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Miller RA, Winrow CJ, Spellman DS, Song Q, Reiss DR, Conway JP, Taylor RR, Coleman PJ, Hendrickson RC, Renger JJ. Quantitative proteomics in laser capture microdissected sleep nuclei from rat brain. J Neurogenet 2014; 28:136-45. [PMID: 24579665 PMCID: PMC4075250 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2014.883389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The combination of stable isotope labeling of amino acids in mammals (SILAM) and laser capture microdissection (LCM) for selective proteomic analysis of the targeted tissues holds tremendous potential for refined characterization of proteome changes within complex tissues such as the brain. The authors have applied this approach to measure changes in relative protein abundance in ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the rat brain that correlate to pharmacological perturbations. Enriched 13C615N2-lysine was introduced in vivo via diet. These animals were sacrificed during the middle of the 12-hour light period to extract isotopically “heavy” proteins, which were then used as a reference for extracts from dosed, unlabeled rats. Animals were administered an orexin peptide (Ox-B), an orexin receptor antagonist (ORA), or a mixture of both (Ox-B + ORA). All samples were obtained at same phase of the sleep cycle. Labeled-pair identification and differential quantitation provided protein identification and expression ratio data. Five proteins were found to exhibit decreased relative abundance after administration of an ORA, including α-synuclein and rat myelin basic protein. Conversely, six proteins showed increased relative abundance upon antagonist treatment, including 2’,3’-cyclic nucleotide 3’-phosphodiesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Miller
- Department of Proteomics, Molecular Profiling and Research Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania , USA
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2
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Ramirez AD, Gotter AL, Fox SV, Tannenbaum PL, Yao L, Tye SJ, McDonald T, Brunner J, Garson SL, Reiss DR, Kuduk SD, Coleman PJ, Uslaner JM, Hodgson R, Browne SE, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ. Dual orexin receptor antagonists show distinct effects on locomotor performance, ethanol interaction and sleep architecture relative to gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptor modulators. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:254. [PMID: 24399926 PMCID: PMC3871832 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) are a potential treatment for insomnia that function by blocking both the orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors. The objective of the current study was to further confirm the impact of therapeutic mechanisms targeting insomnia on locomotor coordination and ethanol interaction using DORAs and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor modulators of distinct chemical structure and pharmacological properties in the context of sleep-promoting potential. The current study compared rat motor co-ordination after administration of DORAs, DORA-12 and almorexant, and GABA-A receptor modulators, zolpidem, eszopiclone, and diazepam, alone or each in combination with ethanol. Motor performance was assessed by measuring time spent walking on a rotarod apparatus. Zolpidem, eszopiclone and diazepam [0.3–30 mg/kg administered orally (PO)] impaired rotarod performance in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, all three GABA-A receptor modulators potentiated ethanol- (0.25–1.5 g/kg) induced impairment on the rotarod. By contrast, neither DORA-12 (10–100 mg/kg, PO) nor almorexant (30–300 mg/kg, PO) impaired motor performance alone or in combination with ethanol. In addition, distinct differences in sleep architecture were observed between ethanol, GABA-A receptor modulators (zolpidem, eszopiclone, and diazepam) and DORA-12 in electroencephalogram studies in rats. These findings provide further evidence that orexin receptor antagonists have an improved motor side-effect profile compared with currently available sleep-promoting agents based on preclinical data and strengthen the rationale for further evaluation of these agents in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres D Ramirez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Steven V Fox
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Pamela L Tannenbaum
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Lihang Yao
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Spencer J Tye
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Terrence McDonald
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Brunner
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Susan L Garson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Duane R Reiss
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Scott D Kuduk
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Jason M Uslaner
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Robert Hodgson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Susan E Browne
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - John J Renger
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
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3
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Mercer SP, Roecker AJ, Garson S, Reiss DR, Meacham Harrell C, Murphy KL, Bruno JG, Bednar RA, Lemaire W, Cui D, Cabalu TD, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Hartman GD, Young SD, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of 2,5-diarylnicotinamides as selective orexin-2 receptor antagonists (2-SORAs). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6620-4. [PMID: 24215892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The orexin (or hypocretin) system has been identified as a novel target for the treatment of insomnia due to the wealth of biological and genetic data discovered over the past decade. Recently, clinical proof-of-concept was achieved for the treatment of primary insomnia using dual (OX1R/OX2R) orexin receptor antagonists. However, elucidation of the pharmacology associated with selective orexin-2 receptor antagonists (2-SORAs) has been hampered by the lack of orally bioavailable, highly selective small molecule probes. Herein, the discovery and optimization of a novel series of 2,5-diarylnicotinamides as potent and orally bioavailable orexin-2 receptor selective antagonists is described. A compound from this series demonstrated potent sleep promotion when dosed orally to EEG telemetrized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati P Mercer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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4
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Coleman PJ, Schreier JD, Cox CD, Breslin MJ, Whitman DB, Bogusky MJ, McGaughey GB, Bednar RA, Lemaire W, Doran SM, Fox SV, Garson SL, Gotter AL, Harrell CM, Reiss DR, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Prueksaritanont T, Stevens J, Tannenbaum PL, Ball RG, Stellabott J, Young SD, Hartman GD, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Cover Picture: Discovery of [(2R,5R)-5-{[(5-Fluoropyridin-2-yl)oxy]methyl}-2-methylpiperidin-1-yl][5-methyl-2-(pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl]methanone (MK-6096): A Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist with Potent Sleep-Promoting Properties (ChemMedChem 3/2012). ChemMedChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201290006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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Coleman PJ, Schreier JD, Cox CD, Breslin MJ, Whitman DB, Bogusky MJ, McGaughey GB, Bednar RA, Lemaire W, Doran SM, Fox SV, Garson SL, Gotter AL, Harrell CM, Reiss DR, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Prueksaritanont T, Stevens J, Tannenbaum PL, Ball RG, Stellabott J, Young SD, Hartman GD, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Discovery of [(2R,5R)-5-{[(5-Fluoropyridin-2-yl)oxy]methyl}-2-methylpiperidin-1-yl][5-methyl-2-(pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl]methanone (MK-6096): A Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist with Potent Sleep-Promoting Properties. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:415-24, 337. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Winrow CJ, Gotter AL, Cox CD, Tannenbaum PL, Garson SL, Doran SM, Breslin MJ, Schreier JD, Fox SV, Harrell CM, Stevens J, Reiss DR, Cui D, Coleman PJ, Renger JJ. Pharmacological characterization of MK-6096 – A dual orexin receptor antagonist for insomnia. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:978-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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7
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Coburn CA, Luo Y, Cui M, Wang J, Soll R, Dong J, Hu B, Lyon MA, Santarelli VP, Kraus RL, Gregan Y, Wang Y, Fox SV, Binns J, Doran SM, Reiss DR, Tannenbaum PL, Gotter AL, Meinke PT, Renger JJ. Discovery of a Pharmacologically Active Antagonist of the Two-Pore-Domain Potassium Channel K2P9.1 (TASK-3). ChemMedChem 2011; 7:123-33. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Gotter AL, Santarelli VP, Doran SM, Tannenbaum PL, Kraus RL, Rosahl TW, Meziane H, Montial M, Reiss DR, Wessner K, McCampbell A, Stevens J, Brunner JI, Fox SV, Uebele VN, Bayliss DA, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. TASK-3 as a potential antidepressant target. Brain Res 2011; 1416:69-79. [PMID: 21885038 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of TASK-3 (Kcnk9) potassium channels affect neurotransmitter release in thalamocortical centers and other sleep-related nuclei having the capacity to regulate arousal cycles and REM sleep changes associated with mood disorders and antidepressant action. Circumstantial evidence from this and previous studies suggest the potential for TASK-3 to be a novel antidepressant therapeutic target; TASK-3 knock-out mice display augmented circadian amplitude and exhibit sleep architecture characterized by suppressed REM activity. Detailed analysis of locomotor activity indicates that the amplitudes of activity bout duration and bout number are augmented in TASK-3 mutants well beyond that seen in wildtypes, findings substantiated by amplitude increases in body temperature and EEG recordings of sleep stage bouts. Polysomnographic analysis of TASK-3 mutants reveals increases in nocturnal active wake and suppressed REM sleep time while increased slow wave sleep typifies the inactive phase, findings that have implications for the cognitive impact of reduced TASK-3 activity. In direct measures of their resistance to despair behavior, TASK-3 knock-outs displayed significant decreases in immobility relative to wildtype controls in both tail suspension and forced swim tests. Treatment of wildtype animals with the antidepressant Fluoxetine markedly reduced REM sleep, while leaving active wake and slow wave sleep relatively intact. Remarkably, these effects were absent in TASK-3 mutants indicating that TASK-3 is either directly involved in the mechanism of this drug's action, or participates in parallel pathways that achieve the same effect. Together, these results support the TASK-3 channel to act as a therapeutic target for antidepressant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA.
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9
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Layton ME, Kelly MJ, Rodzinak KJ, Sanderson PE, Young SD, Bednar RA, DiLella AG, Mcdonald TP, Wang H, Mosser SD, Fay JF, Cunningham ME, Reiss DR, Fandozzi C, Trainor N, Liang A, Lis EV, Seabrook GR, Urban MO, Yergey J, Koblan KS. Discovery of 3-substituted aminocyclopentanes as potent and orally bioavailable NR2B subtype-selective NMDA antagonists. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:352-62. [PMID: 22816022 DOI: 10.1021/cn200013d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 3-substituted aminocyclopentanes has been identified as highly potent and selective NR2B receptor antagonists. Incorporation of a 1,2,4-oxadiazole linker and substitution of the pendant phenyl ring led to the discovery of orally bioavailable analogues that showed efficient NR2B receptor occupancy in rats. Unlike nonselective NMDA antagonists, the NR2B-selective antagonist 22 showed no adverse affects on motor coordination in the rotarod assay at high dose. Compound 22 was efficacious following oral administration in a spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain and in an acute model of Parkinson's disease in a dose dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Layton
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Michael J. Kelly
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kevin J. Rodzinak
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Philip E. Sanderson
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Steven D. Young
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Rodney A. Bednar
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Anthony G. DiLella
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Terrence P. Mcdonald
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Scott D. Mosser
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John F. Fay
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Michael E. Cunningham
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Duane R. Reiss
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Christine Fandozzi
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Nicole Trainor
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Annie Liang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Edward V. Lis
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Guy R. Seabrook
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mark O. Urban
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - James Yergey
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Koblan
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Molecular Pain Research, §Movement Disorders, and ∥Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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Winrow CJ, Gotter AL, Cox CD, Doran SM, Tannenbaum PL, Breslin MJ, Garson SL, Fox SV, Harrell CM, Stevens J, Reiss DR, Cui D, Coleman PJ, Renger JJ. Promotion of sleep by suvorexant-a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist. J Neurogenet 2011; 25:52-61. [PMID: 21473737 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2011.566953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Orexins/hypocretins are key neuropeptides responsible for regulating central arousal and reward circuits. Two receptors respond to orexin signaling, orexin 1 receptor (OX(1)R) and orexin 2 receptor (OX(2)R) with partially overlapping nervous system distributions. Genetic studies suggest orexin receptor antagonists could be therapeutic for insomnia and other disorders with disruptions of sleep and wake. Suvorexant (MK-4305) is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable antagonist of OX(1)R and OX(2)R currently under clinical investigation as a novel therapy for insomnia. Examination of Suvorexant in radioligand binding assays using tissue from transgenic rats expressing the human OX(2)R found nearly full receptor occupancy (>90%) at plasma exposures of 1.1 μM. Dosed orally Suvorexant significantly and dose-dependently reduced locomotor activity and promoted sleep in rats (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg), dogs (1 and 3 mg/kg), and rhesus monkeys (10 mg/kg). Consistent cross-species sleep/wake architecture changes produced by Suvorexant highlight a unique opportunity to develop dual orexin antagonists as a novel therapy for insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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11
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Bodmer-Narkevitch V, Anthony NJ, Cofre V, Jolly SM, Murphy KL, Ransom RW, Reiss DR, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Pettibone DJ, Bock MG, Kuduk SD. Indazole derivatives as novel bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:7011-4. [PMID: 20971001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A new class of indazole-derived bradykinin B(1) antagonists and their structure-activity relationships (SAR) is reported. A number of compounds were found to have low-nanomolar affinity for the human B(1) receptor and possess acceptable P-gp and pharmacokinetics properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Bodmer-Narkevitch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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12
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Cox CD, Breslin MJ, Whitman DB, Schreier JD, McGaughey GB, Bogusky MJ, Roecker AJ, Mercer SP, Bednar RA, Lemaire W, Bruno JG, Reiss DR, Harrell CM, Murphy KL, Garson SL, Doran SM, Prueksaritanont T, Anderson WB, Tang C, Roller S, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Hartman GD, Young SD, Koblan KS, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of the dual orexin receptor antagonist [(7R)-4-(5-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)-7-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl][5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)phenyl]methanone (MK-4305) for the treatment of insomnia. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5320-32. [PMID: 20565075 DOI: 10.1021/jm100541c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite increased understanding of the biological basis for sleep control in the brain, few novel mechanisms for the treatment of insomnia have been identified in recent years. One notable exception is inhibition of the excitatory neuropeptides orexins A and B by design of orexin receptor antagonists. Herein, we describe how efforts to understand the origin of poor oral pharmacokinetics in a leading HTS-derived diazepane orexin receptor antagonist led to the identification of compound 10 with a 7-methyl substitution on the diazepane core. Though 10 displayed good potency, improved pharmacokinetics, and excellent in vivo efficacy, it formed reactive metabolites in microsomal incubations. A mechanistic hypothesis coupled with an in vitro assay to assess bioactivation led to replacement of the fluoroquinazoline ring of 10 with a chlorobenzoxazole to provide 3 (MK-4305), a potent dual orexin receptor antagonist that is currently being tested in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of primary insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Cox
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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13
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Coleman PJ, Schreier JD, Roecker AJ, Mercer SP, McGaughey GB, Cox CD, Hartman GD, Harrell CM, Reiss DR, Doran SM, Garson SL, Anderson WB, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Discovery of 3,9-diazabicyclo[4.2.1]nonanes as potent dual orexin receptor antagonists with sleep-promoting activity in the rat. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4201-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Melamed JY, Zartman AE, Kett NR, Gotter AL, Uebele VN, Reiss DR, Condra CL, Fandozzi C, Lubbers LS, Rowe BA, McGaughey GB, Henault M, Stocco R, Renger JJ, Hartman GD, Bilodeau MT, Trotter BW. Synthesis and evaluation of a new series of Neuropeptide S receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4700-3. [PMID: 20510609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Administration of Neuropeptide S (NPS) has been shown to produce arousal, that is, independent of novelty and to induce wakefulness by suppressing all stages of sleep, as demonstrated by EEG recordings in rat. Medicinal chemistry efforts have identified a quinolinone class of potent NPSR antagonists that readily cross the blood-brain barrier. We detail here optimization efforts resulting in the identification of a potent NPSR antagonist which dose-dependently and specifically inhibited (125)I-NPS binding in the CNS when administered to rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Y Melamed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA.
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15
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Winrow CJ, Tanis KQ, Reiss DR, Rigby AM, Uslaner JM, Uebele VN, Doran SM, Fox SV, Garson SL, Gotter AL, Levine DM, Roecker AJ, Coleman PJ, Koblan KS, Renger JJ. Orexin receptor antagonism prevents transcriptional and behavioral plasticity resulting from stimulant exposure. Neuropharmacology 2010; 58:185-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Whitman DB, Cox CD, Breslin MJ, Brashear KM, Schreier JD, Bogusky MJ, Bednar RA, Lemaire W, Bruno JG, Hartman GD, Reiss DR, Harrell CM, Kraus RL, Li Y, Garson SL, Doran SM, Prueksaritanont T, Li C, Winrow CJ, Koblan KS, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of a potent, CNS-penetrant orexin receptor antagonist based on an n,n-disubstituted-1,4-diazepane scaffold that promotes sleep in rats. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1069-74. [PMID: 19418500 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Silent Night: Antagonism of the orexin (or hypocretin) system has recently been identified as a novel mechanism for the treatment of insomnia. Herein, we describe discovery of a dual (OX(1)R/OX(2)R) orexin receptor antagonist featuring a 1,4-diazepane central constraint that blocks orexin signaling in vivo. In telemetry-implanted rats, oral administration of this antagonist produced a decrease in wakefulness, while increasing REM and non-REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Whitman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, WP14-2, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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17
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Uebele VN, Gotter AL, Nuss CE, Kraus RL, Doran SM, Garson SL, Reiss DR, Li Y, Barrow JC, Reger TS, Yang ZQ, Ballard JE, Tang C, Metzger JM, Wang SP, Koblan KS, Renger JJ. Antagonism of T-type calcium channels inhibits high-fat diet-induced weight gain in mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1659-67. [PMID: 19451696 DOI: 10.1172/jci36954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemics of obesity and metabolic disorders have well-recognized health and economic burdens. Pharmacologic treatments for these diseases remain unsatisfactory with respect to both efficacy and side-effect profiles. Here, we have identified a potential central role for T-type calcium channels in regulating body weight maintenance and sleep. Previously, it was shown that mice lacking CaV3.1 T-type calcium channels have altered sleep/wake activity. We found that these mice were also resistant to high-fat diet-induced weight gain, without changes in food intake or sensitivity to high-fat diet-induced disruptions of diurnal rhythm. Administration of a potent and selective antagonist of T-type calcium channels, TTA-A2, to normal-weight animals prior to the inactive phase acutely increased sleep, decreased body core temperature, and prevented high-fat diet-induced weight gain. Administration of TTA-A2 to obese rodents reduced body weight and fat mass while concurrently increasing lean muscle mass. These effects likely result from better alignment of diurnal feeding patterns with daily changes in circadian physiology and potentially an increased metabolic rate during the active phase. Together, these studies reveal what we believe to be a previously unknown role for T-type calcium channels in the regulation of sleep and weight maintenance and suggest the potential for a novel therapeutic approach to treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor N Uebele
- Department of Sleep Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486-0004, USA.
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18
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Kuduk SD, Chang RK, DiPardo RM, Di Marco CN, Murphy KL, Ransom RW, Reiss DR, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Pettibone DJ, Bock MG. Bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists: An α-hydroxy amide with an improved metabolism profile. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5107-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Su DS, Lim JL, Tinney E, Wan BL, Murphy KL, Reiss DR, Harrell CM, O’Malley SS, Ransom RW, Chang RSL, Pettibone DJ, Yu J, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Freidinger RM, Bock MG, Anthony NJ. 2-Aminobenzophenones as a Novel Class of Bradykinin B1Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3946-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800199h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Bergman JM, Roecker AJ, Mercer SP, Bednar RA, Reiss DR, Ransom RW, Meacham Harrell C, Pettibone DJ, Lemaire W, Murphy KL, Li C, Prueksaritanont T, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Koblan KS, Hartman GD, Coleman PJ. Proline bis-amides as potent dual orexin receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1425-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Kuduk SD, DiPardo RM, Chang RK, Di Marco CN, Murphy KL, Ransom RW, Reiss DR, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Pettibone DJ, Bock MG. Bradykinin B1 antagonists: Biphenyl SAR studies in the cyclopropanecarboxamide series. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3608-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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22
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Su DS, Lim JL, Markowitz MK, Wan BL, Murphy KL, Reiss DR, Harrell CM, O'Malley SS, Ransom RW, Chang RSL, Pettibone DJ, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Freidinger RM, Bock MG. Potent bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists: 4-Substituted phenyl cyclohexanes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3006-9. [PMID: 17428657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Selective bradykinin (BK) B(1) receptor antagonists have been shown to be antinociceptive in animal models and could be novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of pain and inflammation. Elucidation of the structure-activity relationships of the biphenyl moiety of the lead compound 1 provided a potent new structural class of BK B(1) receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Shi Su
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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23
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Kuduk SD, Di Marco CN, Chang RK, Wood MR, Schirripa KM, Kim JJ, Wai JMC, DiPardo RM, Murphy KL, Ransom RW, Harrell CM, Reiss DR, Holahan MA, Cook J, Hess JF, Sain N, Urban MO, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Pettibone DJ, Bock MG. Development of Orally Bioavailable and CNS Penetrant Biphenylaminocyclopropane Carboxamide Bradykinin B1 Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 50:272-82. [PMID: 17228869 DOI: 10.1021/jm061094b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of biphenylaminocyclopropane carboxamide based bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists has been developed that possesses good pharmacokinetic properties and is CNS penetrant. Discovery that the replacement of the trifluoropropionamide in the lead structure with polyhaloacetamides, particularly a trifluoroacetamide, significantly reduced P-glycoprotein mediated efflux for the series proved essential. One of these novel bradykinin B1 antagonists (13b) also exhibited suitable pharmacokinetic properties and efficient ex vivo receptor occupancy for further development as a novel approach for the treatment of pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Kuduk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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24
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Ransom RW, Harrell CM, Reiss DR, Murphy KL, Chang RSL, Hess JF, Miller PJ, O'Malley SS, Hey PJ, Kunapuli P, Su DS, Markowitz MK, Wallace MA, Raab CE, Jones AN, Dean DC, Pettibone DJ, Freidinger RM, Bock MG. Pharmacological characterization and radioligand binding properties of a high-affinity, nonpeptide, bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 499:77-84. [PMID: 15363953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 07/20/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Compound A (N-[2-[4-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl]ethyl]-2-[(2R)-1-(2-napthylsulfonyl)-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalin-2-yl]acetamide) is a member of a new class of aryl sulfonamide dihydroquinoxalinone bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists that should be useful pharmacological tools. Here we report on some of the pharmacological properties of compound A as well as the characterization of [35S]compound A as the first nonpeptide bradykinin B1 receptor radioligand. Compound A inhibited tritiated peptide ligand binding to the cloned human, rabbit, dog, and rat bradykinin B1 receptors expressed in CHO cells with Ki values of 0.016, 0.050, 0.56, and 29 nM, respectively. It was inactive at 10 microM in binding assays with the cloned human bradykinin B2 receptor. In functional antagonist assays with the cloned bradykinin B1 receptors, compound A inhibited agonist-induced signaling with activities consistent with the competition binding results, but had no antagonist activity at the bradykinin B2 receptor. Compound A was also found to be a potent antagonist in a rabbit aorta tissue bath preparation and to effectively block des-Arg9 bradykinin depressor responses in lipopolysaccharide-treated rabbit following intravenous administration. The binding of [35S]compound A was evaluated with the cloned bradykinin B1 receptors. In assays with human, rabbit, and dog receptors, [35S]compound A labeled a single site with Kd values of 0.012, 0.064, and 0.37 nM, respectively, and with binding site densities equivalent to those obtained using the conventional tritiated peptide ligands. Binding assays with the cloned rat bradykinin B1 receptor were not successful, presumably due to the low affinity of the ligand for this species receptor. There was no specific binding of the ligand detected in CHO cells expressing the human bradykinin B2 receptor. In assays with the cloned human bradykinin B1 receptor, the pharmacologies of the binding of [35S]compound A and [3H][Leu9]des-Arg10-kallidin were the same. The high signal-to-noise ratio obtained with [35S]compound A will allow this ligand to be a very useful tool for future investigations of the bradykinin B1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Ransom
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Merck Research Laboratories, WP46-300, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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25
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Nantermet PG, Barrow JC, Selnick HG, Homnick CF, Freidinger RM, Chang RS, O'Malley SS, Reiss DR, Broten TP, Ransom RW, Pettibone DJ, Olah T, Forray C. Selective alpha1a adrenergic receptor antagonists based on 4-aryl-3,4-dihydropyridine-2-ones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1625-8. [PMID: 10937710 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00696-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of alpha1a receptor antagonists derived from a 4-aryl-3,4-dihydropyridine-2-one heterocycle is disclosed. Potency in the low nanomolar to picomolar range along with high selectivity was obtained. In vivo efficacy in a prostate contraction model in rats was observed with a few derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Nantermet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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26
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Williams PD, Bock MG, Evans BE, Freidinger RM, Gallicchio SN, Guidotti MT, Jacobson MA, Kuo MS, Levy MR, Lis EV, Michelson SR, Pawluczyk JM, Perlow DS, Pettibone DJ, Quigley AG, Reiss DR, Salvatore C, Stauffer KJ, Woyden CJ. Nonpeptide oxytocin antagonists: analogs of L-371,257 with improved potency. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1311-6. [PMID: 10340620 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity studies on the oxytocin antagonist 1 (L-371,257; Ki = 9.3 nM) have led to the identification of a related series of compounds containing an ortho-trifluoroethoxyphenylacetyl core which are orally bioavailable and have significantly improved potency in vitro and in vivo, e.g., compound 8 (L-374,943; Ki = 1.4 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Williams
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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27
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Kuo MS, Bock MG, Freidinger RM, Guidotti MT, Lis EV, Pawluczyk JM, Perlow DS, Pettibone DJ, Quigley AG, Reiss DR, Williams PD, Woyden CJ. Nonpeptide oxytocin antagonists: potent, orally bioavailable analogs of L-371,257 containing a 1-R-(pyridyl)ethyl ether terminus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:3081-6. [PMID: 9873680 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00568-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity studies on the oxytocin antagonist 1 (L-371,257) have identified a new series of high affinity, receptor-selective OT antagonists in which the N-acetyl-4-piperidinyl ether terminus in 1 has been replaced with a 1-(aryl)ethoxy group.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kuo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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28
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Bell IM, Erb JM, Freidinger RM, Gallicchio SN, Guare JP, Guidotti MT, Halpin RA, Hobbs DW, Homnick CF, Kuo MS, Lis EV, Mathre DJ, Michelson SR, Pawluczyk JM, Pettibone DJ, Reiss DR, Vickers S, Williams PD, Woyden CJ. Development of orally active oxytocin antagonists: studies on 1-(1-[4-[1-(2-methyl-1-oxidopyridin-3-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yloxy]-2- methoxybenzoyl]piperidin-4-yl)-1,4-dihydrobenz[d][1,3]oxazin-2-one (L-372,662) and related pyridines. J Med Chem 1998; 41:2146-63. [PMID: 9622556 DOI: 10.1021/jm9800797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The previously reported oxytocin antagonist L-371,257 (2) has been modified at its acetylpiperidine terminus to incorporate various pyridine N-oxide groups. This modification has led to the identification of compounds with improved pharmacokinetics and excellent oral bioavailability. The pyridine N-oxide series is exemplified by L-372,662 (30), which possessed good potency in vitro (Ki = 4.1 nM, cloned human oxytocin receptor) and in vivo (intravenous AD50 = 0.71 mg/kg in the rat), excellent oral bioavailability (90% in the rat, 96% in the dog), good aqueous solubility (>8.5 mg/mL at pH 5.2) which should facilitate formulation for iv administration, and excellent selectivity against the human arginine vasopressin receptors. Incorporation of a 5-fluoro substituent on the central benzoyl ring of this class of oxytocin antagonists enhanced in vitro and in vivo potency but was detrimental to the pharmacokinetic profiles of these compounds. Although lipophilic substitution around the pyridine ring of compound 30 gave higher affinity in vitro, such substituents were a metabolic liability and caused shortfalls in vivo. Two approaches to prevent this metabolism, addition of a cyclic constraint and incorporation of trifluoromethyl groups, were examined. The former approach was ineffective because of metabolic hydroxylation on the constrained ring system, whereas the latter showed improvement in plasma pharmacokinetics in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Bell
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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29
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Williams PD, Clineschmidt BV, Erb JM, Freidinger RM, Guidotti MT, Lis EV, Pawluczyk JM, Pettibone DJ, Reiss DR, Veber DF. 1-(1-[4-[(N-acetyl-4-piperidinyl)oxy]-2-methoxybenzoyl]piperidin-4- yl)-4H-3,1-benzoxazin-2(1H)-one (L-371,257): a new, orally bioavailable, non-peptide oxytocin antagonist. J Med Chem 1995; 38:4634-6. [PMID: 7473590 DOI: 10.1021/jm00023a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P D Williams
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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30
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Pettibone DJ, Clineschmidt BV, Kishel MT, Lis EV, Reiss DR, Woyden CJ, Evans BE, Freidinger RM, Veber DF, Cook MJ. Identification of an orally active, nonpeptidyl oxytocin antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 264:308-14. [PMID: 8423533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
L-366,509, a member of a novel class of nonpeptidyl compounds, has been characterized as an orally active oxytocin (OT) antagonist. L-366,509 exhibits a moderate binding affinity (K(i) values, 370-780 nM) for the rat, rhesus and human uterine OT receptor. L-366,509 also binds to vasopressin receptor subtypes (arginine vasopressin-V1 and V2) with measurable affinity in rat (K(i) values, 25-30 microM) and primate (K(i) values, 2-6 microM) tissues. In rat uterine slices, L-366,509 inhibits (IC50 = 1.6 microM) the stimulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover induced by OT but not bradykinin. In the rat isolated uterus, L-366,509 is a competitive and reversible OT antagonist (pA2 = 7.32). In vivo, L-366,509 given i.v. (10 mg/kg) or intraduodenally (10-50 mg/kg) to rats causes a marked and long-lasting inhibition of OT-stimulated uterine activity. OT antagonist activity in a pregnant rhesus macaque (approximately day 135 gestation) is also observed with L-366,509 after i.v. or p.o. dosing. L-366,509 represents a prototype for a new chemical class of OT antagonists with significant p.o. bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Pettibone
- Department of New Lead Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
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31
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Clineschmidt BV, Pettibone DJ, Reiss DR, Lis EV, Haluska GJ, Novy MJ, Cook MJ, Cukierski MA, Kaufman MJ, Bock MG. Antagonism of oxytocin in rats and pregnant rhesus monkeys by the novel cyclic hexapeptides, L-366,682 and L-366,948. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991; 256:827-32. [PMID: 2005582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two cyclic hexapeptides unrelated in chemical structure to oxytocin (OT) were shown in vivo to be antagonists of the contractile action of OT on the uterus. In anesthetized rats challenged with OT (1 micrograms/kg) administered as an i.v. bolus, L-366,682 [cyclo-(L-Pro-D-Trp-L-Ile-D-pipecolic acid-L-pipecolic acid-D-His)] and L-366,948 (D-2-naphthyl-alanine in place of D-Trp) were equipotent with AD50 values of about 100 micrograms/kg i.v. At doses of L-366,682 or L-366,948 causing approximately 90 to 95% block (approximately the AD95 dose) of OT, the duration of action of the antagonists exceeded 145 min. Both compounds exhibited selectivity in the rat, as a dose of either at 300 micrograms/kg i.v. shifted the dose-response for OT-induced uterine contraction to the right by approximately 5-fold but did not affect the dose-response to prostaglandin F2 alpha. Furthermore, neither compound, at a dose of 3 mg/kg i.v., antagonized the action of arginine vasopressin acting at V-1 (pressor effect in pithed rats) or V-2 (antidiuretic) receptors. In conscious, freely moving, pregnant rhesus monkeys, L-366,948 or L-366,682 given i.v. or s.c. were effective antagonists of uterine contractions elicited by an infusion of OT. OT- or arginine vasopressin-like agonist activity was not observed in any of the in vivo models. It is concluded that L-366,682 and L-366,948 act in vivo as reasonably potent, long-acting and selective antagonists at OT receptors in the rat and rhesus uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Clineschmidt
- Department of New Lead Pharmacology, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
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32
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Pettibone DJ, Clineschmidt BV, Lis EV, Reiss DR, Totaro JA, Woyden CJ, Bock MG, Freidinger RM, Tung RD, Veber DF. In vitro pharmacological profile of a novel structural class of oxytocin antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991; 256:304-8. [PMID: 1988661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of structurally novel cyclic hexapeptides have been characterized as potent and selective oxytocin (OT) antagonists in vitro. As a representative of this class of compounds, L-366,948 [[cyclo(L-prolyl-D-2-naphthylalanyl-L-isoleucyl-D-pipecolyl- L-pipecolyl-D- histidyl)]] exhibited a high binding affinity (Ki, low nanomolar) for OT receptors in rat (uterus and mammary) and primate (pregnant rhesus and human myometrium) tissue with a several hundred-fold binding selectivity vs. rat arginine vasopressin (AVP)-V1 (liver) and AVP-V2 (kidney medulla) receptors. In functional assays, L-366,948 was a pure OT antagonist, blocking both OT-stimulated contraction of the isolated rat uterus (pA2, 8.5) and phosphatidylinositol turnover in uterine slices (IC50, 40 vs. 3 nM OT), with no evidence of partial agonist activity. L-366,948 was comparatively weak as an antagonist of AVP-induced contraction of the isolated rat tail artery (AVP-V1 receptor) and AVP-stimulated adenylate cyclase (AVP-V2 receptor) activity in rat kidney medulla and did not influence prostaglandin F2 alpha- or bradykinin-induced contractions of the isolated rat uterus. L-366,948 and related compounds described in this report represent new experimental tools for the study of the pharmacology and physiology of OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Pettibone
- Department of New Lead Pharmacology, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
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33
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Clineschmidt BV, Pettibone DJ, Lotti VJ, Hucker HB, Sweeney BM, Reiss DR, Lis EV, Huff JR, Vacca J. A peripherally acting alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist: L-659,066. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988; 245:32-40. [PMID: 2896239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
L-659,066 has been characterized as a potent and selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist. Both in vitro and in vivo, L-659,066 exhibited specificity (comparable to rauwolscine) for alpha-2 over alpha-1 adrenoceptors. Studies comparing L-659,066 with a previously described antagonist, L-657,743, demonstrate that the new compound penetrates the blood-brain barrier only poorly after systemic administration. With a pA2 of 8.44 at alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the isolated rat vas deferens and an IC50 of 3.0 nM against the binding of [3H]rauwolscine to rat cerebrocortical membranes, L-659,066 possessed, respectively, about one-eighth and one-third of the potency of L-657,743. Similar relative potencies were obtained in vivo in pithed rats with regard to blocking peripherally located postjunctional and prejunctional alpha-2 adrenoceptors (L-659,066 = one-seventh and one-fourth of L-657,743, respectively). In tests carried out in vivo with rats for ascertaining alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonism in the central nervous system--namely, accumulation of cortical dopa and antagonism of mydriasis induced by the alpha-2 agonist, clonidine--L-659,066 had, respectively, less than 1/345th and about 1/5000th of the potency of L-657,743. In mice, L-659,066 had, respectively, approximately 1/29th and 1/1400th of the potency of L-657,743 as an antagonist in vivo of the predominately peripherally mediated inhibition of colonic propulsion caused by clonidine as compared with the mainly centrally mediated antinocisponsive action elicited by the alpha-2 agonist UK 14,304. The foregoing findings are consistent with poor penetration of the blood-brain barrier by L-659,066.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Clineschmidt
- Department of Microbial Pharmacometrics, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania
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Clineschmidt BV, Reiss DR, Pettibone DJ, Robinson JL. Characterization of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in rat stomach fundus. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1985; 235:696-708. [PMID: 2934542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
1-Arylpiperazines (MK-212, quipazine, m-chlorophenylpiperazine and m-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine) caused a serotonin (5-HT) receptor-mediated contraction of rat fundic strips. m-chlorophenylpiperazine and m-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine had high affinity for the receptor but little efficacy, whereas quipazine and MK-212 had lesser affinity and much greater efficacy. 5-HT itself was the most potent (EC50 = 6-9 nM) agonist and possessed the greatest affinity (KA = 9.7 nM). Assessment of receptor occupancy vs. functional response (as well as receptor alkylation studies) demonstrated a very small, if any, receptor reserve in this tissue. Several arylquinolizines were found to be competitive antagonists of 5-HT-induced contraction, the most potent being L-653,267 and rauwolscine (KB values = 1.9 and 3.8 nM). Clozapine, trazodone and propranolol were identified as less potent, competitive antagonists, whereas various ergolines (including LY 53857), L-646,462 (cyproheptadine analog) and mianserin were noncompetitive. Potent 5-HT2 receptor antagonists (pirenpirone and ketanserin) antagonized only weakly or were without effect against 5-HT, indicating that the fundic 5-HT receptor is not of the 5-HT2 subtype. Because the fundic receptor has high affinity for 5-HT (as does the 5-HT1 binding site in brain tissue), the possible correspondence of the fundic 5-HT receptor with the 5-HT1 recognition site in rat brain cortex was considered. 5-HT, the nonindole agonists (1-arylpiperazines) and the competitive antagonists all competed with [3H]-5-HT for the 5-HT1 site. However, all compounds except 5-HT had Hill slopes significantly less than 1.0, precluding a valid comparison with dissociation constants derived pharmacologically in the fundus. With respect to having a high affinity for 5-HT, the 5-HT receptor mediating contraction of fundic smooth muscle resembles the 5-HT1 recognition site (as defined in brain tissue by radioligand binding), but identity remains unproven.
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