiler™. CONCLUSION Choice of dissolution apparatus can affect the dissolution/supersaturation/precipitation characteristics of pharmaceutical salts. This has to be carefully taken into account when investigating salts over different stages of pharmaceutical research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurin Zöller
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Eva Karlsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, 43150 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anders Borde
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, 43150 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sara Carlert
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bio-Pharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, 43150 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christoph Saal
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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4
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Mariottini D, Bracaglia S, Barbero L, Fuchs SW, Saal C, Moniot S, Knuehl C, Baranda L, Ranallo S, Ricci F. Bispecific Antibody Detection Using Antigen-Conjugated Synthetic Nucleic Acid Strands. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4014-4019. [PMID: 37856082 PMCID: PMC10683503 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
We report here the development of two different sensing strategies based on the use of antigen-conjugated nucleic acid strands for the detection of a bispecific antibody against the tumor-related proteins Mucin1 and epidermal growth factor receptor. Both approaches work well in serum samples (nanomolar sensitivity), show high specificity against the two monospecific antibodies, and are rapid. The results presented here demonstrate the versatility of DNA-based platforms for the detection of bispecific antibodies and could represent a versatile alternative to other more reagent-intensive and time-consuming analytical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mariottini
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Bracaglia
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Barbero
- RBM-Merck
(an affiliate of Merck KGaA), Via Ribes 1, 10010 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Christoph Saal
- Merck
KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Lorena Baranda
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Ranallo
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Ricci
- Department
of Chemical Science and Technologies, University
of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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5
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Schlingemann J, Burns MJ, Ponting DJ, Avila CM, Romero NE, Jaywant MA, Smith GF, Ashworth IW, Simon S, Saal C, Wilk A. The Landscape of Potential Small and Drug Substance Related Nitrosamines in Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2022; 112:1287-1304. [PMID: 36402198 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the outcome of an in silico analysis of more than 12,000 small molecule drugs and drug impurities, identifying the nitrosatable structures, assessing their potential to form nitrosamines under relevant conditions and the challenges to determine compound-specific AIs based on data available or read-across approaches for these nitrosamines and their acceptance by health authorities. Our data indicate that the presence of nitrosamines in pharmaceuticals is likely more prevalent than originally expected. In total, 40.4 % of the analyzed APIs and 29.6 % of the API impurities are potential nitrosamine precursors. Most structures identified through our workflow could form complex API-related nitrosamines, so-called nitrosamine drug substance related impurities (NDSRIs), although we also found structures that could release the well-known small and potent nitrosamines NDMA, NDEA, and others. Due to common structural motifs including secondary or tertiary amine moieties, whole essential drug classes such as beta blockers and ACE inhibitors are at risk. To avoid the risk of drug shortages or even the complete loss of therapeutic options, it will be essential that the well-established ICH M7 principles remain applicable for nitrosamines and that that the industry and regulatory authorities keep an open communication not only about the science but also to make sure there is a good balance between risk and benefit to patients.
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6
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Moser J, Keire D, Schlingemann J, Saal C. N -nitrosamines Impurities in Pharmaceuticals The abrupt challenges they bring and approaches to tackle the risk. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2651. [PMID: 35901944 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Moser
- Merck & Co., Inc. 770 Sumneytown Pike WP78-110 West Point, Pa 19486, United States of America
| | - David Keire
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Office of Testing and Research, 645 S Newstead Ave., St Louis, MO, 63110, United States of America
| | - Jörg Schlingemann
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christoph Saal
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
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7
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Schlingemann J, Boucley C, Hickert S, Bourasseau L, Walker M, Celdran C, Chemarin T, Pegues C, Fritzsche M, Keitel J, Goettsche A, Seegel M, Leicht S, Guessregen B, Reifenberg P, Wetzel S, Müller T, Schooren F, Schuster T, Liebhold M, Kirsch A, Krueger P, Saal C, Mouton B, Masanes S. Avoiding N-Nitrosodimethylamine Formation in Metformin Pharmaceuticals by Limiting Dimethylamine and Nitrite. Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121740. [PMID: 35421534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since late 2019, concerns regarding trace levels of the probable human carcinogen N-dimethylnitrosamine (NDMA) in Metformin-containing pharmaceuticals have been an issue if they exceeded the maximum allowable intake of 96 ng/day for a medicine with long-term intake. Here, we report results from an extensive analysis of NDMA concentrations along the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufacturing process as well as two different drug product manufacturing processes. Our findings confirm that Metformin API is not a significant source of NDMA found in Metformin pharmaceuticals and that NDMA is created at those steps of the drug product manufacturing that introduce heat and nitrite. We demonstrate that reduction of nitrite from excipients is an effective means to reduce NDMA in the drug product. Limiting residual dimethylamine in the API has proven to be another important factor for NDMA control as dimethylamine leads to formation of NDMA in the drug products. Furthermore, analysis of historical batches of drug products has shown that NDMA may increase during storage, but the levels reached were not shelf-life limiting for the products under study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celine Boucley
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Matt Walker
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | | | | | - Celine Pegues
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Judith Keitel
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anja Goettsche
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Maic Seegel
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Leicht
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Tim Müller
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Fanny Schooren
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Mike Liebhold
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Annette Kirsch
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Saal
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bruno Mouton
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sandra Masanes
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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8
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Fritsch K, Saal C, Spieldenner B. Weighing according to the European Pharmacopoeia: general considerations and new general chapter 2.1.7. Balances for analytical purposes. Pharmeur Bio Sci Notes 2022; 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35076013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Weighing is a key activity in every quality control laboratory as it is one of the first steps in the preparation of samples and reagents for most analytical procedures. It is also critical because weighing errors will add up and propagate throughout the whole analysis, affecting the accuracy and precision of the reported results. A new general chapter, Balances for analytical purposes (2.1.7), has recently been published in the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.). This new text sets out clear requirements for an instrument that is essential to every analytical procedure described within the pages of the Ph. Eur. This article explains in detail these requirements and generally reviews the other quantity-related requirements present in Ph. Eur. texts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fritsch
- Ad hoc specialist "Balances" in the Ph. Eur. General Methods (MG) Working Party, Mettler-Toledo, Greifensee, Switzerland
| | - C Saal
- Expert in the Ph. Eur. General Methods (MG) Working Party, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - B Spieldenner
- European Pharmacopoeia Department, European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM), Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France
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9
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Abrahamsson B, Butler J, Cristofoletti R, Kostewicz E, Saal C, Reppas C. Jennifer Dressman - 40 years of Oral Drug Absorption. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:14-17. [PMID: 34699841 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - James Butler
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Edmund Kostewicz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Saal
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece.
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10
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Vertzoni M, Alsenz J, Augustijns P, Bauer-Brandl A, Bergström C, Brouwers J, Müllerz A, Perlovich G, Saal C, Sugano K, Reppas C. UNGAP best practice for improving solubility data quality of orally administered drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106043. [PMID: 34662708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An important goal of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action UNGAP (UNderstanding Gastrointestinal Absorption-related Processes, www.ungap.eu) is to improve standardization of methods relating to the study of oral drug absorption. Solubility is a general term that refers to the maximum achievable concentration of a compound dissolved in a liquid medium. For orally administered drugs, relevant information on drug properties is crucial during drug (product) development and at the regulatory level. Collection of reliable and reproducible solubility data requires careful application and understanding of the limitations of the selected experimental method. In addition, the purity of a compound and its solid state form, as well as experimental parameters such as temperature of experimentation, media related factors, and sample handling procedures can affect data quality. In this paper, an international consensus developed by the COST UNGAP network on recommendations for collecting high quality solubility data for the development of orally administered drugs is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vertzoni
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Pharmacy, Zografou, Greece
| | - J Alsenz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - P Augustijns
- KU Leuven, Drug Delivery and Disposition, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Bauer-Brandl
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Physics Chemistry and Pharmacy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Cas Bergström
- Uppsala University, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Brouwers
- KU Leuven, Drug Delivery and Disposition, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Müllerz
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G Perlovich
- The Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Solution Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Ivanovo, Russia
| | - C Saal
- Merck KGaA, Analytics Healthcare, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K Sugano
- Ritsumeikan University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - C Reppas
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Pharmacy, Zografou, Greece.
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11
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Fritzsche M, Blom G, Keitel J, Goettsche A, Seegel M, Leicht S, Guessregen B, Hickert S, Reifenberg P, Cimelli A, Baranowski R, Desmartin E, Barrau E, Harrison M, Bristow T, O'Neill N, Kirsch A, Krueger P, Saal C, Mouton B, Schlingemann J. NDMA analytics in metformin products: Comparison of methods and pitfalls. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106026. [PMID: 34597792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For nearly three years, the concerns regarding trace levels of N-nitrosamines in pharmaceuticals and the associated cancer risk have significantly expanded and are a major issue facing the global pharmaceutical industry. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) found in formulations of the popular anti-diabetic drug metformin is a prominent example. This has resulted in product recalls raising the profile within the media. Issues of method robustness, sample preparation and several unexpected sources of nitrosamine contamination have been highlighted as false positive risks. It has become apparent that the identification of the root causes of artefactual formation of nitrosamines must be identified to mitigate risk associated with the analysis. METHODS A comparison study between four laboratories, across three companies was designed, employing orthogonal mass spectrometric methods for the quantification of NDMA in two metformin immediate release (IR) formulations and one extended release (XR) formulation. These were 2x LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/MS and GC-HRMS. RESULTS Good agreement of results was obtained for the IR formulations. However, we measured higher concentrations of NDMA in the XR formulation using GC-MS/MS compared to LC-MS/MS. We could show that this was due to artefactual (in situ) formation of NDMA when samples were extracted with dichloromethane. Removal of dimethylamine (DMA) and nitrite from the extracted sample or the addition of a nitrosation scavenger are shown to be effective remedies. NDMA in situ formation was not observed in 10% MeOH or acetonitrile. CONCLUSION Metformin pharmaceuticals contain traces of the API impurity DMA as well as inorganic nitrite from excipients. This can lead to artefactual formation of NDMA and hence false positive results if DCM is used for sample extraction. Similar artefacts are likely also in other pharmaceuticals if these contain the secondary amine precursor of the respective nitrosamine analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgio Blom
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Keitel
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Anja Goettsche
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Maic Seegel
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Stefan Leicht
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Alexandra Cimelli
- Eurofins-Amatsi Analytics, Parc de Genibrat, Fontenilles 31470, France
| | - Romane Baranowski
- Eurofins-Amatsi Analytics, Parc de Genibrat, Fontenilles 31470, France
| | | | - Elodie Barrau
- Eurofins-Amatsi Analytics, Parc de Genibrat, Fontenilles 31470, France
| | - Mark Harrison
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Bristow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas O'Neill
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Kirsch
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Saal
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Bruno Mouton
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
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12
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Kuentz M, Holm R, Kronseder C, Saal C, Griffin BT. Rational Selection of Bio-Enabling Oral Drug Formulations - A PEARRL Commentary. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1921-1930. [PMID: 33609523 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
New drug candidates often require bio-enabling formation technologies such as lipid-based formulations, solid dispersions, or nanosized drug formulations. Development of such more sophisticated delivery systems generally requires higher resource investment compared to a conventional oral dosage form, which might slow down clinical development. To achieve the biopharmaceutical objectives while enabling rapid cost effective development, it is imperative to identify a suitable formulation technique for a given drug candidate as early as possible. Hence many companies have developed internal decision trees based mostly on prior organizational experience, though they also contain some arbitrary elements. As part of the EU funded PEARRL project, a number of new decision trees are here proposed that reflect both the current scientific state of the art and a consensus among the industrial project partners. This commentary presents and discusses these, while also going beyond this classical expert approach with a pilot study using emerging machine learning, where the computer suggests formulation strategy based on the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of a molecule. Current limitations are discussed and an outlook is provided for likely future developments in this emerging field of pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kuentz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, CH 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian Kronseder
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, CH 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Saal
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Brendan T Griffin
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
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13
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Price DJ, Nair A, Becker-Baldus J, Glaubitz C, Kuentz M, Dressman J, Saal C. Incorporation of HPMCAS during loading of glibenclamide onto mesoporous silica improves dissolution and inhibits precipitation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 141:105113. [PMID: 31655207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica has emerged as an enabling formulation for poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Unlike other formulations, mesoporous silica typically does not inhibit precipitation of supersaturated API therefore, a suitable precipitation inhibitor (PI) should be added to increase absorption from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, there is limited research about optimal processes for combining PIs with silica formulations. Typically, the PI is added by simply blending the API-loaded silica mechanically with the selected PI. This has the drawback of an additional blending step and may also not be optimal with regard to release of drug and PI. By contrast, loading PI simultaneously with the API onto mesoporous silica, i.e. co-incorporation, is attractive from both a performance and practical perspective. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the utility of a co-incorporation approach for combining PIs with silica formulations, and to develop a mechanistic rationale for improvement of the performance of silica formulations using the co-incorporation approach. The results indicate that co-incorporating HPMCAS with glibenclamide onto silica significantly improved the extent and duration of drug supersaturation in single-medium and transfer dissolution experiments. Extensive spectroscopic characterization of the formulation revealed that the improved performance was related to the formation of drug-polymer interactions already in the solid state; the immobilization of API-loaded silica on HPMCAS plates, which prevents premature release and precipitation of API; and drug-polymer proximity on disintegration of the formulation, allowing for rapid onset of precipitation inhibition. The data suggests that co-incorporating the PI with the API is appealing for silica formulations from both a practical and formulation performance perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Price
- Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | | | - Johanna Becker-Baldus
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry & Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Clemens Glaubitz
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry & Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Arts and Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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14
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Price DJ, Nair A, Kuentz M, Dressman J, Saal C. Calculation of drug-polymer mixing enthalpy as a new screening method of precipitation inhibitors for supersaturating pharmaceutical formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 132:142-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Ditzinger F, Price DJ, Ilie AR, Köhl NJ, Jankovic S, Tsakiridou G, Aleandri S, Kalantzi L, Holm R, Nair A, Saal C, Griffin B, Kuentz M. Lipophilicity and hydrophobicity considerations in bio-enabling oral formulations approaches – a PEARRL review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:464-482. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This review highlights aspects of drug hydrophobicity and lipophilicity as determinants of different oral formulation approaches with specific focus on enabling formulation technologies. An overview is provided on appropriate formulation selection by focussing on the physicochemical properties of the drug.
Key findings
Crystal lattice energy and the octanol–water partitioning behaviour of a poorly soluble drug are conventionally viewed as characteristics of hydrophobicity and lipophilicity, which matter particularly for any dissolution process during manufacturing and regarding drug release in the gastrointestinal tract. Different oral formulation strategies are discussed in the present review, including lipid-based delivery, amorphous solid dispersions, mesoporous silica, nanosuspensions and cyclodextrin formulations.
Summary
Current literature suggests that selection of formulation approaches in pharmaceutics is still highly dependent on the availability of technological expertise in a company or research group. Encouraging is that, recent advancements point to more structured and scientifically based development approaches. More research is still needed to better link physicochemical drug properties to pharmaceutical formulation design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ditzinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Price
- Analytics Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
- Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra-Roxana Ilie
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson and Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Niklas J Köhl
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sandra Jankovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Georgia Tsakiridou
- Product Design & Evaluation, Pharmathen SA, Athens, Greece
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Simone Aleandri
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Lida Kalantzi
- Product Design & Evaluation, Pharmathen SA, Athens, Greece
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson and Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Anita Nair
- Analytics Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
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16
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Schlesinger C, Tapmeyer L, Gumbert SD, Prill D, Bolte M, Schmidt MU, Saal C. Bestimmung der absoluten Konfiguration pharmazeutischer Wirkstoffe durch Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Schlesinger
- Goethe-Universität; Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
| | - Lukas Tapmeyer
- Goethe-Universität; Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
| | - Silke D. Gumbert
- Goethe-Universität; Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
| | - Dragica Prill
- Goethe-Universität; Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
| | - Michael Bolte
- Goethe-Universität; Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
| | - Martin U. Schmidt
- Goethe-Universität; Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
| | - Christoph Saal
- Merck KGaA, Site-Operations - Analytics Healthcare; Frankfurter Landstraße 250 64293 Darmstadt Deutschland
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17
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Jankovic S, Tsakiridou G, Ditzinger F, Koehl NJ, Price DJ, Ilie AR, Kalantzi L, Kimpe K, Holm R, Nair A, Griffin B, Saal C, Kuentz M. Application of the solubility parameter concept to assist with oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs – a PEARRL review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:441-463. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Solubility parameters have been used for decades in various scientific fields including pharmaceutics. It is, however, still a field of active research both on a conceptual and experimental level. This work addresses the need to review solubility parameter applications in pharmaceutics of poorly water-soluble drugs.
Key findings
An overview of the different experimental and calculation methods to determine solubility parameters is provided, which covers from classical to modern approaches. In the pharmaceutical field, solubility parameters are primarily used to guide organic solvent selection, cocrystals and salt screening, lipid-based delivery, solid dispersions and nano- or microparticulate drug delivery systems. Solubility parameters have been applied for a quantitative assessment of mixtures, or they are simply used to rank excipients for a given drug.
Summary
In particular, partial solubility parameters hold great promise for aiding the development of poorly soluble drug delivery systems. This is particularly true in early-stage development, where compound availability and resources are limited. The experimental determination of solubility parameters has its merits despite being rather labour-intensive because further data can be used to continuously improve in silico predictions. Such improvements will ensure that solubility parameters will also in future guide scientists in finding suitable drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jankovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Georgia Tsakiridou
- Pharmathen SA, Product Design & Evaluation, Athens, Greece
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Felix Ditzinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Niklas J Koehl
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Price
- Merck Group, Molecule Characterisation, Darmstadt, Germany
- Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra-Roxana Ilie
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Lida Kalantzi
- Pharmathen SA, Product Design & Evaluation, Athens, Greece
| | - Kristof Kimpe
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Anita Nair
- Merck Group, Molecule Characterisation, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Saal
- Merck Group, Molecule Characterisation, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
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Schlesinger C, Tapmeyer L, Gumbert SD, Prill D, Bolte M, Schmidt MU, Saal C. Absolute Configuration of Pharmaceutical Research Compounds Determined by X-ray Powder Diffraction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9150-9153. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Schlesinger
- Goethe-Universität; Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Lukas Tapmeyer
- Goethe-Universität; Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Silke D. Gumbert
- Goethe-Universität; Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Dragica Prill
- Goethe-Universität; Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Goethe-Universität; Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Martin U. Schmidt
- Goethe-Universität; Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Christoph Saal
- Merck KGaA, Site-Operations-Analytics Healthcare; Frankfurter Landstr. 250 64293 Darmstadt Germany
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19
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Price DJ, Ditzinger F, Koehl NJ, Jankovic S, Tsakiridou G, Nair A, Holm R, Kuentz M, Dressman JB, Saal C. Approaches to increase mechanistic understanding and aid in the selection of precipitation inhibitors for supersaturating formulations – a PEARRL review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:483-509. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Supersaturating formulations hold great promise for delivery of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). To profit from supersaturating formulations, precipitation is hindered with precipitation inhibitors (PIs), maintaining drug concentrations for as long as possible. This review provides a brief overview of supersaturation and precipitation, focusing on precipitation inhibition. Trial-and-error PI selection will be examined alongside established PI screening techniques. Primarily, however, this review will focus on recent advances that utilise advanced analytical techniques to increase mechanistic understanding of PI action and systematic PI selection.
Key findings
Advances in mechanistic understanding have been made possible by the use of analytical tools such as spectroscopy, microscopy and mathematical and molecular modelling, which have been reviewed herein. Using these techniques, PI selection can be guided by molecular rationale. However, more work is required to see widespread application of such an approach for PI selection.
Summary
Precipitation inhibitors are becoming increasingly important in enabling formulations. Trial-and-error approaches have seen success thus far. However, it is essential to learn more about the mode of action of PIs if the most optimal formulations are to be realised. Robust analytical tools, and the knowledge of where and how they can be applied, will be essential in this endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Price
- Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
- Frankfurt Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Felix Ditzinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Niklas J Koehl
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sandra Jankovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Georgia Tsakiridou
- Pharmathen SA, Product Design & Evaluation, Athens, Greece
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson and Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
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20
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O'Shea JP, Nagarsekar K, Wieber A, Witt V, Herbert E, O'Driscoll CM, Saal C, Lubda D, Griffin BT, Dressman JB. Mesoporous silica-based dosage forms improve bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs in pigs: case example fenofibrate. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Mesoporous silicas (SLC) have demonstrated considerable potential to improve bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs by facilitating rapid dissolution and generating supersaturation. The addition of certain polymers can further enhance the dissolution of these formulations by preventing drug precipitation. This study uses fenofibrate as a model drug to investigate the performance of an SLC-based formulation, delivered with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) as a precipitation inhibitor, in pigs. The ability of biorelevant dissolution testing to predict the in vivo performance was also assessed.
Key findings
Fenofibrate-loaded mesoporous silica (FF-SLC), together with HPMCAS, displayed significant improvements in biorelevant dissolution tests relative to a reference formulation consisting of a physical mixture of crystalline fenofibrate with HPMCAS. In vivo assessment in fasted pigs demonstrated bioavailabilities of 86.69 ± 35.37% with combination of FF-SLC and HPMCAS in capsule form and 75.47 ± 14.58% as a suspension, compared to 19.92 ± 9.89% with the reference formulation. A positive correlation was identified between bioavailability and dissolution efficiency.
Conclusions
The substantial improvements in bioavailability of fenofibrate from the SLC-based formulations confirm the ability of this formulation strategy to overcome the dissolution and solubility limitations, further raising the prospects of a future commercially available SLC-based formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P O'Shea
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kalpa Nagarsekar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alena Wieber
- Actives & Formulation Research and Development, MilliporeSigma, a Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Vanessa Witt
- Actives & Formulation Research and Development, MilliporeSigma, a Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Herbert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Dieter Lubda
- Actives & Formulation Research and Development, MilliporeSigma, a Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Brendan T Griffin
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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21
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Saal C. Selection of solid state forms for new chemical entities: challenges, opportunities and lessons. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273316098259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Saal
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - René Holm
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
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Dressman JB, Herbert E, Wieber A, Birk G, Saal C, Lubda D. Mesoporous silica-based dosage forms improve release characteristics of poorly soluble drugs: case example fenofibrate. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 68:634-45. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Mesoporous silica-based dosage forms offer the potential for improving the absorption of poorly soluble drugs after oral administration. In this investigation, fenofibrate was used as a model drug to study the ability of monomodal (‘PSP A’) and bimodal (‘PSP B’) porous silica to improve release by a ‘spring’ effect in in vitro biorelevant dissolution tests. Also investigated was the addition of various polymers to provide a ‘parachute’ effect, that is, to keep the drug in solution after its release.
Key Findings
Loading fenofibrate onto PSP A or PSP B porous silica substantially improved the dissolution profile of fenofibrate under fasted state conditions compared with both pure drug and the marketed product, TriCor® 145 mg. Adding a polymer such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, polyvinylpyrrolidone or copovidon (HPMCAS, PVP or PVPVA) sustains the higher release of fenofibrate from the PSP A silica, resulting in a combination ‘spring and parachute’ effect – loading the drug onto the silica causes a ‘spring’ effect while the polymer enhances the spring effect (HPMCAS, PVP) and adds a sustaining ‘parachute’. Interestingly, a silica to polymer ratio of 4:1 w/w appears to have an optimal effect for fenofibrate (HPMCAS, PVP). Dissolution results under conditions simulating the fasted state in the small intestine with the PSP A or the PSP B silica with HPMCAS added in a 4:1 w/w ratio show very substantial improvement over the marketed, nanosized product (TriCor® 145 mg).
Conclusions
Further experiments to determine whether the highly positive effects on fenofibrate release observed with the silica prototypes investigated to date can be translated to further poorly soluble drugs and to what extent they translate into improved in-vivo performance are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Herbert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alena Wieber
- Formulation Research and Development, Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gudrun Birk
- Formulation Research and Development, Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Dieter Lubda
- Formulation Research and Development, Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Saal
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
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25
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Hoppe E, Hewitt NJ, Buchstaller HP, Eggenweiler HM, Sirrenberg C, Zimmermann A, März J, Schwartz H, Saal C, Meyring M, Hecht S. A Novel Strategy for ADME Screening of Prodrugs: Combined Use of Serum and Hepatocytes to Integrate Bioactivation and Clearance, and Predict Exposure to Both Active and Prodrug to the Systemic Circulation. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1504-14. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Paulekuhn GS, Dressman JB, Saal C. Salt screening and characterization for poorly soluble, weak basic compounds: case study albendazole. Pharmazie 2013; 68:555-564. [PMID: 23923637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In preclinical development, salt forms are often screened to assess their ability to improve drug candidate properties. In this study albendazole was used as a model for poorly soluble, weak basic compounds typical of current drug discovery programs. Four salts, the hydrochloride, mesylate, sulfate und tosylate, were prepared and characterized with respect to their physicochemical properties. Identity was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, ion chromatography and vibrational spectroscopy. The solid state forms of the albendazole salts were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), laser diffraction measurement of particle size distribution (PSD), B.E.T. measurement of the specific surface area and 13C solid state NMR spectroscopy. Thermal behaviour and hygroscopicity were assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic vapour sorption (DVS), Karl Fischer titration (KFT) and by variable temperature XRPD. Additionally, solubility and dissolution experiments were carried out in water and buffers. The different salt forms show pronounced differences in their physicochemical behaviour, especially with respect to hygroscopicity (sulfate > hydrochloride > tosylate > mesylate) and dissolution (rank order is pH dependent, all better than the free base). A salt form with highly improved physicochemical properties, the mesylate, was identified. The results demonstrate that extensive physicochemical characterization is needed to select the salt form most appropriate for further pharmaceutical development.
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Abstract
Over half of the active pharmaceutical ingredients currently approved within the US are pharmaceutical salts. Selection of suitable pharmaceutical salts is carried out during late research or early development phase. Therefore several properties of different pharmaceutical salts of a new chemical entity are assessed during salt screening and salt selection. This typically includes physico-chemical behavior, dissolution rate and pharmacokinetics of a pharmaceutical salt. Beyond these properties also toxicological aspects have to be taken into account. As a starting point for a toxicological assessment we present an overview of the usage of pharmaceutical salts as described in the FDA's Orange Book including maximum daily doses for the most important administration routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Saal
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
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28
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Kanaujia P, Lau G, Ng WK, Widjaja E, Schreyer M, Hanefeld A, Fischbach M, Saal C, Maio M, Tan RB. Investigating the effect of moisture protection on solid-state stability and dissolution of fenofibrate and ketoconazole solid dispersions using PXRD, HSDSC and Raman microscopy. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:1026-35. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.558091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Saal C, Mohanta S, Nag K, Dutta SK, Werner R, Haase W, Duin E, Johnson MK. Magnetic investigations on a valence-delocalized dinuclear Fe(II)-Fe(III) complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19961001228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hoelke B, Gieringer S, Arlt M, Saal C. Comparison of Nephelometric, UV-Spectroscopic, and HPLC Methods for High-Throughput Determination of Aqueous Drug Solubility in Microtiter Plates. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3165-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9000089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hoelke
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany, and EMD Serono Research Institute, One Technology Place, Rockland, Massachusetts 02370
| | - Sabine Gieringer
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany, and EMD Serono Research Institute, One Technology Place, Rockland, Massachusetts 02370
| | - Michael Arlt
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany, and EMD Serono Research Institute, One Technology Place, Rockland, Massachusetts 02370
| | - Christoph Saal
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany, and EMD Serono Research Institute, One Technology Place, Rockland, Massachusetts 02370
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Paulekuhn GS, Dressman JB, Saal C. Trends in active pharmaceutical ingredient salt selection based on analysis of the Orange Book database. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6665-72. [PMID: 18052022 DOI: 10.1021/jm701032y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Orange Book database published by the U.S. Drug and Food Administration (FDA) was analyzed for the frequency of occurrence of different counterions used for the formation of pharmaceutical salts. The data obtained from the present analysis of the Orange Book are compared to reviews of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and of the Martindale "The Extra Pharmacopoeia". As well as showing overall distributions of counterion usage, results are broken down into 5-year increments to identify trends in counterion selection. Chloride ions continue to be the most frequently utilized anionic counterions for the formation of salts as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), while sodium ions are most widely utilized for the formation of salts starting from acidic molecules. A strong trend toward a wider variety of counterions over the past decade is observed. This trend can be explained by a stronger need to improve physical chemical properties of research and development compounds.
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