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Henriksson E, Andersen B. FGF19 and FGF21 for the Treatment of NASH-Two Sides of the Same Coin? Differential and Overlapping Effects of FGF19 and FGF21 From Mice to Human. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:601349. [PMID: 33414764 PMCID: PMC7783467 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.601349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF19 and FGF21 analogues are currently in clinical development for the potential treatment of NASH. In Phase 2 clinical trials analogues of FGF19 and FGF21 decrease hepatic steatosis with up to 70% (MRI-PDFF) after 12 weeks and as early as 12-16 weeks of treatment an improvement in NASH resolution and fibrosis has been observed. Therefore, this class of compounds is currently of great interest in the field of NASH. FGF19 and FGF21 belong to the endocrine FGF19 subfamily and both require the co-receptor beta-klotho for binding and signalling through the FGF receptors. FGF19 is expressed in the ileal enterocytes and is released into the enterohepatic circulation in response to bile acids stimuli and in the liver FGF19 inhibits hepatic bile acids synthesis by transcriptional regulation of Cyp7A1, which is the rate limiting enzyme. FGF21 is, on the other hand, highly expressed in the liver and is released in response to high glucose, high free-fatty acids and low amino-acid supply and regulates energy, glucose and lipid homeostasis by actions in the CNS and in the adipose tissue. FGF19 and FGF21 are differentially expressed, have distinct target tissues and separate physiological functions. It is therefore of peculiar interest to understand why treatment with both FGF19 and FGF21 analogues have strong beneficial effects on NASH parameters in mice and human and whether the mode of action is overlapping This review will highlight the physiological and pharmacological effects of FGF19 and FGF21. The potential mode of action behind the anti-steatotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of FGF19 and FGF21 will be discussed. Finally, development of drugs is always a risk benefit analysis and the human relevance of adverse effects observed in pre-clinical species as well as findings in humans will be discussed. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of this drug class for the potential treatment of NASH.
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Kriebs A, Jordan SD, Soto E, Henriksson E, Sandate CR, Vaughan ME, Chan AB, Duglan D, Papp SJ, Huber AL, Afetian ME, Yu RT, Zhao X, Downes M, Evans RM, Lamia KA. Circadian repressors CRY1 and CRY2 broadly interact with nuclear receptors and modulate transcriptional activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:8776-8781. [PMID: 28751364 PMCID: PMC5565439 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704955114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) regulate physiology by sensing lipophilic ligands and adapting cellular transcription appropriately. A growing understanding of the impact of circadian clocks on mammalian transcription has sparked interest in the interregulation of transcriptional programs. Mammalian clocks are based on a transcriptional feedback loop featuring the transcriptional activators circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) and brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (BMAL1), and transcriptional repressors cryptochrome (CRY) and period (PER). CRY1 and CRY2 bind independently of other core clock factors to many genomic sites, which are enriched for NR recognition motifs. Here we report that CRY1/2 serve as corepressors for many NRs, indicating a new facet of circadian control of NR-mediated regulation of metabolism and physiology, and specifically contribute to diurnal modulation of drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kriebs
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sabine D Jordan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Erin Soto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Emma Henriksson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Malmö 20502, Sweden
| | - Colby R Sandate
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Megan E Vaughan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Alanna B Chan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Drew Duglan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Stephanie J Papp
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Anne-Laure Huber
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Megan E Afetian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Katja A Lamia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
- Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92161
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Jordan SD, Kriebs A, Vaughan M, Duglan D, Fan W, Henriksson E, Huber AL, Papp SJ, Nguyen M, Afetian M, Downes M, Yu RT, Kralli A, Evans RM, Lamia KA. CRY1/2 Selectively Repress PPARδ and Limit Exercise Capacity. Cell Metab 2017; 26:243-255.e6. [PMID: 28683290 PMCID: PMC5546250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellular metabolite balance and mitochondrial function are under circadian control, but the pathways connecting the molecular clock to these functions are unclear. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) enables preferential utilization of lipids as fuel during exercise and is a major driver of exercise endurance. We show here that the circadian repressors CRY1 and CRY2 function as co-repressors for PPARδ. Cry1-/-;Cry2-/- myotubes and muscles exhibit elevated expression of PPARδ target genes, particularly in the context of exercise. Notably, CRY1/2 seem to repress a distinct subset of PPARδ target genes in muscle compared to the co-repressor NCOR1. In vivo, genetic disruption of Cry1 and Cry2 enhances sprint exercise performance in mice. Collectively, our data demonstrate that CRY1 and CRY2 modulate exercise physiology by altering the activity of several transcription factors, including CLOCK/BMAL1 and PPARδ, and thereby alter energy storage and substrate selection for energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine D Jordan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anna Kriebs
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Megan Vaughan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Drew Duglan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Weiwei Fan
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Emma Henriksson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, CRC, Lund University, Malmö 20502, Sweden
| | - Anne-Laure Huber
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephanie J Papp
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Madelena Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Megan Afetian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anastasia Kralli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Katja A Lamia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Henriksson E, Huber AL, Soto EK, Kriebs A, Vaughan ME, Duglan D, Chan AB, Papp SJ, Nguyen M, Afetian ME, Lamia KA. The Liver Circadian Clock Modulates Biochemical and Physiological Responses to Metformin. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 32:345-358. [PMID: 28816632 DOI: 10.1177/0748730417710348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes to lower blood glucose. Although metformin is a relatively safe and effective drug, its clinical efficacy is variable and under certain circumstances it may contribute to life-threatening lactic acidosis. Thus, additional understanding of metformin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics could provide important information regarding therapeutic use of this widely prescribed drug. Here we report a significant effect of time of day on acute blood glucose reduction in response to metformin administration and on blood lactate levels in healthy mice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that while metformin transport into hepatocytes is unaltered by time of day, the kinetics of metformin-induced activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the liver are remarkably altered with circadian time. Liver-specific ablation of Bmal1 expression alters metformin induction of AMPK and blood glucose response but does not completely abolish time of day differences. Together, these data demonstrate that circadian rhythms affect the biological responses to metformin in a complex manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Henriksson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, CRC, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anne-Laure Huber
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Erin K Soto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anna Kriebs
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Megan E Vaughan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Drew Duglan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alanna B Chan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stephanie J Papp
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Madelena Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Megan E Afetian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Katja A Lamia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Säll J, Pettersson AML, Björk C, Henriksson E, Wasserstrom S, Linder W, Zhou Y, Hansson O, Andersson DP, Ekelund M, Degerman E, Stenkula KG, Laurencikiene J, Göransson O. Salt-inducible kinase 2 and -3 are downregulated in adipose tissue from obese or insulin-resistant individuals: implications for insulin signalling and glucose uptake in human adipocytes. Diabetologia 2017; 60:314-323. [PMID: 27807598 PMCID: PMC6518086 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) are related to the metabolic regulator AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). SIK2 is abundant in adipose tissue. The aims of this study were to investigate the expression of SIKs in relation to human obesity and insulin resistance, and to evaluate whether changes in the expression of SIKs might play a causal role in the development of disturbed glucose uptake in human adipocytes. METHODS SIK mRNA and protein was determined in human adipose tissue or adipocytes, and correlated to clinical variables. SIK2 and SIK3 expression and phosphorylation were analysed in adipocytes treated with TNF-α. Glucose uptake, GLUT protein levels and localisation, phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) and the SIK substrate histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) were analysed after the SIKs had been silenced using small interfering RNA (siRNA) or inhibited using a pan-SIK-inhibitor (HG-9-91-01). RESULTS We demonstrate that SIK2 and SIK3 mRNA are downregulated in adipose tissue from obese individuals and that the expression is regulated by weight change. SIK2 is also negatively associated with in vivo insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), independently of BMI and age. Moreover, SIK2 protein levels and specific kinase activity display a negative correlation to BMI in human adipocytes. Furthermore, SIK2 and SIK3 are downregulated by TNF-α in adipocytes. Silencing or inhibiting SIK1-3 in adipocytes results in reduced phosphorylation of HDAC4 and PKB/Akt, less GLUT4 at the plasma membrane, and lower basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION This is the first study to describe the expression and function of SIKs in human adipocytes. Our data suggest that SIKs might be protective in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance, with implications for future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Säll
- Protein Phosphorylation Research Group, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC C11, Klinikgatan 28, 22242, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annie M L Pettersson
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christel Björk
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Henriksson
- Protein Phosphorylation Research Group, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC C11, Klinikgatan 28, 22242, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Wasserstrom
- Glucose Transport and Protein Trafficking, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wilhelm Linder
- Protein Phosphorylation Research Group, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC C11, Klinikgatan 28, 22242, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yuedan Zhou
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ola Hansson
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Daniel P Andersson
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Ekelund
- Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Degerman
- Insulin Signal Transduction, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin G Stenkula
- Glucose Transport and Protein Trafficking, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jurga Laurencikiene
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Göransson
- Protein Phosphorylation Research Group, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC C11, Klinikgatan 28, 22242, Lund, Sweden.
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Henriksson E, Säll J, Gormand A, Wasserstrom S, Morrice NA, Fritzen AM, Foretz M, Campbell DG, Sakamoto K, Ekelund M, Degerman E, Stenkula KG, Göransson O. SIK2 regulates CRTCs, HDAC4 and glucose uptake in adipocytes. J Cell Sci 2016; 128:472-86. [PMID: 25472719 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.153932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2) is an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) related kinase abundantly expressed in adipose tissue. Our aim was to identify molecular targets and functions of SIK2 in adipocytes, and to address the role of PKA-mediated phosphorylation of SIK2 on Ser358. Modulation of SIK2 in adipocytes resulted in altered phosphorylation of CREB-regulated transcription co-activator 2 (CRTC2), CRTC3 and class IIa histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4). Furthermore, CRTC2, CRTC3, HDAC4 and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) interacted with SIK2, and the binding of CRTCs and PP2A to wild-type but not Ser358Ala SIK2, was reduced by cAMP elevation. Silencing of SIK2 resulted in reduced GLUT4 (also known as SLC2A4) protein levels, whereas cells treated with CRTC2 or HDAC4 siRNA displayed increased levels of GLUT4. Overexpression or pharmacological inhibition of SIK2 resulted in increased and decreased glucose uptake, respectively. We also describe a SIK2–CRTC2–HDAC4 pathway and its regulation in human adipocytes, strengthening the physiological relevance of our findings. Collectively, we demonstrate that SIK2 acts directly on CRTC2, CRTC3 and HDAC4, and that the cAMP–PKA pathway reduces the interaction of SIK2 with CRTCs and PP2A. Downstream, SIK2 increases GLUT4 levels and glucose uptake in adipocytes.
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Abstract
Circadian clocks optimize the timing of physiological processes in synchrony with daily recurring and therefore predictable changes in the environment. Until the late 1990s, circadian clocks were thought to exist only in the central nervous systems of animals; elegant studies in cultured fibroblasts and using genetically encoded reporters in Drosophila melanogaster and in mice showed that clocks are ubiquitous and cell autonomous. These findings inspired investigations of the advantages construed by enabling each organ to independently adjust its function to the time of day. Studies of rhythmic gene expression in several organs suggested that peripheral organ clocks might play an important role in optimizing metabolic physiology by synchronizing tissue-intrinsic metabolic processes to cycles of nutrient availability and energy requirements. The effects of clock disruption in liver, pancreas, muscle, and adipose tissues support that hypothesis. Adipose tissues coordinate energy storage and utilization and modulate behavior and the physiology of other organs by secreting hormones known as "adipokines." Due to behavior- and environment-driven diurnal variations in supply and demand for chemical and thermal energy, adipose tissues might represent an important peripheral location for coordinating circadian energy balance (intake, storage, and utilization) over the whole organism. Given the complexity of adipose cell types and depots, the sensitivity of adipose tissue biology to age and diet composition, and the plethora of known and yet-to-be-discovered adipokines and lipokines, we have just begun to scratch the surface of understanding the role of circadian clocks in adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Henriksson
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Katja A Lamia
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Gormand A, Berggreen C, Amar L, Henriksson E, Lund I, Albinsson S, Göransson O. LKB1 signalling attenuates early events of adipogenesis and responds to adipogenic cues. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 53:117-30. [PMID: 24859970 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) is required for the induction of adipogenic transcription factors such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs). Interestingly, it is known from studies in other tissues that LKB1 and its substrates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) negatively regulate gene expression by phosphorylating the CREB co-activator CRTC2 and class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs), which results in their exclusion from the nucleus where they co-activate or inhibit their targets. In this study, we show that AMPK/SIK signalling is acutely attenuated during adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, which coincides with the dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of CRTC2 and HDAC4. When subjected to differentiation, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in which the expression of LKB1 was stably reduced using shRNA (Lkb1-shRNA), as well as Lkb1-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (Lkb1(-/-) MEFs), differentiated more readily into adipocyte-like cells and accumulated more triglycerides compared with scrambled-shRNA-expressing 3T3-L1 cells or Wt MEFs. In addition, the phosphorylation of CRTC2 and HDAC4 was reduced, and the mRNA expression of adipogenic transcription factors Cebpa, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (Pparg) and adipocyte-specific proteins such as hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), fatty acid synthase (FAS), aP2, GLUT4 and adiponectin was increased in the absence of LKB1. The mRNA and protein expression of Ddit3/CHOP10, a dominant-negative member of the C/EBP family, was reduced in Lkb1-shRNA-expressing cells, providing a potential mechanism for the up-regulation of Pparg and Cebpa expression. These results support the hypothesis that LKB1 signalling keeps preadipocytes in their non-differentiated form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Gormand
- Department of Experimental Medical ScienceLund University, BMC C11, 221 84 Lund, SwedenDepartment of BiomedicineKarolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christine Berggreen
- Department of Experimental Medical ScienceLund University, BMC C11, 221 84 Lund, SwedenDepartment of BiomedicineKarolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lahouari Amar
- Department of Experimental Medical ScienceLund University, BMC C11, 221 84 Lund, SwedenDepartment of BiomedicineKarolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Henriksson
- Department of Experimental Medical ScienceLund University, BMC C11, 221 84 Lund, SwedenDepartment of BiomedicineKarolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Lund
- Department of Experimental Medical ScienceLund University, BMC C11, 221 84 Lund, SwedenDepartment of BiomedicineKarolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Albinsson
- Department of Experimental Medical ScienceLund University, BMC C11, 221 84 Lund, SwedenDepartment of BiomedicineKarolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Göransson
- Department of Experimental Medical ScienceLund University, BMC C11, 221 84 Lund, SwedenDepartment of BiomedicineKarolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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James A, Gyllfors P, Henriksson E, Dahlén SE, Adner M, Nilsson G, Dahlén B. Corticosteroid treatment selectively decreases mast cells in the smooth muscle and epithelium of asthmatic bronchi. Allergy 2012; 67:958-61. [PMID: 22583078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells are important in the pathophysiology of airway inflammation and evidence suggests their sub-localisation within the airway is altered in asthma. Little is known about the effect of corticosteroids on mast cell localisation within the bronchi. METHODS We therefore performed an immunohistochemical analysis of mast cell numbers within the smooth muscle, epithelium and submucosa of healthy subjects (n = 10) and well-characterised asthmatic patients, using either β(2)-agonists alone (n = 10) or β(2)-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids (n = 10). RESULTS Patients using inhaled corticosteroids displayed significantly lower numbers of mast cells within their epithelium and smooth muscle compared to those not treated with inhaled corticosteroids. Submucosal mast cells were not affected by corticosteroid treatment. Numbers of smooth muscle mast cells correlated with bronchial responsiveness and epithelial mast cells with exhaled NO. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that glucocorticosteroids differentially affect mast cell numbers within specific airway sub-locations highlighting the importance of mast cell and smooth muscle/epithelial interactions in asthma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. James
- Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research; Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - P. Gyllfors
- Asthma and Allergy Clinic; St Görans Hospital; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - E. Henriksson
- Division of Respiratory Medicine; Department of Medicine; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - S. E. Dahlén
- Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research; Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - M. Adner
- Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research; Institute of Environmental Medicine; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - G. Nilsson
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - B. Dahlén
- Division of Respiratory Medicine; Department of Medicine; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm; Sweden
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Henriksson E, Säll J, Göransson O. Identification of cAMP‐responsive substrates of SIK2 in adipocytes. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.lb164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gormand A, Henriksson E, Ström K, Jensen TE, Sakamoto K, Göransson O. Regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase by LKB1 and CaMKK in adipocytes. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:1364-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Andersson U, Henriksson E, Ström K, Alenfall J, Göransson O, Holm C. Rose hip exerts antidiabetic effects via a mechanism involving downregulation of the hepatic lipogenic program. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E111-21. [PMID: 20959531 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00268.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic effects of a dietary supplement of powdered rose hip to C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Two different study protocols were used; rose hip was fed together with HFD to lean mice for 20 wk (prevention study) and to obese mice for 10 wk (intervention study). Parameters related to obesity and glucose tolerance were monitored, and livers were examined for lipids and expression of genes and proteins related to lipid metabolism and gluconeogenesis. A supplement of rose hip was capable of both preventing and reversing the increase in body weight and body fat mass imposed by a HFD in the C57BL/6J mouse. Oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests together with lower basal levels of insulin and glucose showed improved glucose tolerance in mice fed a supplement of rose hip compared with control mice. Hepatic lipid accumulation was reduced in mice fed rose hip compared with control, and the expression of lipogenic proteins was downregulated, whereas AMP-activated protein kinase and other proteins involved in fatty acid oxidation were unaltered. Rose hip intake lowered total plasma cholesterol as well as the low-density lipoprotein-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio via a mechanism not involving altered gene expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 or 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase. Taken together, these data show that a dietary supplement of rose hip prevents the development of a diabetic state in the C57BL/6J mouse and that downregulation of the hepatic lipogenic program appears to be at least one mechanism underlying the antidiabetic effect of rose hip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Andersson
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Romosan G, Henriksson E, Rylander A, Valentin L. Diagnostic performance of routine ultrasound screening for fetal abnormalities in an unselected Swedish population in 2000-2005. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2009; 34:526-533. [PMID: 19688769 DOI: 10.1002/uog.6446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the detection rate of fetal malformations and chromosomal abnormalities and the rate of false-positive ultrasound diagnoses at routine ultrasound examinations carried out by specially trained midwives in an unselected pregnant population from 2000 to 2005, and to describe the consequences of true-positive and false-positive ultrasound diagnoses of fetal malformations. METHODS A retrospective analysis was undertaken of all babies born in Malmö, Sweden, between January 2000 and December 2005 by mothers residing in Malmö and of all fetuses with an ultrasound diagnosis of malformation made in the same time interval at the two units performing all routine pregnancy scans in Malmö. All women underwent two routine scans, at 18 and 32 weeks, including scrutiny of the fetal anatomy. Detection rates and false-positive rates were calculated per fetus. RESULTS The prevalence of chromosomally abnormal fetuses was 0.31% (52/16 775); that of chromosomally normal fetuses with major and minor malformations was 1.80% (302/16 775) and 1.32% (222/16 775), respectively. The detection rate of fetuses with major malformations but normal chromosomes was 68% (205/302), with a detection rate at < 22 weeks of 37% (112/302). In addition, 46% (24/52) of all chromosomally abnormal fetuses were diagnosed before birth because a malformation was detected at ultrasound imaging, 33% (17/52) being detected at < 22 gestational weeks. In all, 68 pregnancies were terminated because of an ultrasound diagnosis of fetal malformation (0.4% of all pregnancies and 47% of the pregnancies in which a fetal malformation was detected by ultrasound examination before 22 weeks). A false-positive ultrasound diagnosis of malformation was made in 0.19% (31/16 180) of the normally formed fetuses and in 20 (0.12%) fetuses the abnormal finding persisted during pregnancy. No fetus assigned a false-positive diagnosis was lost by termination of pregnancy, but most were subjected to one or more unnecessary interventions before birth (e.g. amniocentesis), at birth (e.g. Cesarean section) or after birth (e.g. electrocardiogram, X-ray, ultrasound examination or treatment with antibiotics). CONCLUSIONS In a screening program consisting of one fetal anomaly scan at 18 weeks and another at 32 weeks the detection rate of major malformations in chromosomally normal fetuses was 68% with a detection rate of 37% at < 22 weeks. The corresponding detection rates of chromosomally abnormal fetuses were 46% and 33%. Fewer than one in 500 screened fetuses had an ultrasound diagnosis of an anomaly that was not confirmed after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Romosan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology I, 'Victor Babes' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
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Dahlén B, Lantz AS, Ihre E, Skedinger M, Henriksson E, Jörgensen L, Ekström T, Dahlén SE, Larsson K. Effect of formoterol with or without budesonide in repeated low-dose allergen challenge. Eur Respir J 2009; 33:747-53. [PMID: 19129280 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00095508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The use of combination therapy in mild asthma is debated. The current authors evaluated the effects of formoterol alone and a formoterol/budesonide combination inhaler on asthma deterioration induced by repeated low-dose allergen exposure. In total, 15 subjects with intermittent allergic asthma inhaled low doses of allergen on seven consecutive weekdays in a three-period, crossover, double-blind, double-dummy comparison between formoterol 4.5 microg Turbuhaler, budesonide 160 microg/formoterol 4.5 microg Turbuhaler and placebo, each taken as two puffs 30 min after allergen dosing. The outcome variables were: provocative dose of methacholine causing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (PD(20)), exhaled nitric oxide fraction (F(eNO)), sputum eosinophils and prostaglandin D(2), and diary card recordings of symptoms (on a scale of 0-10), short-acting beta(2)-agonist use and evening forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)). With placebo treatment, allergen exposure caused significant increases in airway hyperresponsiveness (geometric mean (coefficient of variation) PD(20): 397 (98) microg before versus 168 (82) microg after), F(eNO) (mean+/-sd 46+/-31 ppb before versus 73+/-46 ppb after) and asthma symptom score (mean+/-sd 0.39+/-0.55 before versus 0.68+/-0.67 after). Budesonide/formoterol abolished these changes and significantly improved baseline FEV(1). Formoterol alone, while providing symptom relief, was no better than placebo in protecting against the allergen-induced increase in airway inflammation. Signs of deteriorating asthma, provoked by low-dose allergen, are prevented by short-term use of budesonide/formoterol but not by temporary use of formoterol alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dahlén
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Dept of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Several different methods have been used to evaluate the survivability of traffic injuries. Previously published methods were reviewed to develop a specific method for vehicle-related fatalities. All fatally injured victims (n = 474) of vehicle-related crashes in the four northern-most counties of Sweden during a 5-year period were studied. Almost half (48%) of the victims had non-survivable injuries. The remaining cases were classified into different injury groups according to the Injury Severity Score (ISS) including 56 (12%) with an ISS < 25, 150 (32%) with ISS 25-49 and 42 (9%) with ISS 50-74. The median distance from the scene to the nearest hospital was 49 km. In the cases with ISS < 50 the medical care was further analyzed. In close to half of these cases, the victim did not receive optimal care in time with transportation time being of major importance. The absence of first aid was judged to have contributed to the death in 4% of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Henriksson
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Forensic Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
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Abstract
174 patients referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Central Hospital, Karlstad, Sweden during 1987 to 1989 for lichenoid lesions and evaluation of a possible connection with amalgam restorations were invited to a clinical re-examination. 159 of the patients were re-examined with the purpose of evaluating the long-term effect upon performed substitution therapy. Partial or total removal of amalgam had been recommended according to a set of given criteria. The re-examination showed that 62 patients had performed partial and 69 patients total removal of amalgam fillings. 28 patients had not performed any substitution therapy. There was a difference between recommended and performed therapy. The results demonstrated that 92% of patients with lichenoid lesions only in contact with amalgam fillings healed or improved clinically following removal of amalgam. No statistical difference was found in healing between patients who only removed fillings in contact and those who had removed all amalgam restorations. More than 60% of buccal lichenoid lesions without contact with amalgam at time of referral disappeared following amalgam substitution. Gingival lichenoid lesions did not respond to substitution of amalgam to another material. 3 out of 17 patch-tested patients demonstrated a hypersensitivity reaction to mercury. All lichenoid lesions in these patients healed following total substitution. Partial or total removal of amalgam fillings was also performed on 10 patients with completely negative patch-tests. 6 out of these patients demonstrated complete healing of their lichenoid reactions at re-examination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E Henriksson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Central Hospital, Karlstad, Sweden
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Holm G, Berger A, Henriksson E, Jonsson U, Rimen A. [Air-Flow, a realistic alternative to polishing with rubber cups and paste]. Tandlakartidningen 1985; 77:915-8. [PMID: 3868194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Henriksson E, Hermanson BL. [District health nurse - who is that?]. Vardfacket 1980; 4:53-4. [PMID: 6905618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Henriksson E. [Nursing assistants desire increased education]. Sygeplejersken 1972; 72:10-1. [PMID: 4483963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
The presence of numerous haustoria, with accompanying death of the algal cells, was noted in a mixed cuture of the fungal symbiont (mycobiont) of Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach., em. Degel. and Trebouxia impressa Ahm., the algal partner (phycobiont) of Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. The parasitic action was noted even on media which would optimally sustain the independent growth of the individual symbionts.
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