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De R, Sarkar A, Ghosh P, Ganguly M, Karmakar BC, Saha DR, Halder A, Chowdhury A, Mukhopadhyay AK. Antimicrobial activity of ellagic acid against Helicobacter pylori isolates from India and during infections in mice. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:1595-1603. [PMID: 29566160 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Because of the rise in antimicrobial resistance, an inexpensive, diet-based treatment against Helicobacter pylori infection would be of great interest. The present study was performed to assess the in vitro effects of ellagic acid against clinical H. pylori strains that were resistant to antibiotics used for therapy and also to observe the morphological structure following treatment with ellagic acid. The effectiveness of ellagic acid in eradicating H. pylori infection in a murine (C57BL/6) infection model, one of the standard inbred mouse lines often used for experimental infection, was also assessed. Methods A total of 55 strains were screened. The agar dilution method was used to determine the susceptibility of isolates to test compounds. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology following treatment with ellagic acid. The antibacterial activity of ellagic acid in an H. pylori SS1-infected mouse model and its effect on gastric mucosal injury were determined by histology and PCR. Results Ellagic acid inhibited the growth of all 55 of the H. pylori strains tested. The MIC of ellagic acid ranged from 5 to 30 mg/L, showing its bactericidal properties in vitro. Ellagic acid also demonstrated anti-H. pylori efficacy in eradication of this organism in an in vivo model, as well as restitution and repair of H. pylori-induced gastric mucosal damage. Conclusions The present study paves the way for the preventive and therapeutic use of ellagic acid against H. pylori infection and, thus, ellagic acid can be considered a promising antibacterial agent against H. pylori-associated gastroduodenal diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronita De
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33 CIT Road Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Avijit Sarkar
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33 CIT Road Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Prachetash Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33 CIT Road Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Mou Ganguly
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33 CIT Road Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Bipul Chandra Karmakar
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33 CIT Road Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Dhira Rani Saha
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33 CIT Road Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
| | - Aniket Halder
- School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhijit Chowdhury
- School of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish K Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33 CIT Road Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010, India
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Ghosh P, Sinha R, Samanta P, Saha DR, Koley H, Dutta S, Okamoto K, Ghosh A, Ramamurthy T, Mukhopadhyay AK. Haitian Variant Vibrio cholerae O1 Strains Manifest Higher Virulence in Animal Models. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:111. [PMID: 30804907 PMCID: PMC6370728 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae causes fatal diarrheal disease cholera in humans due to consumption of contaminated water and food. To instigate the disease, the bacterium must evade the host intestinal innate immune system; penetrate the mucus layer of the small intestine, adhere and multiply on the surface of microvilli and produce toxin(s) through the action of virulence associated genes. V. cholerae O1 that has caused a major cholera outbreak in Haiti contained several unique genetic signatures. These novel traits are used to differentiate them from the canonical El Tor strains. Several studies reported the spread of these Haitian variant strains in different parts of the world including Asia and Africa, but there is a paucity of information on the clinical consequence of these genetic changes. To understand the impact of these changes, we undertook a study involving mice and rabbit models to evaluate the pathogenesis. The colonization ability of Haitian variant strain in comparison to canonical El Tor strain was found to be significantly more in both suckling mice and rabbit model. Adult mice also displayed the same results. Besides that, infection patterns of Haitian variant strains showed a completely different picture. Increased mucosal damaging, colonization, and inflammatory changes were observed through hematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy. Fluid accumulation ability was also significantly higher in rabbit model. Our study indicated that these virulence features of the Haitian variant strain may have some association with the severe clinical outcome of the cholera patients in different parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Ritam Sinha
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Prosenjit Samanta
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Dhira Rani Saha
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Hemanta Koley
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Keinosuke Okamoto
- Collaborative Research Center of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases in India, Kolkata, India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - T. Ramamurthy
- Center for Human Microbial Ecology, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Asish K. Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Calcuttawala F, Hariharan C, Pazhani GP, Saha DR, Ramamurthy T. Characterization of E-type colicinogenic plasmids from Shigella sonnei. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:3071828. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Thakur BK, Saha P, Banik G, Saha DR, Grover S, Batish VK, Das S. Live and heat-killed probiotic Lactobacillus casei Lbs2 protects from experimental colitis through Toll-like receptor 2-dependent induction of T-regulatory response. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36:39-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ganguly M, Sarkar S, Ghosh P, Sarkar A, Alam J, Karmakar BC, De R, Saha DR, Mukhopadhyay AK. Helicobacter pylori plasticity region genes are associated with the gastroduodenal diseases manifestation in India. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:10. [PMID: 27006705 PMCID: PMC4802902 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost all Helicobacter pylori infected person develop gastritis and severe gastritis is supposed to be the denominator of peptic ulcer diseases, which may lead to gastric cancer. However, it is still an enigma why few strains are associated with ulcer formation, while others are not related with any disease outcome. Although a number of putative virulence factors have been reported for H. pylori, there are contradictory results regarding their connotation with diseases. Recently, there has been a significant attention in strain-specific genes outside the cag pathogenicity island, especially genes within plasticity regions. Studies demonstrated that certain genes in this region may play important roles in the pathogenesis of H. pylori-associated diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the role of selected genes (jhp0940, jhp0945, jhp0947 and jhp0949) in the plasticity region in relation to risk of H. pylori-related diseases in Indian population. METHODS A total of 113 H. pylori strains isolated from duodenal ulcer (DU) (n = 61) and non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) subjects (n = 52) were screened by PCR and Dot-Blot to determine the presence of these genes. The comparative study of IL-8 production and apoptosis were also done by co-culturing the AGS cells with H. pylori strains of different genotype. RESULTS PCR and Dot-Blot results indicated that the prevalence rates of jhp0940, jhp0945, jhp0947 and jhp0949 in the H. pylori strains were 9.8, 47.5, 50.8, 40.9 % and 17.3, 28.8, 26.9, 19.2 % isolated from DU and NUD, respectively. IL-8 production and apoptotic cell death were significantly higher in H. pylori strains containing jhp0945, jhp0947 and jhp0949 than the strains lacking those genes. Results indicated that the prevalence of jhp0945, jhp0947 and jhp0949 are associated with increased risk of severe diseases in India. CONCLUSION Our study showed that presence of jhp0945, jhp0947 and jhp0949 were significantly associated with symptomatic expressions along with the increased virulence during in vitro study whereas jhp0940 seems to be negatively associated with the disease. These results suggest that jhp0945, jhp0947 and jhp0949 could be useful prognostic markers for the development of duodenal ulcer in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mou Ganguly
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010 India ; Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Prachetash Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010 India
| | - Avijit Sarkar
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010 India
| | - Jawed Alam
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010 India
| | - Bipul Chandra Karmakar
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010 India
| | - Ronita De
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010 India
| | - Dhira Rani Saha
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010 India
| | - Asish K Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700010 India
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Datta D, Khatri P, Banerjee C, Singh A, Meena R, Saha DR, Raman R, Rajamani P, Mitra A, Mazumder S. Calcium and Superoxide-Mediated Pathways Converge to Induce Nitric Oxide-Dependent Apoptosis in Mycobacterium fortuitum-Infected Fish Macrophages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146554. [PMID: 26752289 PMCID: PMC4713470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium fortuitum causes ‘mycobacteriosis’ in wide range of hosts although the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate the role of calcium (Ca+2)-signalling cascade on M. fortuitum-induced apoptosis in headkidney macrophages (HKM) of Clarias sp. M. fortuitum could trigger intracellular-Ca+2 influx leading to the activation of calmodulin (CaM), protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) and Calmodulin kinase II gamma (CaMKIIg). Gene silencing and inhibitor studies established the role of CaM in M. fortuitum pathogenesis. We noted that CaMKIIg activation is regulated by CaM as well as PKCα-dependent superoxide anions. This is altogether first report of oxidised CaMKIIg in mycobacterial infections. Our studies with targeted-siRNA and pharmacological inhibitors implicate CaMKIIg to be pro-apoptotic and critical for the activation of extra-cellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Inhibiting the ERK1/2 pathway attenuated nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. Conversely, inhibiting the NOS2-NO axis by specific-siRNA and inhibitors down-regulated ERK1/2 activation suggesting the crosstalk between ERK1/2 and NO is essential for pathogenesis induced by the bacterium. Silencing the NOS2-NO axis enhanced intracellular bacterial survival and attenuated caspase-8 mediated activation of caspase-3 in the infected HKM. Our findings unveil hitherto unknown mechanism of M. fortuitum pathogenesis. We propose that M. fortuitum triggers intracellular Ca+2 elevations resulting in CaM activation and PKCα-mediated superoxide generation. The cascade converges in common pathway mediated by CaMKIIg resulting in the activation of ERK1/2-NOS2 axis. The crosstalk between ERK1/2 and NO shifts the balance in favour of caspase dependent apoptosis of M. fortuitum-infected HKM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debika Datta
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Preeti Khatri
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Chaitali Banerjee
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ambika Singh
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ramavatar Meena
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, India
| | - Dhira Rani Saha
- Microscopy Laboratory, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Rajagopal Raman
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Paulraj Rajamani
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, India
| | - Abhijit Mitra
- Genome Analysis Laboratory, Animal Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Shibnath Mazumder
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Mondal M, Nag D, Koley H, Saha DR, Chatterjee NS. The Vibrio cholerae extracellular chitinase ChiA2 is important for survival and pathogenesis in the host intestine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103119. [PMID: 25244128 PMCID: PMC4170974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In aquatic environments, Vibrio cholerae colonizes mainly on the chitinous surface of copepods and utilizes chitin as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. Of the two extracellular chitinases essential for chitin utilization, the expression of chiA2 is maximally up-regulated in host intestine. Recent studies indicate that several bacterial chitinases may be involved in host pathogenesis. However, the role of V. cholerae chitinases in host infection is not yet known. In this study, we provide evidence to show that ChiA2 is important for V. cholerae survival in intestine as well as in pathogenesis. We demonstrate that ChiA2 de-glycosylates mucin and releases reducing sugars like GlcNAc and its oligomers. Deglycosylation of mucin corroborated with reduced uptake of alcian blue stain by ChiA2 treated mucin. Next, we show that V. cholerae could utilize mucin as a nutrient source. In comparison to the wild type strain, ΔchiA2 mutant was 60-fold less efficient in growth in mucin supplemented minimal media and was also ∼6-fold less competent to survive when grown in the presence of mucin-secreting human intestinal HT29 epithelial cells. Similar results were also obtained when the strains were infected in mice intestine. Infection with the ΔchiA2 mutant caused ∼50-fold less fluid accumulation in infant mice as well as in rabbit ileal loop compared to the wild type strain. To see if the difference in survival of the ΔchiA2 mutant and wild type V. cholerae was due to reduced adhesion of the mutant, we monitored binding of the strains on HT29 cells. The initial binding of the wild type and mutant strain was similar. Collectively these data suggest that ChiA2 secreted by V. cholerae in the intestine hydrolyzed intestinal mucin to release GlcNAc, and the released sugar is successfully utilized by V. cholerae for growth and survival in the host intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Mondal
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Nag
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Hemanta Koley
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Dhira Rani Saha
- Division of Electron Microscopy, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Nabendu Sekhar Chatterjee
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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Pazhani GP, Bhowmik SK, Ghosh S, Guin S, Dutta S, Rajendran K, Saha DR, Nandy RK, Bhattacharya MK, Mukhopadhyay AK, Ramamurthy T. Trends in the epidemiology of pandemic and non-pandemic strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from diarrheal patients in Kolkata, India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2815. [PMID: 24786538 PMCID: PMC4006737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 178 strains of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from 13,607 acute diarrheal patients admitted in the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kolkata has been examined for serovar prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic traits with reference to virulence, and clonal lineages. Clinical symptoms and stool characteristics of V. parahaemolyticus infected patients were analyzed for their specific traits. The frequency of pandemic strains was 68%, as confirmed by group-specific PCR (GS-PCR). However, the prevalence of non-pandemic strains was comparatively low (32%). Serovars O3:K6 (19.7%), O1:K25 (18.5%), O1:KUT (11.2%) were more commonly found and other serovars such as O3:KUT (6.7%), O4:K8 (6.7%), and O2:K3 (4.5%) were newly detected in this region. The virulence gene tdh was most frequently detected in GS-PCR positive strains. There was no association between strain features and stool characteristics or clinical outcomes with reference to serovar, pandemic/non-pandemic or virulence profiles. Ampicillin and streptomycin resistance was constant throughout the study period and the MIC of ampicillin among selected strains ranged from 24 to >256 µg/ml. Susceptibility of these strains to ampicillin increased several fold in the presence of carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyldrazone. The newly reported ESBL encoding gene from VPA0477 was found in all the strains, including the susceptible ones for ampicillin. However, none of the strains exhibited the β-lactamase as a phenotypic marker. In the analysis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the pandemic strains formed two different clades, with one containing the newly emerged pandemic strains in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Santanu Ghosh
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Sucharita Guin
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Sanjucta Dutta
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Dhira Rani Saha
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Ranjan K. Nandy
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Jaiswal A, Koley H, Mitra S, Saha DR, Sarkar B. Comparative analysis of different oral approaches to treat Vibrio cholerae infection in adult mice. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:422-30. [PMID: 24656386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have established an oral phage cocktail therapy in adult mice model and also performed a comparative analysis between phage cocktail, antibiotic and oral rehydration treatment for orally developed Vibrio cholerae infection. Four groups of mice were orally infected with Vibrio cholerae MAK 757 strain. Phage cocktail and antibiotic treated groups received 1×10(8) plaque forming unit/ml (once a daily) and 40mg/kg (once a daily) as an oral dose respectively for consecutive three days after bacterial infection. In case of oral rehydration group, the solution was supplied after bacterial infection mixed with the drinking water. To evaluate the better and safer approach of treatment, tissue and serum samples were collected. Here, phage cocktail treated mice reduced the log10 numbers of colony per gram by 3log10 (p<0.05); however, ciprofloxacin treated mice reduced the viable numbers up to 5log10 (p<0.05). Whereas, the oral rehydration solution application was not able to reduce the viable bacterial count but the disease progress was much more diminished (p>0.05). Besides, it was evident that antibiotic and phage cocktail treated group had a gradual decrease in both IL-6 and TNF-α level for 3 days (p<0.05) but the scenario was totally opposite in bacterial control and oral hydration treated group. Histological examinations also endorsed the phage cocktail and ciprofloxacin treatment in mice. Although, in this murine model of cholera ciprofloxacin was found to be a better antimicrobial agent, but from the safety and specificity point of view, a better method of application could fill the bridge and advances the phages as a valuable agent in treating Vibrio cholerae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Jaiswal
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, India
| | - Hemanta Koley
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, India
| | - Soma Mitra
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, India
| | - Dhira Rani Saha
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, India
| | - Banwarilal Sarkar
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, India.
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Saha DR, Guin S, Krishnan R, Nag D, Koley H, Shinoda S, Ramamurthy T. Inflammatory diarrhea due to enteroaggregative Escherichia coli: evidence from clinical and mice model studies. Gut Pathog 2013; 5:36. [PMID: 24294997 PMCID: PMC4176733 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-5-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to determine the role of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) in inflammatory diarrhea among hospitalized patients in Kolkata. The inflammatory pathogenesis of EAEC was established in mice model and histopathological studies. Presence of fecal leucocytes (FLCs) can be suspected for EAEC infection solely or as a mixed with other enteric pathogens. METHODS Active surveillance was conducted for 2 years on 2 random days per week with every 5th patient admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital (IDH). Diarrheal samples were processed by conventional culture, microscopy, ELISA and molecular methods. Two EAEC isolated as sole pathogens were examined in mice after induced intestinal infection. The intestinal tissue samples were processed to analyze the histological changes. RESULTS Of the 2519 samples screened, fecal leucocytes, erythrocytes and occult blood were detected in 1629 samples. Most of the patients had acute watery diarrhea (75%) and vomiting (78%). Vibrio cholerae O1 was the main pathogen in patients of 5-10 years age group (33%). Shigellosis was more in children from 2-5 years of age (19%), whereas children <2 years appeared to be susceptible for infection caused by EAEC (16%). When tested for the pathogenicity, the EAEC strains colonized well and caused inflammatory infection in the gut mucosa of BALB/C mice. CONCLUSION This hospital-based surveillance revealed prevalence of large number of inflammatory diarrhea. EAEC was the suspected pathogen and <2 years children appeared to be the most susceptible age group. BALB/C mice may be a suitable animal model to study the EAEC-mediated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhira Rani Saha
- Division of Histology & Electron microscopy, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C,I,T Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700 010, West Bengal, India.
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Das P, Singh AK, Mukherjee S, Rajendran K, Saha DR, Koley H, Basu S. Composition of Escherichia coli population in the neonatal gut: phylogroups and virulence determinants. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:1680-1687. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.052225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of Escherichia coli in the neonatal gut has rarely been studied in developing countries. To gain insight into the composition of E. coli in the neonatal gut and to assess factors that could influence colonization by E. coli, analysis of the phylogenetic groups and virulence determinants of E. coli isolated from the guts of neonates in a tertiary care hospital was carried out. The distribution of the phylogroups of 124 E. coli isolates recovered showed that phylogroups A (23 %) and B1 (49 %) accounted for 72 % of the isolates. Isolates of the phylogenetic group B2 were rare (8 %). Virulence factors were also rare with the exception of aerobactin (iucC), which was detected in 45 % of the isolates and was significantly associated with phylogroup B1. Multinomial logistic regression established that colonization with phylogroup B1 was associated with a stay in the neonatal intensive care unit; phylogroup A was associated with a stay on the ward; and phylogroups B2 and D were associated with neonates delivered vaginally. Evaluation of the effect of different E. coli phylogroups, with and without identified virulence determinants, on the gut of neonatal mice showed histopathological changes in the mucosa. The severity of the changes could be correlated with the presence of virulence determinants, irrespective of the phylogroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Das
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Arun Kumarendu Singh
- Department of Neonatology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education & Research and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata 700020, India
| | - Suchandra Mukherjee
- Department of Neonatology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education & Research and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata 700020, India
| | - Krishnan Rajendran
- Data Management, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Dhira Rani Saha
- Division of Electron Microscopy, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Hemanta Koley
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Sulagna Basu
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
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Mitra S, Barman S, Nag D, Sinha R, Saha DR, Koley H. Outer membrane vesicles ofShigella boydiitype 4 induce passive immunity in neonatal mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 66:240-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.01004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mitra S, Saha DR, Pal A, Niyogi SK, Mitra U, Koley H. Hemagglutinating activity is directly correlated with colonization ability of shigellae in suckling mouse model. Can J Microbiol 2012; 58:1159-66. [PMID: 22978650 DOI: 10.1139/w2012-095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore a new approach based on the hemagglutination (HA) assay to understand the colonization ability of Shigella spp. To study colonization ability, an animal model of 4-day-old suckling mouse, was exploited. We characterized the HA activity of 48 Shigella strains, with erythrocytes collected from rabbit, guinea pig, chicken, and sheep. Only rabbit and guinea pig erythrocytes showed positive HA reactions in most of the cases. On the basis of HA pattern, 4 strains from each serogroup were selected for in vivo colonization studies. Our results showed a positive correlation between HA activity and colonization ability of the strains belonging to different serogroups (groups A, B, C, and D) of Shigella. In all 4 serogroups, high HA titer was associated with greater intestinal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Mitra
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata-700010, India
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Barman S, Kumar R, Chowdhury G, Rani Saha D, Wajima T, Hamabata T, Ramamurthy T, Balakrish Nair G, Takeda Y, Koley H. Live non-invasive Shigella dysenteriae 1 strain induces homologous protective immunity in a guinea pig colitis model. Microbiol Immunol 2011; 55:683-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Shigellosis is a major form of bacillary dysentery caused by Shigella spp. To date, there is no suitable animal model to evaluate the protective efficacy of vaccine candidates against this pathogen. Here, we describe a successful experimental shigellosis in the guinea-pig model, which has shown the characteristic features of human shigellosis. This model yielded reproducible results without any preparatory treatment besides cecal ligation. In this study, guinea-pigs were discretely infected with virulent Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and Shigella flexneri type 2a into the cecocolic junction after ligation of the distal cecum. All the experimental animals lost ∼10% of their body weight and developed typical dysentery within 24-h postinfection. In the histological analysis, distal colon showed edema, hemorrhage, exudation and inflammatory infiltrations in the lamina propria. Orally immunized animals with heat-killed S. dysenteriae type 1 and S. flexneri type 2a strains showed high levels of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and mucosal IgA antibodies and conferred significant homologous protective immunity against subsequent challenges with the live strains. The direct administration of shigellae into the cecocolic junction induces acute inflammation, making this animal model useful for assessing shigellosis and evaluating the protective immunity of Shigella vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Barman
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Roy N, Barman S, Ghosh A, Pal A, Chakraborty K, Das SS, Saha DR, Yamasaki S, Koley H. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Vibrio cholerae outer membrane vesicles in rabbit model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 60:18-27. [PMID: 20528929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We show here that oral immunization with purified outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of Vibrio cholerae induces a prolonged high rise in the protective antibody titre. Rabbit immune sera were vibriocidal against the homologous and against several heterologous V. cholerae strains in vitro. In addition, OMV immunization conferred significant protective immunity against subsequent bacterial challenges. Thirty OMV-immunized rabbits were challenged with different V. cholerae strains; each challenged group contained five immunized and three unimmunized animals. All the immunized rabbits survived bacterial challenges and were healthy after 24 h, except the two from each group that received the SG24 and SG06 strains, respectively, which developed watery diarrhoea. In contrast, all the unimmunized animals developed cholera-like symptoms, with a death toll of eight within 24 h of challenge. This is the first report of the induction of protective immunity by V. cholerae OMVs in a rabbit model (removable intestinal tie-adult rabbit diarrhoea) that mimics the human disease. Finally, OMVs were found to be significantly less reactogenic than the live and the heat-killed bacteria. Our studies show that oral immunization with OMVs of V. cholerae may induce long-term immunity and may be useful as a 'nonliving' vaccine candidate for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Roy
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Kundu P, De R, Pal I, Mukhopadhyay AK, Saha DR, Swarnakar S. Curcumin alleviates matrix metalloproteinase-3 and -9 activities during eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in cultured cells and mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16306. [PMID: 21283694 PMCID: PMC3025008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapy-regimens against Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infections have considerable failure rates and adverse side effects that urge the quest for an effective alternative therapy. We have shown that curcumin is capable of eradicating Hp-infection in mice. Here we examine the mechanism by which curcumin protects Hp infection in cultured cells and mice. Since, MMP-3 and -9 are inflammatory molecules associated to the pathogenesis of Hp-infection, we investigated the role of curcumin on inflammatory MMPs as well as proinflammatory molecules. Curcumin dose dependently suppressed MMP-3 and -9 expression in Hp infected human gastric epithelial (AGS) cells. Consistently, Hp-eradication by curcumin-therapy involved significant downregulation of MMP-3 and -9 activities and expression in both cytotoxic associated gene (cag)(+ve) and cag(-ve) Hp-infected mouse gastric tissues. Moreover, we demonstrate that the conventional triple therapy (TT) alleviated MMP-3 and -9 activities less efficiently than curcumin and curcumin's action on MMPs was linked to decreased pro-inflammatory molecules and activator protein-1 activation in Hp-infected gastric tissues. Although both curcumin and TT were associated with MMP-3 and -9 downregulation during Hp-eradication, but unlike TT, curcumin enhanced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and inhibitor of kappa B-α. These data indicate that curcumin-mediated healing of Hp-infection involves regulation of MMP-3 and -9 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Kundu
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Ronita De
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Ipsita Pal
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Dhira Rani Saha
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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Goswami R, Ghosh D, Saha DR, Padhy PK, Mazumder S. Effect of acute and chronic arsenic exposure on growth, structure and virulence of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from fish. Microb Pathog 2010; 50:63-9. [PMID: 21074603 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila being a ubiquitous bacterium is prone to arsenic exposure. The present study was designed to determine the role of arsenic on growth and virulence of A. hydrophila. Exposure to arsenic (1 mg L(-1) and 2 mg L(-1)) had no effect on growth but significantly inhibited the hemolytic and cytotoxic potential of exposed bacteria. Transmission electron microscopy revealed loss of membrane integrity and presence of condensed cytoplasm suggestive of acute stress in bacteria exposed to arsenic. Arsenic-adapted bacteria were developed by repeated sub-culturing in presence of arsenic. Arsenic-adaptation led to significant recovery in hemolytic and cytotoxic potential. The arsenic-adapted bacteria exhibited normal membrane integrity, decreased cytoplasmic condensation and possessed scattered polysome like structures in the cytoplasm. A positive correlation was observed between arsenic tolerance and resistance to several antimicrobials. Arsenic-adaptation failed to confer cross-protection to mercury and cadmium stress. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed the expression of two new proteins of approximately 85 kDa and 79 kDa respectively in arsenic-adapted A. hydrophila. Plasmid-curing and transformation studies clearly indicate plasmid has no role on arsenic resistance trait of the bacteria. Our study, for the first time, reports a structure and function relationship of xenobiotics on bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramansu Goswami
- Immunobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
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Syngkon A, Elluri S, Koley H, Rompikuntal PK, Saha DR, Chakrabarti MK, Bhadra RK, Wai SN, Pal A. Studies on a novel serine protease of a ΔhapAΔprtV Vibrio cholerae O1 strain and its role in hemorrhagic response in the rabbit ileal loop model. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20927349 PMCID: PMC2948034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Two well-characterized proteases secreted by Vibrio cholerae O1 strains are hemagglutinin protease (HAP) and V. cholerae protease (PrtV). The hapA and prtV knock out mutant, V. cholerae O1 strain CHA6.8ΔprtV, still retains residual protease activity. We initiated this study to characterize the protease present in CHA6.8ΔprtV strain and study its role in pathogenesis in rabbit ileal loop model (RIL). Methodology/Principal Findings We partially purified the residual protease secreted by strain CHA6.8ΔprtV from culture supernatant by anion-exchange chromatography. The major protein band in native PAGE was identified by MS peptide mapping and sequence analysis showed homology with a 59-kDa trypsin-like serine protease encoded by VC1649. The protease activity was partially inhibited by 25 mM PMSF and 10 mM EDTA and completely inhibited by EDTA and PMSF together. RIL assay with culture supernatants of strains C6709 (FA ratio 1.1+/−0.3 n = 3), CHA6.8 (FA ratio 1.08+/−0.2 n = 3), CHA6.8ΔprtV (FA ratio 1.02+/−0.2 n = 3) and partially purified serine protease from CHA6.8ΔprtV (FA ratio 1.2+/−0.3 n = 3) induced fluid accumulation and histopathological studies on rabbit ileum showed destruction of the villus structure with hemorrhage in all layers of the mucosa. RIL assay with culture supernatant of CHA6.8ΔprtVΔVC1649 strain (FA ratio 0.11+/−0.005 n = 3) and with protease incubated with PMSF and EDTA (FA ratio 0.3+/−0.05 n = 3) induced a significantly reduced FA ratio with almost complete normal villus structure. Conclusion Our results show the presence of a novel 59-kDa serine protease in a ΔhapAΔprtV V. cholerae O1 strain and its role in hemorrhagic response in RIL model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Syngkon
- Divisions of Pathophysiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sridhar Elluri
- Divisions of Pathophysiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hemanta Koley
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pramod K. Rompikuntal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dhira Rani Saha
- Division of Histology and Electron Microscopy, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Manoj K. Chakrabarti
- Divisions of Pathophysiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupak K. Bhadra
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Amit Pal
- Divisions of Pathophysiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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Nair GB, Ramamurthy T, Bhattacharya MK, Krishnan T, Ganguly S, Saha DR, Rajendran K, Manna B, Ghosh M, Okamoto K, Takeda Y. Emerging trends in the etiology of enteric pathogens as evidenced from an active surveillance of hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata, India. Gut Pathog 2010; 2:4. [PMID: 20525383 PMCID: PMC2901208 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was conducted to determine the etiology of diarrhoea in a hospital setting in Kolkata. Active surveillance was conducted for 2 years on two random days per week by enrolling every fifth diarrhoeal patient admitted to the Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General Hospital in Kolkata. Results Most of the patients (76.1%) had acute watery diarrhoea in association with vomiting (77.7%) and some dehydration (92%). Vibrio cholerae O1, Rotavirus and Giardia lamblia were the important causes of diarrhoea. Among Shigella spp, S. flexneri 2a and 3a serotypes were most predominantly isolated. Enteric viruses, EPEC and EAEC were common in children <5 year age group. Atypical EPEC was comparatively higher than the typical EPEC. Multidrug resistance was common among V. cholerae O1 and Shigella spp including tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. Polymicrobial infections were common in all age groups and 27.9% of the diarrhoea patients had no potential pathogen. Conclusions Increase in V. cholerae O1 infection among <2 years age group, resistance of V. cholerae O1 to tetracycline, rise of untypable S. flexnerii, higher proportion of atypical EPEC and G. lamblia and polymicrobial etiology are some of the emerging trends observed in this diarrhoeal disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Balakrish Nair
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), P-33, CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India.
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Datta S, Ghosh D, Saha DR, Bhattacharaya S, Mazumder S. Chronic exposure to low concentration of arsenic is immunotoxic to fish: role of head kidney macrophages as biomarkers of arsenic toxicity to Clarias batrachus. Aquat Toxicol 2009; 92:86-94. [PMID: 19237206 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 01/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at elucidating the effect of chronic low-level arsenic exposure on the head kidney (HK) of Clarias batrachus and at determining the changes in head kidney macrophage (HKM) activity in response to arsenic exposure. Chronic exposure (30 days) to arsenic (As(2)O(3), 0.50 microM) led to significant increase in arsenic content in the HK accompanied by reduction in both HKM number and head kidney somatic index (HKSI). Arsenic induced HK hypertrophy, reduction in melano-macrophage population and increased hemosiderin accumulation. Transmission electron microscopy of 30 days exposed HKM revealed prominent endoplasmic reticulum, chromatin condensation and loss in structural integrity of nuclear membrane. Head kidney macrophages from exposed fish demonstrated significant levels of superoxide anions but on infection with Aeromonas hydrophila were unable to clear the intracellular bacteria and died. Exposure-challenge experiments with A. hydrophila revealed that chronic exposure to micromolar concentration of arsenic interfered with the phagocytic potential of HKM, helped in intracellular survival of the ingested bacteria inside the HKM inducing significant HKM cytotoxicity. The immunosuppressive effect of arsenic was further evident from the ability of A. hydrophila to colonize and disseminate efficiently in exposed fish. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay indicated that chronic exposure to arsenic suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory 'IL-1beta like' factors from HKM. It is concluded that arsenic even at very low concentration is immunotoxic to fish and the changes observed in HKM may provide a useful early biomarker of low-level xenobiotic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Datta
- Immunobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan 731 235, India
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Saha DR, Datta S, Chattopadhyay S, Patra R, De R, Rajendran K, Chowdhury A, Ramamurthy T, Mukhopadhyay AK. Indistinguishable cellular changes in gastric mucosa between Helicobacter pylori infected asymptomatic tribal and duodenal ulcer patients. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:1105-12. [PMID: 19266604 PMCID: PMC2655188 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the changing pattern of different histological parameters occurring in the stomach tissue of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infected tribal populations and duodenal ulcer patients among ethnic Bengalis and correlation of the genotypes of H pylori with different histological parameters. METHODS One hundred and twelve adult individuals were enrolled into this study between 2002 and 2004. Among them, 72 had clinical features of duodenal ulcer (DU) from ethnic Bengali population and 40 were asymptomatic ethnic tribals. Endoscopic gastric biopsy samples were processed for histology, genotyping and rapid urease test. Histologically, haematoxylin and eosin staining was applied to assess the pathomorphological changes and a modified Giemsa staining was used for better detection of H pylori. For intestinal metaplasia, special stainings, i.e. Alcian blue periodic acid-Schiff and high iron diamine-Alcian blue staining, were performed. PCR was performed on bacterial DNA to characterize the presence or absence of virulence-associated genes, like cagA, and distribution of different alleles of vacA and iceA. RESULTS Intraglandular neutrophil infiltration, a hallmark of activity of gastritis, was present in 34 (94%) of tribals (TRs) and 42 (84%) of DU individuals infected with H pylori. Lymphoid follicles and aggregates, which are important landmarks in H pylori infection, were positive amongst 15 (41%) of TRs and 20 (40%) of DU subjects. Atrophic changes were observed in 60% and 27.7%, respectively, among DU cases and tribals (P > 0.003). Metaplastic changes were detected in low numbers in both groups. Moderate to severe density distribution of H pylori in the gastric mucosa was 63% among TRs, whereas it was 62% in DU subjects. There were no significant differences in the distribution of virulence-associated genes like cagA, vacA and iceA of H pylori strains carried by these two populations. CONCLUSION Our study showed almost similar distribution of inflammatory cells among asymptomatic tribals and DU Bengali patients. Interestingly, the tribal population are free from any clinical symptoms despite evidence of active histologic gastritis and infection with H pylori strains carrying similar virulence markers as of strains isolated from patients with DU. There was an increased cellular response, especially in terms of neutrophil infiltration, but much lower risk of developing atrophy and metaplastic changes among the tribal population.
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Majumdar T, Chattopadhyay P, Saha DR, Sau S, Mazumder S. Virulence plasmid of Aeromonas hydrophila induces macrophage apoptosis and helps in developing systemic infection in mice. Microb Pathog 2009; 46:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Chakraborty K, Ghosh S, Koley H, Mukhopadhyay AK, Ramamurthy T, Saha DR, Mukhopadhyay D, Roychowdhury S, Hamabata T, Takeda Y, Das S. Bacterial exotoxins downregulate cathelicidin (hCAP-18/LL-37) and human beta-defensin 1 (HBD-1) expression in the intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:2520-37. [PMID: 18717821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidin (hCAP-18/LL-37) and beta-defensin 1 (HBD-1) are human antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with high basal expression levels, which form the first line of host defence against infections over the epithelial surfaces. The antimicrobial functions owe to their direct microbicidal effects as well as the immunomodulatory role. Pathogenic microorganisms have developed multiple modalities including transcriptional repression to combat this arm of the host immune response. The precise mechanisms and the pathogen-derived molecules responsible for transcriptional downregulation remain unknown. Here, we have shown that enteric pathogens suppress LL-37 and HBD-1 expression in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) with Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) exerting the most dramatic effects. Cholera toxin (CT) and labile toxin (LT), the major virulence proteins of V. cholerae and ETEC, respectively, are predominantly responsible for these effects, both in vitro and in vivo. CT transcriptionally downregulates the AMPs by activating several intracellular signalling pathways involving protein kinase A (PKA), ERK MAPKinase and Cox-2 downstream of cAMP accumulation and inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) may mediate this role of CT, at least in part. This is the first report to show transcriptional repression of the AMPs through the activation of cellular signal transduction pathways by well-known virulence proteins of pathogenic microorganisms.
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Saha DR, Rajendran K, Ramamurthy T, Nandy RK, Bhattacharya SK. Intestinal parasitism and Vibrio cholerae infection among diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata, India. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 136:661-4. [PMID: 17594735 PMCID: PMC2870847 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268807008886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have analysed the epidemiological significance of the concurrent infections caused by Vibrio cholerae and intestinal parasites among different age groups of hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata. A total of 3556 stool samples collected during 1996-2004 were screened for vibrios and parasites. The seasonality of V. cholerae and parasitic infections were studied in detail. The detection rates for Ascaris lumbricoides and Giardia lamblia infection were more than for the hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Entamoeba histolytica. V. cholerae O1 was identified as the predominant serogroup among diarrhoeal patients. The highest rates for V. cholerae infection were in the 2-5 years age group and combined infection of V. cholerae and parasites was recorded among children aged between 2 and 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Saha
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India.
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Datta S, Saha DR, Ghosh D, Majumdar T, Bhattacharya S, Mazumder S. Sub-lethal concentration of arsenic interferes with the proliferation of hepatocytes and induces in vivo apoptosis in Clarias batrachus L. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 145:339-49. [PMID: 17336163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We studied the hepatocellular alterations induced by sub-lethal concentrations (0.50 muM) of arsenic in Indian catfish Clarias batrachus L. Sub-lethal arsenic exposure altered serum aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels and brought about significant changes in different serum biochemical parameters. Arsenic exposure reduced total hepatocyte protein content and suppressed the proliferation of hepatocytes in a time-dependent manner. Routine histological studies on liver documented arsenic-induced changes characterized by dilated sinusoids, formation of intracellular edema, megalocytosis, vacuolation and appearance of hepatic cells with distorted nuclei. Transmission electron microscopy of hepatocytes further revealed hyperplasia and hypertrophy of mitochondria, development of dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and changes in peroxisome size with duration of arsenic exposure. Degeneration of mitochondrial cristae and condensation of chromatin was also evident in arsenic-exposed hepatocytes. A significant number of hepatocytes isolated from arsenic-exposed fish stained with annexin V and demonstrated DNA ladder characteristic of apoptosis. Single-cell gel electrophoresis of exposed hepatocytes also revealed the development of comets usually seen in apoptotic cells. Using specific inhibitors it was determined that the arsenic-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes was caspase-mediated, involving the caspase 3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Datta
- Immunobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731 235, India
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Bhattacharya R, Sahoo GC, Nayak MK, Ghosh S, Dutta P, Bhattacharya MK, Mitra U, Gangopadhyay D, Dutta S, Niyogi SK, Saha DR, Naik TN, Bhattacharya SK, Krishnan T. Molecular epidemiology of human astrovirus infections in Kolkata, India. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2006; 6:425-35. [PMID: 16546454 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The study is aimed to determine the seasonal distribution and clinical characteristics of astroviruses associated with acute watery diarrhoea among children in Kolkata and characterize them at the molecular level. METHOD OF STUDY Faecal specimens of acute watery diarrhoea cases (n=857) and non-diarrhoeic samples (n=211) from the hospitals and a nearby field community were screened with IDEIA Astrovirus detection kit; astrovirus co-infections with rotavirus and/or picobirnavirus were detected by RNA-PAGE and silver staining. Further RT-PCR was carried out using specific primers, viz. Mon340 (+) and Mon348 (-) targeting a highly conserved domain of ORF1a (289 bp) of human astroviruses. RESULTS Astrovirus infection was detected in 50 cases (50/857); astroviruses were detected mostly in children aged 6-12 months (50%); all non-diarrhoeic samples (n=211) were negative for astrovirus. In 52% of astrovirus positive cases, the virus was detected as the sole agent; mixed infections were also detected with other diarrhoeic pathogens such as rotavirus (32%), picobirnavirus (2%), rotavirus and picobirnavirus (2%), picobirnavirus and Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (2%), rotavirus and ETEC (2%), rotavirus and Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) (2%), Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (2%), Shigella flexneri type 3a (2%) and Ascaris (2%). RT-PCR and sequencing of amplicons of astroviruses from Kolkata, with specific primers targeted to the conserved domain of ORF1a (289 bp) of the astrovirus genome, showed maximum homology to the astrovirus strain ("5-158") from Seoul (98%). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Clinical characteristics of the diarrhoeic children in Kolkata indicated that astrovirus infections were detected throughout the year and were associated with varying degree of dehydration and acute watery diarrhoea. In-depth molecular epidemiological surveillance of astroviruses in Kolkata is essential for better understanding of their overall genetic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rittwika Bhattacharya
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P 33 CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata (Calcutta) 700010, India
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Chowdhury A, Santra A, Bhattacharjee K, Ghatak S, Saha DR, Dhali GK. Mitochondrial oxidative stress and permeability transition in isoniazid and rifampicin induced liver injury in mice. J Hepatol 2006; 45:117-26. [PMID: 16545483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To evaluate the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress and permeability transition (MPT) in isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RMP) induced hepatotoxicity in mice. METHODS Liver damage was induced by co-treatment of INH (50 mg/kg) and RMP (100 mg/kg). Pre-treatment with either methionine or phorone was done to modulate hepatic GSH level. Liver cell injury was assessed biochemically and histologically. Evidence of apoptosis was sought by TUNEL test, caspase assay and histology. RESULTS INH and RMP co-treatment caused steatosis and increased apoptosis of the hepatocytes, hepatic oxidative stress, particularly in the mitochondrial fraction with increased mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). Mitochondrial oxidative stress as well as liver cell injury was increased by prior treatment with phorone. This was attenuated by pretreatment with methionine suggesting a glutathione (GSH) dependent phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS Oxidative stress in the mitochondria and inappropriate MPT are important in the pathogenesis of apoptotic liver cell injury in INH-RMP hepatotoxicity. The phenomenon is GSH dependent and methionine supplementation might have a protective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Chowdhury
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata 700020, West Bengal, India.
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Ghosh A, Saha DR, Hoque KM, Asakuna M, Yamasaki S, Koley H, Das SS, Chakrabarti MK, Pal A. Enterotoxigenicity of mature 45-kilodalton and processed 35-kilodalton forms of hemagglutinin protease purified from a cholera toxin gene-negative Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strain. Infect Immun 2006; 74:2937-46. [PMID: 16622232 PMCID: PMC1459690 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.5.2937-2946.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Revised: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin gene-negative Vibrio cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strain PL-21 is the etiologic agent of cholera-like syndrome. Hemagglutinin protease (HAP) is one of the major secretory proteins of PL-21. The mature 45-kDa and processed 35-kDa forms of HAP were purified in the presence and absence of EDTA from culture supernatants of PL-21. Enterotoxigenicities of both forms of HAP were tested in rabbit ileal loop (RIL), Ussing chamber, and tissue culture assays. The 35-kDa HAP showed hemorrhagic fluid response in a dose-dependent manner in the RIL assay. Histopathological examination of 20 microg of purified protease-treated rabbit ileum showed the presence of erythrocytes and neutrophils in the upper part of the villous lamina propria. Treatment with 40 microg of protease resulted in gross damage of the villous epithelium with inflammation, hemorrhage, and necrosis. The 35-kDa form of HAP, when added to the lumenal surface of rat ileum loaded in an Ussing chamber, showed a decrease in the intestinal short-circuit current and a cell rounding effect on HeLa cells. The mature 45-kDa form of HAP showed an increase in intestinal short-circuit current in an Ussing chamber and a cell distending effect on HeLa cells. These results show that HAP may play a role in the pathogenesis of PL-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ghosh
- Division of Pathophysiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Calcutta 700010, West Bengal, India
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Bhattacharya R, Sahoo GC, Nayak MK, Saha DR, Sur D, Naik TN, Bhattacharya SK, Krishnan T. Molecular epidemiology of human picobirnaviruses among children of a slum community in Kolkata, India. Infect Genet Evol 2006; 6:453-8. [PMID: 16616879 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Picobirnaviruses are a group of unclassified, non-enveloped, small spherical viruses, 35-41 nm in diameter without any apparent surface morphology. They have characteristic bisegmented double stranded RNA genome of two types namely large profile (2.3-2.6 kbp for the larger and 1.5-1.9 kbp for the smaller segment, respectively) or small profile (1.75 and 1.55 kbp for segments 1 and 2, respectively). Human picobirnaviruses (n=12 positives; 2/56 diarrhoeic children and 10/607 non-diarrhoeic children) with large (n=11) or small (n=1) genome pattern were observed in faecal specimens of children from a slum community by silver stained PAGE gels. Faecal specimen from four asymptomatic cases (P597_02_IND, K135_02_IND, A373_03_IND, A356_03_IND) and one diarrhoeic case (K135_03_IND) had genogroup I picobirnaviruses (1-CHN-97 like) showing amplicons within the 201 bp region, with primers PicoB25-PicoB43, targeting the conserved domain of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. It was interesting to note that only the PBV strain P597_02_IND from Kolkata with large genome was closely related to a reported strain (similarity with 2-GA-91 from USA was 87% at the nucleotide level and 90% at the amino acid level). Sequence analysis showed three conserved amino acid domains as well as a highly conserved D-S-D motif, characteristic of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of bisegmented, double stranded RNA viruses. Sequence data of the picobirnavirus A356_03_IND indicated strong heterogeneity with all other picobirnavirus strains sequenced till date. After nearly a decade a genogroup II picobirnavirus strain (R227_03_IND) was isolated from a diarrhoea case in the community, with small genome profile and amplified with specific primers PicoB23-PicoB24; but the sequence data showed that it was divergent from the hitherto reported prototype strain 4-GA-91 of genogroup II human picobirnaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rittwika Bhattacharya
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, P33 CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
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Saha DR, Pal A, Rajendran K, Dutta P. Histopathological changes in experimental cholera with a non toxigenic non- O1 non-O139 Vibrio cholerae strain isolated from Kolkata, India. Indian J Exp Biol 2006; 44:221-7. [PMID: 16538861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to understand the pathophysiological changes in experimental rabbit ileal loop model using the Vibrio cholerae strain non-O1non-O139, isolated as sole pathogen from clinically diagnosed cholera patients in Kolkata. Significant amount of haemorrhagic fluid accumulation was observed in all the test loops of rabbit model where the strain of V.cholerae was inoculated as compared to control loops. Microscopic examination of the accumulated fluid showed the presence of erythrocytes and pus cells. Histology revealed structural alteration of the villous epithelium with inflammatory cells infiltration in all the layers of the gut mucosa including the nerve plexus region. Preliminary observation with a haemagglutinin protease extracted from the non-O1 non-O139 strain, was also studied in different concentrations in the same animal model which showed similar type of macroscopic and microscopic response in the ileal loops as seen with the original strain. The results highlight that along with other pathways, inflammatory cells and the enteric neurons have an important role in the pathophysiology of diarrhoea and the isolated protease may be the probable virulence factor in initiating the disease process in this non-O1non-O139 strain induced cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Saha
- National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases P-33, CIT Road, Scheme XM, Kolkata 700 010, India.
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Datta S, Chattopadhyay S, Chowdhury A, Santra A, Saha DR, Ramamurthy T, Bhattacharya SK, Berg DE, Nair GB, Mukhopadhyay AK. Diagnosis and genotyping of Helicobacter pylori by polymerase chain reaction of bacterial DNA from gastric juice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20:1253-9. [PMID: 16048575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficient and accurate detection of Helicobacter pylori infection as well as identification of virulence-associated alleles are important for the treatment of gastroduodenal diseases caused by this gastric pathogen. The present study was performed to test the efficiency of gastric juice polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the rapid detection of H. pylori infection and to determine the bacterial genotypes without the need for culture, which is often not feasible especially in developing countries. METHODS DNA was extracted from gastric juice samples collected from 45 subjects and was used to amplify urease B gene (ureB) for H. pylori. Results obtained from this method were further confirmed by rapid urease test (RUT), histology and culture. Genotypes of the infected strains predicted from gastric juice PCR were compared to the genotype data obtained from the isolated strains. RESULTS Among 45 cases, 32 were positive by RUT, 37 by histological examination, 25 by gastric juice PCR method, while culture yielded positive results for 19 samples. Except for one case, all the 19 culture-positive strains gave the same genotype with the gastric juice PCR result. It was found that the gastric juice PCR is more efficient for detection of multiple-strain infection as compared to genotype data obtained from strains isolated as pooled culture. CONCLUSIONS This moderately sensitive technique could be employed with good efficiency, particularly in cases where it is difficult to obtain biopsy. Moreover, with this method bacterial genotype could be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simanti Datta
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Calcutta 700 010, India
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Sur D, Saha DR, Manna B, Rajendran K, Bhattacharya SK. Periodic deworming with albendazole and its impact on growth status and diarrhoeal incidence among children in an urban slum of India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2005; 99:261-7. [PMID: 15708385 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Revised: 08/23/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to measure the impact of periodic deworming with albendazole on growth status and incidence of diarrhoea in children aged 2-5 years in an urban setting in India and to assess the feasibility of local health workers implementing the procedures involved. This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, community-based intervention trial with 702 children randomly allocated to receive either albendazole or placebo. The two study groups received two doses of albendazole (400 mg) or placebo six months apart. Mean weight increased significantly in the albendazole group compared to the control group at three months, six months and nine months following treatment (P<0.01, P<0.01 and P<0.001 respectively). The albendazole group also experienced fewer episodes of diarrhoea than their control counterparts (relative risk 1.3, 95% CI 1.07-1.53) with a 28% reduction. The health workers administered the correct dosage satisfactorily and there were no adverse effects. Thus, periodic mass deworming with albendazole would seem to be a safe and effective method that could be adopted at the community level or as an integral part of school health services and could be expected to improve growth and reduce the incidence of diarrhoea in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sur
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India.
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Datta S, Chattopadhyay S, Balakrish Nair G, Mukhopadhyay AK, Hembram J, Berg DE, Rani Saha D, Khan A, Santra A, Bhattacharya SK, Chowdhury A. Virulence genes and neutral DNA markers of Helicobacter pylori isolates from different ethnic communities of West Bengal, India. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:3737-43. [PMID: 12904384 PMCID: PMC179778 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.8.3737-3743.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virulence-associated genes and neutral DNA markers of Helicobacter pylori strains from the Santhal and Oroan ethnic minorities of West Bengal, India, were studied. These people have traditionally been quite separate from other Indians and differ culturally, genetically, and linguistically from mainstream Bengalis, whose H. pylori strains have been characterized previously. H. pylori was found in each of 49 study participants, although none had peptic ulcer disease, and was cultured from 31 of them. All strains carried the cag pathogenicity island and potentially toxigenic s1 alleles of vacuolating cytotoxin gene (vacA) and were resistant to at least 8 micro g of metronidazole per ml. DNA sequence motifs in vacA mid-region m1 alleles, cagA, and an informative insertion or deletion motif next to cagA from these strains were similar to those of strains from ethnic Bengalis. Three mobile elements, IS605, IS607, and ISHp608, were present in 29, 19, and 10%, respectively, of Santhal and Oroan strains, which is similar to their prevalence in Bengali H. pylori. Thus, there is no evidence that the gene pools of H. pylori of these ethnic minorities differ from those of Bengalis from the same region. This relatedness of strains from persons of different ethnicities bears on our understanding of H. pylori transmission between communities and genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simanti Datta
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Calcutta 700010, India
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Hens DK, Saha DR, Ray S, Biswas D, Kumar R. Histopathological study of rabbit intestinal mucosa infected with a hybrid strain of Shigella dysenteriae 1 carrying LPS biosynthesis genes of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 219:215-8. [PMID: 12620623 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The rfb gene cluster and the rfc gene of Salmonella enterica were introduced earlier into an invasive Shigella dysenteriae 1 strain by triparental cross. Antiserum was raised in rabbit against lipopolysaccharide isolated from the hybrid strain. Both the hybrid and the invasive S. dysenteriae 1 strain were found to have a titer of 1:2560 while for S. enterica, it was 1:640. Ligated ileal loops were prepared in rabbit, which were inoculated with 10(8) CFU ml(-1) each of the hybrid strain, and invasive S. dysenteriae 1 strain used as positive control. Escherichia coli K12 was also used as a negative control. After 18 h, the fluid accumulation ratios were 0.2 and 1.6 for hybrid and invasive strains of S. dysenteriae 1, respectively. Rabbit intestinal mucosa infected with hybrid S. dysenteriae 1 strain showed the presence of intact villus tips and unruptured intestinal mucosa whereas total necrosis of intestinal mucosa and villi was observed in the S. dysenteriae 1-infected region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Hens
- Microbial Genetics Division, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, C.I.T. Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, 700 010, Kolkata, India
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Saha DR, Niyogi SK, Nair GB, Manna B, Bhattacharya SK. Detection of faecal leucocytes & erythrocytes from stools of cholera patients suggesting an evidence of an inflammatory response in cholera. Indian J Med Res 2000; 112:5-8. [PMID: 11006654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Detection of faecal leucocytes and RBCs in stool samples of cholera patients has been reported in a small number of studies. This study extends these observations by examining stool samples of cholera patients in Calcutta. METHODS Out of 1562 diarrhoeal stool samples, Vibrio cholerae was isolated in 266 cases. Stool samples obtained were examined microscopically within two hours of collection. RBCs and faecal leucocytes were examined by normal saline and methylene blue stain. Stool culture was performed using selective and differential media for isolation of V. cholerae. RESULTS Among 266 cholera patients, RBCs was detected in 58 per cent and faecal leucocytes in 88 per cent respectively. The extent of the changes correlated with clinical severity. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION This study showed the presence of RBCs and faecal leucocytes in stools of patients of cholera caused by V. cholerae 01 and 0139 which indicates some inflammatory changes in the gut mucosa. Further study is required to elucidate the inflammatory mechanism involved in the underlying process(es).
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Saha
- National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases (ICMR), Calcutta
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Dutta P, Mitra U, Saha DR, Niyogi SK, Manna B, Bhattacharya SK. Mucoid presentation of acute enterocolitis in children: a hospital-based case-control study. Acta Paediatr 1999; 88:822-6. [PMID: 10503679 DOI: 10.1080/08035259950168720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
A hospital-based case-control study was carried out to clarify the characteristics of mucoid presentation of acute enterocolitis in children. One hundred sixty-eight cases of acute mucoid enterocolitis (study population) were compared with 200 cases of watery diarrhoea and 118 cases of blood dysentery (control groups) on the basis of clinical characteristics and findings on stool examination. Study and control groups were comparable with respect to age, body weight and nutritional status. There was no significant difference in clinical characteristics (duration of diarrhoea, stool frequency, presence of vomiting, fever and dehydration) between patients suffering from mucoid enterocolitis and blood dysentery. However, watery diarrhoea patients had significantly high frequencies of vomiting (p=0.00001) and dehydration (p=0.00001). High numbers of microscopic red blood cells (mean +/- SD: 40.8 +/- 16.8) and white blood cells (40.6 +/- 18.0) were present in faecal samples of the patients with mucoid enterocolitis, which is indicative of infection caused by enteroinvasive enteropathogens. Shigella was a commonly identified enteropathogen in patients with mucoid enterocolitis (40.5%) and in patients with dysentery (46.6%), with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.30). Isolation of Salmonella was statistically similar in study and control groups. However, Entamoeba histolytica was detected in significantly high frequency in patients with mucoid enterocolitis as compared to the patients with dysentery (p = 0.0004) and watery diarrhoea (p = 0.00004). Our results indicate that mucoid enterocolitis patients are infected with enteroinvasive enteropathogens, and that stool examination is useful in establishing the aetiological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dutta
- Division of Clinical Medicine, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Calcutta, India.
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Gupta DN, Saha DR, Sengupta PG, Mondal SK, Ghosh S, Saha MR, Bhattacharya SK, Sircar BK. Value of faecal leucocyte count as an indicator of invasiveness in mucoid diarrhoea. J Commun Dis 1997; 29:329-32. [PMID: 10085638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Importance of faecal leucocyte count as an indicator of invasiveness in mucoid diarrhoea was studied. A total of 290 faecal specimen, 170 from mucoid diarrhoea and 120 from watery diarrhoea were examined for faecal leucocyte count under high power field (hpf) from rural children below four years of age during the period from November 1992 to October 1995. Faecal leucocyte count > 10/hpf was noted in 45.9% of mucoid diarrhoea as against 19.2% of watery diarrhoea (p < 0.0001) samples. From faecal samples with > 10 faecal leucocyte count, invasive pathogens could be recovered in 19 (24.5%) to none of 23 patients with watery diarrhoea (p < 0.006 Fisher exact test). This sample test appears to be of value as an indicator of invasiveness in mucoid diarrhoea in the absence of culture facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Gupta
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Calcutta
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Saha DR, Koley H, Ghosh AN, Nair GB. Sequential changes in gut mucosa of rabbits infected with Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal: an ultrastructural study. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1997; 15:59-64. [PMID: 9360342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion and subsequent colonisation are important events in the infection by Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal. To determine in details the pathological changes in the gut mucosa, an epidemic strain of O139 Bengal was inoculated in a rabbit ileal loop model. Electron microscopic studies were done at different time intervals after inoculation of the strain to see the histological changes at the ultrastructural level. From 10 hours onwards, cellular invasive processes with presence of bacteria in the lamina propria and other associated inflammatory changes were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Saha
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Microbiology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Calcutta, India.
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Gupta DN, Sircar BK, Sengupta PG, Ghosh S, Banu MK, Mondal SK, Saha DR, De SP, Sikdar SN, Manna B, Dutta S, Saha NC. Epidemiological and clinical profiles of acute invasive diarrhoea with special reference to mucoid episodes: a rural community-based longitudinal study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996; 90:544-7. [PMID: 8944269 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(96)90315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was carried out in 3 villages near Calcutta, India, having a population of 5464, between August 1992 and December 1994. A cohort of rural children below 4 years of age was prospectively observed to determine the clinico-epidemiological aspects of mucoid diarrhoea and examine propensity to invasiveness. Overall, the incidence of diarrhoea was 1.7 episodes/child/year, and that of mucoid and bloody dysentery was 0.8 and 0.2 episodes/child/year, respectively. Children aged 6-11 months had a higher incidence of mucoid diarrhoea (1.3 episodes/child/year) and the peak season occurred in June and July. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed that mucoid diarrhoea and bloody dysentery were closely similar in both clinical and laboratory findings, including raised faecal leucocyte count (> 10/high power microscope field [hpf]). However, abdominal pain occurred more frequently in bloody dysentery than in mucoid diarrhoea. Faecal leucocyte count (> 10/hpf) can therefore be used as an indicator for invasiveness of mucoid diarrhoea at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Gupta
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Calcutta, India
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Saha DR, Gupta DN, Sengupta PG, Mondal SK, Ghosh S, Saha NC, Sikder SN, Sircar BK. Intestinal parasitism: a childhood problem in rural Bengal. J Commun Dis 1995; 27:170-174. [PMID: 9163712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A study was undertaken to assess the parasitic infection rate in a rural community of West Bengal amongst children below four years of age suffering from gastrointestinal complaints. A total of 221 faecal samples were examined during November 1992 to April 1994. G. lamblia (17.2%) and E. histolytica (8.1%) were the predominant protozoas, whereas E. vermicularis (12.2%) and A. lumbricoides (8.1%) were found to be common amongst helminthic infection. A significantly lower infection rate was observed in children below one year (24.4 per cent) as compared to older age groups (66.4 per cent).
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Saha
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Scheme-XM Beliaghata, Calcutta
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