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Romero-Calle DX, de Santana VP, Benevides RG, Aliaga MTA, Billington C, Góes-Neto A. Systematic review and meta-analysis: the efficiency of bacteriophages previously patented against pathogenic bacteria on food. Syst Rev 2023; 12:201. [PMID: 37898821 PMCID: PMC10612260 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-borne diseases are a global public health issue with 1 in 10 people falling ill after eating contaminated food every year. In response, the food industry has implemented several new pathogen control strategies, such as biotechnological tools using the direct application of bacteriophages for biological control. We have undertaken a systematic review and meta-analysis that evaluated the efficiency of patented phages as a biological control for food-borne pathogens and determined the physical-chemical characteristics of the antimicrobial effect. Included and excluded criteria was developed. Included criteria: Phage patent files with an application in biological control on food and scientific articles and book chapters that used phages patented for food biological control. Excluded criteria: Patent documents, scientific articles, and book chapters that included phage therapy in humans, animals, and biological control on plants but did not have an application on food were not considered in our study. The systematic analysis identified 77 documents, 46 scientific articles, and 31 documents of patents and 23 articles was included in the meta-analysis. Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella sp. comprised most of the targets identified in the screening, so that we focused on these strains to do the meta-analysis. There are a total of 383 and 192 experiments for Listeria and Salmonella phages for quantitative data analysis.Indexing databases for the bibliographic search (Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) and PubMed (Medline) were addressed by an automated script written in Python 3 Python Core Team (2015) and deposited on GitHub ( https://github.com/glenjasper ).A random-effects meta-analysis revealed (i) significant antimicrobial effect of Listeria phages in apple, apple juice, pear, and pear juice, (ii) significant antimicrobial effect of Salmonella phages in eggs, apple, and ready-to-eat chicken, (iii) no heterogeneity was identified in either meta-analysis, (iv) publication bias was detected for Listeria phages but not for Salmonella phages. (v) ListShield and Felix01 phages showed the best result for Listeria and Salmonella biological control, respectively, (vi) concentration of phage and bacteria, time and food had significant effect in the biological control of Listeria, (vii) temperature and time had a significant effect on the antimicrobial activity of Salmonella phages. The systematic review and meta-analyses to determine the efficiency of bacteriophages previously patented against pathogenic bacteria on dairy products, meat, fruits and vegetables. Besides, the discovering of key factors for efficacy, so that future applications of phage biotechnology in foods can be optimally deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danitza Xiomara Romero-Calle
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Av. Transnordestina S/N, Feira de Santana, BA, 44036-900, Brazil.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Feira de Santana State University (UEFS), Feira de Santana, BA, 44036-900, Brazil.
- Biotechnology Area, Institute of Pharmaco-Biochemical Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences, Higher San Andres University, P.O. Box 3239, La Paz, Bolivia.
| | - Vinicius Pereira de Santana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Feira de Santana State University (UEFS), Feira de Santana, BA, 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Raquel Guimarães Benevides
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Av. Transnordestina S/N, Feira de Santana, BA, 44036-900, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Feira de Santana State University (UEFS), Feira de Santana, BA, 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Alvarez Aliaga
- Biotechnology Area, Institute of Pharmaco-Biochemical Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Biochemical Sciences, Higher San Andres University, P.O. Box 3239, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Craig Billington
- Health & Environment Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences and Research, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch, 8540, New Zealand
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Av. Transnordestina S/N, Feira de Santana, BA, 44036-900, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Feira de Santana State University (UEFS), Feira de Santana, BA, 44036-900, Brazil
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Liu H, Ji X, Wang H, Hou X, Sun H, Billington C, Zhang L, Wang X, Wang R. Genomic epidemiology and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw milk in Jiangsu, China: emerging broader host tropism strain clones ST59 and ST398. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1266715. [PMID: 37808296 PMCID: PMC10556526 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1266715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is highly pathogenic and can cause disease in both humans and domestic animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the genomic epidemiology of S. aureus isolates from raw milk in Jiangsu Province, China, to identify predominant lineages and their associated genomic and phenotypic characteristics. In this study, we identified 117 S. aureus isolates collected from 1,062 samples in Jiangsu Province between 2021 and 2022. Based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data from 117 S. aureus isolates, molecular analyses indicated CC1-ST1 (26.50%, 31/117), CC97-ST97 (18.80%, 22/117), CC398-ST398 (10.26%, 12/117), CC8-ST630 (7.69%, 9/117) and CC59-ST59 (2.56%, 3/117) were the major lineages. The prevalence of mecA-positive strains was 11.11%. Four methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) lineages were found, including MRSA-ST59-t172 (n = 3), OS-MRSA-ST398-t011 (n = 1), MRSA-ST630-t2196 (n = 2) and OS-MRSA-ST630-t2196 (n = 7). Phenotypic resistance to penicillin (30.77%, 36/117), ciprofloxacin (17.09%, 20/117) and erythromycin (15.38%, 18/117) was observed which corresponded with resistance genotypes. All of the isolates could produce biofilms, and 38.46% (45/117) of isolates had invasion rates in mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) of greater than 1%. Interestingly, most biofilm-producing and invading isolates harbored ebp-icaA-icaB-icaC-icaR-clfA-clfB-fnbA-fnbB-sdrC-sdrD-sdrE-map-can (27.35%, 32/117) and ebp-icaA-icaB-icaC-icaD-icaR-clfA-clfB-fnbA-fnbB-sdrC-sdrD-sdrE-map (33.33%, 39/117) adherence-associated gene patterns and belonged to lineages CC1 and CC97, respectively. Virulence factor assays showed that 47.01% of the isolates contained at least enterotoxin genes. Isolates harboring the immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes (sea, sak, chp, and scn) were predominantly categorized as STs 464, 398, and 59. IEC-positive ST398 and ST59 isolates contained a very high proportion of virulence genes located on prophages, whereas most IEC-negative ST398 clade isolates carried broad-spectrum drug resistance genes. Meanwhile, the IEC-positive ST398 clade showed a close genetic relationship with isolates from the pork supply chain and hospital surgical site infections. MRSA-ST59 strains showed the closest genetic relationship with an isolate from quick-frozen products. High-risk livestock-associated strains ST398 and MRSA-ST59 were detected in raw milk, indicating a potential public health risk of S. aureus transmission between livestock and humans. Our study highlights the necessity for S. aureus surveillance in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Heye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Haichang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Craig Billington
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoye Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Romero-Calle DX, Pedrosa-Silva F, Ribeiro Tomé LM, Fonseca V, Guimarães Benevides R, de Oliveira Santos LTS, de Oliveira T, da Costa MM, Alcantara LCJ, de Carvalho Azevedo VA, Brenig B, Venancio TM, Billington C, Góes-Neto A. Molecular Characterization of Salmonella Phage Wara Isolated from River Water in Brazil. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1837. [PMID: 37513009 PMCID: PMC10384808 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is increasing despite new treatments being employed, so novel strategies are required to ensure that bacterial infections remain treatable. Bacteriophages (phages; bacteria viruses) have the potential to be used as natural antimicrobial methods to control bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella spp. A Salmonella phage, Wara, was isolated from environmental water samples at the Subaé River Basin, Salvador de Bahia, Brazil. The basin has environmental impacts in its main watercourses arising from the dumping of domestic and industrial effluents and agricultural and anthropological activities. The phage genome sequence was determined by Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) MinION and Illumina HiSeq sequencing, and assembly was carried out by Racon (MinION) and Unicycler (Illumina, Illumina + MinION). The genome was annotated and compared to other Salmonella phages using various bioinformatics approaches. MinION DNA sequencing combined with Racon assembly gave the best complete genome sequence. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Wara is a member of the Tequintavirus genus. A lack of lysogeny genes, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence genes indicated that Wara has therapeutic and biocontrol potential against Salmonella species in healthcare and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danitza Xiomara Romero-Calle
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Av. Transnordestina S/N, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil
- Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Feira de Santana State University (UEFS), Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Francisnei Pedrosa-Silva
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Function of Proteins and Peptides, Center for Biosciences and Biotechnology, Darcy Ribeiro North Fluminense State University (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Luiz Marcelo Ribeiro Tomé
- Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vagner Fonseca
- General Coordination of Public Health Laboratories/Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Brasília 70800-400, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Raquel Guimarães Benevides
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Av. Transnordestina S/N, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Feira de Santana State University (UEFS), Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil
| | | | - Tulio de Oliveira
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mateus Matiuzzi da Costa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of the São Francisco Valley, Petrolina 56304-917, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
- Flavivirus Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Bertram Brenig
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thiago M Venancio
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Function of Proteins and Peptides, Center for Biosciences and Biotechnology, Darcy Ribeiro North Fluminense State University (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Craig Billington
- Health & Environment Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences and Research, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Av. Transnordestina S/N, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil
- Molecular and Computational Biology of Fungi Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Feira de Santana State University (UEFS), Feira de Santana 44036-900, Brazil
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Ariyadasa S, Taylor W, Weaver L, McGill E, Billington C, Pattis I. Nonbacterial Microflora in Wastewater Treatment Plants: an Underappreciated Potential Source of Pathogens. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0048123. [PMID: 37222623 PMCID: PMC10269893 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00481-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) receive and treat large volumes of domestic, industrial, and urban wastewater containing pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms, chemical compounds, heavy metals, and other potentially hazardous substances. WWTPs play an essential role in preserving human, animal, and environmental health by removing many of these toxic and infectious agents, particularly biological hazards. Wastewater contains complex consortiums of bacterial, viral, archaeal, and eukaryotic species, and while bacteria in WWTP have been extensively studied, the temporal and spatial distribution of nonbacterial microflora (viruses, archaea, and eukaryotes) is less understood. In this study, we analyzed the viral, archaeal, and eukaryotic microflora in wastewater throughout a treatment plant (raw influent, effluent, oxidation pond water, and oxidation pond sediment) in Aotearoa (New Zealand) using Illumina shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Our results suggest a similar trend across many taxa, with an increase in relative abundance in oxidation pond samples compared to influent and effluent samples, except for archaea, which had the opposite trend. Additionally, some microbial families, such as Podoviridae bacteriophages and Apicomplexa alveolates, appeared largely unaffected by the treatment process, with their relative abundance remaining stable throughout. Several groups encompassing pathogenic species, such as Leishmania, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Apicomplexa, Cryptococcus, Botrytis, and Ustilago, were identified. If present, these potentially pathogenic species could be a threat to human and animal health and agricultural productivity; therefore, further investigation is warranted. These nonbacterial pathogens should be considered when assessing the potential for vector transmission, distribution of biosolids to land, and discharge of treated wastewater to waterways or land. IMPORTANCE Nonbacterial microflora in wastewater remain understudied compared to their bacterial counterparts despite their importance in the wastewater treatment process. In this study, we report the temporal and spatial distributions of DNA viruses, archaea, protozoa, and fungi in raw wastewater influent, effluent, oxidation pond water, and oxidation pond sediments by using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Our study indicated the presence of groups of nonbacterial taxa which encompass pathogenic species that may have potential to cause disease in humans, animals, and agricultural crops. We also observed higher alpha diversity in viruses, archaea, and fungi in effluent samples than in influent samples. This suggests that the resident microflora in the wastewater treatment plant may be making a greater contribution to the diversity of taxa observed in wastewater effluent than previously thought. This study provides important insights to better understand the potential human, animal, and environmental health impacts of discharged treated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujani Ariyadasa
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - William Taylor
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Louise Weaver
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Erin McGill
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Craig Billington
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Isabelle Pattis
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Abeysekera GS, Love MJ, Manners SH, Billington C, Dobson RCJ. Bacteriophage-encoded lethal membrane disruptors: Advances in understanding and potential applications. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1044143. [PMID: 36345304 PMCID: PMC9636201 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1044143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Holins and spanins are bacteriophage-encoded membrane proteins that control bacterial cell lysis in the final stage of the bacteriophage reproductive cycle. Due to their efficient mechanisms for lethal membrane disruption, these proteins are gaining interest in many fields, including the medical, food, biotechnological, and pharmaceutical fields. However, investigating these lethal proteins is challenging due to their toxicity in bacterial expression systems and the resultant low protein yields have hindered their analysis compared to other cell lytic proteins. Therefore, the structural and dynamic properties of holins and spanins in their native environment are not well-understood. In this article we describe recent advances in the classification, purification, and analysis of holin and spanin proteins, which are beginning to overcome the technical barriers to understanding these lethal membrane disrupting proteins, and through this, unlock many potential biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayan S. Abeysekera
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Michael J. Love
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Health and Environment Group, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sarah H. Manners
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Craig Billington
- Health and Environment Group, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Renwick C. J. Dobson
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Pang L, Heiligenthal L, Premaratne A, Hanning KR, Abraham P, Sutton R, Hadfield J, Billington C. Degradation and adsorption of synthetic DNA water tracers in environmental matrices. Sci Total Environ 2022; 844:157146. [PMID: 35798098 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic DNA tracers are gaining interest as tools for tracking contamination pathways and hydraulic connections in surface water and groundwater systems. However, few quantitative data exist that describe DNA tracer degradation and adsorption in environmental matrices. We undertook laboratory experiments to quantify the degradation of multiple double-stranded DNA tracers in stream water, groundwater, and domestic and dairy-shed effluent, and adsorption to stream sediments, soils, coastal sand aquifer media and alluvial sandy gravel aquifer media. Faster DNA tracer degradation seemed to be associated with high bacterial concentrations in the liquid phase. Overall, the degradation of the 352 base pair (bp) DNA tracers in the aqueous phase was significantly (P = 0.018) slower than that of the 302 bp DNA tracers. Although the tracers' internal amplicon lengths were similar, the longer non-amplified flanking regions of the 352 bp tracers may better protect them from environmental degradation. Thermodynamic analysis suggests that longer flanking regions contribute to greater tracer stability. This finding may explain our previous field observations that 352 bp tracer mass reductions were often lower than 302 bp tracer mass reductions. The 2 sets of DNA tracers did not differ significantly regarding their adsorption to stream sediment-stream water or aquifer media-groundwater mixtures (P > 0.067), but the 352 bp tracers showed significantly less adsorption to soil-effluent mixtures than the 302 bp tracers (P = 0.005). The DNA tracers' adsorption to soil-effluent mixtures was comparatively less than their adsorption to the aquifer media-groundwater and stream sediment-stream water mixtures, suggesting that DNA tracers may compete with like-charged organic matter for adsorption sites. These findings provide insights into the fate of DNA tracers in the environment. The DNA tracers' degradation rate constants determined in this study for a range of environmental conditions could assist the design of future field investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Pang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand.
| | - Laura Heiligenthal
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Aruni Premaratne
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Kyrin R Hanning
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Phillip Abraham
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Richard Sutton
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - John Hadfield
- Waikato Regional Council, Private Bag 3038, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Craig Billington
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
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Ariyadasa S, Daear W, Abeysekera G, Billington C, Fee C, Prenner E, Pang L. Evaluation of Biopolymer Materials and Synthesis Techniques to Develop a Rod-Shaped Biopolymer Surrogate for Legionella pneumophila. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132571. [PMID: 35808617 PMCID: PMC9269393 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymer microparticles have been developed for applications that require biocompatibility and biodegradability, such as drug delivery. In this study, we assessed the production of microparticles using carnauba wax, κ-carrageenan, alginate, and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) with the aim of developing a novel, DNA-tracer-loaded, biopolymer surrogate with a size, shape, surface charge, and relative hydrophobicity similar to stationary-phase Legionella pneumophila to mimic the bacteria’s mobility and persistence in engineered water systems. We found that the type and concentration of biopolymer, reaction conditions, and synthesis methods affected the morphology, surface charge, relative hydrophobicity, and DNA tracer loading efficiency of the biopolymer microparticles produced. Carnauba wax, κ-carrageenan, and alginate (Protanal®, and low and medium viscosity) produced highly polydisperse microspheres. In contrast, PLGA and alginate-CaCO3 produced uniform microspheres and rod-shaped microparticles, respectively, with high DNA tracer loading efficiencies (PLGA 70% and alginate-CaCO3 95.2 ± 5.7%) and high reproducibilities. Their synthesis reproducibility was relatively high. The relative hydrophobicity of PLGA microspheres closely matched the cell surface hydrophobicity of L. pneumophila but not the bacterial morphology, whereas the polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer assembly was required to enhance the relative hydrophobicity of alginate-CaCO3 microparticles. Following this surface modification, alginate-CaCO3 microparticles represented the best match to L. pneumophila in size, morphology, surface charge, and relative hydrophobicity. This new biopolymer surrogate has the potential to be used as a mimic to study the mobility and persistence of L. pneumophila in water systems where the use of the pathogen is impractical and unsafe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujani Ariyadasa
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, P.O. Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand; (G.A.); (C.B.); (L.P.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-3351-6019
| | - Weiam Daear
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (W.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Gayan Abeysekera
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, P.O. Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand; (G.A.); (C.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Craig Billington
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, P.O. Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand; (G.A.); (C.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Conan Fee
- School of Product Design, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand;
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Elmar Prenner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (W.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Liping Pang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, P.O. Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand; (G.A.); (C.B.); (L.P.)
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Billington C, Kingsbury JM, Rivas L. Metagenomics Approaches for Improving Food Safety: A Review. J Food Prot 2022; 85:448-464. [PMID: 34706052 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Advancements in next-generation sequencing technology have dramatically reduced the cost and increased the ease of microbial whole genome sequencing. This approach is revolutionizing the identification and analysis of foodborne microbial pathogens, facilitating expedited detection and mitigation of foodborne outbreaks, improving public health outcomes, and limiting costly recalls. However, next-generation sequencing is still anchored in the traditional laboratory practice of the selection and culture of a single isolate. Metagenomic-based approaches, including metabarcoding and shotgun and long-read metagenomics, are part of the next disruptive revolution in food safety diagnostics and offer the potential to directly identify entire microbial communities in a single food, ingredient, or environmental sample. In this review, metagenomic-based approaches are introduced and placed within the context of conventional detection and diagnostic techniques, and essential considerations for undertaking metagenomic assays and data analysis are described. Recent applications of the use of metagenomics for food safety are discussed alongside current limitations and knowledge gaps and new opportunities arising from the use of this technology. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Billington
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Joanne M Kingsbury
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Lucia Rivas
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Ilam, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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Chinivasagam HN, Estella W, Rodrigues H, Mayer DG, Tran T, Onysk A, Weyand C, Diallo I, Billington C. Re-used or New Bedding Are Not Drivers of Salmonella Levels and Serovar Emergence in Commercially Farmed Broilers in Australia. Front Sustain Food Syst 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.816181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To inform Salmonella on-farm management during broiler rearing, a 2-year study on two farms compared the Australian practices of new bedding use, partial litter re-use and an alternative, full litter re-use. Six sequential commercial cycles of ~50 days each were tested on each farm, on ~day 7 from placement (litter only), prior to first thin-out, and prior to final removal (litter and ceca). A random number sample collection occurred, defined by shed supports (33, 39), different drinkers, feeders, and shed center. Across the six cycles on both farms, Salmonella levels in ceca just prior to thin-out on full re-use litter were higher (log 3.11 MPN/g, P = 0.008) than for new bedding (log 2.04 MPN/g) and partial re-use (log 2.43 MPN/g) litter (the latter two were not significantly different). Prior to final removal across all practices the Salmonella levels in ceca from new bedding (log 1.72 MPN/g), partial re-use litter (log 1.77 MPN/g), and full re-use litter (log 2.33 MPN/g) were not statistically different, suggesting no effect of litter practice. The Salmonella levels in litter prior to the first (log 1.96–2.31 MPN/g) and second (log 2.24–2.48 MPN/g) removals were also not statistically different. The emergence of Salmonella serovars in the partitioned chicken-free grow-out end (back) of all sheds at ~day 7 did not suggest carry-over. Both the pattern of emergence of Salmonella serovars and Salmonella levels in litter ~day 7 in the brooder-end with chickens (front), suggested the Salmonella present were due to flock contribution and not practice driven. The dominant Salmonella serovar across cycles on both farms was S. Sofia (75 and 77% isolates) followed by S. Typhimurium (11 and 17%). Irrespective of initial serovars, Salmonella Sofia rapidly gained dominance and displaced 14 other serovars including S. Typhimurium on both farms. This study demonstrates that the litter practices are not the major driver of Salmonella prevalence in broiler farming, supporting the commercial re-use of bedding as a sustainable farming practice in Australia. The major contributor of Salmonella load in production is the Salmonella status of the incoming flock, indicating this is the key area to focus future control measures.
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10
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Ariyadasa S, Abeysekera G, Billington C, Fee C, Pang L. Growth phase-dependent surface properties of Legionella pneumophila and their role in adhesion to stainless steel coated QCM-D sensors. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:257-267. [PMID: 34028067 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila cell surface hydrophobicity and charge are important determinants of their mobility and persistence in engineered water systems (EWS). These surface properties may differ depending on the growth phase of L. pneumophila resulting in variable adhesion and persistence within EWS. We describe the growth-dependent variations in L. pneumophila cell surface hydrophobicity and surface charge using the microbial adhesion to hydrocarbon assay and microelectrophoresis, respectively, and their role in cell adhesion to stainless steel using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring instrument. We observed a steady increase in L. pneumophila hydrophobicity during their lifecycle in culture media. Cell surfaces of stationary phase L. pneumophila were significantly more hydrophobic than their lag and midexponential counterparts. No significant changes in L. pneumophila cell surface charge were noted. Morphology of L. pneumophila remained relatively constant throughout their lifecycle. In the QCM-D study, lag and exponential phase L. pneumophila weakly adhered to stainless steel surfaces resulting in viscoelastic layers. In contrast, stationary phase bacteria were tightly and irreversibly bound to the surfaces, forming rigid layers. Our results suggest that the stationary phase of L. pneumophila would highly favour their adhesion to plumbing surfaces and persistence in EWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ariyadasa
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - G Abeysekera
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - C Billington
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - C Fee
- School of Product Design and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - L Pang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
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11
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On SLW, Zhang Y, Gehring A, Patsekin V, Chelikani V, Flint S, Wang H, Billington C, Fletcher GC, Lindsay J, Robinson JP. Elastic Light Scatter Pattern Analysis for the Expedited Detection of Yersinia Species in Pork Mince: Proof of Concept. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:641801. [PMID: 33679677 PMCID: PMC7928378 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.641801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation of the pathogens Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis from foods typically rely on slow (10–21 day) “cold enrichment” protocols before confirmed results are obtained. We describe an approach that yields results in 39 h that combines an alternative enrichment method with culture on a non-selective medium, and subsequent identification of suspect colonies using elastic light scatter (ELS) analysis. A prototype database of ELS profiles from five Yersinia species and six other bacterial genera found in pork mince was established, and used to compare similar profiles of colonies obtained from enrichment cultures from pork mince samples seeded with representative strains of Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis. The presumptive identification by ELS using computerised or visual analyses of 83/90 colonies in these experiments as the target species was confirmed by partial 16S rDNA sequencing. In addition to seeded cultures, our method recovered two naturally occurring Yersinia strains. Our results indicate that modified enrichment combined with ELS is a promising new approach for expedited detection of foodborne pathogenic yersiniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L W On
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Gehring
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA, United States
| | - Valery Patsekin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Venkata Chelikani
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Steve Flint
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Haoran Wang
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Craig Billington
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Graham C Fletcher
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James Lindsay
- Agricultural Research Service, Office of National Programs, USDA, Washington, DC, United States
| | - J Paul Robinson
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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12
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Premaratne A, Zhang H, Wang R, Chinivasagam N, Billington C. Phage Biotechnology to Mitigate Antimicrobial Resistance in Agriculture. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58259-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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13
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Pang L, Abeysekera G, Hanning K, Premaratne A, Robson B, Abraham P, Sutton R, Hanson C, Hadfield J, Heiligenthal L, Stone D, McBeth K, Billington C. Water tracking in surface water, groundwater and soils using free and alginate-chitosan encapsulated synthetic DNA tracers. Water Res 2020; 184:116192. [PMID: 32731038 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Investigating contamination pathways and hydraulic connections in complex hydrological systems will benefit greatly from multi-tracer approaches. The use of non-toxic synthetic DNA tracers is promising, because unlimited numbers of tracers, each with a unique DNA identifier, could be used concurrently and detected at extremely low concentrations. This study aimed to develop multiple synthetic DNA tracers as free molecules and encapsulated within microparticles of biocompatible and biodegradable alginate and chitosan, and to validate their field utility in different systems. Experiments encompassing a wide range of conditions and flow rates (19 cm/day-39 km/day) were conducted in a stream, an alluvial gravel aquifer, a fine coastal sand aquifer, and in lysimeters containing undisturbed silt loam over gravels. The DNA tracers were identifiable in all field conditions investigated, and they were directly detectable in the stream at a distance of at least 1 km. The DNA tracers showed promise at tracking fast-flowing water in the stream, gravel aquifer and permeable soils, but were unsatisfactory at tracking slow-moving groundwater in the fine sand aquifer. In the surface water experiments, the microencapsulated DNA tracers' concentrations and mass recoveries were 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than those of the free DNA tracers, because encapsulation protected them from environmental stressors and they were more negatively charged. The opposite was observed in the gravel aquifer, probably due to microparticle filtration by the aquifer media. Although these new DNA tracers showed promise in proof-of-concept field validations, further work is needed before they can be used for large-scale investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Pang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand.
| | - Gayan Abeysekera
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Kyrin Hanning
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Aruni Premaratne
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Beth Robson
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Phillip Abraham
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Richard Sutton
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Carl Hanson
- Environment Canterbury, PO Box 345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - John Hadfield
- Waikato Regional Council, Private Bag 3038, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Laura Heiligenthal
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Dana Stone
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Kurt McBeth
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
| | - Craig Billington
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, PO Box 29181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
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14
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Love MJ, Abeysekera GS, Muscroft-Taylor AC, Billington C, Dobson RC. On the catalytic mechanism of bacteriophage endolysins: Opportunities for engineering. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 2020; 1868:140302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.140302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Romero-Calle D, Guimarães Benevides R, Góes-Neto A, Billington C. Bacteriophages as Alternatives to Antibiotics in Clinical Care. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8030138. [PMID: 31487893 PMCID: PMC6784059 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8030138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is increasing despite new treatments being employed. With a decrease in the discovery rate of novel antibiotics, this threatens to take humankind back to a “pre-antibiotic era” of clinical care. Bacteriophages (phages) are one of the most promising alternatives to antibiotics for clinical use. Although more than a century of mostly ad-hoc phage therapy has involved substantial clinical experimentation, a lack of both regulatory guidance standards and effective execution of clinical trials has meant that therapy for infectious bacterial diseases has yet to be widely adopted. However, several recent case studies and clinical trials show promise in addressing these concerns. With the antibiotic resistance crisis and urgent search for alternative clinical treatments for bacterial infections, phage therapy may soon fulfill its long-held promise. This review reports on the applications of phage therapy for various infectious diseases, phage pharmacology, immunological responses to phages, legal concerns, and the potential benefits and disadvantages of this novel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danitza Romero-Calle
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Av. Transnordestina S/N, Feira de Santana-BA 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Raquel Guimarães Benevides
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Av. Transnordestina S/N, Feira de Santana-BA 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Av. Transnordestina S/N, Feira de Santana-BA 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Craig Billington
- Health & Environment Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences and Research, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand.
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16
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Love MJ, Bhandari D, Dobson RCJ, Billington C. Potential for Bacteriophage Endolysins to Supplement or Replace Antibiotics in Food Production and Clinical Care. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:E17. [PMID: 29495476 PMCID: PMC5872128 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing concern about the emergence of bacterial strains showing resistance to all classes of antibiotics commonly used in human medicine. Despite the broad range of available antibiotics, bacterial resistance has been identified for every antimicrobial drug developed to date. Alarmingly, there is also an increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, rendering some patients effectively untreatable. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop alternatives to conventional antibiotics for use in the treatment of both humans and food-producing animals. Bacteriophage-encoded lytic enzymes (endolysins), which degrade the cell wall of the bacterial host to release progeny virions, are potential alternatives to antibiotics. Preliminary studies show that endolysins can disrupt the cell wall when applied exogenously, though this has so far proven more effective in Gram-positive bacteria compared with Gram-negative bacteria. Their potential for development is furthered by the prospect of bioengineering, and aided by the modular domain structure of many endolysins, which separates the binding and catalytic activities into distinct subunits. These subunits can be rearranged to create novel, chimeric enzymes with optimized functionality. Furthermore, there is evidence that the development of resistance to these enzymes may be more difficult compared with conventional antibiotics due to their targeting of highly conserved bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Love
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Dinesh Bhandari
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Renwick C J Dobson
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia.
| | - Craig Billington
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
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17
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Pattis I, Moriarty E, Billington C, Gilpin B, Hodson R, Ward N. Concentrations of Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Enterococci, and Yersinia spp. in the Feces of Farmed Red Deer in New Zealand. J Environ Qual 2017; 46:819-827. [PMID: 28783788 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.01.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Intensive deer farming can cause environmental issues, mainly by its impact on soils and water quality. In particular, there is a risk to the microbial quality of water, as high quantities of suspended sediment and fecal bacteria can enter into water systems. The feces of farmed red deer (, = 206) from Canterbury and Southland, New Zealand, were analyzed with regard to the presence of spp., , enterococci, and spp.. Enterococci and were isolated from all samples, with mean concentrations of 4.5 × 10 (95% CI 3.5 × 10, 5.6 10) and 1.3 × 10 (95% CI 1.1 × 10, 1.5 × 10) per gram of dry feces, respectively. spp. were isolated from 27 fecal samples, giving an overall prevalence of 13.1%. isolation rates were variable within and between regions (Canterbury 7.95% [95% CI 2-14%], Southland 16.95% [95% CI 10-24%]). Five out of 42 composite samples were positive for , and one sample for The overall prevalence ranges on a per-animal basis were therefore 2.43 to 11.17% and 0.49 to 2.91%, respectively. This study is the first to quantify the concentration of spp. present in healthy deer farmed in New Zealand. Deer feces are a potential source of human campylobacteriosis, with all genotypes isolated also previously observed among human cases. The fecal outputs from deer should be regarded as potentially pathogenic to humans and therefore be appropriately managed.
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18
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Gutiérrez D, Rodríguez-Rubio L, García P, Billington C, Premarante A, Rodríguez A, Martínez B. Phage sensitivity and prophage carriage in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from foods in Spain and New Zealand. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 230:16-20. [PMID: 27111797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are a promising tool for the biocontrol of pathogenic bacteria, including those contaminating food products and causing infectious diseases. However, the success of phage preparations is limited by the host ranges of their constituent phages. The phage resistance/sensitivity profile of eighty seven Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in Spain and New Zealand from dairy, meat and seafood sources was determined for six phages (Φ11, K, ΦH5, ΦA72, CAPSa1 and CAPSa3). Most of the S. aureus strains were sensitive to phage K (Myoviridae) and CAPSa1 (Siphoviridae) regardless of their origin. There was a higher sensitivity of New Zealand S. aureus strains to phages isolated from both Spain (ΦH5 and ΦA72) and New Zealand (CAPSa1 and CAPSa3). Spanish phages had a higher infectivity on S. aureus strains of Spanish dairy origin, while Spanish strains isolated from other environments were more sensitive to New Zealand phages. Lysogeny was more prevalent in Spanish S. aureus compared to New Zealand strains. A multiplex PCR reaction, which detected ΦH5 and ΦA72 sequences, indicated a high prevalence of these prophages in Spanish S. aureus strains, but were infrequently detected in New Zealand strains. Overall, the correlation between phage resistance and lysogeny in S. aureus strains was found to be weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC). Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Lorena Rodríguez-Rubio
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC). Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Pilar García
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC). Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Craig Billington
- Food, Water and Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch Science Centre, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Aruni Premarante
- Food, Water and Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch Science Centre, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC). Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martínez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC). Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
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19
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Rodríguez-Rubio L, García P, Rodríguez A, Billington C, Hudson JA, Martínez B. Listeriaphages and coagulin C23 act synergistically to kill Listeria monocytogenes in milk under refrigeration conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 205:68-72. [PMID: 25897991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages and bacteriocins are promising biocontrol tools in food. In this work, two Listeria bacteriophages, FWLLm1 and FWLLm3, were assessed in combination with the bacteriocin coagulin C23 to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes. Preliminary results under laboratory conditions demonstrated that both antimicrobials act synergistically when they were applied in suboptimal concentrations. The combined approach was further assessed in milk contaminated with 5×10(4) CFU/ml L. monocytogenes 2000/47 and stored at 4 °C for 10 days. When used alone, phage FWLLm1 added at 5×10(6) PFU/ml, FWLLm3 at 5×10(5) PFU/ml and coagulin C23 at 584 AU/ml kept L. monocytogenes 2000/47 counts lower than the untreated control throughout storage. However, when used in combination, inhibition was enhanced and in the presence of FWLLm1 and coagulin C23, L. monocytogenes 2000/47 counts were under the detection limits (less than 10 CFU/ml) from day 4 until the end of the experiment. Resistant mutants towards phages and coagulin C23 could be obtained, but cross-resistance was not detected. Mutants resistant to FWLLm3 and coagulin C23 were also recovered from surviving colonies after cold storage in milk which may explain the failure of this combination to inhibit L. monocytogenes. Remarkably, the fraction of resistant mutants isolated from the combined treatment was lower than that from each antimicrobial alone, suggesting that synergy between bacteriocins and phages could be due to a lower rate of resistance development and the absence of cross-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Rodríguez-Rubio
- DairySafe Group, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Pilar García
- DairySafe Group, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- DairySafe Group, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Craig Billington
- Food, Water and Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch Science Centre, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - J Andrew Hudson
- Food, Water and Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Christchurch Science Centre, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Beatriz Martínez
- DairySafe Group, Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
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20
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Hudson JA, Billington C, Premaratne A, On SLW. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using ultraviolet light-treated bacteriophages. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2014; 22:3-9. [PMID: 25411154 DOI: 10.1177/1082013214560445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes serious foodborne infections warranting the development of effective control measures. One control option is to use bacteriophages (phages), which are regarded as safe to humans and an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical antimicrobials. One of the few remaining safety concerns is the potential for phages to facilitate genetic exchange between bacteria so resulting in undesirable mobilisation of genes. UV treatment of phages causes a rapid loss in their ability to replicate, while maintaining their antibacterial activity, and so the use of UV-treated phages could be an alternative to the use of viable phages. Data presented here show the inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 by UV-treated phages in milk and on the surface of raw and cooked meat. A minimum concentration of approximately 10(5) PFU cm(-2) (pre-UV treatment titre) of UV-treated phages was required before inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 on the surface of meat was measurable, and 1-2 log10 CFU cm(-2) reductions were typically obtained at concentrations of around 10(7) UV-treated phages cm(-2) (pre-UV treatment titre). Inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 by UV-treated phages was less than that for untreated phages. The production of UV-treated phages was not optimised and it is possible that better reductions in pathogen concentration could be achieved for the same input UV-treated phages concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hudson
- Environmental Science Programme, ESR, Christchurch Science Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - C Billington
- Environmental Science Programme, ESR, Christchurch Science Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - A Premaratne
- Environmental Science Programme, ESR, Christchurch Science Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - S L W On
- Environmental Science Programme, ESR, Christchurch Science Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
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21
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Abstract
Foodborne disease is an important source of expense, morbidity, and mortality for society. Detection and control constitute significant components of the overall management of foodborne bacterial pathogens, and this review focuses on the use of nanosized biological entities and molecules to achieve these goals. There is an emphasis on the use of organisms called bacteriophages (phages: viruses that infect bacteria), which are increasingly being used in pathogen detection and biocontrol applications. Detection of pathogens in foods by conventional techniques is time-consuming and expensive, although it can also be sensitive and accurate. Nanobiotechnology is being used to decrease detection times and cost through the development of biosensors, exploiting specific cell-recognition properties of antibodies and phage proteins. Although sensitivity per test can be excellent (eg, the detection of one cell), the very small volumes tested mean that sensitivity per sample is less compelling. An ideal detection method needs to be inexpensive, sensitive, and accurate, but no approach yet achieves all three. For nanobiotechnology to displace existing methods (culture-based, antibody-based rapid methods, or those that detect amplified nucleic acid) it will need to focus on improving sensitivity. Although manufactured nonbiological nanoparticles have been used to kill bacterial cells, nanosized organisms called phages are increasingly finding favor in food safety applications. Phages are amenable to protein and nucleic acid labeling, and can be very specific, and the typical large "burst size" resulting from phage amplification can be harnessed to produce a rapid increase in signal to facilitate detection. There are now several commercially available phages for pathogen control, and many reports in the literature demonstrate efficacy against a number of foodborne pathogens on diverse foods. As a method for control of pathogens, nanobiotechnology is therefore flourishing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elaine D’Sa
- Food Safety Programme, ESR, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Hudson JA, Billington C, Wilson T, On SLW. Effect of phage and host concentration on the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on cooked and raw beef. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2013; 21:104-9. [PMID: 24285831 DOI: 10.1177/1082013213513031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A previously described phage infecting Escherichia coli O157:H7 was added to raw and cooked beef pieces at concentrations ranging from 10(1)-10(8) plaque forming units/cm(2) to either low (<100 CFU/cm(2)) or high (10(4) CFU/cm(2)) concentrations of host bacterial cells. Incubation for up to 24 h was performed at 5 ℃ and 24 ℃ to simulate refrigerated and room temperature storage/temperature abuse. Surviving bacteria were enumerated during the incubation period, with phages being counted at the first and last sampling times. Significant reductions of E. coli O157:H7 of the order of >4 log10 CFU/cm(2) at both temperatures could be achieved compared to phage-free controls. There was a trend for greater inactivation to occur with increasing phage concentration. While re-growth of surviving cells occurred in nearly all samples incubated for 24 h at 24 ℃, these conditions are not typical of those experienced by perishable foods. It was concluded that phages can be used to reduce the concentration of a bacterial pathogen on meat, but the concentration of phages needs to be high (>4-5 log10 plaque forming units/cm(2)) for reductions to occur. A concentration of the order 8 log10 plaque forming units/cm(2) was needed to achieve a 4 log10 CFU/cm(2) reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hudson
- Food Programme, ESR Ltd, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - C Billington
- Food Programme, ESR Ltd, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - T Wilson
- Food Programme, ESR Ltd, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - S L W On
- Food Programme, ESR Ltd, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Arachchi GG, Mutukumira A, Dias-Wanigasekera B, Cruz C, McIntyre L, Young J, Flint S, Hudson A, Billington C. Characteristics of three listeriaphages isolated from New Zealand seafood environments. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:1427-38. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G.J. Ganegama Arachchi
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health; Massey University; North Shore City Auckland New Zealand
| | - A.N. Mutukumira
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health; Massey University; North Shore City Auckland New Zealand
| | | | - C.D. Cruz
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited Mt Albert; Auckland New Zealand
| | - L. McIntyre
- Department of Food Science and Agri-Food Supply Chain Management; Harper Adams University; Edgmond Newport Shropshire UK
| | - J. Young
- Institute of Natural Sciences; Massey University; North Shore City Auckland
| | - S.H. Flint
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health; Massey University; North Shore City Auckland New Zealand
| | - A. Hudson
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) Limited; Food Programme; Christchurch Science Centre (CSC); Christchurch New Zealand
| | - C. Billington
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) Limited; Food Programme; Christchurch Science Centre (CSC); Christchurch New Zealand
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Arachchi GJG, Cruz CD, Dias-Wanigasekera BM, McIntyre L, Billington C, Hudson A, Flint SH, Mutukumira AN. Host range and in vitro lysis of Listeria monocytogenes seafood isolates by bacteriophages. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2013; 20:591-603. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013213497211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Listeria-infecting bacteriophages (listeriaphages) can be used to control Listeria monocytogenes in the food industry. However, the sensitivity of many of seafood-borne Listeria strains to phages has not been reported. This research investigated the host ranges of three listeriaphages (FWLLm1, FWLLm3 and FWLLm5) by the formation of lytic zones and plaques on host lawns and in vitro lysis kinetics of listeriaphage FWLLm3. The study also predicted the phage titres required to lyse host cells. The host ranges of the phages were determined using 50 L. monocytogenes strains, of which 48 were isolated from the seafood industry and two from clinical cases. Of the 50 strains, 36 were tested at 25 and 30 ℃ and the remainder (14) at 15 and 25 ℃. Based on the formation of either discrete plaques or lytic zones (host kill zones), the host ranges of FWLLm1, FWLLm3 and FWLLm5 were about 87%, 81% and 87%, respectively, at 25 ℃. Six L. monocytogenes strains from the seafood environment were insensitive to all three phages, while the other seafood strains (42) were phage-sensitive. The adsorption rate constant ( k value) of listeriaphage FWLLm3 was between 1.2 × 10−9 and 1.6 × 10−9 ml/min across four host strains in tryptic soy broth at 25 ℃. The cultures (at 3–4 log colony-forming unit (CFU/ml) were completely lysed (<1 log CFU/ml) when cultures were infected with FWLLm3 at > 8.7 log phage-forming units (PFU/ml) for 30 min. Re-growth of phage-infected cultures was not detected after 24 h. The effective empirical phage titre was similar to the calculated titre using a kinetic model. Results indicate the potential use of the three phages for controlling L. monocytogenes strains in seafood processing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geevika J Ganegama Arachchi
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Albany Campus, North Shore City, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cristina D Cruz
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research (PFR) Limited, Mt Albert, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Lynn McIntyre
- Department of Food Science and Agri-Food Supply Chain Management, Harper Adams University, Edgmond, Newport, Shropshire, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Billington
- Food Programme, Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) Limited, Christchurch Science Centre (CSC), Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Hudson
- Food Programme, Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) Limited, Christchurch Science Centre (CSC), Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Steve H Flint
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Albany Campus, North Shore City, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony N Mutukumira
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Albany Campus, North Shore City, Auckland, New Zealand
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Hudson JA, Billington C, Cornelius AJ, Wilson T, On SLW, Premaratne A, King NJ. Use of a bacteriophage to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 on beef. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:14-21. [PMID: 23764215 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A number of outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections involving beef have been reported. Options for controlling bacterial pathogens in raw foods are limited, but one is to use bacteriophages (phages). We describe the isolation and characterisation of phage FAHEc1, which infects E. coli O157, and its ability to kill its host in vitro and on beef. The phage belonged to the family Myoviridae and lysed 28 of 30 E. coli O157 (:H7, :HNM and :H not specified) isolates, only one other non-O157 E. coli serotype (O162:H7), and none of the other 13 bacterial species tested. The phage did not contain stx1, stx2, eae or ehxA virulence genes as assessed by PCR. An approximate 4 log₁₀ inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 occurred at 5 °C in the presence of phage FAHEc1 at >10⁷ PFU/ml in broth in vitro. On thinly sliced beef pieces incubated at 37 °C, a > 2.7 log₁₀ reduction occurred with 3.2 × 10⁷ PFU/4 cm² meat piece. At lower phage concentrations (10³-10⁴ PFU/4 cm² piece) phage replication occurred on beef at 37 °C. When the phage was applied to beef pieces under conditions simulating hot boning and conventional carcass cooling, inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 of approximately 2 log₁₀ was measured under optimal conditions with phages applied at 3.2 × 10⁷ PFU/4 cm² meat piece.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hudson
- Food Safety Programme, ESR Ltd, Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Ilam, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand.
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Bigwood T, Hudson JA, Cooney J, McIntyre L, Billington C, Heinemann JA, Wall F. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by Enterococcus mundtii isolated from soil. Food Microbiol 2012; 32:354-60. [PMID: 22986201 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two bacterial isolates with inhibitory activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus faecalis were obtained from soil. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization identified them as Enterococcus mundtii, a species whose ability to compete with L. monocytogenes is relatively unexplored compared to other members of the genus. The thermal stability of the inhibitory factor and its sensitivity to proteolytic enzymes indicate that it is most likely a bacteriocin. Both isolates grew at comparable rates to L. monocytogenes at 5 °C and 10 °C in vitro. One isolate killed L. monocytogenes when it reached concentrations of 10(6)-10(8) CFU ml(-1). Minimum inocula of 10(6) and 10(5) CFU ml(-1) of E. mundtii were required to reduce and maintain L. monocytogenes concentrations beneath the level of detection at 5 °C and 10 °C, respectively. In situ experiments at 5 °C showed that E. mundtii inhibited the growth of L. monocytogenes on vacuum-packed cold smoked salmon during its four week shelf life. E. mundtii could, therefore, control the growth of L. monocytogenes at low temperatures, indicating a potential application in controlling this pathogen in chilled foods. To control growth of Listeria, the concentration of E. mundtii needs to be high, but it is possible that a purified bacteriocin could be used to achieve the same effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bigwood
- Food Safety Programme, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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27
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Bigot B, Lee WJ, McIntyre L, Wilson T, Hudson JA, Billington C, Heinemann JA. Control of Listeria monocytogenes growth in a ready-to-eat poultry product using a bacteriophage. Food Microbiol 2011; 28:1448-52. [PMID: 21925027 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A bacteriophage (phage) that infected strains of the species Listeria monocytogenes as well as Listeria ivanovii and Listeria welshimeri, but not Listeria grayi or Listeria innocua, was isolated from sheep faeces. The phage had a contractile tail and an icosohedral head indicating that it was a myovirus, and was morphologically similar to phage A511. At 30 °C, phages added at 5.2 × 10⁷ PFU ml⁻¹ prevented the growth in broth of L. monocytogenes present at approximately twice this concentration for 7 h, but re-growth occurred such that the concentration after 24 h incubation was similar in both control and phage-treated cultures. At the same temperature, but on the surface of vacuum-packed ready-to-eat chicken breast roll, there was an immediate 2.5 log₁₀ CFU cm⁻² reduction in pathogen concentration following addition of phages and then re-growth. However, at a temperature reflecting that at which a chilled food might be held (5 °C), this re-growth was prevented over 21 days incubation. The data suggest a dose-dependent rapid reduction in pathogen concentration followed by no continued phage-mediated effect. These results, alongside other published data, indicate that a high concentration of phages per unit area is required to ensure significant inactivation of target pathogens on food surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bigot
- Food Safety Programme, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Christchurch Science Centre, PO Box 29-181, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
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29
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Hudson JA, Bigwood T, Premaratne A, Billington C, Horn B, McIntyre L. Potential to Use Ultraviolet-Treated Bacteriophages to Control Foodborne Pathogens. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:687-93. [PMID: 20113208 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John Andrew Hudson
- Food Safety Programme, Christchurch Science Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Teresa Bigwood
- Food Safety Programme, Christchurch Science Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Aruni Premaratne
- Food Safety Programme, Christchurch Science Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Craig Billington
- Food Safety Programme, Christchurch Science Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Beverley Horn
- Food Safety Programme, Christchurch Science Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Lynn McIntyre
- Food Safety Programme, Christchurch Science Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch, New Zealand
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30
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Ray DC, Billington C, Kearns PK, Kirkbride R, Mackintosh K, Reeve CS, Robinson N, Stewart CJ, Trudeau T. A comparison of McGrath and Macintosh laryngoscopes in novice users: a manikin study. Anaesthesia 2009; 64:1207-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.06061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Bigwood T, Hudson JA, Billington C. Influence of host and bacteriophage concentrations on the inactivation of food-borne pathogenic bacteria by two phages. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 291:59-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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32
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Bigwood T, Hudson JA, Billington C, Carey-Smith GV, Heinemann JA. Phage inactivation of foodborne pathogens on cooked and raw meat. Food Microbiol 2007; 25:400-6. [PMID: 18206783 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phages infecting Salmonella Typhimurium PT160 and Campylobacter jejuni were added at a low or high (10 or 10(4)) multiplicity of infection (MOI) to either low or high (<100 or 10(4)cm(-2)) densities of host bacteria inoculated onto raw and cooked beef, and incubated at 5 and 24 degrees C to simulate refrigerated and room temperature storage. Counts of host bacteria were made throughout the incubation period, with phages being counted at the first and last sampling times. Host inactivation was variable and depended on the incubation conditions and food type. Significant host inactivations of the order of 2-3 log(10)cm(-2) at 5 degrees C and >5.9 log(10)cm(-2) at 24 degrees C were achieved compared to phage-free controls using the Salmonella phage under optimal conditions (high host cell density and MOI). These results alongside those already published indicate that phages may be useful in the control for foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bigwood
- Food Safety Programme, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited, Christchurch Science Centre, 27 Creyke Road, P.O. Box 29-181, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Tsuei AC, Carey-Smith GV, Hudson JA, Billington C, Heinemann JA. Prevalence and numbers of coliphages and Campylobacter jejuni bacteriophages in New Zealand foods. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 116:121-5. [PMID: 17276534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vegetable samples were tested for the presence of coliphages. None of the 55 samples contained these phages at concentrations greater than 10 g(-1) (the limit of detection). Spiking and recovery experiments indicated that the method was efficient at detecting coliphage T4 added to the food, and so it was concluded that phage titres were not being falsely underestimated. In addition 51 samples of chicken skin from retail portions were tested for the presence and numbers of coliphages and for presence only of Campylobacter jejuni phages. Coliphages were isolated from 46 samples (90.2% positive), at up to 2570 PFU 10 g sample(-1) but no C. jejuni phages were isolated. Several other methods were used to isolate C. jejuni phages from retail chicken but none was successful. However, when pooled whole chicken rinses from 39 flocks were tested for the presence of C. jejuni phages, 11 (28.2%) of the flocks were positive. It is possible that phages present on birds at the start of processing were either inactivated or simply diluted out during spin chilling. These data add to the body of information indicating that phages can readily be isolated from certain foods and indicate that consumers are exposed to them on a regular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Chi Tsuei
- Food Safety Programme, ESR Ltd., PO Box 29-181, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Silby MW, Ferguson GC, Billington C, Heinemann JA. Localization of the plasmid-encoded proteins TraI and MobA in eukaryotic cells. Plasmid 2007; 57:118-30. [PMID: 17084894 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation mediates gene transfer not only between bacterial species but also from bacteria to yeast, plant, and animal cells. DNA transferred by conjugative plasmids from bacteria to eukaryotes must traverse subcellular membranes in the recipient before the transferred genes can be expressed and inherited. This process is most likely facilitated by putative DNA pilot proteins such as VirD2 of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid. Here, we test this model as a general feature of trans-kingdom conjugation using the DNA-relaxases TraI and MobA of the IncP and IncQ groups. TraI localized unambiguously and uniformly to the nuclei of both yeast and human cells, whereas MobA displayed a range of subcellular localization patterns. The tendency to localize to the nucleus was not correlated with predicted nuclear localization sequence motifs in either protein, suggesting a lack of stringent requirements for nuclear localizing potential in pilot proteins mediating conjugative DNA transfer to eukaryotes. Further, our results indicate that nuclear localization ability may be more commonly associated with conjugative pilot proteins than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Silby
- Centre for Integrated Research in Biosafety, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Abstract
Bacteriophages infecting Salmonella spp. were isolated from sewage using soft agar overlays containing three Salmonella serovars and assessed with regard to their potential to control food-borne salmonellae. Two distinct phages, as defined by plaque morphology, structure and host range, were obtained from a single sample of screened sewage. Phage FGCSSa1 had the broadest host range infecting six of eight Salmonella isolates and neither of two Escherichia coli isolates. Under optimal growth conditions for S. Enteritidis PT160, phage infection resulted in a burst size of 139 PFU but was apparently inactive at a temperature typical of stored foods (5 degrees C), even at multiplicity of infection values in excess of 10 000. While neither isolate had characteristics that would make them candidates for biocontrol of Salmonella spp. in foods, phage FGCSSa1 behaved unusually when grown on two Salmonella serotypes at 37 degrees C in that the addition of phages appeared to retard growth of the host, presumably by the lysis of a fraction of the host cell population.
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Abstract
Bacteriophages possess attributes that appear to be attractive to those searching for novel ways to control foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms. These phages have a history of safe use, can be highly host specific, and replicate in the presence of a host. Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes and various spoilage organisms have responded to phage control on some foods. However, the use of phages as biocontrol agents is complicated by factors such as an apparent requirement for a threshold level of host before replication can proceed and by suboptimal performance, at best, at temperatures beneath the optimum for the host. This review is a summary of the information on these issues and includes brief descriptions of alternative phage-based strategies for control of foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hudson
- Food Safety Programme, ESR Ltd., P.O. Box 29-181, Ilam, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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37
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Greenland KM, Billington C. The Construction of Interference Filters for the Transmission of Light of Specified Wavelengths. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0370-1301/63/5/307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- C Billington
- Minnesota Obesity Center and Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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39
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Abstract
The treatment of cartilage with mediators initiates the breakdown of proteoglycan followed by collagen. This is accompanied by the modulation of different proteinases and inhibitors that include members of the MMP family and TIMPs. We have evidence that a chondrocyte membrane-associated metalloproteinase cleaves aggrecan. This activity is rapidly induced after stimulation with IL-1 and OSM and is not inhibited by TIMPs-1 and -2 but is inhibited by synthetic MMP inhibitors. This same combination of cytokines also upregulates the collagenases with the subsequent release of collagen fragments, and there is a close correlation between the amount of collagen released and collagenase activity produced. Collagen release can be prevented after treatment with specific inhibitors of MAP kinases, inhibitors of MMP transcription, synthetic metalloproteinase inhibitors, TIMPs and treatment of cartilage with agents that upregulate TIMPs. The results from bovine cartilage culture models show that collagen release occurs when TIMP levels are low, collagenases are upregulated and then subsequently activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cawston
- Department of Rheumatology, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, England.
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Abstract
The opioid system plays an important role in feeding. In general, opioid agonists typically increase feeding and opioid antagonists decrease feeding in non-food restricted animals. In food restricted animals the effects of these drugs are substantially reduced. Opioid antagonists have shown a marked effectiveness at reducing consumption of sweet foods. Explanations for this robust effect have typically focused on drug induced changes in taste, taste perception, or palatability. The current study relates the effects of the opioid antagonist naloxone on motivation to obtain different sucrose concentrations to the drug's effects on unrestricted sucrose solution consumption. Changes in motivation to respond were assessed under a progressive ratio reinforcement schedule (PR) which required increased response cost for each successive unit of sucrose solution. Motivation, as measured by the PR, increased as sucrose concentration increased and naloxone produced a dose-dependent decrease in motivation to respond for a given sucrose concentration. Thus, the effectiveness of naloxone was indirectly related to strength of the sucrose concentration. Under unrestricted access to sucrose solutions, naloxone reduced consumption greatest under the higher concentrations. The data suggest at least part of naloxone's effects on sweet tasting food may be mediated through endogenous opioid reward systems that are reflected in measures of motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cleary
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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42
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Nuttall FQ, Mooradian AD, Gannon MC, Billington C, Krezowski P. Effect of protein ingestion on the glucose and insulin response to a standardized oral glucose load. Diabetes Care 1984; 7:465-70. [PMID: 6389060 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.7.5.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Type II diabetic subjects were given 50 g protein, 50 g glucose, or 50 g glucose with 50 g protein as a single meal in random sequence. The plasma glucose and insulin response was determined over the subsequent 5 h. The plasma glucose area above the baseline following a glucose meal was reduced 34% when protein was given with the glucose. When protein was given alone, the glucose concentration remained stable for 2 h and then declined. The insulin area following glucose was only modestly greater than with a protein meal (97 +/- 35, 83 +/- 19 microU X h/ml, respectively). When glucose was given with protein, the mean insulin area was considerably greater than when glucose or protein was given alone (247 +/- 33 microU X h/ml). When various amounts of protein were given with 50 g glucose, the insulin area response was essentially first order. Subsequently, subjects were given 50 g glucose or 50 g glucose with 50 g protein as two meals 4 h apart in random sequence. The insulin areas were not significantly different for each meal but were higher when protein + glucose was given. After the second glucose meal the plasma glucose area was 33% less than after the first meal. Following the second glucose + protein meal the plasma glucose area was markedly reduced, being only 7% as large as after the first meal. These data indicate that protein given with glucose will increase insulin secretion and reduce the plasma glucose rise in at least some type II diabetic persons.
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Abstract
Ouabain binding and electrolyte concentrations of erythrocytes, and Na+, K+-ATPase activity of red cell ghosts were measured in normal and obese subjects, ranging from 88-257% of their ideal body weight. All three independent measurements were virtually the same in obese and nonobese groups, and no correlations were found between these three variables and the percentage of ideal body weight. These results differ from previous reports of either increased or decreased sodium pump function and suggest that Na+, K+-ATPase does not directly influence human obesity.
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Abstract
A method is described for presenting two-dimensional intensity calculations as halftone pictures on a high-resolution storage oscilloscope with the aid of a laboratory computer. Intensity calculations performed usually on medium or large computers are quantized to seven grey levels and translated economically into ASCII code for convenient transmission by line or storage on punched paper tape which is the input medium for the laboratory computer. The method is applied particularly to periodic pictures for which the unit cell need only be encoded once. Routine photographic procedures are described with several illustrations.
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