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Madden EB, Hindorff LA, Bonham VL, Akintobi TH, Burchard EG, Baker KE, Begay RL, Carpten JD, Cox NJ, Di Francesco V, Dillard DA, Fletcher FE, Fullerton SM, Garrison NA, Hammack-Aviran CM, Hiratsuka VY, Hildreth JEK, Horowitz CR, Hughes Halbert CA, Inouye M, Jackson A, Landry LG, Kittles RA, Leek JT, Limdi NA, Lockhart NC, Ofili EO, Pérez-Stable EJ, Sabatello M, Saulsberry L, Schools LE, Troyer JL, Wilfond BS, Wojcik GL, Cho JH, Lee SSJ, Green ED. Advancing genomics to improve health equity. Nat Genet 2024; 56:752-757. [PMID: 38684898 PMCID: PMC11096049 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-024-01711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Health equity is the state in which everyone has fair and just opportunities to attain their highest level of health. The field of human genomics has fallen short in increasing health equity, largely because the diversity of the human population has been inadequately reflected among participants of genomics research. This lack of diversity leads to disparities that can have scientific and clinical consequences. Achieving health equity related to genomics will require greater effort in addressing inequities within the field. As part of the commitment of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) to advancing health equity, it convened experts in genomics and health equity research to make recommendations and performed a review of current literature to identify the landscape of gaps and opportunities at the interface between human genomics and health equity research. This Perspective describes these findings and examines health equity within the context of human genomics and genomic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebony B Madden
- Office of the Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Lucia A Hindorff
- Office of the Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vence L Bonham
- Office of the Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tabia Henry Akintobi
- Department of Community Health and Preventative Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Esteban G Burchard
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Rene L Begay
- Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John D Carpten
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Denise A Dillard
- Department of Medical Education and Clinical Sciences, Washington State University College of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Faith E Fletcher
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Nanibaa' A Garrison
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Precision Health, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Vanessa Y Hiratsuka
- Center for Human Development, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | | | | | - Chanita A Hughes Halbert
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Inouye
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amber Jackson
- Office of the Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Latrice G Landry
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jeff T Leek
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nita A Limdi
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nicole C Lockhart
- Office of the Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth O Ofili
- Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Maya Sabatello
- Center for Precision Medicine and Genomics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Loren Saulsberry
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Jennifer L Troyer
- Office of the Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Genevieve L Wojcik
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Judy H Cho
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra S-J Lee
- Department of Medical Humanities and Ethics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric D Green
- Office of the Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Schultz B, Agamah FE, Ewuoso C, Madden EB, Troyer J, Skelton M, Mwaka E. Webinar report: stakeholder perspectives on informed consent for the use of genomic data by commercial entities. J Med Ethics 2023; 50:57-61. [PMID: 36941048 PMCID: PMC10804035 DOI: 10.1136/jme-2022-108650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In July 2020, the H3Africa Ethics and Community Engagement (E&CE) Working Group organised a webinar with ethics committee members and biomedical researchers from various African institutions throughout the Continent to discuss the issue of whether and how biological samples for scientific research may be accessed by commercial entities when broad consents obtained for the samples are silent. 128 people including Research Ethics Committee members (10), H3Africa researchers (46) including members of the E&CE working group, biomedical researchers not associated with H3Africa (27), representatives from the National Institutes of Health (16) and 10 other participants attended the webinar and shared their views. Several major themes emerged during the webinar, with the topics of broad versus explicit informed consent, defining commercial use, legacy samples and benefit sharing prevailing in the discussion. This report describes the consensus concerns and recommendations raised during the meeting and will be informative for future research on ethical considerations for genomic research in the African research context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baergen Schultz
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Francis E Agamah
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cornelius Ewuoso
- Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Ebony B Madden
- Training, Diversity and Health Equity Office, Office of the Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Troyer
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle Skelton
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Erisa Mwaka
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Rider RA, Cubano L, Madden EB, Rowley RK, Manolio TA. Survey of the training needs of genetic assistants supports the creation of genetic assistant training programs. J Genet Couns 2023. [PMID: 37655513 PMCID: PMC10904667 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increasing numbers of genetic assistants (GAs) in the genomics workforce, their training needs and how to best prepare GAs for their role have not been well defined. We sought to identify the current educational status of GAs, opinions on their training needs, and attitudes about GA training programs (GATPs). Survey links were emailed to NSGC members, 17 state genetic counseling (GC) professional organizations, and genomic medicine researchers. Respondents (n = 411) included GCs (n = 231) and GAs (n = 136). Like other studies, we found that the GA position is filled by a range of education levels and career aspirations. Most respondents supported the creation of GATPs, with 63% endorsing that GATPs would be helpful and half endorsing a short-term (3 months or less) program. Most believed GATPs should focus on general knowledge, with almost all practical skills learned on-the-job. If more GATPs are created, our survey provides evidence that graduates would be hired. Indeed, of those whose work setting required a bachelor's degree, the number of respondents who favored keeping that requirement was similar to the number who favored hiring a GA without a degree if they attended a GATP. However, there were concerns about GATPs. Many (44%) believed creating GATPs could discourage candidates from becoming GAs. We observed that there are two types of GAs: entry-level and bachelor's-level, with the entry-level being those who do not have and are not working to obtain a bachelor's degree and the bachelor's-level being those who do/are. GATPs could focus on the education of entry-level GAs, while gaps in the knowledge base of bachelor's-level GAs could be addressed by augmenting bachelor's curriculum or providing additional training after hire. Further research on the training needs of GAs and hiring practices of institutions will be vital to understanding their training needs and designing and implementing effective GATPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee A Rider
- Division of Genomic Medicine, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis Cubano
- Directorate for STEM Education, NSF, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | - Ebony B Madden
- Training, Diversity and Health Equity Office, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robb K Rowley
- Division of Genomic Medicine, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Teri A Manolio
- Division of Genomic Medicine, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Eadon MT, Cavanaugh KL, Orlando LA, Christian D, Chakraborty H, Steen-Burrell KA, Merrill P, Seo J, Hauser D, Singh R, Beasley CM, Fuloria J, Kitzman H, Parker AS, Ramos M, Ong HH, Elwood EN, Lynch SE, Clermont S, Cicali EJ, Starostik P, Pratt VM, Nguyen KA, Rosenman MB, Calman NS, Robinson M, Nadkarni GN, Madden EB, Kucher N, Volpi S, Dexter PR, Skaar TC, Johnson JA, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Horowitz CR. Design and rationale of GUARDD-US: A pragmatic, randomized trial of genetic testing for APOL1 and pharmacogenomic predictors of antihypertensive efficacy in patients with hypertension. Contemp Clin Trials 2022; 119:106813. [PMID: 35660539 PMCID: PMC9928488 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE APOL1 risk alleles are associated with increased cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk. It is unknown whether knowledge of APOL1 risk status motivates patients and providers to attain recommended blood pressure (BP) targets to reduce cardiovascular disease. STUDY DESIGN Multicenter, pragmatic, randomized controlled clinical trial. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS 6650 individuals with African ancestry and hypertension from 13 health systems. INTERVENTION APOL1 genotyping with clinical decision support (CDS) results are returned to participants and providers immediately (intervention) or at 6 months (control). A subset of participants are re-randomized to pharmacogenomic testing for relevant antihypertensive medications (pharmacogenomic sub-study). CDS alerts encourage appropriate CKD screening and antihypertensive agent use. OUTCOMES Blood pressure and surveys are assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months. The primary outcome is change in systolic BP from enrollment to 3 months in individuals with two APOL1 risk alleles. Secondary outcomes include new diagnoses of CKD, systolic blood pressure at 6 months, diastolic BP, and survey results. The pharmacogenomic sub-study will evaluate the relationship of pharmacogenomic genotype and change in systolic BP between baseline and 3 months. RESULTS To date, the trial has enrolled 3423 participants. CONCLUSIONS The effect of patient and provider knowledge of APOL1 genotype on systolic blood pressure has not been well-studied. GUARDD-US addresses whether blood pressure improves when patients and providers have this information. GUARDD-US provides a CDS framework for primary care and specialty clinics to incorporate APOL1 genetic risk and pharmacogenomic prescribing in the electronic health record. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.govNCT04191824.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Eadon
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | - Lori A Orlando
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27720, USA
| | - David Christian
- Institute for Health Equity Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hrishikesh Chakraborty
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27720, USA; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC 27720, USA
| | | | - Peter Merrill
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC 27720, USA
| | - Janet Seo
- Institute for Health Equity Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Diane Hauser
- Institute for Health Equity Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Family Health, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rajbir Singh
- Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Cherry Maynor Beasley
- McKenzie-Elliott School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA
| | - Jyotsna Fuloria
- Office of Research, University Medical Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Heather Kitzman
- Baylor Scott & White Health, Baylor University, Robbins Institute for Health Policy & Leadership, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Alexander S Parker
- University of Florida College of Medicine - Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA
| | - Michelle Ramos
- Institute for Health Equity Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Henry H Ong
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Erica N Elwood
- University of Florida, College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Sheryl E Lynch
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sabrina Clermont
- Institute for Health Equity Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Emily J Cicali
- University of Florida, College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Petr Starostik
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Victoria M Pratt
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Khoa A Nguyen
- University of Florida, College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Marc B Rosenman
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Neil S Calman
- Institute for Health Equity Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Institute for Family Health, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Girish N Nadkarni
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ebony B Madden
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Natalie Kucher
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Simona Volpi
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul R Dexter
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Todd C Skaar
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Julie A Johnson
- University of Florida, College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Carol R Horowitz
- Institute for Health Equity Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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O'Daniel JM, Ackerman S, Desrosiers LR, Rego S, Knight SJ, Mollison L, Byfield G, Anderson KP, Danila MI, Horowitz CR, Joseph G, Lamoure G, Lindberg NM, McMullen CK, Mittendorf KF, Ramos MA, Robinson M, Sillari C, Madden EB. Integration of stakeholder engagement from development to dissemination in genomic medicine research: Approaches and outcomes from the CSER Consortium. Genet Med 2022; 24:1108-1119. [PMID: 35227608 PMCID: PMC9081226 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a critical need for genomic medicine research that reflects and benefits socioeconomically and ancestrally diverse populations. However, disparities in research populations persist, highlighting that traditional study designs and materials may be insufficient or inaccessible to all groups. New approaches can be gained through collaborations with patient/community stakeholders. Although some benefits of stakeholder engagement are recognized, routine incorporation into the design and implementation of genomics research has yet to be realized. METHODS The National Institutes of Health-funded Clinical Sequencing Evidence-Generating Research (CSER) consortium required stakeholder engagement as a dedicated project component. Each CSER project planned and carried out stakeholder engagement activities with differing goals and expected outcomes. Examples were curated from each project to highlight engagement strategies and outcomes throughout the research lifecycle from development through dissemination. RESULTS Projects tailored strategies to individual study needs, logistical constraints, and other challenges. Lessons learned include starting early with engagement efforts across project stakeholder groups and planned flexibility to enable adaptations throughout the project lifecycle. CONCLUSION Each CSER project used more than 1 approach to engage with relevant stakeholders, resulting in numerous adaptations and tremendous value added throughout the full research lifecycle. Incorporation of community stakeholder insight improves the outcomes and relevance of genomic medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne M O'Daniel
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - Sara Ackerman
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lauren R Desrosiers
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Shannon Rego
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sara J Knight
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Lonna Mollison
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Grace Byfield
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Maria I Danila
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Carol R Horowitz
- Institute for Health Equity Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Galen Joseph
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Grace Lamoure
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nangel M Lindberg
- Center for Health Research Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR
| | - Carmit K McMullen
- Center for Health Research Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR
| | - Kathleen F Mittendorf
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Michelle A Ramos
- Institute for Health Equity Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Catherine Sillari
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ebony B Madden
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Nadkarni GN, Fei K, Galarneau G, Gao Y, Wilson JG, Cooper R, Madden EB, Denny JC, Richardson LD, Pollak M, Loos RJF, Horowitz CR. APOL1 renal risk variants are associated with obesity and body composition in African ancestry adults: An observational genotype-phenotype association study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27785. [PMID: 34766590 PMCID: PMC8589256 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT While increased obesity prevalence among persons of African ancestry (AAs) compared to persons of European ancestry (EAs) is linked to social, environmental and behavioral factors, there are no gene variants that are common and significantly associated with obesity in AA populations. We sought to explore the association between ancestry specific renal risk variants in the apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene with obesity related traits in AAs.We conducted a genotype-phenotype association study from 3 electronic medical record linked cohorts (BioMe Biobank, BioVU, nuGENE); randomized controlled trials (genetic testing to understand and address renal disease disparities) and prospective cohort study (Jackson Heart Study). We analyzed association of APOL1 renal risk variants with cross-sectional measures of obesity (average body mass index (BMI), and proportion of overweight and obesity) and with measures of body composition (in Jackson Heart Study).We had data on 11,930 self-reported AA adults. Across cohorts, mean age was from 42 to 49 years and percentage female from 58% to 75.3%. Individuals who have 2 APOL1 risk alleles (14% of AAs) have 30% higher obesity odds compared to others (recessive model adjusted odds ratio 1.30; 95% confidence interval 1.16-1.41; P = 2.75 × 10-6). An additive model better fit the association, in which each allele (47% of AAs) increases obesity odds by 1.13-fold (adjusted odds ratio 1.13; 95% confidence interval 1.07-1.19; P = 3.07 × 10-6) and increases BMI by 0.36 kg/m2 (∼1 kg, for 1.7 m height; P = 2 × 10-4). APOL1 alleles are not associated with refined body composition traits overall but are significantly associated with fat free mass index in women [0.30 kg/m2 increment per allele; P = .03].Thus, renal risk variants in the APOL1 gene, found in nearly half of AAs, are associated with BMI and obesity in an additive manner. These variants could, either on their own or interacting with environmental factors, explain a proportion of ethnic disparities in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish N. Nadkarni
- Department of Medicine, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine
| | - Kezhen Fei
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, The Institute for Health Equity Research
| | - Genevieve Galarneau
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Richard Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University, Chicago, IL
| | - Ebony B. Madden
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joshua C. Denny
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Lynne D. Richardson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Population Health Science and Policy, The Institute for Health Equity Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Martin Pollak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- Department of Environmental Medicine & Public Health, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine
| | - Carol R. Horowitz
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Department of Medicine, The Institute for Health Equity Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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7
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Levy KD, Blake K, Fletcher-Hoppe C, Franciosi J, Goto D, Hicks JK, Holmes AM, Kanuri SH, Madden EB, Musty MD, Orlando L, Pratt VM, Ramos M, Wu R, Ginsburg GS. Correction: Opportunities to implement a sustainable genomic medicine program: lessons learned from the IGNITE Network. Genet Med 2021; 23:2020. [PMID: 33288881 PMCID: PMC8486650 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-01054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Levy
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Kathryn Blake
- Nemours Children's Specialty Care, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Colette Fletcher-Hoppe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James Franciosi
- Nemours Children's Hospital University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Daisuke Goto
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James K Hicks
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ann M Holmes
- Department of Health Policy and Management, IU Fairbanks School of Public Health, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Ebony B Madden
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael D Musty
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lori Orlando
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Michelle Ramos
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryanne Wu
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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8
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Ginsburg GS, Cavallari LH, Chakraborty H, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Dexter PR, Eadon MT, Ferket BS, Horowitz CR, Johnson JA, Kannry J, Kucher N, Madden EB, Orlando LA, Parker W, Peterson J, Pratt VM, Rakhra-Burris TK, Ramos MA, Skaar TC, Sperber N, Steen-Burrell KA, Van Driest SL, Voora D, Wiisanen K, Winterstein AG, Volpi S. Establishing the value of genomics in medicine: the IGNITE Pragmatic Trials Network. Genet Med 2021; 23:1185-1191. [PMID: 33782552 PMCID: PMC8263480 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-021-01118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A critical gap in the adoption of genomic medicine into medical practice is the need for the rigorous evaluation of the utility of genomic medicine interventions. METHODS The Implementing Genomics in Practice Pragmatic Trials Network (IGNITE PTN) was formed in 2018 to measure the clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of genomic medicine interventions, to assess approaches for real-world application of genomic medicine in diverse clinical settings, and to produce generalizable knowledge on clinical trials using genomic interventions. Five clinical sites and a coordinating center evaluated trial proposals and developed working groups to enable their implementation. RESULTS Two pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs) have been initiated, one evaluating genetic risk APOL1 variants in African Americans in the management of their hypertension, and the other to evaluate the use of pharmacogenetic testing for medications to manage acute and chronic pain as well as depression. CONCLUSION IGNITE PTN is a network that carries out PCTs in genomic medicine; it is focused on diversity and inclusion of underrepresented minority trial participants; it uses electronic health records and clinical decision support to deliver the interventions. IGNITE PTN will develop the evidence to support (or oppose) the adoption of genomic medicine interventions by patients, providers, and payers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Larisa H Cavallari
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Rhonda M Cooper-DeHoff
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paul R Dexter
- School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael T Eadon
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bart S Ferket
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carol R Horowitz
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julie A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph Kannry
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalie Kucher
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ebony B Madden
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lori A Orlando
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wanda Parker
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Josh Peterson
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Victoria M Pratt
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Michelle A Ramos
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Todd C Skaar
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nina Sperber
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke Margolis Center for Health Policy, Durham VA Health Services Research & Development Service, Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Sara L Van Driest
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Deepak Voora
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kristin Wiisanen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Almut G Winterstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Simona Volpi
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Weitzel KW, Duong BQ, Arwood MJ, Owusu-Obeng A, Abul-Husn NS, Bernhardt BA, Decker B, Denny JC, Dietrich E, Gums J, Madden EB, Pollin TI, Wu RR, Haga SB, Horowitz CR. A stepwise approach to implementing pharmacogenetic testing in the primary care setting. Pharmacogenomics 2019; 20:1103-1112. [PMID: 31588877 PMCID: PMC6854439 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2019-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenetic testing can help identify primary care patients at increased risk for medication toxicity, poor response or treatment failure and inform drug therapy. While testing availability is increasing, providers are unprepared to routinely use pharmacogenetic testing for clinical decision-making. Practice-based resources are needed to overcome implementation barriers for pharmacogenetic testing in primary care.The NHGRI's IGNITE I Network (Implementing GeNomics In pracTicE; www.ignite-genomics.org) explored practice models, challenges and implementation barriers for clinical pharmacogenomics. Based on these experiences, we present a stepwise approach pharmacogenetic testing in primary care: patient identification; pharmacogenetic test ordering; interpretation and application of test results, and patient education. We present clinical factors to consider, test-ordering processes and resources, and provide guidance to apply test results and counsel patients. Practice-based resources such as this stepwise approach to clinical decision-making are important resources to equip primary care providers to use pharmacogenetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Wiisanen Weitzel
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Benjamin Q Duong
- Department of Pharmacy, Nemours/Alfred I DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Meghan J Arwood
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Aniwaa Owusu-Obeng
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Noura S Abul-Husn
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Barbara A Bernhardt
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian Decker
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Joshua C Denny
- Department of Medicine & Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Eric Dietrich
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - John Gums
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Translational Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Ebony B Madden
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Division of Genomic Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Toni I Pollin
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rebekah Ryanne Wu
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Susanne B Haga
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Carol R Horowitz
- Department of Health Policy & Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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10
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Orlando LA, Voils C, Horowitz CR, Myers RA, Arwood MJ, Cicali EJ, McDonough CW, Pollin TI, Guan Y, Levy KD, Ramirez A, Quittner A, Madden EB. IGNITE network: Response of patients to genomic medicine interventions. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e636. [PMID: 30895746 PMCID: PMC6503007 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The IGNITE network funds six genomic medicine projects. Though interventions varied, we hypothesized that synergies across projects could be leveraged to better understand the participant experiences with genomic medicine interventions. Therefore, we performed cross-network analyses to identify associations between participant demographics and attitudes toward the intervention (attitude), plan to share results (share), and quality of life (QOL). METHODS Data collection for demographics, attitude, share, and QOL surveys were standardized across projects. Recruitment and survey administration varied by each project's protocol. RESULTS Participants (N = 6,817) were 67.2% (N = 4,584) female, and 37.4% (N = 3,544) were minority. Mean age = 54.0 (sd 14.a). Younger participants were as follows: (1) more positive in attitude pre-intervention (1.15-fold decrease/10-year age increase (OR)) and more negative after (1.14-fold increase OR); (2) higher in QOL pre-intervention (1.07-fold increase OR) and postintervention; (3) more likely to share results (1.12-fold increase OR). Race was significant when sharing results (white participants increased OR = 1.88), but not for change in QOL pre-postintervention or attitude. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of this approach and identified a few key themes which are as follows: age was consistently significant across the three outcomes, whereas race had less of an impact than expected. However, these are only associations and thus warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Orlando
- Department of Medicine and the Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Corrine Voils
- School of Medicine & Public Health, William S Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Carol R Horowitz
- Department of Population Health Sciences and Policy and the Center for Health Equity and Community Engaged Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rachel A Myers
- Department of Medicine and the Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Meghan J Arwood
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Emily J Cicali
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Caitrin W McDonough
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Toni I Pollin
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kenneth D Levy
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Andrea Ramirez
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alexandra Quittner
- Nicklaus Children's Research Institute, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - Ebony B Madden
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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11
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Levy KD, Blake K, Fletcher-Hoppe C, Franciosi J, Goto D, Hicks JK, Holmes AM, Kanuri SH, Madden EB, Musty MD, Orlando L, Pratt VM, Ramos M, Wu R, Ginsburg GS. Opportunities to implement a sustainable genomic medicine program: lessons learned from the IGNITE Network. Genet Med 2018; 21:743-747. [PMID: 29997387 PMCID: PMC6330142 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0080-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose While there is growing scientific evidence for and significant advances in the use of genomic technologies in medicine, there is a significant lag in the clinical adoption and sustainability of genomic medicine. Here we describe the findings from the National Human Genome Research Institute’s (NHGRI) Implementing GeNomics In pracTicE (IGNITE) Network in identifying key constructs, opportunities, and challenges associated with driving sustainability of genomic medicine in clinical practice. Methods Network members and affiliates were surveyed to identify key drivers associated with implementing and sustaining a genomic medicine program. Tallied results were used to develop and weigh key constructs/drivers required to support sustainability of genomic medicine programs. Results The top three driver–stakeholder dyads were (1) genomic training for providers, (2) genomic clinical decision support (CDS) tools embedded in the electronic health record (EHR), and (3) third party reimbursement for genomic testing. Conclusion Priorities may differ depending on healthcare systems when comparing the current state of key drivers versus projected needs for supporting genomic medicine sustainability. Thus we provide gap-filling guidance based on IGNITE members’ experiences. Although results are limited to findings from the IGNITE network, their implementation, scientific, and clinical experience may be used as a road map by others considering implementing genomic medicine programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Levy
- Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
| | - Kathryn Blake
- Nemours Children's Specialty Care Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Colette Fletcher-Hoppe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James Franciosi
- Nemours Children's Hospital University of Central Florida College of Medicine Orlando, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Daisuke Goto
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James K Hicks
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute Tampa, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ann M Holmes
- Department of Health Policy and Management, IU Fairbanks School of Public Health, IUPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sri Harsha Kanuri
- Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Ebony B Madden
- National Human Genome Research Institute Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael D Musty
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine Durham, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lori Orlando
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine Durham, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victoria M Pratt
- Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michelle Ramos
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ryanne Wu
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine Durham, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine Durham, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Orlando LA, Sperber NR, Voils C, Nichols M, Myers RA, Wu RR, Rakhra-Burris T, Levy KD, Levy M, Pollin TI, Guan Y, Horowitz CR, Ramos M, Kimmel SE, McDonough CW, Madden EB, Damschroder LJ. Developing a common framework for evaluating the implementation of genomic medicine interventions in clinical care: the IGNITE Network's Common Measures Working Group. Genet Med 2017; 20:655-663. [PMID: 28914267 PMCID: PMC5851794 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Implementation research provides a structure for evaluating the clinical integration of genomic medicine interventions. This paper describes the Implementing GeNomics In PracTicE (IGNITE) Network’s efforts to promote: 1) a broader understanding of genomic medicine implementation research; and 2) the sharing of knowledge generated in the network. Methods To facilitate this goal the IGNITE Network Common Measures Working Group (CMG) members adopted the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to guide their approach to: identifying constructs and measures relevant to evaluating genomic medicine as a whole, standardizing data collection across projects, and combining data in a centralized resource for cross network analyses. Results CMG identified ten high-priority CFIR constructs as important for genomic medicine. Of those, eight didn’t have standardized measurement instruments. Therefore, we developed four survey tools to address this gap. In addition, we identified seven high-priority constructs related to patients, families, and communities that did not map to CFIR constructs. Both sets of constructs were combined to create a draft genomic medicine implementation model. Conclusion We developed processes to identify constructs deemed valuable for genomic medicine implementation and codified them in a model. These resources are freely available to facilitate knowledge generation and sharing across the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Orlando
- Department of Medicine and The Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nina R Sperber
- Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Corrine Voils
- Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marshall Nichols
- Department of Medicine and The Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel A Myers
- Department of Medicine and The Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - R Ryanne Wu
- Department of Medicine and The Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tejinder Rakhra-Burris
- Department of Medicine and The Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kenneth D Levy
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mia Levy
- Department of Medicine and the Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Toni I Pollin
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carol R Horowitz
- Department of Population Health Sciences and Policy and The Center for Health Equity and Community Engaged Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michelle Ramos
- Department of Population Health Sciences and Policy and The Center for Health Equity and Community Engaged Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen E Kimmel
- Department of Medicine, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caitrin W McDonough
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ebony B Madden
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura J Damschroder
- Implementation Pathways, LLC, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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13
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Sperber NR, Carpenter JS, Cavallari LH, J. Damschroder L, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Denny JC, Ginsburg GS, Guan Y, Horowitz CR, Levy KD, Levy MA, Madden EB, Matheny ME, Pollin TI, Pratt VM, Rosenman M, Voils CI, W. Weitzel K, Wilke RA, Ryanne Wu R, Orlando LA. Challenges and strategies for implementing genomic services in diverse settings: experiences from the Implementing GeNomics In pracTicE (IGNITE) network. BMC Med Genomics 2017; 10:35. [PMID: 28532511 PMCID: PMC5441047 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-017-0273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To realize potential public health benefits from genetic and genomic innovations, understanding how best to implement the innovations into clinical care is important. The objective of this study was to synthesize data on challenges identified by six diverse projects that are part of a National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)-funded network focused on implementing genomics into practice and strategies to overcome these challenges. METHODS We used a multiple-case study approach with each project considered as a case and qualitative methods to elicit and describe themes related to implementation challenges and strategies. We describe challenges and strategies in an implementation framework and typology to enable consistent definitions and cross-case comparisons. Strategies were linked to challenges based on expert review and shared themes. RESULTS Three challenges were identified by all six projects, and strategies to address these challenges varied across the projects. One common challenge was to increase the relative priority of integrating genomics within the health system electronic health record (EHR). Four projects used data warehousing techniques to accomplish the integration. The second common challenge was to strengthen clinicians' knowledge and beliefs about genomic medicine. To overcome this challenge, all projects developed educational materials and conducted meetings and outreach focused on genomic education for clinicians. The third challenge was engaging patients in the genomic medicine projects. Strategies to overcome this challenge included use of mass media to spread the word, actively involving patients in implementation (e.g., a patient advisory board), and preparing patients to be active participants in their healthcare decisions. CONCLUSIONS This is the first collaborative evaluation focusing on the description of genomic medicine innovations implemented in multiple real-world clinical settings. Findings suggest that strategies to facilitate integration of genomic data within existing EHRs and educate stakeholders about the value of genomic services are considered important for effective implementation. Future work could build on these findings to evaluate which strategies are optimal under what conditions. This information will be useful for guiding translation of discoveries to clinical care, which, in turn, can provide data to inform continual improvement of genomic innovations and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina R. Sperber
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
- VA Health Services Research & Development, Durham VA Health Care System, 411 West Chapel Hill Street, Suite 600, Durham, NC 27701 USA
| | | | - Larisa H. Cavallari
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Laura J. Damschroder
- Implementation Pathways, LLC and VA Ann Arbor Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Rhonda M. Cooper-DeHoff
- University of Florida, College of Pharmacy and Medicine and Center for Pharmacogenomics, Gainesville, USA
| | | | - Geoffrey S. Ginsburg
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Yue Guan
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | | | | | - Mia A. Levy
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - Ebony B. Madden
- National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), Rockville, USA
| | - Michael E. Matheny
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee Valley HealthCare System VA, Nashville, USA
| | - Toni I. Pollin
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | | | - Marc Rosenman
- Indiana University School of Nursing, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Corrine I. Voils
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Kristen W. Weitzel
- University of Florida, College of Pharmacy and Medicine and Center for Pharmacogenomics, Gainesville, USA
| | - Russell A. Wilke
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, USA
| | - R. Ryanne Wu
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
- Duke University, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Lori A. Orlando
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
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14
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Weitzel KW, Alexander M, Bernhardt BA, Calman N, Carey DJ, Cavallari LH, Field JR, Hauser D, Junkins HA, Levin PA, Levy K, Madden EB, Manolio TA, Odgis J, Orlando LA, Pyeritz R, Wu RR, Shuldiner AR, Bottinger EP, Denny JC, Dexter PR, Flockhart DA, Horowitz CR, Johnson JA, Kimmel SE, Levy MA, Pollin TI, Ginsburg GS. The IGNITE network: a model for genomic medicine implementation and research. BMC Med Genomics 2016; 9:1. [PMID: 26729011 PMCID: PMC4700677 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-015-0162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients, clinicians, researchers and payers are seeking to understand the value of using genomic information (as reflected by genotyping, sequencing, family history or other data) to inform clinical decision-making. However, challenges exist to widespread clinical implementation of genomic medicine, a prerequisite for developing evidence of its real-world utility. METHODS To address these challenges, the National Institutes of Health-funded IGNITE (Implementing GeNomics In pracTicE; www.ignite-genomics.org ) Network, comprised of six projects and a coordinating center, was established in 2013 to support the development, investigation and dissemination of genomic medicine practice models that seamlessly integrate genomic data into the electronic health record and that deploy tools for point of care decision making. IGNITE site projects are aligned in their purpose of testing these models, but individual projects vary in scope and design, including exploring genetic markers for disease risk prediction and prevention, developing tools for using family history data, incorporating pharmacogenomic data into clinical care, refining disease diagnosis using sequence-based mutation discovery, and creating novel educational approaches. RESULTS This paper describes the IGNITE Network and member projects, including network structure, collaborative initiatives, clinical decision support strategies, methods for return of genomic test results, and educational initiatives for patients and providers. Clinical and outcomes data from individual sites and network-wide projects are anticipated to begin being published over the next few years. CONCLUSIONS The IGNITE Network is an innovative series of projects and pilot demonstrations aiming to enhance translation of validated actionable genomic information into clinical settings and develop and use measures of outcome in response to genome-based clinical interventions using a pragmatic framework to provide early data and proofs of concept on the utility of these interventions. Through these efforts and collaboration with other stakeholders, IGNITE is poised to have a significant impact on the acceleration of genomic information into medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Wiisanen Weitzel
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida (UF) College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Madeline Alexander
- Center for Therapeutic Effectiveness Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Barbara A Bernhardt
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Neil Calman
- Institute for Family Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David J Carey
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA.
| | - Larisa H Cavallari
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida (UF) College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Julie R Field
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | | | - Heather A Junkins
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Phillip A Levin
- Bay West Endocrinology Associates and MODEL Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Kenneth Levy
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, IN, USA.
| | - Ebony B Madden
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Teri A Manolio
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jacqueline Odgis
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Lori A Orlando
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 101 Science Dr, Rm 2111, CIEMAS Bldg, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Reed Pyeritz
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - R Ryanne Wu
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 101 Science Dr, Rm 2111, CIEMAS Bldg, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA.
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Joshua C Denny
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Paul R Dexter
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, IN, USA.
| | - David A Flockhart
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, IN, USA.
| | - Carol R Horowitz
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Julie A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida (UF) College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Stephen E Kimmel
- Center for Therapeutic Effectiveness Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Center for Therapeutic Effectiveness Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Mia A Levy
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Toni I Pollin
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Geoffrey S Ginsburg
- Duke Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 101 Science Dr, Rm 2111, CIEMAS Bldg, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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Williams SR, Hsu FC, Keene KL, Chen WM, Nelson S, Southerland AM, Madden EB, Coull B, Gogarten SM, Furie KL, Dzhivhuho G, Rowles JL, Mehndiratta P, Malik R, Dupuis J, Lin H, Seshadri S, Rich SS, Sale MM, Worrall BB. Shared genetic susceptibility of vascular-related biomarkers with ischemic and recurrent stroke. Neurology 2015; 86:351-9. [PMID: 26718567 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the genetic contributors to cerebrovascular disease and variation in biomarkers of ischemic stroke. METHODS The Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention Trial (VISP) was a randomized, controlled clinical trial of B vitamin supplementation to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, or death. VISP collected baseline measures of C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, creatinine, prothrombin fragments F1+2, thrombin-antithrombin complex, and thrombomodulin prior to treatment initiation. Genome-wide association scans were conducted for these traits and follow-up replication analyses were performed. RESULTS We detected an association between CRP single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and circulating CRP levels (most associated SNP, rs2592902, p = 1.14 × 10(-9)) in 2,100 VISP participants. We discovered a novel association for CRP level in the AKR1D1 locus (rs2589998, p = 7.3 × 10(-8), approaching genome-wide significance) that also is an expression quantitative trait locus for CRP gene expression. We replicated previously identified associations of fibrinogen with SNPs in the FGB and LEPR loci. CRP-associated SNPs and CRP levels were significantly associated with risk of ischemic stroke and recurrent stroke in VISP as well as specific stroke subtypes in METASTROKE. Fibrinogen levels but not fibrinogen-associated SNPs were also found to be associated with recurrent stroke in VISP. CONCLUSIONS Our data identify a genetic contribution to inflammatory and hemostatic biomarkers in a stroke population. Additionally, our results suggest shared genetic contributions to circulating CRP levels measured poststroke and risk for incident and recurrent ischemic stroke. These data broaden our understanding of genetic contributors to biomarker variation and ischemic stroke risk, which should be useful in clinical risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Williams
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Fang-Chi Hsu
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Keith L Keene
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Sarah Nelson
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Andrew M Southerland
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Ebony B Madden
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Bruce Coull
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Stephanie M Gogarten
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Karen L Furie
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Godfrey Dzhivhuho
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Joe L Rowles
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Prachi Mehndiratta
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Rainer Malik
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Josée Dupuis
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Honghuang Lin
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Michèle M Sale
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Bradford B Worrall
- From the Center for Public Health Genomics (S.R.W., K.L.K., W.-M.C., S.S.R., M.M.S.), Cardiovascular Research Center (S.R.W.), and Departments of Public Health Sciences (A.M.S., B.B.W.), Neurology (P.M., B.B.W.), Medicine (M.M.S.), Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M.M.S.), and Public Health Sciences (S.S.R.), University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Department of Biostatistical Sciences (F.-C.H.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; National Human Genome Research Institute (E.B.M.), Bethesda, MD; Departments of Neurology (A.M.S., K.L.F.) and Neuroscience (K.L.F.), Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology (B.C.), University of Arizona, Tucson; Department of Biology (K.L.K.) and Center for Health Disparities (K.L.K.), East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; Department of Biostatistics (S.N., S.M.G.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (G.D.), University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry (J.L.R.), University of Missouri, Columbia; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (R.M.), Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), Boston University School of Public Health; and Departments of Neurology (S.S.) and Medicine (H.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA.
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16
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Keene KL, Chen WM, Chen F, Williams SR, Elkhatib SD, Hsu FC, Mychaleckyj JC, Doheny KF, Pugh EW, Ling H, Laurie CC, Gogarten SM, Madden EB, Worrall BB, Sale MM. Genetic Associations with Plasma B12, B6, and Folate Levels in an Ischemic Stroke Population from the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) Trial. Front Public Health 2014; 2:112. [PMID: 25147783 PMCID: PMC4123605 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: B vitamins play an important role in homocysteine metabolism, with vitamin deficiencies resulting in increased levels of homocysteine and increased risk for stroke. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 2,100 stroke patients from the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) trial, a clinical trial designed to determine whether the daily intake of high-dose folic acid, vitamins B6, and B12 reduce recurrent cerebral infarction. Methods: Extensive quality control (QC) measures resulted in a total of 737,081 SNPs for analysis. Genome-wide association analyses for baseline quantitative measures of folate, Vitamins B12, and B6 were completed using linear regression approaches, implemented in PLINK. Results: Six associations met or exceeded genome-wide significance (P ≤ 5 × 10−08). For baseline Vitamin B12, the strongest association was observed with a non-synonymous SNP (nsSNP) located in the CUBN gene (P = 1.76 × 10−13). Two additional CUBN intronic SNPs demonstrated strong associations with B12 (P = 2.92 × 10−10 and 4.11 × 10−10), while a second nsSNP, located in the TCN1 gene, also reached genome-wide significance (P = 5.14 × 10−11). For baseline measures of Vitamin B6, we identified genome-wide significant associations for SNPs at the ALPL locus (rs1697421; P = 7.06 × 10−10 and rs1780316; P = 2.25 × 10−08). In addition to the six genome-wide significant associations, nine SNPs (two for Vitamin B6, six for Vitamin B12, and one for folate measures) provided suggestive evidence for association (P ≤ 10−07). Conclusion: Our GWAS study has identified six genome-wide significant associations, nine suggestive associations, and successfully replicated 5 of 16 SNPs previously reported to be associated with measures of B vitamins. The six genome-wide significant associations are located in gene regions that have shown previous associations with measures of B vitamins; however, four of the nine suggestive associations represent novel finding and warrant further investigation in additional populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith L Keene
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA ; Department of Biology, Center for Health Disparities, East Carolina University , Greenville, NC , USA
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA ; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Fang Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Stephen R Williams
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Stacey D Elkhatib
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Fang-Chi Hsu
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston Salem, NC , USA
| | - Josyf C Mychaleckyj
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA ; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Kimberly F Doheny
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Elizabeth W Pugh
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Hua Ling
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Cathy C Laurie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington , Seattle, WA , USA
| | | | - Ebony B Madden
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Bradford B Worrall
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Michele M Sale
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA ; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA ; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
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