1
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Drouyer M, Chu TH, Labit E, Haase F, Navarro RG, Nazareth D, Rosin N, Merjane J, Scott S, Cabanes-Creus M, Westhaus A, Zhu E, Midha R, Alexander IE, Biernaskie J, Ginn SL, Lisowski L. Novel AAV variants with improved tropism for human Schwann cells. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101234. [PMID: 38558569 PMCID: PMC10978538 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapies and associated technologies are transforming biomedical research and enabling novel therapeutic options for patients living with debilitating and incurable genetic disorders. The vector system based on recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) has shown great promise in recent clinical trials for genetic diseases of multiple organs, such as the liver and the nervous system. Despite recent successes toward the development of novel bioengineered AAV variants for improved transduction of primary human tissues and cells, vectors that can efficiently transduce human Schwann cells (hSCs) have yet to be identified. Here, we report the application of the functional transduction-RNA selection method in primary hSCs for the development of AAV variants for specific and efficient transgene delivery to hSCs. The two identified capsid variants, Pep2hSC1 and Pep2hSC2, show conserved potency for delivery across various in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo models of hSCs. These novel AAV capsids will serve as valuable research tools, forming the basis for therapeutic solutions for both SC-related disorders or peripheral nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Drouyer
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Tak-Ho Chu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Elodie Labit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Florencia Haase
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah Nazareth
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole Rosin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jessica Merjane
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Marti Cabanes-Creus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Adrian Westhaus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Rajiv Midha
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ian E. Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Samantha L. Ginn
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Australian Genome Therapeutics Centre, Children’s Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Graves LE, van Dijk EB, Zhu E, Koyyalamudi S, Wotton T, Sung D, Srinivasan S, Ginn SL, Alexander IE. AAV-delivered hepato-adrenal cooperativity in steroidogenesis: Implications for gene therapy for congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101232. [PMID: 38558568 PMCID: PMC10979120 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite the availability of life-saving corticosteroids for 70 years, treatment for adrenal insufficiency is not able to recapitulate physiological diurnal cortisol secretion and results in numerous complications. Gene therapy is an attractive possibility for monogenic adrenocortical disorders such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia; however, requires further development of gene transfer/editing technologies and knowledge of the target progenitor cell populations. Vectors based on adeno-associated virus are the leading system for direct in vivo gene delivery but have limitations in targeting replicating cell populations such as in the adrenal cortex. One strategy to overcome this technological limitation is to deliver the relevant adrenocortical gene to a currently targetable organ outside of the adrenal cortex. To explore this possibility, we developed a vector encoding human 21-hydroxylase and directed expression to the liver in a mouse model of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. This extra-adrenal expression resulted in reconstitution of the steroidogenic pathway. Aldosterone and renin levels normalized, and corticosterone levels improved sufficiently to reduce adrenal hyperplasia. This strategy could provide an alternative treatment option for monogenic adrenal disorders, particularly for mineralocorticoid defects. These findings also demonstrate, when targeting the adrenal gland, that inadvertent liver transduction should be precluded as it may confound data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara E. Graves
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Eva B. van Dijk
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sundar Koyyalamudi
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Tiffany Wotton
- NSW Newborn Screening Program, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Dinah Sung
- NSW Newborn Screening Program, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Shubha Srinivasan
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Samantha L. Ginn
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ian E. Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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3
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Cabanes-Creus M, Liao SHY, Gale Navarro R, Knight M, Nazareth D, Lau NS, Ly M, Zhu E, Roca-Pinilla R, Bugallo Delgado R, Vicente AF, Baltazar G, Westhaus A, Merjane J, Crawford M, McCaughan GW, Unzu C, González-Aseguinolaza G, Alexander IE, Pulitano C, Lisowski L. Harnessing whole human liver ex situ normothermic perfusion for preclinical AAV vector evaluation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1876. [PMID: 38485924 PMCID: PMC10940703 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing clinically predictive model systems for evaluating gene transfer and gene editing technologies has become increasingly important in the era of personalized medicine. Liver-directed gene therapies present a unique challenge due to the complexity of the human liver. In this work, we describe the application of whole human liver explants in an ex situ normothermic perfusion system to evaluate a set of fourteen natural and bioengineered adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors directly in human liver, in the presence and absence of neutralizing human sera. Under non-neutralizing conditions, the recently developed AAV variants, AAV-SYD12 and AAV-LK03, emerged as the most functional variants in terms of cellular uptake and transgene expression. However, when assessed in the presence of human plasma containing anti-AAV neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), vectors of human origin, specifically those derived from AAV2/AAV3b, were extensively neutralized, whereas AAV8- derived variants performed efficiently. This study demonstrates the potential of using normothermic liver perfusion as a model for early-stage testing of liver-focused gene therapies. The results offer preliminary insights that could help inform the development of more effective translational strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marti Cabanes-Creus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Sophia H Y Liao
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Maddison Knight
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Deborah Nazareth
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Ngee-Soon Lau
- Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Organ Assessment Repair and Optimisation, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Ly
- Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Organ Assessment Repair and Optimisation, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Ramon Roca-Pinilla
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Ricardo Bugallo Delgado
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Department, IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana F Vicente
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Department, IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Grober Baltazar
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Adrian Westhaus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Jessica Merjane
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Michael Crawford
- Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Organ Assessment Repair and Optimisation, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W McCaughan
- Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Liver Injury and Cancer Program, Centenary Research Institute, A.W Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carmen Unzu
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Department, IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gloria González-Aseguinolaza
- Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Department, IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, CIMA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, Westmead, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Westmead, Australia
- Australian Genome Therapeutics Centre, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Carlo Pulitano
- Australian National Liver Transplantation Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Organ Assessment Repair and Optimisation, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Westmead, Australia.
- Australian Genome Therapeutics Centre, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, Westmead, Australia.
- Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Warsaw, Poland.
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4
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Drouyer M, Merjane J, Nazareth D, Knight M, Scott S, Liao SHY, Ginn SL, Zhu E, Alexander IE, Lisowski L. Development of CNS tropic AAV1-like variants with reduced liver-targeting following systemic administration in mice. Mol Ther 2024; 32:818-836. [PMID: 38297833 PMCID: PMC10928139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Directed evolution of natural AAV9 using peptide display libraries have been widely used in the search for an optimal recombinant AAV (rAAV) for transgene delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to the CNS following intravenous ( IV) injection. In this study, we used a different approach by creating a shuffled rAAV capsid library based on parental AAV serotypes 1 through 12. Following selection in mice, 3 novel variants closely related to AAV1, AAV-BBB6, AAV-BBB28, and AAV-BBB31, emerged as top candidates. In direct comparisons with AAV9, our novel variants demonstrated an over 270-fold improvement in CNS transduction and exhibited a clear bias toward neuronal cells. Intriguingly, our AAV-BBB variants relied on the LY6A cellular receptor for CNS entry, similar to AAV9 peptide variants AAV-PHP.eB and AAV.CAP-B10, despite the different bioengineering methods used and parental backgrounds. The variants also showed reduced transduction of both mouse liver and human primary hepatocytes in vivo. To increase clinical translatability, we enhanced the immune escape properties of our new variants by introducing additional modifications based on rational design. Overall, our study highlights the potential of AAV1-like vectors for efficient CNS transduction with reduced liver tropism, offering promising prospects for CNS gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Drouyer
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica Merjane
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah Nazareth
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Maddison Knight
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Sophia H Y Liao
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Samantha L Ginn
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Australian Genome Therapeutics Centre, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
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5
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Cunningham SC, van Dijk EB, Zhu E, Sugden M, Mandwie M, Siew S, Devanapalli B, Tolun AA, Klein A, Wilson L, Aryamanesh N, Gissen P, Baruteau J, Bhattacharya K, Alexander IE. Recapitulation of Skewed X-Inactivation in Female Ornithine Transcarbamylase-Deficient Primary Human Hepatocytes in the FRG Mouse: A Novel System for Developing Epigenetic Therapies. Hum Gene Ther 2023; 34:917-926. [PMID: 37350098 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2023.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Realization of the immense therapeutic potential of epigenetic editing requires development of clinically predictive model systems that faithfully recapitulate relevant aspects of the target disease pathophysiology. In female patients with ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, an X-linked condition, skewed inactivation of the X chromosome carrying the wild-type OTC allele is associated with increased disease severity. The majority of affected female patients can be managed medically, but a proportion require liver transplantation. With rapid development of epigenetic editing technology, reactivation of silenced wild-type OTC alleles is becoming an increasingly plausible therapeutic approach. Toward this end, privileged access to explanted diseased livers from two affected female infants provided the opportunity to explore whether engraftment and expansion of dissociated patient-derived hepatocytes in the FRG mouse might produce a relevant model for evaluation of epigenetic interventions. Hepatocytes from both infants were successfully used to generate chimeric mouse-human livers, in which clusters of primary human hepatocytes were either OTC positive or negative by immunohistochemistry (IHC), consistent with clonal expansion from individual hepatocytes in which the mutant or wild-type OTC allele was inactivated, respectively. Enumeration of the proportion of OTC-positive or -negative human hepatocyte clusters was consistent with dramatic skewing in one infant and minimal to modest skewing in the other. Importantly, IHC and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of intact and dissociated liver samples from both infants showed qualitatively similar patterns, confirming that the chimeric mouse-human liver model recapitulated the native state in each infant. Also of importance was the induction of a treatable metabolic phenotype, orotic aciduria, in mice, which correlated with the presence of clonally expanded OTC-negative primary human hepatocytes. We are currently using this unique model to explore CRISPR-dCas9-based epigenetic targeting strategies in combination with efficient adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene delivery to reactivate the silenced functional OTC gene on the inactive X chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon C Cunningham
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Eva B van Dijk
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Maya Sugden
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Mawj Mandwie
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Susan Siew
- Department of Gastroenterology, James Fairfax Institute of Paediatric Nutrition, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Beena Devanapalli
- NSW Biochemical Genetics Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Adviye Ayper Tolun
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
- NSW Biochemical Genetics Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Anne Klein
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Sydney, Australia
| | - Laurence Wilson
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Sydney, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Australia
| | - Nader Aryamanesh
- Embryology Research Unit, Bioinformatics Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Paul Gissen
- National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Baruteau
- National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaustuv Bhattacharya
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
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6
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Westhaus A, Cabanes Creus M, Dilworth KL, Zhu E, Salas D, Navarro RG, Amaya AK, Scott S, Kwiatek M, McCorkindale AL, Hayman TE, Frahm S, Perocheau D, Tran BM, Vincan E, Wong SL, Waters SA, Riddiough GE, Perini MV, Wilson LOW, Baruteau J, Diecke S, Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G, Santilli G, Thrasher AJ, Alexander IE, Lisowski L. Assessment of pre-clinical liver models based on their ability to predict the liver-tropism of AAV vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2023; 34:273-288. [PMID: 36927149 PMCID: PMC10150726 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a prime target for in vivo gene therapies using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV). Multiple clinical trials have been undertaken for this target in the past 15 years, however we are still to see market approval of the first liver-targeted AAV-based gene therapy. Inefficient expression of the therapeutic transgene, vector-induced liver toxicity and capsid, and/or transgene-mediated immune responses reported at high vector doses are the main challenges to date. One of the contributing factors to the insufficient clinical outcomes, despite highly encouraging preclinical data, is the lack of robust, biologically- and clinically-predictive preclinical models. To this end, this study reports findings of a functional evaluation of six AAV vectors in twelve preclinical models of the human liver, with the aim to uncover which combination of models is the most relevant for the identification of AAV capsid variant for safe and efficient transgene delivery to primary human hepatocytes. The results, generated by studies in models ranging from immortalized cells, iPSC-derived and primary hepatocytes, and primary human hepatic organoids to in vivo models, increased our understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each system. This should allow the development of novel gene therapies targeting the human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Westhaus
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,University College London, 4919, Institute of Child Health, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Marti Cabanes Creus
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology Group, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Kimberley L Dilworth
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Gene Therapy Research Unit, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - David Salas
- Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada, 90212, Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology Group, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia, 2145;
| | - Anais Karime Amaya
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Gene Therapy, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Gene Therapy, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 2221, Australian e-Health Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Magdalena Kwiatek
- The Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulawy, Poland;
| | | | - Tara E Hayman
- Inventia Life Science Pty Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Silke Frahm
- Max Delbruck Centre for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 28341, Stem Cell Technology Platform, Berlin, Berlin, Germany;
| | - Dany Perocheau
- University College London, 4919, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, 4956, Metabolic Medicine Department, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 601433, London, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Bang Manh Tran
- The University of Melbourne, 2281, Molecular Oncology Group and Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- The University of Melbourne, 2281, Molecular Oncology Group and Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Sharon L Wong
- University of New South Wales, 7800, Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of New South Wales, 7800, School of Biomedical Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Shafagh A Waters
- University of New South Wales, 7800, Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of New South Wales, 7800, School of Biomedical Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick, 63623, Respiratory Medicine, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Georgina E Riddiough
- The University of Melbourne, 2281, Department of Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, 2281, Department of Surgery, Austin Health Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Marcos V Perini
- The University of Melbourne, 2281, Department of Surgery, Austin Health Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Laurence O W Wilson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 2221, Australian e-Health Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Macquarie University, 7788, Applied BioSciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Julien Baruteau
- University College London, 4919, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, 4956, Metabolic Medicine Department, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 601433, London, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Sebastian Diecke
- Max Delbruck Centre for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 28341, Stem Cell Technology Platform, Berlin, Berlin, Germany;
| | - Gloria Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)/Foundation for Applied Medical Research (FIMA) , Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Av. Pio XII, 55, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain, 31008;
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- University College London, 4919, Institute of Child Health, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- University College London, 4919, Institute of Child Health, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Ian Edward Alexander
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network and Children's Medical Research Institute, Gene Therapy, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,The University of Sydney, 4334, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Military Institute of Medicine, 49586, Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Warszawa, Mazowieckie, Poland;
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7
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Cabanes-Creus M, Navarro RG, Liao SH, Scott S, Carlessi R, Roca-Pinilla R, Knight M, Baltazar G, Zhu E, Jones M, Denisenko E, Forrest AR, Alexander IE, Tirnitz-Parker JE, Lisowski L. Characterization of the humanized FRG mouse model and development of an AAV-LK03 variant with improved liver lobular biodistribution. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 28:220-237. [PMID: 36700121 PMCID: PMC9860073 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical successes have intensified interest in using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for therapeutic gene delivery. The liver is a key clinical target, given its critical physiological functions and involvement in a wide range of genetic diseases. In the present study, we first investigated the validity of a liver xenograft mouse model repopulated with primary hepatocytes using single-nucleus RNA sequencing (sn-RNA-seq) by studying the transcriptomic profile of human hepatocytes pre- and post-engraftment. Complementary immunofluorescence analyses performed in highly engrafted animals confirmed that the human hepatocytes organize and present appropriate patterns of zone-dependent enzyme expression in this model. Next, we tested a set of rationally designed HSPG de-targeted AAV-LK03 variants for relative transduction performance in human hepatocytes. We used immunofluorescence, next-generation sequencing, and single-nucleus transcriptomics data from highly engrafted FRG mice to demonstrate that the optimally HSPG de-targeted AAV-LK03 displayed a significantly improved lobular transduction profile in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marti Cabanes-Creus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sophia H.Y. Liao
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Carlessi
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia,Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ramon Roca-Pinilla
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Maddison Knight
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Grober Baltazar
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute and The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Matthew Jones
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Elena Denisenko
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Alistair R.R. Forrest
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ian E. Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute and The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Janina E.E. Tirnitz-Parker
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia,UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland,Corresponding author: Dr. Leszek Lisowski, Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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8
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Westhaus A, Cabanes Creus M, Jonker T, Sallard E, Navarro RG, Zhu E, Baltazar G, Lee S, Wilmott P, Gonzalez-Cordero A, Santilli G, Thrasher AJ, Alexander IE, Lisowski L. AAV-p40 bioengineering platform for variant selection based on transgene expression. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:664-682. [PMID: 35297686 PMCID: PMC10112876 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The power of AAV directed evolution for identifying novel vector variants with improved properties is well established, as evidenced by numerous publications reporting novel AAV variants. However, most capsid variants reported to date have been identified using either replication-competent selection platforms or PCR-based capsid DNA recovery methods, which can bias the selection towards efficient replication or unproductive intracellular trafficking, respectively. A central objective of this study was to validate a functional transduction (FT)-based method for rapid identification of novel AAV variants based on AAV capsid mRNA expression in target cells. We performed a comparison of the FT platform to existing replication competent strategies. Based on the selection kinetics and function of novel capsids identified in an in vivo screen in a xenograft model of human hepatocytes, we identified the mRNA-based FT selection as the most optimal AAV selection method. Lastly, to gain insight into the mRNA-based selection mechanism driven by the native AAV-p40 promoter, we studied its activity in a range of in vitro and in vivo targets. We found AAV-p40 to be a ubiquitously active promoter that can be modified for cell type-specific expression by incorporating binding sites for silencing transcription factors, allowing for cell-type-specific library selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Westhaus
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology Group, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia, 2145;
| | - Marti Cabanes Creus
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology Group, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Timo Jonker
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Erwan Sallard
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology Group, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia, 2145;
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Gene Therapy Research Unit, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Grober Baltazar
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology Group, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Scott Lee
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Patrick Wilmott
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology Group, 214 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia, 2145;
| | - Anai Gonzalez-Cordero
- The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, 522555, Stem Cell & Organoid Facility and Stem Cell Medicine Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2145;
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- UCL-Institute of Child Health, Centre for Immunodeficiencies, 30 guilford street, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, WC1N 1EH;
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Institute of Child Health, London, UK, Molecular Immunology Unit, 30 guilford street, london, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, wc1n1eh;
| | - Ian Edward Alexander
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network and Children's Medical Research Institute, Corner Hawkesbury Rd & Hainsworth St, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia, 2145 Sydney;
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
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9
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Cabanes-Creus M, Navarro RG, Zhu E, Baltazar G, Liao SHY, Drouyer M, Amaya AK, Scott S, Nguyen LH, Westhaus A, Hebben M, Wilson LOW, Thrasher AJ, Alexander IE, Lisowski L. Novel human liver-tropic AAV variants define transferable domains that markedly enhance the human tropism of AAV7 and AAV8. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 24:88-101. [PMID: 34977275 PMCID: PMC8693155 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical successes have intensified interest in using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for therapeutic gene delivery. The liver is a key clinical target, given its critical physiological functions and involvement in a wide range of genetic diseases. Here, we report the bioengineering of a set of next-generation AAV vectors, named AAV-SYDs (where “SYD” stands for Sydney, Australia), with increased human hepato-tropism in a liver xenograft mouse model repopulated with primary human hepatocytes. We followed a two-step process that staggered directed evolution and domain-swapping approaches. Using DNA-family shuffling, we first mapped key AAV capsid regions responsible for efficient human hepatocyte transduction in vivo. Focusing on these regions, we next applied domain-swapping strategies to identify and study key capsid residues that enhance primary human hepatocyte uptake and transgene expression. Our findings underscore the potential of AAV-SYDs as liver gene therapy vectors and provide insights into the mechanism responsible for their enhanced transduction profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marti Cabanes-Creus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute & The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Grober Baltazar
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sophia H Y Liao
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Anais K Amaya
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute & The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute & The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Loan Hanh Nguyen
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Adrian Westhaus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Great Ormond Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Matthias Hebben
- LogicBio Therapeutics, 65 Hayden avenue, Lexington, 02421 MA, USA
| | - Laurence O W Wilson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Great Ormond Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute & The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Military Institute of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Cabanes-Creus M, Hallwirth CV, Westhaus A, Ng BH, Liao SHY, Zhu E, Navarro RG, Baltazar G, Drouyer M, Scott S, Logan GJ, Santilli G, Bennett A, Ginn SL, McCaughan G, Thrasher AJ, Agbandje-McKenna M, Alexander IE, Lisowski L. Restoring the natural tropism of AAV2 vectors for human liver. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/560/eaba3312. [PMID: 32908003 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical successes in gene therapy applications have intensified interest in using adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) as vectors for therapeutic gene delivery. Although prototypical AAV2 shows robust in vitro transduction of human hepatocyte-derived cell lines, it has not translated into an effective vector for liver-directed gene therapy in vivo. This is consistent with observations made in Fah-/-/Rag2-/-/Il2rg-/- (FRG) mice with humanized livers, showing that AAV2 functions poorly in this xenograft model. Here, we derived naturally hepatotropic AAV capsid sequences from primary human liver samples. We demonstrated that capsid mutations, likely acquired as an unintentional consequence of tissue culture propagation, attenuated the intrinsic human hepatic tropism of natural AAV2 and related human liver AAV isolates. These mutations resulted in amino acid changes that increased binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), which has been regarded as the primary cellular receptor mediating AAV2 infection of human hepatocytes. Propagation of natural AAV variants in vitro showed tissue culture adaptation with resulting loss of tropism for human hepatocytes. In vivo readaptation of the prototypical AAV2 in FRG mice with a humanized liver resulted in restoration of the intrinsic hepatic tropism of AAV2 through decreased binding to HSPG. Our results challenge the notion that high affinity for HSPG is essential for AAV2 entry into human hepatocytes and suggest that natural AAV capsids of human liver origin are likely to be more effective for liver-targeted gene therapy applications than culture-adapted AAV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marti Cabanes-Creus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Claus V Hallwirth
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Adrian Westhaus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Great Ormond Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Boaz H Ng
- Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sophia H Y Liao
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Grober Baltazar
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Grant J Logan
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Great Ormond Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Antonette Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Samantha L Ginn
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Geoff McCaughan
- Liver Injury and Cancer Program, Centenary Research Institute, A.W Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Australian National Liver Transplant Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Great Ormond Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia. .,Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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11
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Cabanes-Creus M, Navarro RG, Liao SHY, Baltazar G, Drouyer M, Zhu E, Scott S, Luong C, Wilson LOW, Alexander IE, Lisowski L. Single amino acid insertion allows functional transduction of murine hepatocytes with human liver tropic AAV capsids. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 21:607-620. [PMID: 34095344 PMCID: PMC8142051 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent successes in clinical gene therapy applications have intensified the interest in using adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) as vectors for gene delivery into human liver. An inherent intriguing characteristic of AAVs is that vector variants vary substantially in their ability to transduce hepatocytes from different species. This has historically limited the value of preclinical studies using rodent models for predicting the efficiency of AAV vectors in liver-targeted gene therapy clinical studies. In this work, we aimed to investigate the key determinants of the observed differential interspecies transduction abilities among AAV variants. We took advantage of domain swapping strategies between AAV-KP1, a newly identified variant with enhanced murine liver tropism, and AAV3b, which functions poorly in mice. The systematic in vivo comparison of AAV3b/AAV-KP1 chimeric variants allowed us to identify a threonine insertion at position 265 within variable region I (VR-I) as the key residue that confers murine hepatic transduction to human-derived clade B (AAV2-like) and clade C (AAV3b-like) variants. We propose to use this insertion to generate phylogenetically related AAV surrogates in support of toxicology and dosing studies in the murine liver model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marti Cabanes-Creus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sophia H Y Liao
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Grober Baltazar
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Australian e-Health Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Clement Luong
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Laurence O W Wilson
- Australian e-Health Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Military Institute of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Cabanes-Creus M, Westhaus A, Navarro RG, Baltazar G, Zhu E, Amaya AK, Liao SHY, Scott S, Sallard E, Dilworth KL, Rybicki A, Drouyer M, Hallwirth CV, Bennett A, Santilli G, Thrasher AJ, Agbandje-McKenna M, Alexander IE, Lisowski L. Attenuation of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Binding Enhances In Vivo Transduction of Human Primary Hepatocytes with AAV2. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 17:1139-1154. [PMID: 32490035 PMCID: PMC7260615 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Use of the prototypical adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) capsid delivered unexpectedly modest efficacy in an early liver-targeted gene therapy trial for hemophilia B. This result is consistent with subsequent data generated in chimeric mouse-human livers showing that the AAV2 capsid transduces primary human hepatocytes in vivo with low efficiency. In contrast, novel variants generated by directed evolution in the same model, such as AAV-NP59, transduce primary human hepatocytes with high efficiency. While these empirical data have immense translational implications, the mechanisms underpinning this enhanced AAV capsid transduction performance in primary human hepatocytes are yet to be fully elucidated. Remarkably, AAV-NP59 differs from the prototypical AAV2 capsid by only 11 aa and can serve as a tool to study the correlation between capsid sequence/structure and vector function. Using two orthogonal vectorological approaches, we have determined that just 2 of the 11 changes present in AAV-NP59 (T503A and N596D) account for the enhanced transduction performance of this capsid variant in primary human hepatocytes in vivo, an effect that we have associated with attenuation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) binding affinity. In support of this hypothesis, we have identified, using directed evolution, two additional single amino acid substitution AAV2 variants, N496D and N582S, which are highly functional in vivo. Both substitution mutations reduce AAV2's affinity for HSPG. Finally, we have modulated the ability of AAV8, a highly murine-hepatotropic serotype, to interact with HSPG. The results support our hypothesis that enhanced HSPG binding can negatively affect the in vivo function of otherwise strongly hepatotropic variants and that modulation of the interaction with HSPG is critical to ensure maximum efficiency in vivo. The insights gained through this study can have powerful implications for studies into AAV biology and capsid development for preclinical and clinical applications targeting liver and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marti Cabanes-Creus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Adrian Westhaus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Grober Baltazar
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute & The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Anais K Amaya
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute & The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sophia H Y Liao
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute & The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Erwan Sallard
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Kimberley L Dilworth
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Arkadiusz Rybicki
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Claus V Hallwirth
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute & The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Antonette Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute & The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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13
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Westhaus A, Cabanes-Creus M, Rybicki A, Baltazar G, Navarro RG, Zhu E, Drouyer M, Knight M, Albu RF, Ng BH, Kalajdzic P, Kwiatek M, Hsu K, Santilli G, Gold W, Kramer B, Gonzalez-Cordero A, Thrasher AJ, Alexander IE, Lisowski L. High-Throughput In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Screen of Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors Based on Physical and Functional Transduction. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:575-589. [PMID: 32000541 PMCID: PMC7232709 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are quickly becoming the vectors of choice for therapeutic gene delivery. To date, hundreds of natural isolates and bioengineered variants have been reported. While factors such as high production titer and low immunoreactivity are important to consider, the ability to deliver the genetic payload (physical transduction) and to drive high transgene expression (functional transduction) remains the most important feature when selecting AAV variants for clinical applications. Reporter expression assays are the most commonly used methods for determining vector fitness. However, such approaches are time consuming and become impractical when evaluating a large number of variants. Limited access to primary human tissues or challenging model systems further complicates vector testing. To address this problem, convenient high-throughput methods based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) are being developed. To this end, we built an AAV Testing Kit that allows inherent flexibility in regard to number and type of AAV variants included, and is compatible with in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo applications. The Testing Kit presented here consists of a mix of 30 known AAVs where each variant encodes a CMV-eGFP cassette and a unique barcode in the 3′-untranslated region of the eGFP gene, allowing NGS-barcode analysis at both the DNA and RNA/cDNA levels. To validate the AAV Testing Kit, individually packaged barcoded variants were mixed at an equal ratio and used to transduce cells/tissues of interest. DNA and RNA/cDNA were extracted and subsequently analyzed by NGS to determine the physical/functional transduction efficiencies. We were able to assess the transduction efficiencies of immortalized cells, primary cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro, as well as in vivo transduction in naïve mice and a xenograft liver model. Importantly, while our data validated previously reported transduction characteristics of individual capsids, we also identified novel previously unknown tropisms for some AAV variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Westhaus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.,Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marti Cabanes-Creus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Arkadiusz Rybicki
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Grober Baltazar
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Maddison Knight
- Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, , The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Razvan F Albu
- Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, , The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Boaz H Ng
- Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, , The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Predrag Kalajdzic
- Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, , The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Magdalena Kwiatek
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, The Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Puławy, Poland
| | - Kenneth Hsu
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Gold
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Lab, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Belinda Kramer
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Anai Gonzalez-Cordero
- Stem Cell & Organoid Facility and Stem Cell Medicine Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.,Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, , The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.,Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, The Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Puławy, Poland
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14
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Ginn SL, Amaya AK, Liao SHY, Zhu E, Cunningham SC, Lee M, Hallwirth CV, Logan GJ, Tay SS, Cesare AJ, Pickett HA, Grompe M, Dilworth K, Lisowski L, Alexander IE. Efficient in vivo editing of OTC-deficient patient-derived primary human hepatocytes. JHEP Rep 2020; 2:100065. [PMID: 32039406 PMCID: PMC7005564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2019.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Genome editing technology has immense therapeutic potential and is likely to rapidly supplant contemporary gene addition approaches. Key advantages include the capacity to directly repair mutant loci with resultant recovery of physiological gene expression and maintenance of durable therapeutic effects in replicating cells. In this study, we aimed to repair a disease-causing point mutation in the ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) locus in patient-derived primary human hepatocytes in vivo at therapeutically relevant levels. Methods Editing reagents for precise CRISPR/SaCas9-mediated cleavage and homology-directed repair (HDR) of the human OTC locus were first evaluated against an OTC minigene cassette transposed into the mouse liver. The editing efficacy of these reagents was then tested on the native OTC locus in patient-derived primary human hepatocytes xenografted into the FRG (Fah-/-Rag2-/-Il2rg-/-) mouse liver. A highly human hepatotropic capsid (NP59) was used for adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer. Editing events were characterised using next-generation sequencing and restoration of OTC expression was evaluated using immunofluorescence. Results Following AAV-mediated delivery of editing reagents to patient-derived primary human hepatocytes in vivo, OTC locus-specific cleavage was achieved at efficiencies of up to 72%. Importantly, successful editing was observed in up to 29% of OTC alleles at clinically relevant vector doses. No off-target editing events were observed at the top 10 in silico-predicted sites in the genome. Conclusions We report efficient single-nucleotide correction of a disease-causing mutation in the OTC locus in patient-derived primary human hepatocytes in vivo at levels that, if recapitulated in the clinic, would provide benefit for even the most therapeutically challenging liver disorders. Key challenges for clinical translation include the cell cycle dependence of classical HDR and mitigation of unintended on- and off-target editing events. Lay summary The ability to efficiently and safely correct disease-causing mutations remains the holy grail of gene therapy. Herein, we demonstrate, for the first time, efficient in vivo correction of a patient-specific disease-causing mutation in the OTC gene in primary human hepatocytes, using therapeutically relevant vector doses. We also highlight the challenges that need to be overcome for this technology to be translated into clinical practice. Therapeutically relevant levels of single-nucleotide repair of the human OTC locus were achieved in vivo. Single-nucleotide editing of primary human hepatocytes was facilitated by a highly hepatotropic bioengineered AAV capsid. A novel human minigene platform proved highly effective for evaluation of human liver-specific genome editing reagents.
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Key Words
- 7 NGS, next-generation sequencing
- AAV, adeno-associated virus
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CRISPR-Cas9
- FRG, Fah-/-Rag2-/-Il2rg-/-
- HDR, homology-directed repair
- ITR, inverted terminal repeats
- InDels, insertions and deletions
- LSP1, liver-specific promoter
- NHEJ, non-homologous end joining
- NP59 capsid
- OTC deficiency
- PAM, protospacer adjacent motif
- PRE, mutant form of the Woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element
- RTA, Real Time Analysis
- SV40 pA, SV40 polyadenylation signal sequence
- SaCas9, Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 nuclease
- TBG, human thyroxine binding globulin promoter
- U6, RNA polymerase III promoter for human U6 snRNA
- WT, wild-type
- genome editing
- homology-directed repair
- humanised FRG mice
- pA, bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal sequence
- primary human hepatocytes
- rAAV, recombinant adeno-associated virus
- recombinant AAV
- sgRNA, single guide RNA
- synthetic capsid
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Ginn
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Anais K Amaya
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Sophia H Y Liao
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Sharon C Cunningham
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Michael Lee
- Telomere Length Regulation Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Claus V Hallwirth
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Grant J Logan
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Szun S Tay
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Anthony J Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Hilda A Pickett
- Telomere Length Regulation Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Markus Grompe
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kimberley Dilworth
- Translational Vectorology Group and Vector & Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Group and Vector & Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.,Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulway, Poland
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
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15
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Qian H, Yu H, Li P, Zhu E, Yao Q, Tai C, Deng Z, Gerdes K, He X, Gan J, Ou HY. Toxin-antitoxin operon kacAT of Klebsiella pneumoniae is regulated by conditional cooperativity via a W-shaped KacA-KacT complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:7690-7702. [PMID: 31260525 PMCID: PMC6698736 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial toxin–antitoxin pairs play important roles in bacterial multidrug tolerance. Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) toxins inhibit translation by acetylation of aminoacyl-tRNAs and are counteracted by direct contacts with cognate ribbon–helix–helix (RHH) antitoxins. Our previous analysis showed that the GNAT toxin KacT and RHH antitoxin KacA of Klebsiella pneumoniae form a heterohexamer in solution and that the complex interacts with the cognate promoter DNA, resulting in negative autoregulation of kacAT transcription. Here, we present the crystal structure of DNA-bound KacAT complex at 2.2 Å resolution. The crystal structure revealed the formation of a unique heterohexamer, KacT–KacA2–KacA2–KacT. The direct interaction of KacA and KacT involves a unique W-shaped structure with the two KacT molecules at opposite ends. Inhibition of KacT is achieved by the binding of four KacA proteins that preclude the formation of an active KacT dimer. The kacAT operon is auto-regulated and we present an experimentally supported molecular model proposing that the KacT:KacA ratio controls kacAT transcription by conditional cooperativity. These results yield a profound understanding of how transcription GNAT–RHH pairs are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Laboratory on Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Laboratory on Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Peifei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Laboratory on Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - E Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Laboratory on Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qingqing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Cui Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Laboratory on Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Laboratory on Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Kenn Gerdes
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Xinyi He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Laboratory on Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jianhua Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hong-Yu Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Laboratory on Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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16
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Siew SM, Cunningham SC, Zhu E, Tay SS, Venuti E, Bolitho C, Alexander IE. Prevention of Cholestatic Liver Disease and Reduced Tumorigenicity in a Murine Model of PFIC Type 3 Using Hybrid AAV-piggyBac Gene Therapy. Hepatology 2019; 70:2047-2061. [PMID: 31099022 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors are highly promising vehicles for liver-targeted gene transfer, with therapeutic efficacy demonstrated in preclinical models and clinical trials. Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (PFIC3), an inherited juvenile-onset, cholestatic liver disease caused by homozygous mutation of the ABCB4 gene, may be a promising candidate for rAAV-mediated liver-targeted gene therapy. The Abcb4-/- mice model of PFIC3, with juvenile mice developing progressive cholestatic liver injury due to impaired biliary phosphatidylcholine excretion, resulted in cirrhosis and liver malignancy. Using a conventional rAAV strategy, we observed markedly blunted rAAV transduction in adult Abcb4-/- mice with established liver disease, but not in disease-free, wild-type adults or in homozygous juveniles prior to liver disease onset. However, delivery of predominantly nonintegrating rAAV vectors to juvenile mice results in loss of persistent transgene expression due to hepatocyte proliferation in the growing liver. Conclusion: A hybrid vector system, combining the high transduction efficiency of rAAV with piggyBac transposase-mediated somatic integration, was developed to facilitate stable human ABCB4 expression in vivo and to correct juvenile-onset chronic liver disease in a murine model of PFIC3. A single dose of hybrid vector at birth led to life-long restoration of bile composition, prevention of biliary cirrhosis, and a substantial reduction in tumorigenesis. This powerful hybrid rAAV-piggyBac transposon vector strategy has the capacity to mediate lifelong phenotype correction and reduce the tumorigenicity of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 and, with further refinement, the potential for human clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Siew
- Department of Gastroenterology and James Fairfax Institute of Pediatric Nutrition, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Sharon C Cunningham
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Szun S Tay
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Elena Venuti
- Department of Gastroenterology and James Fairfax Institute of Pediatric Nutrition, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Christine Bolitho
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
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17
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Drilon A, Oxnard G, Wirth L, Besse B, Gautschi O, Tan S, Loong H, Bauer T, Kim Y, Horiike A, Park K, Shah M, McCoach C, Bazhenova L, Seto T, Brose M, Pennell N, Weiss J, Matos I, Peled N, Cho B, Ohe Y, Reckamp K, Boni V, Satouchi M, Falchook G, Akerley W, Daga H, Sakamoto T, Patel J, Lakhani N, Barlesi F, Burkard M, Zhu V, Moreno Garcia V, Medioni J, Matrana M, Rolfo C, Lee D, Nechushtan H, Johnson M, Velcheti V, Nishio M, Toyozawa R, Ohashi K, Song L, Han J, Spira A, De Braud F, Staal Rohrberg K, Takeuchi S, Sakakibara J, Waqar S, Kenmotsu H, Wilson F, B.Nair, Olek E, Kherani J, Ebata K, Zhu E, Nguyen M, Yang L, Huang X, Cruickshank S, Rothenberg S, Solomon B, Goto K, Subbiah V. PL02.08 Registrational Results of LIBRETTO-001: A Phase 1/2 Trial of LOXO-292 in Patients with RET Fusion-Positive Lung Cancers. J Thorac Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Smith M, Sandhu S, Kelly W, Scher H, Efstathiou E, Lara P, Yu E, George D, Chi K, Saad F, Summa J, Freedman J, Mason G, Zhu E, Ricci D, Simon J, Cheng S, Fizazi K. Pre-specified interim analysis of GALAHAD: A phase II study of niraparib in patients (pts) with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and biallelic DNA-repair gene defects (DRD). Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz394.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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CHEN L, Alman K, Alnimri M, Kamiyama D, Francalacci L, Zhu E, Donnelley M, Clayton N, De Mattos A, Brown J. SAT-077 SHORT-TERM POST-TRANSPLANT OUTCOMES OF KIDNEYS FROM DONORS WITH POSITIVE BLOOD AND/OR URINE CULTURES. Kidney Int Rep 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.05.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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20
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Besse B, Subbiah V, Drilon A, Shah M, Wirth L, Bauer T, Velcheti V, Lakhani N, Boni V, Solomon B, Johnson M, Park K, Patel J, Cabanillas M, Sherman E, Zhu E, Gordon K, Ebata K, Tuch B, Oxnard G. Detection and clearance of RET variants in plasma cell free DNA (cfDNA) from patients (pts) treated with LOXO-292. Ann Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy269.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Zhu E, Chen C. P1.16-19 Neither Maximum Tumor Size nor Solid Component Size Was the Best Prognosticator for Subsolid Nodule. J Thorac Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.08.988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Paulk NK, Pekrun K, Zhu E, Nygaard S, Li B, Xu J, Chu K, Leborgne C, Dane AP, Haft A, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Morton C, Valentine MB, Davidoff AM, Nathwani AC, Mingozzi F, Grompe M, Alexander IE, Lisowski L, Kay MA. Bioengineered AAV Capsids with Combined High Human Liver Transduction In Vivo and Unique Humoral Seroreactivity. Mol Ther 2018; 26:289-303. [PMID: 29055620 PMCID: PMC5763027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) serotypes for delivering in vivo gene therapy treatments for human liver diseases have not yielded combined high-level human hepatocyte transduction and favorable humoral neutralization properties in diverse patient groups. Yet, these combined properties are important for therapeutic efficacy. To bioengineer capsids that exhibit both unique seroreactivity profiles and functionally transduce human hepatocytes at therapeutically relevant levels, we performed multiplexed sequential directed evolution screens using diverse capsid libraries in both primary human hepatocytes in vivo and with pooled human sera from thousands of patients. AAV libraries were subjected to five rounds of in vivo selection in xenografted mice with human livers to isolate an enriched human-hepatotropic library that was then used as input for a sequential on-bead screen against pooled human immunoglobulins. Evolved variants were vectorized and validated against existing hepatotropic serotypes. Two of the evolved AAV serotypes, NP40 and NP59, exhibited dramatically improved functional human hepatocyte transduction in vivo in xenografted mice with human livers, along with favorable human seroreactivity profiles, compared with existing serotypes. These novel capsids represent enhanced vector delivery systems for future human liver gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Paulk
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katja Pekrun
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Translational Vectorology Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean Nygaard
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jianpeng Xu
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kirk Chu
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Allison P Dane
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Annelise Haft
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Feijie Zhang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chris Morton
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Marcus B Valentine
- Cytogenetic Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Andrew M Davidoff
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Amit C Nathwani
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK; Department of Haematology and Katharine Dormandy Haemophilia Centre & Thrombosis Unit, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, London, UK; National Health Services Blood and Transplant, Watford, UK
| | - Federico Mingozzi
- Genethon and INSERM U951, Evry, France; University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Translational Vectorology Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (MIHE), Puławy, Poland
| | - Mark A Kay
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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23
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Guy TV, Terry AM, Bolton HA, Hancock DG, Zhu E, Brink R, McGuire HM, Shklovskaya E, Fazekas de St. Groth B. Collaboration between tumor-specific CD4+ T cells and B cells in anti-cancer immunity. Oncotarget 2017; 7:30211-29. [PMID: 27121060 PMCID: PMC5058675 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of B cells and antibodies in anti-tumor immunity is controversial, with both positive and negative effects reported in animal models and clinical studies. We developed a murine B16.F10 melanoma model to study the effects of collaboration between tumor-specific CD4+ T cells and B cells on tumor control. By incorporating T cell receptor transgenic T cells and B cell receptor isotype switching B cells, we were able to track the responses of tumor-reactive T and B cells and the development of anti-tumor antibodies in vivo. In the presence of tumor-specific B cells, the number of tumor-reactive CD4+ T cells was reduced in lymphoid tissues and the tumor itself, and this correlated with poor tumor control. B cells had little effect on the Th1 bias of the CD4+ T cell response, and the number of induced FoxP3+ regulatory cells (iTregs) generated from within the original naive CD4+ T cell inoculum was unrelated to the degree of B cell expansion. In response to CD4+ T cell help, B cells produced a range of isotype-switched anti-tumor antibodies, principally IgG1, IgG2a/c and IgG2b. In the absence of CD4+ T cells, B cells responded to agonistic anti-CD40 administration by switching to production of IgG2a/c and, to a lesser extent, IgG1, IgG3, IgA and IgE, which reduced the number of lung metastases after i.v. tumor inoculation but had no effect on the growth of subcutaneous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Guy
- T Cell Biology Laboratory, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandra M Terry
- T Cell Biology Laboratory, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Holly A Bolton
- T Cell Biology Laboratory, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David G Hancock
- T Cell Biology Laboratory, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- T Cell Biology Laboratory, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- B Cell Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen M McGuire
- T Cell Biology Laboratory, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elena Shklovskaya
- T Cell Biology Laboratory, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barbara Fazekas de St. Groth
- T Cell Biology Laboratory, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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24
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Pan Y, Zhu E, Gao X, Nauen R, Xi J, Peng T, Wei X, Zheng C, Shang Q. Novel mutations and expression changes of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase are associated with spirotetramat resistance in Aphis gossypii Glover. Insect Mol Biol 2017; 26:383-391. [PMID: 28370744 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) catalyses the carboxylation of acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) to produce malonyl-CoA during the de novo synthesis of fatty acids. Spirotetramat, an inhibitor of ACC, is widely used to control a range of sucking insects, including the Aphis gossypii. In the present study, Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) results demonstrated that ACC was significantly overexpressed in a laboratory-selected spirotetramat-resistant strain compared with the susceptible strain. ACC RNA interference significantly suppressed fecundity and led to cuticle formation deficiencies in resistant adults and nymphs compared with the control. The full-length ACC gene was sequenced from both resistant and susceptible cotton aphids, and a strong association was found between spirotetramat resistance and 14 amino acid substitutions in the biotin carboxylase domain and carboxyl transferase domain of the ACC gene. Furthermore, ACC activity was higher in resistant aphids than in the susceptible strain, and ACC in the resistant aphids exhibited significant insensitivity to spirotetramat and spirotetramat-enol. The results indicate that the overexpressed insensitive (mutated) ACC target played an important role in the high levels of spirotetramat resistance observed here. This association of amino acid substitution with resistance is the first report of a potential target site mechanism affecting spirotetramat in the cotton aphid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - E Zhu
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - X Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - R Nauen
- Bayer CropScience AG, R&D Pest Control Biology, Monheim, Germany
| | - J Xi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - T Peng
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - X Wei
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - C Zheng
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Q Shang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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25
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Logan GJ, Dane AP, Hallwirth CV, Smyth CM, Wilkie EE, Amaya AK, Zhu E, Khandekar N, Ginn SL, Liao SHY, Cunningham SC, Sasaki N, Cabanes-Creus M, Tam PPL, Russell DW, Lisowski L, Alexander IE. Identification of liver-specific enhancer-promoter activity in the 3' untranslated region of the wild-type AAV2 genome. Nat Genet 2017. [PMID: 28628105 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vectors based on adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) are powerful tools for gene transfer and genome editing applications. The level of interest in this system has recently surged in response to reports of therapeutic efficacy in human clinical trials, most notably for those in patients with hemophilia B (ref. 3). Understandably, a recent report drawing an association between AAV2 integration events and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has generated controversy about the causal or incidental nature of this association and the implications for AAV vector safety. Here we describe and functionally characterize a previously unknown liver-specific enhancer-promoter element in the wild-type AAV2 genome that is found between the stop codon of the cap gene, which encodes proteins that form the capsid, and the right-hand inverted terminal repeat. This 124-nt sequence is within the 163-nt common insertion region of the AAV genome, which has been implicated in the dysregulation of known HCC driver genes and thus offers added insight into the possible link between AAV integration events and the multifactorial pathogenesis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J Logan
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Allison P Dane
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claus V Hallwirth
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christine M Smyth
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emilie E Wilkie
- Bioinformatics Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anais K Amaya
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Neeta Khandekar
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samantha L Ginn
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sophia H Y Liao
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sharon C Cunningham
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natsuki Sasaki
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martí Cabanes-Creus
- Translational Vectorology Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Molecular Immunology Unit, Centre for Immunodeficiency, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick P L Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David W Russell
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Puławy, Poland
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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26
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Shklovskaya E, Terry AM, Guy TV, Buckley A, Bolton HA, Zhu E, Holst J, Fazekas de St. Groth B. Tumour-specific CD4 T cells eradicate melanoma via indirect recognition of tumour-derived antigen. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:593-603. [PMID: 26837456 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The importance of CD4 T cells in tumour immunity has been increasingly recognised, with recent reports describing robust CD4 T cell-dependent tumour control in mice whose immune-regulatory mechanisms have been disturbed by irradiation, chemotherapy, immunomodulatory therapy and/or constitutive immunodeficiency. Tumour control in such models has been attributed in large part to direct Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II-dependent CD4 T cell killing of tumour cells. To test whether CD4 T cells can eradicate tumours without directly killing tumour cells, we developed an animal model in which tumour-derived antigen could be presented to T-cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic CD4 T cells by host but not tumour MHC class II molecules. In I-E(+) mice bearing I-E(null) tumours, naive I-E-restricted CD4 T cells proliferated locally in tumour-draining lymph nodes after recognising tumour-derived antigen on migratory dendritic cells. In lymphopaenic but not immunosufficient hosts, CD4 T cells differentiated into polarised T helper type 1 (Th1) cells expressing interferon gamma (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin (IL)-2 but little IL-17, and cleared established tumours. Tumour clearance was enhanced by higher TCR affinity for tumour antigen-MHC class II and was critically dependent on IFNγ, as demonstrated by early tumour escape in animals treated with an IFNγ blocking antibody. Thus, CD4 T cells and IFNγ can control tumour growth without direct T-cell killing of tumour cells, and without requiring additional adaptive immune cells such as CD8 T cells and B cells. Our results support a role for effective CD4 T cell-dependent tumour immunity against MHC class II-negative tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Shklovskaya
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandra M Terry
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas V Guy
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adrian Buckley
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Holly A Bolton
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barbara Fazekas de St. Groth
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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27
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Peng T, Pan Y, Yang C, Gao X, Xi J, Wu Y, Huang X, Zhu E, Xin X, Zhan C, Shang Q. Over-expression of CYP6A2 is associated with spirotetramat resistance and cross-resistance in the resistant strain of Aphis gossypii Glover. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2016; 126:64-69. [PMID: 26778436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory-selected spirotetramat-resistant strain (SR) of cotton aphid developed 579-fold and 15-fold resistance to spirotetramat in adult aphids and 3rd instar nymphs, respectively, compared with a susceptible strain (SS) [26]. The SR strain developed high-level cross-resistance to alpha-cypermethrin and bifenthrin and very low or no cross-resistance to the other tested insecticides. Synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) dramatically increased the toxicity of spirotetramat and alpha-cypermethrin in the resistant strain. RT-qPCR results demonstrated that the transcriptional levels of CYP6A2 increased significantly in the SR strain compared with the SS strain, which was consistent with the transcriptome results [30]. The depletion of CYP6A2 transcripts by RNAi also significantly increased the sensitivity of the resistant aphid to spirotetramat and alpha-cypermethrin. These results indicate the possible involvement of CYP6A2 in spirotetramat resistance and alpha-cypermethrin cross-resistance in the cotton aphid. These together with other cross-resistance results have implications for the successful implementation of resistance management strategies for Aphis gossypii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfei Peng
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Yiou Pan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Xiwu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jinghui Xi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Wu
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Xiao Huang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - E Zhu
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Xuecheng Xin
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Chao Zhan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
| | - Qingli Shang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China.
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28
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Pan Y, Yang C, Gao X, Peng T, Bi R, Xi J, Xin X, Zhu E, Wu Y, Shang Q. Spirotetramat resistance adaption analysis of Aphis gossypii Glover by transcriptomic survey. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2015; 124:73-80. [PMID: 26453233 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A resistant strain of the cotton aphid (SR) developed 441.26-fold and 11.97-fold resistance to spirotetramat for adult aphids and nymphs, respectively, compared with the susceptible (SS) strain. Solexa sequencing technology was employed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the spirotetramat-resistant cotton aphid. Respective totals of 22,430,522 and 21,317,732 clean reads were obtained from SR and SS cDNA libraries and assembled into 35,222 non-redundant (Nr) consensus sequences. A total of 14,913, 9,220, 7,922, 4,314 and 4,686 sequences were annotated using Nr, Swiss-Prot, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), respectively. Compared with the SS strain, the SR strain had 1287 significantly changed unigenes, of which 130 genes were up-regulated and 1157 genes were down-regulated (P ≤ 0.001). Among these genes, 440 unigenes were annotated, consisting of 114 up-regulated and 326 down-regulated genes. The expression levels of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase were significantly up-regulated in the SR strain compared to the SS strain. The genes encoding cuticle proteins, salivary glue protein, fibroin heavy chain, energy ATP synthase, and cytochrome c oxidase were dramatically decreased. Among the DEGs, cytochrome P450 6A2 (c20965.graph_c0) was the only P450 gene up-regulated in the SR strain. The expression levels of 10 DEGs were confirmed by real-time qPCR, and the trends in gene expression observed by qPCR matched those of the Solexa expression profiles. The acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) genes in the SR and SS libraries both contain four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with three common SNPs: 1227 (C/T), 1811 (A/T: F/Y) and 3759 (C/T); however, 7540 (A/T) and 108 (G/A) occurred solely in the SS and SR strains, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiou Pan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiwu Gao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianfei Peng
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Rui Bi
- Department of Entomology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jinghui Xi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xuecheng Xin
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - E Zhu
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yongqiang Wu
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Qingli Shang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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29
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Bolton HA, Zhu E, Terry AM, Guy TV, Koh WP, Tan SY, Power CA, Bertolino P, Lahl K, Sparwasser T, Shklovskaya E, Fazekas de St Groth B. Selective Treg reconstitution during lymphopenia normalizes DC costimulation and prevents graft-versus-host disease. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3627-41. [PMID: 26301814 DOI: 10.1172/jci76031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to enhance immune reconstitution and prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; however, it is unclear how Tregs mediate these effects. Here, we developed a model to examine the mechanism of Treg-dependent regulation of immune reconstitution. Lymphopenic mice were selectively reconstituted with Tregs prior to transfer of conventional CD4+ T cells. Full Treg reconstitution prevented the rapid oligoclonal proliferation that gives rise to pathogenic CD4 effector T cells, while preserving the slow homeostatic form of lymphopenia-induced peripheral expansion that repopulates a diverse peripheral T cell pool. Treg-mediated CTLA-4-dependent downregulation of CD80/CD86 on DCs was critical for inhibition of rapid proliferation and was a function of the Treg/DC ratio achieved by reconstitution. In an allogeneic BM transplant model, selective Treg reconstitution before T cell transfer also normalized DC costimulation and provided complete protection against GVHD. In contrast, cotransfer of Tregs was not protective. Our results indicate that achieving optimal recovery from lymphopenia should aim to improve early Treg reconstitution in order to increase the relative number of Tregs to DCs and thereby inhibit spontaneous oligoclonal T cell proliferation.
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30
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Ilo D, Raluy-Callado M, Graham-Clarke P, Sadasivan R, Birt J, Donaldson R, Zhu E, Kirby MG, Neasham D. Patient characteristics and treatment patterns for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, erectile dysfunction or co-occurring benign prostatic hyperplasia and erectile dysfunction in general practices in the UK: a retrospective observational study. Int J Clin Pract 2015; 69:853-62. [PMID: 26011100 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to assess patient characteristics, medication treatment patterns and healthcare resource utilization among men with existing erectile dysfunction (ED) or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), who are newly diagnosed with the second condition (BPH or ED) compared with those with only one condition. METHODS This retrospective cohort study utilized the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Males, aged 40 years or older, newly diagnosed with ED or symptomatic BPH between 1 June 2010 and 31 May 2011, were selected. Patient demographics, existing comorbidities and baseline medication use were analysed. Treatments initiated for the incident condition and treatment patterns were reported at 6, 12, 18 and 24-months postdiagnosis. Referrals to urologists and visits to general practitioners were reported around diagnosis and during follow-up. RESULTS This study included 11,501 incident patients with BPH, of which 23% had a prior ED diagnosis and 9,734 incident patients with ED, of which 17% had a prior BPH diagnosis. The average age at diagnosis of BPH was similar across both cohorts. Among incident patients with ED, those with prior diagnosis of BPH were diagnosed at an older average age (65 ± 9.2 years) compared to those without BPH (57 ± 9.1 years). The majority of patients in both incident BPH cohorts (62.9-65.5%) were prescribed alpha-blockers as initial treatment. The majority of patients in both incident ED cohorts (49.6-51.6%) were prescribed sildenafil as initial treatment followed by tadalafil (24.3-26.0%). At 12 months, 50% of incident patients with BPH and 80% of patients with ED had discontinued the therapy initiated. CONCLUSION This study found that in the UK, patients with co-occurring BPH and ED when newly diagnosed with the second condition initiated the same treatments as those without prior ED or BPH. During the first year, treatment patterns including discontinuation were comparable in the groups with one of the conditions and co-occurring BPH and ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ilo
- Lilly UK, Basingstoke Hampshire, UK
| | | | | | | | - J Birt
- Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - E Zhu
- Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M G Kirby
- University of Hertfordshire and the Prostate Centre, London, UK
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31
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Huang X, Zhao Z, Cao L, Chen Y, Zhu E, Lin Z, Li M, Yan A, Zettl A, Wang YM, Duan X, Mueller T, Huang Y. High-performance transition metal-doped Pt3Ni octahedra for oxygen reduction reaction. Science 2015; 348:1230-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa8765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1345] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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32
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Erhardt A, Zhu E, Blondin D, Kubitz R, Knoefel WT, Mödder U, Häussinger D. [Increasing number and improved survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma from 1988 to 2007: data of a German university clinic]. Z Gastroenterol 2011; 49:720-7. [PMID: 21638238 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1246060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks sixth regarding prevalence and third regarding mortality among malignant tumours worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine changes of clinical-epidemiological parameters and survival rates during two decades. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 441 consecutive patients with HCC admitted to the University Clinic Düsseldorf between January 1988 and December 2007 were included. For comparison, this time period was divided into two decades (1988 - 1997 and 1998 - 2007). RESULTS The number of newly diagnosed HCCs has tripled in the years 1998 - 2007 compared to the years 1988 - 1997. HCV-associated HCCs increased from 28 % in the years 1988 - 1997 to 38 % (p < 0.05) in the years 1998 - 2007. Tumour size, Okuda and BCLC stages decreased during the observation period (both p < 0.001 and p < 0.05). Median overall survival improved during the observation period from 6 [95 % CI: 4.83 - 7.17] to 9 months ]95 % CI: 7.31 - 10.69]; p < 0.0001) as did the 1-year and 5-year survival rates from 22 % to 42 % (p < 0.019) and from 0 % to 9 % (p < 0.001), respectively. The proportion of treated patients compared to patients with best supportive care as well as the proportion of patients receiving a multimodal therapy compared to patients with a single treatment regimen increased in the second decade (55 % vs. 79 %: p < 0.005; 5.4 % vs. 23 %: p < 0.0001). Multimodal therapy was an independent predictor for prolonged survival in a multivariate analysis including Child-Pugh score, BCLC stage, tumour size, and gender (odds ratio 2,77; 95 % CI: 1.44 - 5.31). CONCLUSION Improved screening as well as broader and improved treatment options may have contributed to the increasing survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Erhardt
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf.
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Abstract
Tregs are absolutely required for the maintenance of self tolerance in mouse and man. Major abnormalities in Treg number or function cause rare but fatal syndromes with autoimmune, allergic and inflammatory features. Whether subtle Treg abnormalities contribute to the pathogenesis of sporadic autoimmune, allergic and immunoinflammatory diseases in man remains controversial. Robust methods for identifying and isolating human Tregs in patients and healthy controls are essential if we are to understand their role in these increasingly common diseases. We have outlined below a flow cytometric technique to detect and isolate the entire human Treg population based on expression of CD4, CD25, and CD127. Use of a number of additional antibodies for defining subsets within the Treg compartment is described. For analysis, anti-Foxp3 can be added to the cocktail, but the necessity for fixation and permeabilisation may reduce the signal from other antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Fazekas de St Groth
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Jones MK, Padilla OR, Zhu E. Survivin is a key factor in the differential susceptibility of gastric endothelial and epithelial cells to alcohol-induced injury. J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 61:253-264. [PMID: 20610854 PMCID: PMC2953945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the anti-apoptosis protein, survivin, plays a protective role against alcohol-induced gastric injury. Since the endothelium is a primary target of alcohol-induced gastric damage, we investigated whether survivin expression is a key factor in the greater susceptibility of gastric endothelial vs. epithelial cells to alcohol-induced injury. Here, we demonstrate that rat gastric epithelial cells (RGM1 cells, an epithelial cell line derived from normal rat gastric mucosa) expressed 7.5-fold greater survivin protein levels vs. rat gastric endothelial cells. Survivin expression correlated with resistance of gastric epithelial vs. endothelial cells to both alcohol-induced cell damage and alcohol-induced apoptosis. Suppression of survivin protein expression levels using siRNA rendered the gastric epithelial cells as susceptible to both alcohol-induced cell damage and apoptosis as the gastric endothelial cells. Conversely, forced overexpression of survivin by transient transfection rendered gastric endothelial cells as resistant to both alcohol-induced cell damage and apoptosis as mock-transfected gastric epithelial cells. Moreover, overexpression of a threonine-34 to glutamate phosphorylation mimic mutant survivin construct rendered gastric endothelial cells significantly more resistant to alcohol-induced damage and apoptosis vs. mock-transfected gastric epithelial cells. These findings indicate that disparate survivin expression levels can explain the discrepancy between gastric epithelial and endothelial cell susceptibility to alcohol-induced injury; and, that a negative charge at amino acid residue 34 on survivin, such as that which naturally occurs by phosphorylation of threonine-34, enhances its property in conferring gastric mucosal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Jones
- Research Healthcare Group, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA, USA.
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Santner-Nanan B, Peek MJ, Khanam R, Richarts L, Zhu E, Fazekas de St Groth B, Nanan R. Systemic increase in the ratio between Foxp3+ and IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells in healthy pregnancy but not in preeclampsia. J Immunol 2009; 183:7023-30. [PMID: 19915051 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnancy. Although the etiology of preeclampsia is still unclear, it is believed to involve rejection of the fetus, possibly due to an imbalance between regulatory (Treg) and effector T cells. To test this, we compared the frequencies of circulating CD4(+) T cells expressing Foxp3, IFN-gamma, IL-10, or IL-17 at the end of the third trimester of healthy and preeclamptic pregnancies. The size of the Treg cell compartment, defined by the frequency of CD4(+)CD25(high), CD4(+)CD127(low)CD25(+), and CD4(+)Foxp3(+) cells was significantly higher in normal compared with preeclamptic pregnancies. CD4(+)CD25(high) and CD4(+)CD127(low)CD25(+) populations in preeclampsia were not significantly different from those in nonpregnant controls, whereas CD4(+)Foxp3(+) cells numbersre slightly lower in preeclampsia. The suppressive activity of ex vivo-sorted CD4(+)CD127(low)CD25(+) Treg cells was not significantly different between the three study groups. The percentage of CD4(+)IL-17-producing T cells decreased significantly in healthy compared with preeclamptic pregnancies and nonpregnant controls, whereas CD4(+)IL-10- and CD4(+)IFN-gamma-producing cells remained unchanged. Consequently, the ratio of Foxp3(+) Treg to IL-17-expressing CD4(+) T cells was significantly increased in healthy but not in preeclamptic pregnancies. Thus, preeclampsia is associated with the absence of normal systemic skewing away from IL-17 production toward Foxp3(+) expression. Finally, preeclamptic women had significantly higher levels of soluble endoglin, an inhibitor of TGF-beta receptor signaling, which may bias toward IL-17 production. These results suggest that homeostasis between regulatory and proinflammatory CD4(+) T cells might be pivotal for the semiallogeneic fetus to be tolerated within the maternal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Santner-Nanan
- Discipline of , Nepean Clinical School, University of Sydney, Kingswood, New South Wales 2751, Australia
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Santner-Nanan B, Seddiki N, Zhu E, Quent V, Kelleher A, de St Groth BF, Nanan R. Accelerated age-dependent transition of human regulatory T cells to effector memory phenotype. Int Immunol 2008; 20:375-83. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Zhu E, Wang Z, Xu G, Leung H, Yeung H. HPLC/MS fingerprint analysis of tangshenosides. Zhong Yao Cai 2001; 24:488-90. [PMID: 11668739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Zhu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210038
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38
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Lin VW, Hsiao IN, Zhu E, Perkash I. Functional magnetic stimulation for conditioning of expiratory muscles in patients with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001; 82:162-6. [PMID: 11239305 DOI: 10.1053/apmr.2001.18230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of functional magnetic stimulation (FMS) in conditioning expiratory muscles patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN A prospective before-after trial. SETTING The Functional Magnetic Stimulation Laboratory of the SCI Health Care Group, VA Long Beach Health Care System, and the Spinal Cord Injury Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto Health Care System. PARTICIPANTS Eight men with tetraplegia. INTERVENTION Expiratory muscle training was achieved by placing a magnetic stimulator with a round magnetic coil along subjects' lower thoracic spine. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Measures taken were the maximal expired pressure at total lung capacity (MEP-TLC) and at functional residual capacity (MEP-FRC), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and the forced expiratory flow rate at TLC (FEF-TLC) and at FRC (FEF-FRC) by subjects' voluntary maximal efforts. RESULTS After 4 weeks of conditioning, the mean +/- standard error of the mean values were: MEP-TLC, 55.3 +/- 8.6cmH(2)O; MEP-FRC, 29.6 +/- 5.6cmH(2)O; ERV,.57 +/-.08L; FEF-TLC, 4.3 +/- 0.5L/s; and FEF-FRC, 1.9 +/- 0.2L/s. These values correspond to, respectively, 129%, 137%, 162%, 109%, and 127% of pre-FMS conditioning values. When FMS was discontinued for 2 weeks, the MEP-TLC returned to its pre-FMS training value. CONCLUSION A 4-week protocol of FMS of the expiratory muscles improves voluntary expiratory muscle strength significantly, indicating that FMS can be a noninvasive therapeutic technology in respiratory muscle training for persons with tetraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- V W Lin
- Functional Magnetic Stimulation Laboratory, Spinal Cord Injury/Disorder, Health Care Group, VA Long Beach Health Care System, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
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Abstract
The effect of sepsis on the ubiquitously expressed ATP-sensitive potassium (uK(ATP)-1) channel expression was measured in Sprague-Dawley rat diaphragms. Rats were treated with either 0.5 ml saline or 20 mg/Kg E. coli lipopolysaccharides and sacrificed at 3, 6, 12, 24, or 48 h later. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed that channel mRNA expression was increased at 3 h and continued to rise up to 48 h. Western blotting analysis showed a approximately 9-fold increase in channel protein expression 24 h after sepsis. Our results demonstrate that sepsis upregulates the uK(ATP)-1 channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Czaika
- Respiratory Muscle Biology Group, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Gea J, Hamid Q, Czaika G, Zhu E, Mohan-Ram V, Goldspink G, Grassino A. Expression of myosin heavy-chain isoforms in the respiratory muscles following inspiratory resistive breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:1274-8. [PMID: 10764323 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.4.99040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of inspiratory resistive breathing (IRB) on the expression of the genes encoding fast and slow isoforms of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) in respiratory muscles. Eleven mongrel dogs were studied for baseline MyHC messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, seven of which were also used to study the effects of IRB. For this latter objective, awake and spontaneously breathing animals were subjected to 2 h of IRB (80 cm H(2)O/L/s) per day for four consecutive days. mRNA expression was assessed in the diaphragm, external intercostal muscle, and a limb muscle, using both slot- blot and in situ hybridizations with isoform-specific probes. A current semiquantitative scoring method (from 0 to 4) was used to quantify the in situ mRNA expression levels, and slot-blot data were analyzed with densitometry. Prior to IRB, slow- and fast-MyHC mRNA expression was moderate, similar, and homogeneous throughout the different regions of the diaphragm, with scores of 1.50 +/- 0.54 (mean +/- SD) for slow and 2.13 +/- 0.35 for fast mRNAs in the costal region of the diaphragm, and of 1.81 +/- 0.37 for slow and 2. 13 +/- 0.64 for fast mRNAs in the crural region of the diaphragm. Although expression of fast-MyHC mRNA remained unchanged after IRB, the relative expression of the mRNA for the slow isoform increased in costal (+30%), crural (+12%), and external intercostal (+27%) muscles. MyHC mRNA expression did not change in limb muscles. We conclude that breathing with a moderate inspiratory resistance for a short period induces the expression of slow MyHC in respiratory muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gea
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal and Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Zhang Y, Zhuang Z, Wang X, Zhu E, Liu J. [Software development of multi-element transient signal acquisition and processing with multi-channel ICP-AES]. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi 2000; 20:55-57. [PMID: 12953449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A software for multi-channel ICP-AES multi-element transient signal acquisition and processing were developed in this paper. It has been successfully applied to signal acquisition and processing in many transient introduction techniques on-line hyphenated with multi-channel ICP-AES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Research Lab of SEDC of Analytical Science for Material and Life Chemistry, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen
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Abstract
We hypothesized that the amount of sarcolemmal injury is directly related to the total tension time (TT(tot)), calculated as mean tension x total stimulation time. Diaphragm strips from Sprague-Dawley rats were superfused at optimal muscle length with Krebs containing procion orange to identify sarcolemmal injury. TT(tot) was induced by stimulation with 100 Hz for 3 min at duty cycles of 0.02, 0.15, 0.3, and 0.6, or with continuous contractions at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 1.0 of maximal tension. A significant positive correlation between TT(tot) and the percentage of fibers with injured sarcolemma (r(2) = 0.63, P < 0.05) is seen. Stimulation (at 100 Hz, duty cycle = 1) resulted in fast fatigue with low injury, likely caused by altered membrane conductivity. Stimulations inducing the largest injury are those showing progressive force loss and high TT(tot), where injury may be due to activation of membrane degradative enzymes. The maximal tension measured at 20 min poststimulation was inversely related to the number of fibers injured, suggesting loss of force is caused by cellular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zhu
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H2L 4M1
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Dalpé G, Mathieu M, Comtois A, Zhu E, Wasiak S, De Repentigny Y, Leclerc N, Kothary R. Dystonin-deficient mice exhibit an intrinsic muscle weakness and an instability of skeletal muscle cytoarchitecture. Dev Biol 1999; 210:367-80. [PMID: 10357897 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1999.9263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia musculorum (dt) was originally described as a hereditary sensory neurodegeneration syndrome of the mouse. The gene defective in dt encodes a cytoskeletal linker protein, dystonin, that is essential for maintaining neuronal cytoskeletal integrity. In addition to the nervous system, dystonin is expressed in a variety of other tissues, including muscle. We now show that dystonin cross-links actin and desmin filaments and that its levels are increased during myogenesis, coinciding with the progressive reorganization of the intermediate filament network. A disorganization of cytoarchitecture in skeletal muscle from dt/dt mice was observed in ultrastructural studies. Myoblasts from dt/dt mice fused to form myotubes in culture; however, terminally differentiated myotubes contained incompletely assembled myofibrils. Another feature observed in dt/dt myotubes in culture and in skeletal muscle in situ was an accumulation and abnormal distribution of mitochondria. The diaphragm muscle from dt/dt mice was weak in isometric contractility measurements in vitro and was susceptible to contraction-induced sarcolemmal damage. Altogether, our data indicate that dystonin is a cross-linker of actin and desmin filaments in muscle and that it is essential for establishing and maintaining proper cytoarchitecture in mature muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dalpé
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Ottawa General Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada
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El Dwairi Q, Guo Y, Comtois A, Zhu E, Greenwood MT, Bredt DS, Hussain SN. Ontogenesis of nitric oxide synthases in the ventilatory muscles. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 18:844-52. [PMID: 9618389 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.18.6.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) acts as an endogenous mediator in mature skeletal muscle. In this study, we investigated the regulation of the endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal (nNOS) isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in skeletal-muscle development (rat diaphragm). Muscle NOS activity, nNOS and eNOS protein, and mRNA expressions were markedly increased during the late gestational and early postnatal periods. Expression of both isoforms, however, declined progressively thereafter. Similarly, argininosuccinate lyase and argininosuccinate synthetase, both involved in the recycling of L-citrulline to L-arginine, were expressed at high levels in rat embryonic and neonatal diaphragms, with gradual reduction in their expression during late postnatal development. Immunostaining revealed extensive nNOS expression at the sarcolemma in neonatal and mature diaphragms, whereas eNOS expression was limited to the endothelium. Both neonatal and adult diaphragms expressed an alternatively spliced nNOS isoform with an insert of 34 amino acids between exons 16 and 17. In vitro-generated muscle force rose significantly after NOS inhibition in both neonatal and adult diaphragms, but the magnitude of force augmentation was larger in adult than in neonatal diaphragm. These results indicate that constitutive NOS isoforms are developmentally regulated in skeletal muscles, suggesting multiple roles for NO in developing and mature skeletal-muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q El Dwairi
- Critical and Respiratory Divisions, Royal Victoria Hospital and Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University,Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Five awake previously tracheotomized mongrel dogs were challenged with inspiratory resistive breathing (IRB). The mean peak tracheal pressure = -35.4 +/- 1.1 cmH2O, ETCO2 = 39.8 +/- 1.5 mmHg was sustained for 2 h/d over 4 consecutive d. On the fourth day, following IRB, the dogs were placed under general anaesthesia, and the diaphragm was perfused via the internal mammary artery with a low molecular weight fluorescent tracer (Procion orange, FW = 631), to which normal muscle fibers are impermeable. Muscle fiber membrane damage was identified on tissue sections by using fluorescent microscopy showing the presence of the tracer in the cytoplasm. Four dogs undergoing the same protocol (except IRB) served as control. The dye was seen in 7.6 +/- 2.6% and in 0.3 +/- 0.1% of fibers in the IRB and control groups, respectively (p < 0.05). Via ATPase staining, it was found that fibers of type I were predominantly affected as compared to type II (p < 0.05). In addition, an increased area fraction of fibers demonstrating sarcomere disruption was found after IRB (2.4 +/- 0.5%) compared to pre-IRB (0.4 +/- 0.1%; p < 0.05). We conclude that resistive breathing of a magnitude similar to that seen in some respiratory diseases, or used in respiratory muscle training programs induces muscle membrane and sarcomere injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zhu
- Hôpital Notre-Dame, University de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Wang X, Zhuang Z, Zhu E, Yang C, Wan T, Yu L. Multielement ICP-AES Analysis of Hair Samples and a Chemometrics Study for Cancer Diagnosis. Microchem J 1995. [DOI: 10.1006/mchj.1995.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
The possibility of the dental lamina as a source of odontogenic cyst was investigated. The mandibular first molar tooth germs with the dental lamina and surface oral epithelium were cut from 17.5-day-old C3H mouse embryos. The following 5 kinds of grafts were prepared: (I) recombinant of the dental lamina and dental papilla, (II) dental lamina, (III) dental papilla, (IV) recombinant of the oral epithelium and dental papilla and (V) oral epithelium. After the renal subcapsular transplantation to the 3-month-old syngenic male mice, each graft was harvested at timed sequences from 2 to 24 weeks and was examined histopathologically. The recombinant of the dental lamina and dental papilla (1) grew into a cyst lined by para-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The cyst enlarged gradually and might be compared to the odontogenic keratocyst of the human being. The recombinant of the oral epithelium and dental papilla (IV) and the oral epithelium (V) developed into a cyst lined by orthokeratinized stratified squamous epithelium which differed from the epithelium seen in Experiment (I). The dental papilla (III) grew to be a bone tissue while nothing developed from the dental lamina (II). These results suggest that the dental lamina is one of the sources of the odontogenic keratocyst and the dental papilla plays an important role in its histogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zhu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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Oleske J, Gigli E, Ruiz J, Zhu E, Minnefor A, dela Cruz T, Cooper R. Familial C3b/C4b inactivator defect in two siblings with recurrent bacterial infections. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(62)80443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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