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Clark EG, Hanson S, Parretti HM, Steel N. 'This is silent murder' - are we medicalising human distress caused by the reality of life as an asylum seeker in the UK? Perspect Public Health 2024; 144:138-140. [PMID: 38757935 DOI: 10.1177/17579139231203146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The number of displaced people, including asylum seekers and refugees, in the UK continues to rise. This article highlights findings from two participatory community listening exercises on the topic of health of displaced people.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Clark
- University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | | | - N Steel
- University of East Anglia (UEA), UK
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2
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Clark EG, Cornara D, Brodersen CR, McElrone AJ, Parkinson DY, Almeida RPP. Anatomy of an agricultural antagonist: Feeding complex structure and function of three xylem sap-feeding insects illuminated with synchrotron-based 3D imaging. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21639. [PMID: 37708508 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Many insects feed on xylem or phloem sap of vascular plants. Although physical damage to the plant is minimal, the process of insect feeding can transmit lethal viruses and bacterial pathogens. Disparities between insect-mediated pathogen transmission efficiency have been identified among xylem sap-feeding insects; however, the mechanistic drivers of these trends are unclear. Identifying and understanding the structural factors and associated integrated functional components that may ultimately determine these disparities are critical for managing plant diseases. Here, we applied synchrotron-based X-ray microcomputed tomography to digitally reconstruct the morphology of three xylem sap-feeding insect vectors of plant pathogens: Graphocephala atropunctata (blue-green sharpshooter; Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) and Homalodisca vitripennis (glassy-winged sharpshooter; Hemiptera, Cicadellidae), and the spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (meadow spittlebug; Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae). The application of this technique revealed previously undescribed anatomical features of these organisms, such as key components of the salivary complex. The visualization of the 3D structure of the precibarial valve led to new insights into the mechanism of how this structure functions. Morphological disparities with functional implications between taxa were highlighted as well, including the morphology and volume of the cibarial dilator musculature responsible for extracting xylem sap, which has implications for force application capabilities. These morphological insights will be used to target analyses illuminating functional differences in feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Clark
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Daniele Cornara
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Sciences (DiSSPA), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Dilworth Y Parkinson
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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3
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Clark EG, Jenkins KM, Brodersen CR. Back to life: Techniques for developing high-quality 3D reconstructions of plants and animals from digitized specimens. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283027. [PMID: 36989314 PMCID: PMC10058149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Expanded use of 3D imaging in organismal biology and paleontology has substantially enhanced the ability to visualize and analyze specimens. These techniques have improved our understanding of the anatomy of many taxa, and the integration of downstream computational tools applied to 3D datasets have broadened the range of analyses that can be performed (e.g., finite element analyses, geometric morphometrics, biomechanical modeling, physical modeling using 3D printing). However, morphological analyses inevitably present challenges, particularly in fossil taxa where taphonomic or preservational artifacts distort and reduce the fidelity of the original morphology through shearing, compression, and disarticulation, for example. Here, we present a compilation of techniques to build high-quality 3D digital models of extant and fossil taxa from 3D imaging data using freely available software for students and educators. Our case studies and associated step-by-step supplementary tutorials present instructions for working with reconstructions of plants and animals to directly address and resolve common issues with 3D imaging data. The strategies demonstrated here optimize scientific accuracy and computational efficiency and can be applied to a broad range of taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Clark
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kelsey M Jenkins
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Herrera F, Testo WL, Field AR, Clark EG, Herendeen PS, Crane PR, Shi G. A permineralized Early Cretaceous lycopsid from China and the evolution of crown clubmosses. New Phytol 2022; 233:2310-2322. [PMID: 34981832 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lycopodiaceae are one of three surviving families of lycopsids, a lineage of vascular plants with a fossil history dating to at least the Early Devonian or perhaps the Late Silurian (c. 415 Ma). Many fossils have been linked to crown Lycopodiaceae, but the lack of well-preserved material has hindered definitive recognition of this group in the paleobotanical record. New, exceptionally well-preserved permineralized lycopsid fossils from the Early Cretaceous (125.6 ± 1.0 Ma) of Inner Mongolia, China, were examined in detail using acetate peel and micro-computed tomography techniques. The anatomy of extant Lycopodiaceae was analyzed for comparison using fluorescence microscopy. Phylogenetic relationships of the new fossil to extant Lycopodiaceae were evaluated using parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses. Lycopodicaulis oellgaardii gen. et sp. nov. provides the earliest unequivocal and best-documented evidence of crown Lycopodiaceae and Lycopodioideae, based on anatomically-preserved fossil material. Recognition of Lycopodicaulis in Asia during the Early Cretaceous indicates the presence of crown Lycopodiaceae at this time, and striking similarities of stem anatomy with extant species provide a framework for the understanding of the interaction of branching and vascular anatomy in crown-group lycopsids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiany Herrera
- Earth Sciences, Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Weston L Testo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
| | - Ashley R Field
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Mount Coot-tha Botanic Gardens, Brisbane, Qld, 4870, Australia
- Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4878, Australia
| | | | | | - Peter R Crane
- Yale School of Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Oak Spring Garden Foundation, Upperville, VA, 20184, USA
| | - Gongle Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Luque J, Xing L, Briggs DEG, Clark EG, Duque A, Hui J, Mai H, McKellar RC. Crab in amber reveals an early colonization of nonmarine environments during the Cretaceous. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabj5689. [PMID: 34669480 PMCID: PMC8528423 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj5689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Amber fossils provide snapshots of the anatomy, biology, and ecology of extinct organisms that are otherwise inaccessible. The best-known fossils in amber are terrestrial arthropods—principally insects—whereas aquatic organisms are rarely represented. Here, we present the first record of true crabs (Brachyura) in amber—from the Cretaceous of Myanmar [~100 to 99 million years (Ma)]. The new fossil preserves large compound eyes, delicate mouthparts, and even gills. This modern-looking crab is nested within crown Eubrachyura, or “higher” true crabs, which includes the majority of brachyuran species living today. The fossil appears to have been trapped in a brackish or freshwater setting near a coastal to fluvio-estuarine environment, bridging the gap between the predicted molecular divergence of nonmarine crabs (~130 Ma) and their younger fossil record (latest Cretaceous and Paleogene, ~75 to 50 Ma) while providing a reliable calibration point for molecular divergence time estimates for higher crown eubrachyurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Luque
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa–Ancón, 0843-03092 Panamá, Panamá
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Lida Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Derek E. G. Briggs
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA
| | - Elizabeth G. Clark
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Alex Duque
- Computer Animation and Visual Effects, College of Communication and Design, Lynn University, 2601 North Military Trail, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Junbo Hui
- Longyin Amber Museum, Xishan District, Kunming 650228, Yunnan, China
| | - Huijuan Mai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
- MEC International Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Ryan C. McKellar
- Royal Saskatchewan Museum, Regina, SK S4P 4W7, Canada
- Biology Department, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
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Shi G, Herrera F, Herendeen PS, Clark EG, Crane PR. Mesozoic cupules and the origin of the angiosperm second integument. Nature 2021; 594:223-226. [PMID: 34040260 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03598-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The second integument of the angiosperm ovule is unique among seed plants, with developmental genetics that are distinct from those of the inner integument1. Understanding how the second integument should be compared to structures in other seed plants is therefore crucial to resolving the long-standing question of the origin of angiosperms2-6. Attention has focused on several extinct plants with recurved cupules that are reminiscent of the anatropous organization of the basic bitegmic ovules of angiosperms1-6, but interpretations have been hampered by inadequate information on the relevant fossils. Here we describe abundant exceptionally well-preserved recurved cupules from a newly discovered silicified peat dating to the Early Cretaceous epoch (around 125.6 million years ago) in Inner Mongolia, China. The new material, combined with re-examination of potentially related fossils, indicates that the recurved cupules of several groups of Mesozoic plants are all fundamentally comparable, and that their structure is consistent with the recurved form and development of the second integument in the bitegmic anatropous ovules of angiosperms. Recognition of these angiosperm relatives (angiophytes) provides a partial answer to the question of angiosperm origins, will help to focus future work on seed plant phylogenetics and has important implications for ideas on the origin of the angiosperm carpel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongle Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
| | | | | | | | - Peter R Crane
- Oak Spring Garden Foundation, Upperville, VA, USA.,Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Clark EG, Hutchinson JR, Bishop PJ, Briggs DEG. Arm waving in stylophoran echinoderms: three-dimensional mobility analysis illuminates cornute locomotion. R Soc Open Sci 2020; 7:200191. [PMID: 32742688 PMCID: PMC7353985 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The locomotion strategies of fossil invertebrates are typically interpreted on the basis of morphological descriptions. However, it has been shown that homologous structures with disparate morphologies in extant invertebrates do not necessarily correlate with differences in their locomotory capability. Here, we present a new methodology for analysing locomotion in fossil invertebrates with a rigid skeleton through an investigation of a cornute stylophoran, an extinct fossil echinoderm with enigmatic morphology that has made its mode of locomotion difficult to reconstruct. We determined the range of motion of a stylophoran arm based on digitized three-dimensional morphology of an early Ordovician form, Phyllocystis crassimarginata. Our analysis showed that efficient arm-forward epifaunal locomotion based on dorsoventral movements, as previously hypothesized for cornute stylophorans, was not possible for this taxon; locomotion driven primarily by lateral movement of the proximal aulacophore was more likely. Three-dimensional digital modelling provides an objective and rigorous methodology for illuminating the movement capabilities and locomotion strategies of fossil invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G. Clark
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - John R. Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Peter J. Bishop
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
- Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Derek E. G. Briggs
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Kano T, Kanauchi D, Aonuma H, Clark EG, Ishiguro A. Decentralized Control Mechanism for Determination of Moving Direction in Brittle Stars With Penta-Radially Symmetric Body. Front Neurorobot 2019; 13:66. [PMID: 31507399 PMCID: PMC6716452 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2019.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A brittle star, an echinoderm with penta-radially symmetric body, can make decisions about its moving direction and move adapting to various circumstances despite lacking a central nervous system and instead possessing a rather simple distributed nervous system. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the essential control mechanism underlying the determination of moving direction in brittle stars. Based on behavioral findings on brittle stars whose nervous systems were lesioned in various ways, we propose a phenomenological mathematical model. We demonstrate via simulations that the proposed model can well reproduce the behavioral findings. Our findings not only provide insights into the mechanism for the determination of moving direction in brittle stars, but also help understand the essential mechanism underlying autonomous behaviors of animals. Moreover, they will pave the way for developing fully autonomous robots that can make decisions by themselves and move adaptively under various circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kano
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daichi Kanauchi
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Aonuma
- Research Center of Mathematics for Social Creativity, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Elizabeth G Clark
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Akio Ishiguro
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Clark EG, Hutchinson JR, Darroch SAF, Mongiardino Koch N, Brady TR, Smith SA, Briggs DEG. Integrating morphology and in vivo skeletal mobility with digital models to infer function in brittle star arms. J Anat 2018; 233:696-714. [PMID: 30353539 PMCID: PMC6231174 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Brittle stars (Phylum Echinodermata, Class Ophiuroidea) have evolved rapid locomotion employing muscle and skeletal elements within their (usually) five arms to apply forces in a manner analogous to that of vertebrates. Inferring the inner workings of the arm has been difficult as the skeleton is internal and many of the ossicles are sub-millimeter in size. Advances in 3D visualization and technology have made the study of movement in ophiuroids possible. We developed six virtual 3D skeletal models to demonstrate the potential range of motion of the main arm ossicles, known as vertebrae, and six virtual 3D skeletal models of non-vertebral ossicles. These models revealed the joint center and relative position of the arm ossicles during near-maximal range of motion. The models also provide a platform for the comparative evaluation of functional capabilities between disparate ophiuroid arm morphologies. We made observations on specimens of Ophioderma brevispina and Ophiothrix angulata. As these two taxa exemplify two major morphological categories of ophiuroid vertebrae, they provide a basis for an initial assessment of the functional consequences of these disparate vertebral morphologies. These models suggest potential differences in the structure of the intervertebral articulations in these two species, implying disparities in arm flexion mechanics. We also evaluated the differences in the range of motion between segments in the proximal and distal halves of the arm length in a specimen of O. brevispina, and found that the morphology of vertebrae in the distal portion of the arm allows for higher mobility than in the proximal portion. Our models of non-vertebral ossicles show that they rotate further in the direction of movement than the vertebrae themselves in order to accommodate arm flexion. These findings raise doubts over previous hypotheses regarding the functional consequences of ophiuroid arm disparity. Our study demonstrates the value of integrating experimental data and visualization of articulated structures when making functional interpretations instead of relying on observations of vertebral or segmental morphology alone. This methodological framework can be applied to other ophiuroid taxa to enable comparative functional analyses. It will also facilitate biomechanical analyses of other invertebrate groups to illuminate how appendage or locomotor function evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R. Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion LaboratoryDepartment of Comparative Biomedical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHertfordshireUK
| | - Simon A. F. Darroch
- Department of Earth and Environmental ScienceVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTNUSA
| | | | - Travis R. Brady
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Sloane A. Smith
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Derek E. G. Briggs
- Department of Geology and GeophysicsYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Yale Peabody Museum of Natural HistoryYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
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Clark EG, Kanauchi D, Kano T, Aonuma H, Briggs DEG, Ishiguro A. The function of the ophiuroid nerve ring: how a decentralized nervous system controls coordinated locomotion. J Exp Biol 2018; 222:jeb.192104. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.192104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Echinoderms lack a centralized nervous control system yet each extant echinoderm class has evolved unique and effective strategies for locomotion. Brittle stars (Ophiuroidea) stride swiftly over the seafloor by coordinating motions of their five muscular arms. Their arms consist of many repeating segments, requiring them to use a complex control system to coordinate motions among segments and between arms. We conducted in vivo experiments with brittle stars to analyze the functional role of the nerve ring, which connects the nerves in each arm. These experiments were designed to determine how the ophiuroid nervous system performs complex decision-making and locomotory actions under decentralized control. Our results show that brittle star arms must be connected by the nerve ring for coordinated locomotion, but information can travel bidirectionally around the nerve ring so that it circumvents the severance. Evidence presented indicates that ophiuroids rely on adjacent nerve ring connections for sustained periodic movements. The number of arms connected via the nerve ring is correlated positively with the likelihood that the animal will show coordinated locomotion, indicating that integrated nerve ring tissue is critical for control. The results of the experiments should provide a basis for the advancement of complex artificial decentralized systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G. Clark
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Daichi Kanauchi
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ward, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kano
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ward, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Aonuma
- Research Center of Mathematics for Social Creativity, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, N12W7, Kita-Ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Derek E. G. Briggs
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Akio Ishiguro
- Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ward, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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11
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Clark EG, Bhullar BAS, Darroch SAF, Briggs DEG. Water vascular system architecture in an Ordovician ophiuroid. Biol Lett 2017; 13:20170635. [PMID: 29212753 PMCID: PMC5746540 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the water vascular system (WVS) in early fossil echinoderms is critical to elucidating the evolution of this system in extant forms. Here we present the first report of the internal morphology of the water vascular system of a stem ophiuroid. The radial canals are internal to the arm, but protected dorsally by a plate separate to the ambulacrals. The canals zig-zag with no evidence of constrictions, corresponding to sphincters, which control pairs of tube feet in extant ophiuroids. The morphology suggests that the unpaired tube feet must have operated individually, and relied on the elasticity of the radial canals, lateral valves and tube foot musculature alone for extension and retraction. This arrangement differs radically from that in extant ophiuroids, revealing a previously unknown Palaeozoic configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Clark
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Bhart-Anjan S Bhullar
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Simon A F Darroch
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Vanderbilt University, 5726 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Derek E G Briggs
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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12
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Clark EG, Watson J, Leemann A, Breaud AH, Feeley FG, Wolff J, Kole T, Jacquet GA. Acute care needs in an Indian emergency department: A retrospective analysis. World J Emerg Med 2016; 7:191-5. [PMID: 27547278 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergencies such as road traffic accidents (RTAs), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and cerebrovascular accident (CVA) are the most common causes of death and disability in India. Robust emergency medicine (EM) services and proper education on acute care are necessary. In order to inform curriculum design for training programs, and to improve the quality of EM care in India, a better understanding of patient epidemiology and case burden presenting to the emergency department (ED) is needed. METHODS This study is a retrospective chart review of cases presenting to the ED at Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), a private hospital in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, from November 1, 2011 to April 21, 2012 and from July 1, 2013 to December 21, 2013. De-identified charts were systematically sampled and reviewed. RESULTS A total of 1 196 ED patient charts were analyzed. Of these patients, 55.35% (n=662) were male and 44.7% (n=534) were female. The majority (67.14%, n=803) were adults, while only 3.85% (n=46) were infants. The most common chief complaints were fever (21.5%, n=257), renal colic (7.3%, n=87), and dyspnea (6.9%, n=82). The most common ED diagnoses were gastrointestinal (15.5%, n=185), pulmonary (12.3%, n=147), tropical (11.1%, n=133), infectious disease and sepsis (9.9%, n=118), and trauma (8.4%, n=101). CONCLUSION The patient demographics, diagnoses, and distribution of resources identified by this study can help guide and shape Indian EM training programs and faculty development to more accurately reflect the burden of acute disease in India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Watson
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison Leemann
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan H Breaud
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frank G Feeley
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Boston University Center for Global Health and Development, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James Wolff
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Boston University Center for Global Health and Development, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Gabrielle A Jacquet
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Boston University Center for Global Health and Development, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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McCoy VE, Saupe EE, Lamsdell JC, Tarhan LG, McMahon S, Lidgard S, Mayer P, Whalen CD, Soriano C, Finney L, Vogt S, Clark EG, Anderson RP, Petermann H, Locatelli ER, Briggs DEG. The 'Tully monster' is a vertebrate. Nature 2016; 532:496-9. [PMID: 26982721 DOI: 10.1038/nature16992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Problematic fossils, extinct taxa of enigmatic morphology that cannot be assigned to a known major group, were once a major issue in palaeontology. A long-favoured solution to the 'problem of the problematica', particularly the 'weird wonders' of the Cambrian Burgess Shale, was to consider them representatives of extinct phyla. A combination of new evidence and modern approaches to phylogenetic analysis has now resolved the affinities of most of these forms. Perhaps the most notable exception is Tullimonstrum gregarium, popularly known as the Tully monster, a large soft-bodied organism from the late Carboniferous Mazon Creek biota (approximately 309-307 million years ago) of Illinois, USA, which was designated the official state fossil of Illinois in 1989. Its phylogenetic position has remained uncertain and it has been compared with nemerteans, polychaetes, gastropods, conodonts, and the stem arthropod Opabinia. Here we review the morphology of Tullimonstrum based on an analysis of more than 1,200 specimens. We find that the anterior proboscis ends in a buccal apparatus containing teeth, the eyes project laterally on a long rigid bar, and the elongate segmented body bears a caudal fin with dorsal and ventral lobes. We describe new evidence for a notochord, cartilaginous arcualia, gill pouches, articulations within the proboscis, and multiple tooth rows adjacent to the mouth. This combination of characters, supported by phylogenetic analysis, identifies Tullimonstrum as a vertebrate, and places it on the stem lineage to lampreys (Petromyzontida). In addition to increasing the known morphological disparity of extinct lampreys, a chordate affinity for T. gregarium resolves the nature of a soft-bodied fossil which has been debated for more than 50 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E McCoy
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Erin E Saupe
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - James C Lamsdell
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.,American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Lidya G Tarhan
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Sean McMahon
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Scott Lidgard
- Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA
| | - Paul Mayer
- Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA
| | - Christopher D Whalen
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Carmen Soriano
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Lydia Finney
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Stefan Vogt
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Clark
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Ross P Anderson
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Holger Petermann
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Emma R Locatelli
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Derek E G Briggs
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.,Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, 170 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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14
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Shaw AJ, Golinski GK, Clark EG, Shaw B, Stenøien HK, Flatberg KI. Intercontinental genetic structure in the amphi-Pacific peatmossSphagnum miyabeanum(Bryophyta: Sphagnaceae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - G. Karen Golinski
- Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; 3529-6270 University Boulevard Vancouver BC Canada V6T 1Z4
| | | | - Blanka Shaw
- Department of Biology; Duke University; Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Hans K. Stenøien
- Museum of Natural History and Archaeology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; N-7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Kjell I. Flatberg
- Museum of Natural History and Archaeology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; N-7491 Trondheim Norway
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15
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Huang YY, Walther I, Martinson SA, López A, Yason C, Godson DL, Clark EG, Simko E. Porcine circovirus 2 inclusion bodies in pulmonary and renal epithelial cells. Vet Pathol 2008; 45:640-4. [PMID: 18725467 DOI: 10.1354/vp.45-5-640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is the cause of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). The most common lesions of PMWS are lymphohistiocytic to granulomatous lymphadenitis, interstitial pneumonia and interstitial nephritis, with intracytoplasmic amphophilic botryoid inclusion bodies in macrophages. In addition to these typical changes, intracytoplasmic botryoid inclusion bodies were observed in bronchial, bronchial glandular, and renal tubular epithelium of several pigs from 4 different farms in Western and Eastern Canada. PCV2 inclusion bodies were demonstrated to be located in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells by immunohistochemical staining for PCV2 and cytokeratin antigens and by ultrastructural demonstration of viral particles in the inclusion bodies within renal tubular epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Huang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, (Canada)
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16
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess headache response of unselected neurology clinic chronic headache patients to TMD stabilization appliance and self-management therapies, and to identify features of patients whose headaches are more likely to improve from these therapies. Twenty chronic headache patients in a nontreatment control period were provided appliance and self-management therapies, evaluated five weeks after therapy, and those who chose to continue using their appliances were evaluated three months later. The mean pretreatment Headache Disability Inventory (HDI) score of 64.5 suggested the headaches were severe. After five weeks, the mean HDI score decreased by 17 percent (p<0.003), headache medication consumption dropped by 18 percent (p<0.0001), and headache symptoms decreased by 19 percent (p<0.002). Comparing the three months with pretreatment follow-up, the fourteen participants who chose to continue using their appliances had a mean HDI score decrease of 23 percent (p<0.003), headache medication consumption drop of 46 percent (p<0.001), and headache symptom decrease of 39 percent (p<0.001). There was no correlation between response and headache type (p=0.722). These results suggest appliance and self-management therapies can be beneficial for many severe headache patients, irrespective of the headache type (tension-type, migraine without aura, and migraine with aura).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Wright
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA.
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17
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Clark EG. Health care decision-making for others--no easy answers. Real Property Probate Trust J 2002; 37:537-43. [PMID: 15233127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
This Article introduces a Symposium on the topic of advance medical directive. It provides a brief history of living wills, and then generally discusses the difficulties associated with clearly defining an individual's healthcare wishes in advance of the onset of health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Clark
- Estates & Trusts Practice Group, Hodgson, Russ, Andrews, Woods & Goodyear, LLP, Buffalo, NY, USA
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18
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Haines DM, Martin KM, Clark EG, Jim GK, Janzen ED. The immunohistochemical detection of Mycoplasma bovis and bovine viral diarrhea virus in tissues of feedlot cattle with chronic, unresponsive respiratory disease and/or arthritis. Can Vet J 2001; 42:857-60. [PMID: 11708203 PMCID: PMC1476660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of selected pathogens in the tissues of a group of feedlot cattle with chronic disease (most often respiratory disease and/or arthritis). Samples of lung and joint tissues from 49 feedlot animals that had failed to respond to antibiotic therapy were tested by immunohistochemical staining for the antigens of Mycoplasma bovis, Haemophilus somnus, Pasteurella (Mannheimia) hemolytica, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Mycoplasma bovis was demonstrated in over 80% of cases, including in 45% of joints and 71% of lungs tested. Mycoplasma bovis was the only bacterial pathogen identified in the joints. Haemophilus somnus and Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica were found in 14% and 23% of cases, respectively, and were confined to the lungs in all instances. Infection with BVDV was demonstrated in over 40% of cases. Mycoplasma bovis and BVDV were the most common pathogens persisting in the tissues of these animals that had failed to respond to antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Haines
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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19
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Abstract
Over a 6-year period seven adult horses of different breeds and genders developed multifocal, exudative, oozing dermatitis characterized histologically by epidermal spongiotic vesicles and perivascular eosinophilic, neutrophilic and mixed mononuclear inflammation. Three horses were pruritic. Systemic disease was not noted. Two horses had a history of recurrent urticaria (hives) and one horse had nodules or welt-type lesions that progressed to exudative, oozing lesions. Interepithelial immunoglobulin (Ig)G was detected by avidin-biotin complex-peroxidase staining, but the pattern of staining was more consistent with epithelial oedema than specific IgG deposition associated with pemphigus. The exudative oozing lesions developed under circumstances suggesting that dermal oedema progressed to intracellular and intercellular epidermal oedema, which in turn progressed to the spongiotic vesicular epidermal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hargis
- Dermato Diagnostics, Edmonds, WA 98026, USA
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20
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O'Connor B, Gauvreau H, West K, Bogdan J, Ayroud M, Clark EG, Konoby C, Allan G, Ellis JA. Multiple porcine circovirus 2-associated abortions and reproductive failure in a multisite swine production unit. Can Vet J 2001; 42:551-3. [PMID: 11467184 PMCID: PMC1476641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 was detected in several stillborn and nonviable neonatal piglets presenting with chronic passive congestion, cardiac hypertrophy, and severe diffuse myocarditis. The presence of the virus in the heart and other tissues of affected piglets was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and virus isolation techniques. Other reproductive losses and associated infectious agents in the herd are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O'Connor
- Prairie Diagnostic Services, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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21
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Njaa BL, Clark EG, Janzen E, Ellis JA, Haines DM. Diagnosis of persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection by immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed skin biopsy specimens. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000; 12:393-9. [PMID: 11021424 DOI: 10.1177/104063870001200501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for diagnosis of persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin biopsy specimens. Skin from 41 of 42 calves shown to be persistently infected (PI) with BVDV by repeated virus isolation more than 3 weeks apart were immunohistochemically positive for BVDV antigen. Positive IHC staining was most pronounced in the keratinocytes and in hair follicle epithelium, hair matrix cells of the hair bulb, and the dermal papilla. All of the skin sections from 10 calves experimentally infected postnatally with BVDV (10(5) median tissue culture infective doses [TCID50]) and biopsied on days 0, 5, 7, and 9 postinfection were negative for viral antigen. Ten calves from a second group experimentally infected with a higher dose of BVDV (10(8) TCID50) were biopsied when viremic between 10 and 14 days postinfection and 4 calves exhibited positive IHC staining for BVDV; however, staining in these skin biopsies was confined to small foci in the nonfollicular epidermis and follicular ostia. This staining was distinct from that observed in skin obtained from PI cattle. Skin biopsy represents an effective method for identifying animals PI with BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Njaa
- Department of Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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22
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Choi C, Chae C, Clark EG. Porcine postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in Korean pig: detection of porcine circovirus 2 infection by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000; 12:151-3. [PMID: 10730945 DOI: 10.1177/104063870001200209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the first diagnosis of porcine circovirus (PCV) infection in weaned pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in Korea by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction. The most unique lesions were multifocal granulomatous inflammation affecting lymph nodes, liver, and spleen, characterized by infiltrates of epithelioid macrophages and multinucleated giant cells. Circoviral antigen was detected in formalin-fixed sections and was usually present in large, round, dendritic cells in the white pulp of spleen and remnants of follicles in lymph nodes. Lymphoid follicles in the tonsils also contained PCV antigen. A 530-bp DNA fragment of circovirus was successfully amplified from all tested lymph nodes, liver, and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Choi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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23
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Ellis JA, Bratanich A, Clark EG, Allan G, Meehan B, Haines DM, Harding J, West KH, Krakowka S, Konoby C, Hassard L, Martin K, McNeilly F. Coinfection by porcine circoviruses and porcine parvovirus in pigs with naturally acquired postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. J Vet Diagn Invest 2000; 12:21-7. [PMID: 10690771 DOI: 10.1177/104063870001200104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is an emerging disease in swine. Recently, the disease has been reproduced with inocula containing a newly described porcine circovirus (PCV), designated PCV 2, and porcine parvovirus (PPV). In order to determine if these viruses interact in naturally acquired PMWS, affected tissues from field cases were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for PCV 2 and PPV, as well as by PCR for the other recognized porcine circovirus, PCV 1. Porcine circovirus 2 was detected by PCR or IHC in affected fixed or frozen tissues from 69 of 69 cases of PMWS collected over 3 years from 25 farms. Porcine parvovirus was detected in 12 of the same cases, and PCV 1 was detected in 9 of 69; however, an apparent decrease was found in the sensitivity of the PCRs used to detect the latter 2 viruses when fixed tissue from the same cases were compared with the use of frozen tissues. Porcine circovirus 2 was not detected by PCR in affected tissues from 16 age-matched pigs that had Streptococcus suis-associated disease. Electron microscopic examination of plasma pooled from 15 pigs with PMWS revealed the presence of PCV and PPV, whereas these viruses were not observed in pooled plasma from 5 age-matched clinically normal pigs. These results confirm and extend previous findings documenting a consistent association of PCV 2 with PMWS. As well, infection by PPV or PCV 1 or both may be an important cofactor in the pathogenesis of some, but apparently not all, cases of PMWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Ellis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon Canada
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24
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Woodbury MR, Feist MS, Clark EG, Haigh JC. Osteochondrosis and epiphyseal bone abnormalities associated with copper deficiency in bison calves. Can Vet J 1999; 40:878-80. [PMID: 10646064 PMCID: PMC1539872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Two bison calves were submitted to the Western College of Veterinary Medicine to confirm suspected copper deficiency. In addition to clinical signs, there were pathologic changes in the cartilage and subchondral bone of several joints. Water analysis indicated high levels of sulfate in the drinking water, contributing to a secondary copper deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Woodbury
- Department of Herd Medicine and Theriogenology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon
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25
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West KH, Bystrom JM, Wojnarowicz C, Shantz N, Jacobson M, Allan GM, Haines DM, Clark EG, Krakowka S, McNeilly F, Konoby C, Martin K, Ellis JA. Myocarditis and abortion associated with intrauterine infection of sows with porcine circovirus 2. J Vet Diagn Invest 1999; 11:530-2. [PMID: 12968736 DOI: 10.1177/104063879901100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is a recently identified agent that has been associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in swine populations. In this report, the potential spectrum of disease associated with PCV2 is expanded by evidence of vertical transmission and associated reproductive failure. PCV2 was isolated from a litter of aborted piglets from a farm experiencing late-term abortions and stillbirths. Severe, diffuse myocarditis was present in 1 piglet associated with extensive immunohistochemical staining for PCV2 antigen. Variable amounts of PCV2 antigen were also present in liver, lung, and kidney of multiple fetuses. The presence of other agents that have been associated with fetal lesions and abortion in swine, including porcine parvovirus, porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, and enterovirus, could not be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H West
- Prairie Diagnostic Service, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
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26
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Haines DM, Martin KM, Chelack BJ, Sargent RA, Outerbridge CA, Clark EG. Immunohistochemical detection of canine distemper virus in haired skin, nasal mucosa, and footpad epithelium: a method for antemortem diagnosis of infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 1999; 11:396-9. [PMID: 12968751 DOI: 10.1177/104063879901100502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable antemortem diagnostic method is needed for determining infection with canine distemper virus (CDV). The utility of immunohistochemical detection of CDV antigen was examined was examined for samples of nasal and footpad epithelium and haired skin in dogs with and without detectable CDV antigen in the lung and/or brain. Tissues from 57 dogs at risk of CDV infection were tested. Viral antigen was found in the lung and/or brain of 28 dogs. Among these dogs, viral antigen was demonstrated in the epithelial cells of the nasal mucosa in 24 of 27 dogs, in the footpad epithelium in 24 of 26 dogs, and in the haired skin of the dorsal neck in 26 of 27 dogs. Among the 29 dogs without CDV antigen in either the lung or brain, 1 dog had positive staining for viral antigen in the skin and nasal mucosa. Biopsies of haired skin of the dorsal neck, which is relatively simple to sample, can be used for immunohistochemical testing for acute and subacute infection with CDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Haines
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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27
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Allan GM, Mc Neilly F, Meehan BM, Kennedy S, Mackie DP, Ellis JA, Clark EG, Espuna E, Saubi N, Riera P, Bøtner A, Charreyre CE. Isolation and characterisation of circoviruses from pigs with wasting syndromes in Spain, Denmark and Northern Ireland. Vet Microbiol 1999; 66:115-23. [PMID: 10227473 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A porcine circovirus (PCV) was isolated from tissues of pigs with wasting syndromes from Spain, Denmark and N. Ireland. The antigenic profiles of these viruses were determined by indirect immunofluorescence assays using polyclonal antisera and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) prepared against previously isolated PCVs. A rapid and convenient PCR-based test was developed and used for the genotyping of these PCV isolates. These PCV isolates were found to be antigenically and genomically similar to previously reported isolates of PCV from pigs with wasting disease (PCV2), but distinct from the isolate of PCV from continuous PK/15 cell cultures (PCV1).
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Allan
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland, Stormont, Belfast, UK.
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28
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West K, Petrie L, Haines DM, Konoby C, Clark EG, Martin K, Ellis JA. The effect of formalin-inactivated vaccine on respiratory disease associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in calves. Vaccine 1999; 17:809-20. [PMID: 10067686 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of vaccination with a formalin-inactivated, alum-precipitated (FI), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) vaccine on BRSV induced respiratory disease in calves was investigated. Six month old BRSV-naive calves were vaccinated with either a FI, a modified live virus (MLV), or virus antigen negative control vaccine (n = 4 per group). One month after the second vaccination, the calves were aerosol challenged with lung wash from a newborn calf infected with a field isolate of BRSV. Moderate to severe clinical disease occurred in all calves. Calves that received FI vaccine had a significantly earlier (day 2 vs. day 4-5) onset of pyrexia and dyspnea (P < 0.05). Pulmonary lesions, consisting of cranioventral atelectasis and dorsal emphysema, occurred in all groups. Two calves that received MLV, and three that received FI vaccine, had reduced pneumonic lung area relative to controls. Vaccination with the FI vaccine resulted in more rapid onset of clinical disease, but ultimately, reduced pulmonary pathology in most recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K West
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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29
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Schmutz SM, Moker JS, Clark EG, Shewfelt R. Black hair follicular dysplasia, an autosomal recessive condition in dogs. Can Vet J 1998; 39:644-6. [PMID: 9789677 PMCID: PMC1539457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Using histology, a coat color abnormality and the subsequent hair loss were diagnosed as black hair follicular dysplasia. A pedigree analysis of an affected litter and literature review suggests that this is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor gene is ruled out by using linkage analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Schmutz
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon
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30
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Meehan BM, McNeilly F, Todd D, Kennedy S, Jewhurst VA, Ellis JA, Hassard LE, Clark EG, Haines DM, Allan GM. Characterization of novel circovirus DNAs associated with wasting syndromes in pigs. J Gen Virol 1998; 79 ( Pt 9):2171-9. [PMID: 9747726 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-79-9-2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus (PCV) was initially recognized as a contaminant of continuous pig kidney cell lines and was not thought to be pathogenic. Antibodies reactive to the cell culture isolate of PCV (PCV PK-15) are prevalent in the swine population worldwide. Recently, PCV PK-15-like antigen and nucleic acid were demonstrated in lesions associated with wasting syndromes in pigs in North America and Europe. Monoclonal antibodies raised to circoviruses isolated from pigs with wasting syndromes highlighted differences between these circoviruses and the PCV PK-15 cell culture isolate. This has led to speculation that a new pathogenic PCV may have emerged in the swine populations of several countries. We report the cloning and characterization of novel circovirus DNAs purified from virus isolates made from tissues of North American and European pigs with wasting syndromes. These North American and European circoviruses form a closely related group at the nucleotide sequence level (> 96% intra-group nucleotide sequence identity) but exhibit < 80% nucleotide sequence identity with the PCV PK-15 cell culture isolate. This report provides evidence for a new type of possibly pathogenic PCV. We propose that these new circoviruses should be referred to as PCV2 as opposed to the original PK-15 cell culture isolate, which should be referred to as PCV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Meehan
- Department of Veterinary Science, The Queen's University of Belfast, UK
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31
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Abstract
Inclusion bodies with staining affinity and ultrastructural characteristics typical of circoviruses that stained positive for porcine circovirus (PCV)-like virus were demonstrated in association with granulomatous lesions in multiple tissues of three clinically ill 10- to 12-week-old pigs. A syndrome of poor growth and wasting in 5-15% of weaned pigs was an intermittent problem on a 450-sow one-site farrow-to-finish swine farm in Indiana. Routine diagnostic testing did not demonstrate a cause. Gross examination of three representative weaned pigs from two farrowing groups over a 1-month period revealed generalized lymphadenopathy and interstitial pneumonia. A unique microscopic finding for all three pigs was granulomatous inflammation of lymphoid tissues associated with large numbers of multinucleate giant cells and characteristic viral inclusions in the cytoplasm of macrophages. These inclusions were round, homogeneous, and magenta to basophilic, varied in size (5-25 microm), and either were single or formed botryoid clusters. Ultrastructurally, these inclusions were composed of electron-dense paracrystalline arrays of small nonenveloped icosahedral viral particles that were approximately 17 nm in diameter. The sizes and shapes of the virus particles, the unique microscopic appearance of the inclusions, and the positive staining of the intracytoplasmic viral inclusions by the Feulgen technique are consistent with circoviruses. Immunohistochemistry for PCV-like virus demonstrated viral antigen in the cytoplasm of macrophages that were within inflammatory infiltrates in a variety of organs. The described inclusion bodies stained positively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kiupel
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906-1175, USA
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32
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Allan G, Meehan B, Todd D, Kennedy S, McNeilly F, Ellis J, Clark EG, Harding J, Espuna E, Botner A, Charreyre C. Novel porcine circoviruses from pigs with wasting disease syndromes. Vet Rec 1998; 142:467-8. [PMID: 9602519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Waters
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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34
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Wobeser G, Baptiste K, Clark EG, Deyo AW. Type C botulism in cattle in association with a botulism die-off in waterfowl in Saskatchewan. Can Vet J 1997; 38:782. [PMID: 9426946 PMCID: PMC1576784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Wobeser
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon
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35
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Abstract
Since the first report of BRSV in the 1970s, the understanding of this agent and its respective disease has increased dramatically. Current evidence supports a major role for this virus in bovine respiratory disease. Advances in diagnostics have increased the ability to demonstrate this virus in field outbreaks of respiratory disease. The clinical signs and pathologic features have been well described, and vaccines are available to aid in prevention and control. Still, many questions remain to be answered with respect to BRSV. It appears there may be antigenic subgroups of BRSV, but the epidemiologic significance and relevance to immunization of this remains unknown. The question of differences in virulence among isolates of this virus has yet to be addressed. From an epidemiologic standpoint, the means by which BRSV perpetuates in the cattle population has yet to be elucidated. Although progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis and immune response to BRSV, the mechanism of disease production and immune protection is incomplete. Lastly, efficacy testing of existing vaccines need to continue, as well as the development of new vaccines and new approaches to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Baker
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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36
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Schmutz SM, Moker JS, Pawlyshyn V, Haugen B, Clark EG. Fertility effects of the 14;20 Robertsonian translocation in cattle. Theriogenology 1997; 47:815-23. [PMID: 16728031 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(97)00037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/1995] [Accepted: 07/18/1996] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Superovulation and embryo collection procedures were used to study the effect of the 14;20 Robertsonian translocation on fertility and embryo viability. Karyotypes were successfully completed on cells from 77 of the 279 embryos prepared for such analysis. Embryos from 4 cows heterozygous for the translocation were studied. Two bulls with the same condition were studied by using their semen in artificial insemination of cows with normal karyotypes. The proportions of fertilized ova and transferable embryos were not different between cows with the 14;20 translocation and those with normal karyotypes, indicating that fertilization rates were not affected by the translocation. Twenty-two percent of the embryos which were karyotyped had an unbalanced karyotype and would theoretically not have survived to term. All of the theoretically predicted chromosome complements from such a translocation were observed as were three 58,XX,t karyotypes and a 58,XX karyotype. There was no difference in the percentage of embryos with abnormal karyotypes whether the cow or bull was the carrier. Results therefore indicate that fertility is rather severely impaired in carriers of the 14;20 translocation, as was observed with the 1;29 translocation, with most loss due to embryo mortality rather than a lowered conception rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Schmutz
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada
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37
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Barnes JC, Taylor SM, Clark EG, Haines DM, Broughton SJ. Disseminated lymphangiosarcoma in a dog. Can Vet J 1997; 38:42-4. [PMID: 8993785 PMCID: PMC1576662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This case is unusual due to its extended clinical course. Clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Barnes
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon
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38
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Abstract
A seven-year-old, neutered male, crossbred Persian was diagnosed as having persistent, cutaneous papillomavirus infection. The skin lesions consisted of round, multifocal-to-confluent, raised, black plaques on the neck, thorax, shoulders, and forelegs. Papillomavirus virions were demonstrated in negative-stained, electron microscopic preparations of homogenized skin lesions and within the nuclei of cells from the stratum granulosum. Avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase stains were positive for papillomavirus in the same cells. The cat was euthanized due to a clinical diagnosis o concurrent, severe, chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lozano-Alarcón
- Arizona Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson 85705, USA
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39
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Abstract
Pericardial sac samples from 77 bovine aborted fetuses and stillborn calves were submitted for tissue culture; cells from 55 of these samples were grown successfully in culture. Six of the 55 karyotyped fetuses (10.7%) had an abnormal chromosome complement, in 3 of which (5.5%) the abnormality was probably the cause of death. This level of abnormality is relatively high when one considers that most fetuses were >8 months gestational age. Approximately 5-7% of human stillbirths and 50% of first-trimester aborted fetuses have chromosome anomalies. If a similar situation exists in cattle, as suggested by these data, chromosome abnormalities may be a major cause of early fetal loss in cattle. Most chromosomally abnormal fetuses had multiple malformations, which suggests that the diagnostic use of chromosome analysis is most cost effective for malformed fetuses and newborns. Twins were present in a higher proportion of these fetuses than expected based on their incidence among liveborn cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Schmutz
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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40
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Borgmann IE, Bailey J, Clark EG. Spirochete-associated bovine digital dermatitis. Can Vet J 1996; 37:35-7. [PMID: 8746417 PMCID: PMC1576595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I E Borgmann
- Saddle Hills Veterinary Clinic, Dawson Creek, British Columbia
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41
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Jelinski MD, Ribble CS, Chirino-Trejo M, Clark EG, Janzen ED. The relationship between the presence of Helicobacter pylori, Clostridium perfringens type A, Campylobacter spp, or fungi and fatal abomasal ulcers in unweaned beef calves. Can Vet J 1995; 36:379-82. [PMID: 7648542 PMCID: PMC1686945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A case-control study involving 30 unweaned beef calves was conducted to determine whether specific species of bacteria or fungi were associated with fatal abomasal ulcer formation. Special microbiological and histological techniques were used to detect Clostridium perfringens type A, Helicobacter pylori, or Campylobacter spp. It has been speculated that these bacteria are potential ulcerogenic agents of unweaned beef calves. Calves were recruited for the study at necropsy, with those dying of either a perforating or a hemorrhagic ulcer representing the cases, and calves of a similar age dying of a disease unrelated to the abomasum representing the controls. Helicobacter pylori was not visualized in or cultured from any of the abomasal tissue samples. Clostridium perfringens type A was isolated from 78.6% of the cases and 75% of the controls. These isolates were further dichotomized into "heavy" and "light" growth; no significant association was found between ulcers and the amount of growth. A light growth of Campylobacter spp. was recovered from 3 cases and 3 controls. There was no compelling evidence to suggest that Clostridium perfringens type A, Helicobacter pylori, or Campylobacter spp. were involved in ulcer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Jelinski
- Department of Herd Medicine and Theriogenology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon
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42
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Schwartzkopf KS, Stookey JM, Hull PR, Clark EG. Screening of depigmenting compounds for the development of an alternate method of branding beef cattle. J Anim Sci 1994; 72:1393-8. [PMID: 8071160 DOI: 10.2527/1994.7261393x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The impetus to find alternative methods to stressful routine management procedures has increased in recent years in the hope of improving animal welfare. The potential of using depigmenting compounds to create a permanent visible mark was evaluated in two beef heifers. Eight compounds (hydroquinone [H], 4-ethoxyphenol [4-EP], 4-methylcatechol [4-MC], 4-tert-butylcatechol [4-t-BC], 4-methoxyphenol [4-MP], monobenzone [M], hydroquinone bis (2-hydroxyethyl) ether (HHEE), and catechol [C]) were injected intradermally at concentrations of 10 and 20%. These compounds were screened in four different carriers (ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liposome cream) to test their effectiveness in producing depigmented hair. Transdermal patches containing 5, 7, and 10% liposome preparations of 4-MC and 4-MP produced depigmentation, but this depigmentation was not as visible as when the same preparations were injected. Histological examination of biopsies and observations of the injected sites were compared to sites that were only injected with the carrier solution. Compounds H, 4-EP, 4-MC, 4-t-BC, 4-MP, and M produced visible depigmentation lasting up to 3 mo. The duration of the effect seemed dependent on the hair cycle length and stage of cycle at time of application. None of the depigmenting compounds tested produced a permanent depigmenting effect.
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44
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DePew CL, Moseley MJ, Clark EG, Morales CC. Open vs closed-system endotracheal suctioning: a cost comparison. Crit Care Nurse 1994; 14:94-100. [PMID: 8194331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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45
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Houston DM, Clark EG, Matwichuk CL, Teachout DJ. A case of cutaneous sterile pyogranuloma/granuloma syndrome in a golden retriever. Can Vet J 1993; 34:121-2. [PMID: 17424167 PMCID: PMC1686385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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46
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Haines DM, Waters EH, Clark EG. Immunohistochemical detection of swine influenza A virus in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. Can J Vet Res 1993; 57:33-6. [PMID: 8381700 PMCID: PMC1263585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An avidin-biotin complex (ABC) immunohistochemical method utilizing a commercially-available polyclonal antiserum to human influenza A virus was used to detect antigens of influenza A virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of swine. Influenza A antigens were immunohistochemically detected in 28/30 cases in which influenza A virus was demonstrated by virus isolation and in 5/22 cases suspected to be influenza A-infected by clinical and histological criteria, but from which the virus was not isolated. Viral antigen was not demonstrated in 30/30 cases not suspected clinically or histologically to be associated with influenza infection. This method is a convenient, sensitive, and specific means of influenza A virus detection and is applicable to both routine diagnosis of influenza A virus infection and to retrospective and prospective studies of the occurrence and the pathogenesis of this virus in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Haines
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon
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47
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Haines DM, Kendall JC, Remenda BW, Breker-Klassen MM, Clark EG. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for immunohistochemical detection of bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus in frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. J Vet Diagn Invest 1992; 4:393-9. [PMID: 1333816 DOI: 10.1177/104063879200400404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate identification of bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus in bovine respiratory disease requires dependable, sensitive, and specific techniques for detection in affected animals. Immunohistochemical testing can be a rapid and reliable means of demonstration of virus in tissues from suspect cases; however, this procedure is dependent upon the quality of the antisera directed against the viral antigens. The production of rabbit polyclonal and murine monoclonal antibodies directed against bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus and techniques for their use in fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues in immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase-based immunohistochemical tests are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Haines
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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48
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Naylor JM, Clark EG, Clayton HM. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Usefulness of clinical signs, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung biopsy as diagnostic and prognostic aids. Can Vet J 1992; 33:591-8. [PMID: 17424075 PMCID: PMC1481327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We examined 18 horses with clinical signs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using physical examination, cytological and bacteriological evaluation of bronchoalveolar fluid, and percutaneous lung biopsy. In 16 cases, histological examination of lung tissue confirmed the diagnosis of COPD. Two horses were excluded: one had uncomplicated bacterial pneumonia and in the other a satisfactory lung biopsy could not be obtained. In horses with COPD, the most common historical complaint was coughing, which was reported in 88%. The most frequently detected abnormal finding on physical examination was abnormal lung sounds; these were detected in 69% of horses at rest and in 88% of horses breathing deeply into a bag. A novel finding was that 29% of horses had lung sounds that were quieter than would be expected for the degree of respiratory effort. Horses with COPD had increased percentages of neutrophils and decreased percentages of lymphocytes and macrophages in their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Bronchiolar neutrophil infiltration and peribronchiolar mast cell accumulation in lung biopsy tissue had the highest correlation with clinical condition. The severity of pathological changes in biopsies of lung did not predict whether the horse would die in the two to four year follow-up period. Horses that died in the follow-up period were more severely affected clinically at initial presentation than horses that were alive at the end of the follow-up period.
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49
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Clark EG, Sperry KL. Distinctive blunt force injuries caused by a crescent wrench. J Forensic Sci 1992; 37:1172-8. [PMID: 1506833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prompt recognition of patterned injuries by the forensic pathologist can greatly facilitate the investigation and resolution of injury and death cases. Careful observation and description of injuries may provide identification of an assault or murder weapon and contribute to the reconstruction of circumstances of injury. The two cases herein described manifest unusual and distinctive injuries resulting from multiple impacts by adjustable crescent wrenches. Detailed photographs and descriptions of these injuries are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Clark
- University of Nevada, School of Medicine, Reno
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50
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Haines DM, Clark EG, Dubovi EJ. Monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Vet Pathol 1992; 29:27-32. [PMID: 1313612 DOI: 10.1177/030098589202900104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-two monoclonal antibodies directed against epitopes on bovine viral diarrhea virus proteins and glycoproteins were tested for immunohistochemical reactivity with bovine viral diarrhea virus in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from 45 cases of bovine viral diarrhea virus-associated mucosal disease. Only one antibody, designated 15C5, which reacts with the 48-kD glycoprotein of bovine viral diarrhea virus, detected an epitope preserved in these specimens. Monoclonal antibody 15C5 and a polyclonal antibody to bovine viral diarrhea virus successfully detected bovine viral diarrhea viral antigens in 44/45 cases of mucosal disease and did not react with formalin-fixed tissues from 30 uninfected cattle. Monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus is routinely fixed tissue specimens has advantages over other currently available techniques in terms of the convenience of specimen submission, the relative ease of method standardization, and the rapidity of the test, and by enabling identification of the virus in association with specific tissues, cell types, and histologic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Haines
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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