1
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Contolini GM, Palkovacs EP. Intraspecific variation in a predator changes intertidal community through effects on a foundation species. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10131. [PMID: 37293122 PMCID: PMC10244894 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraspecific variation is an important form of biodiversity that can alter community and ecosystem properties. Recent work demonstrates the community effects of intraspecific variation in predators via altering prey communities and in foundation species via shaping habitat attributes. However, tests of the community effects of intraspecific trait variation in predators acting on foundation species are lacking despite the fact that consumption of foundation species can have strong community effects by shaping habitat structure. Here, we tested the hypothesis that intraspecific foraging differences among populations of mussel-drilling dogwhelk predators (Nucella) differentially alter intertidal communities through effects on foundational mussels. We conducted a 9-month field experiment where we exposed intertidal mussel bed communities to predation from three Nucella populations that exhibit differences in size-selectivity and consumption time for mussel prey. At the end of the experiment, we measured mussel bed structure, species diversity, and community composition. While exposure to Nucella originating from different populations did not significantly alter overall community diversity, we found that differences in Nucella mussel selectivity significantly altered foundational mussel bed structure, which in turn altered the biomass of shore crabs and periwinkle snails. Our study extends the emerging paradigm of the ecological importance of intraspecific variation to include the effects of intraspecific variation on predators of foundation species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. Contolini
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCaliforniaUSA
| | - Eric P. Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCaliforniaUSA
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2
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Moffett ER, Fryxell DC, Benavente JN, Kinnison MT, Palkovacs EP, Symons CC, Simon KS. The effect of pregnancy on metabolic scaling and population energy demand in the viviparous fish Gambusia affinis. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac099. [PMID: 35767874 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is a fundamental attribute of all organisms that influences how species affect and are affected by their natural environment. Differences between sexes in ectothermic species may substantially alter metabolic scaling patterns, particularly in viviparous or live-bearing species where females must support their basal metabolic costs and that of their embryos. Indeed, if pregnancy is associated with marked increases in metabolic demand and alters scaling patterns between sexes, this could in turn interact with natural sex ratio variation in nature to affect population-level energy demand. Here, we aimed to understand how sex and pregnancy influence metabolic scaling and how differences between sexes affect energy demand in Gambusia affinis (Western mosquitofish). Using the same method, we measured routine metabolic rate in the field on reproductively active fish and in the laboratory on virgin fish. Our data suggest that changes in energy expenditure related to pregnancy may lead to steeper scaling coefficients in females (b = 0.750) compared to males (b = 0.595). In contrast, virgin females and males had similar scaling coefficients, suggesting negligible sex differences in metabolic costs in reproductively inactive fish. Further, our data suggest that incorporating sex differences in allometric scaling may alter population-level energy demand by as much as 20-28%, with the most pronounced changes apparent in male-biased populations due to the lower scaling coefficient of males. Overall, our data suggest that differences in energy investment in reproduction between sexes driven by pregnancy may alter allometric scaling and population-level energy demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Moffett
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - David C Fryxell
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
| | - J N Benavente
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M T Kinnison
- School of Biology and Ecology,The University of Maine, USA
| | - E P Palkovacs
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
| | - C C Symons
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - K S Simon
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
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3
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Wood ZT, Palkovacs EP, Kinnison MT. Inconsistent evolution and growth-survival tradeoffs in Gambusia affinis. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212072. [PMID: 35168394 PMCID: PMC8848245 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth-survival tradeoffs may be a generalizable mechanism influencing trajectories of prey evolution. Here, we investigate evolutionary contributions to growth and survival in western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) from 10 populations from high- and low-predation ancestral environments. We assess (i) the degree to which evolutionary components of growth and survival are consistent or inconsistent across populations within ancestral predation environments, and (ii) whether growth and survival trade off at the population level. We measure growth and survival on groups of common-reared mosquitofish in pond mesocosms. We find that evolution of growth is consistent, with fish from low-predation ancestral environments showing higher growth, while the evolution of survival is inconsistent, with significant population-level divergence unrelated to ancestral predation environment. Such inconsistency prevents a growth-survival tradeoff across populations. Thus, the generalizability of contemporary evolution probably depends on local context of evolutionary tradeoffs, and a continued focus on singular selective agents (e.g. predators) without such local context will impede insights into generalizable evolutionary patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. Wood
- School of Biology and Ecology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program, and Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Eric P. Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Michael T. Kinnison
- School of Biology and Ecology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program, and Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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4
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Benavente JN, Fryxell DC, Kinnison MT, Palkovacs EP, Simon KS. Plasticity and evolution shape the scaling of metabolism and excretion along a geothermal temperature gradient. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David C Fryxell
- University of Auckland School of Environment Auckland New Zealand
| | | | - Eric P Palkovacs
- University of California Santa Cruz Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Kevin S Simon
- University of Auckland School of Environment Auckland New Zealand
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5
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Wood ZT, Lopez LK, Symons CC, Robinson RR, Palkovacs EP, Kinnison MT. Drivers and cascading ecological consequences of Gambusia affinis trait variation. Am Nat 2021; 199:E91-E110. [DOI: 10.1086/717866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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6
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Sabal MC, Workman ML, Merz JE, Palkovacs EP. Shade affects magnitude and tactics of juvenile Chinook salmon antipredator behavior in the migration corridor. Oecologia 2021; 197:89-100. [PMID: 34355272 PMCID: PMC8445879 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental conditions strongly affect antipredator behaviors; however, it is less known how migrating prey adjust antipredator behavior in migration corridors, in part, because active migrants are difficult to observe and study. Migrants are vulnerable and encounter many predators in the corridor, and their propensity to travel towards their destination ties antipredator behavior with movement. We evaluated how environmental risk cues in the migration corridor including in-water habitat structure (present, absent) and overhead shade (sun, shade), and salmon origin (hatchery, wild) affected how juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) reacted to a live predator. We measured how salmon react to predation risk as the difference in time to swim downstream through a 9.1-m long field enclosure with or without a live predatory largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Shade significantly modified the reaction to the predator, and it did so in two ways. First, the magnitude of antipredator behavior was larger in shade compared to direct sun, which suggests salmon perceived shade to be a riskier environment than sun. Second, the escape tactic also varied; salmon slowed down to be cautious in shade and sped up in sun. Structure did not significantly affect behavior and hatchery and wild salmon behaved similarly. Our study suggests that environmental risk cues can shape the magnitude and tactics of how migrants react to predation risk and illustrates how these responses relate to movement with potential to scale up and affect migration patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Sabal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
| | - Michelle L Workman
- East Bay Municipal Utility District, 1 Winemaster Way, Lodi, CA, 95240, USA
| | - Joseph E Merz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
- Cramer Fish Sciences, 3300 Industrial Blvd #100, West Sacramento, CA, 95691, USA
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
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7
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Sabal MC, Boyce MS, Charpentier CL, Furey NB, Luhring TM, Martin HW, Melnychuk MC, Srygley RB, Wagner CM, Wirsing AJ, Ydenberg RC, Palkovacs EP. Predation landscapes influence migratory prey ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:737-749. [PMID: 33994219 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Migratory prey experience spatially variable predation across their life cycle. They face unique challenges in navigating this predation landscape, which affects their perception of risk, antipredator responses, and resulting mortality. Variable and unfamiliar predator cues during migration can limit accurate perception of risk and migrants often rely on social information and learning to compensate. The energetic demands of migration constrain antipredator responses, often through context-dependent patterns. While migration can increase mortality, migrants employ diverse strategies to balance risks and rewards, including life history and antipredator responses. Humans interact frequently with migratory prey across space and alter both mortality risk and antipredator responses, which can scale up to affect migratory populations and should be considered in conservation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Sabal
- University of California Santa Cruz, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
| | - Mark S Boyce
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada
| | | | - Nathan B Furey
- University of New Hampshire, Department of Biological Sciences, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Thomas M Luhring
- Wichita State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Hans W Martin
- University of Montana, Wildlife Biology Program, W.A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Michael C Melnychuk
- University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Robert B Srygley
- Pest Management Research Unit, Northern Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Sidney, MT 59270, USA; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apdo. 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - C Michael Wagner
- Michigan State University, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Aaron J Wirsing
- University of Washington, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ronald C Ydenberg
- Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- University of California Santa Cruz, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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8
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Des Roches S, Pendleton LH, Shapiro B, Palkovacs EP. Conserving intraspecific variation for nature's contributions to people. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:574-582. [PMID: 33649544 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The rapid loss of intraspecific variation is a hidden biodiversity crisis. Intraspecific variation, which includes the genomic and phenotypic diversity found within and among populations, is threatened by local extinctions, abundance declines, and anthropogenic selection. However, biodiversity assessments often fail to highlight this loss of diversity within species. We review the literature on how intraspecific variation supports critical ecological functions and nature's contributions to people (NCP). Results show that the main categories of NCP (material, non-material, and regulating) are supported by intraspecific variation. We highlight new strategies that are needed to further explore these connections and to make explicit the value of intraspecific variation for NCP. These strategies will require collaboration with local and Indigenous groups who possess critical knowledge on the relationships between intraspecific variation and ecosystem function. New genomic methods provide a promising set of tools to uncover hidden variation. Urgent action is needed to document, conserve, and restore the intraspecific variation that supports nature and people. Thus, we propose that the maintenance and restoration of intraspecific variation should be raised to a major global conservation objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Des Roches
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.,School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Linwood H Pendleton
- Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution - Ocean, Lysaker, Norway.,Ifremer, CNRS, UMR 6308, AMURE, IUEM University of Western Brittany, Plouzané, France.,Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Beth Shapiro
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
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9
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Garcia-Elfring A, Paccard A, Thurman TJ, Wasserman BA, Palkovacs EP, Hendry AP, Barrett RDH. Using seasonal genomic changes to understand historical adaptation to new environments: Parallel selection on stickleback in highly-variable estuaries. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:2054-2064. [PMID: 33713378 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parallel evolution is considered strong evidence for natural selection. However, few studies have investigated the process of parallel selection as it plays out in real time. The common approach is to study historical signatures of selection in populations already well adapted to different environments. Here, to document selection under natural conditions, we study six populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) inhabiting bar-built estuaries that undergo seasonal cycles of environmental changes. Estuaries are periodically isolated from the ocean due to sandbar formation during dry summer months, with concurrent environmental shifts that resemble the long-term changes associated with postglacial colonization of freshwater habitats by marine populations. We used pooled whole-genome sequencing to track seasonal allele frequency changes in six of these populations and search for signatures of natural selection. We found consistent changes in allele frequency across estuaries, suggesting a potential role for parallel selection. Functional enrichment among candidate genes included transmembrane ion transport and calcium binding, which are important for osmoregulation and ion balance. The genomic changes that occur in threespine stickleback from bar-built estuaries could provide a glimpse into the early stages of adaptation that have occurred in many historical marine to freshwater transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Garcia-Elfring
- Department of Biology, Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Antoine Paccard
- Department of Biology, Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Genome Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Timothy J Thurman
- Department of Biology, Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ben A Wasserman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Department of Biology, Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rowan D H Barrett
- Department of Biology, Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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10
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Abstract
Abstract
Humans are dominant global drivers of ecological and evolutionary change, rearranging ecosystems and natural selection. In the present article, we show increasing evidence that human activity also plays a disproportionate role in shaping the eco-evolutionary potential of systems—the likelihood of ecological change generating evolutionary change and vice versa. We suggest that the net outcome of human influences on trait change, ecology, and the feedback loops that link them will often (but not always) be to increase eco-evolutionary potential, with important consequences for stability and resilience of populations, communities, and ecosystems. We also integrate existing ecological and evolutionary metrics to predict and manage the eco-evolutionary dynamics of human-affected systems. To support this framework, we use a simple eco–evo feedback model to show that factors affecting eco-evolutionary potential are major determinants of eco-evolutionary dynamics. Our framework suggests that proper management of anthropogenic effects requires a science of human effects on eco-evolutionary potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Wood
- School of Biology and Ecology and with the Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment at the University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States
| | - Brian J Olsen
- School of Biology and Ecology and with the Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment at the University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States
| | - Michael T Kinnison
- School of Biology and Ecology and with the Maine Center for Genetics in the Environment at the University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States
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11
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Des Roches S, Brans KI, Lambert MR, Rivkin LR, Savage AM, Schell CJ, Correa C, De Meester L, Diamond SE, Grimm NB, Harris NC, Govaert L, Hendry AP, Johnson MTJ, Munshi‐South J, Palkovacs EP, Szulkin M, Urban MC, Verrelli BC, Alberti M. Socio-eco-evolutionary dynamics in cities. Evol Appl 2021; 14:248-267. [PMID: 33519968 PMCID: PMC7819562 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cities are uniquely complex systems regulated by interactions and feedbacks between nature and human society. Characteristics of human society-including culture, economics, technology and politics-underlie social patterns and activity, creating a heterogeneous environment that can influence and be influenced by both ecological and evolutionary processes. Increasing research on urban ecology and evolutionary biology has coincided with growing interest in eco-evolutionary dynamics, which encompasses the interactions and reciprocal feedbacks between evolution and ecology. Research on both urban evolutionary biology and eco-evolutionary dynamics frequently focuses on contemporary evolution of species that have potentially substantial ecological-and even social-significance. Still, little work fully integrates urban evolutionary biology and eco-evolutionary dynamics, and rarely do researchers in either of these fields fully consider the role of human social patterns and processes. Because cities are fundamentally regulated by human activities, are inherently interconnected and are frequently undergoing social and economic transformation, they represent an opportunity for ecologists and evolutionary biologists to study urban "socio-eco-evolutionary dynamics." Through this new framework, we encourage researchers of urban ecology and evolution to fully integrate human social drivers and feedbacks to increase understanding and conservation of ecosystems, their functions and their contributions to people within and outside cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Des Roches
- Department of Urban Design and PlanningUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Kristien I. Brans
- Department of BiologyLaboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and ConservationKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Max R. Lambert
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - L. Ruth Rivkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Toronto MississaugaMississaugaONCanada
- Centre for Urban EnvironmentsUniversity of Toronto MississaugaMississaugaONCanada
| | - Amy Marie Savage
- Department of BiologyCenter for Computational and Integrative BiologyRutgers UniversityCamdenNJUSA
| | - Christopher J. Schell
- School of Interdisciplinary Arts and SciencesUniversity of Washington TacomaTacomaWAUSA
| | - Cristian Correa
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos NaturalesInstituto de Conservación Biodiversidad y TerritorioUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
- Centro de Humedales Río CrucesUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Luc De Meester
- Department of BiologyLaboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and ConservationKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Institute of BiologyFreie UniversitätBerlinGermany
- Leibniz Institut für Gewasserökologie und BinnenfischereiBerlinGermany
| | - Sarah E. Diamond
- Department of BiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Nancy B. Grimm
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | - Nyeema C. Harris
- Applied Wildlife Ecology Lab, Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Lynn Govaert
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Aquatic EcologySwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDuebendorfSwitzerland
| | - Andrew P. Hendry
- Department of BiologyRedpath MuseumMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Marc T. J. Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Toronto MississaugaMississaugaONCanada
- Centre for Urban EnvironmentsUniversity of Toronto MississaugaMississaugaONCanada
| | - Jason Munshi‐South
- Department of Biological Sciences and Louis Calder CenterFordham UniversityArmonkNYUSA
| | - Eric P. Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - Marta Szulkin
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Mark C. Urban
- Center of Biological Risk and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Brian C. Verrelli
- Center for Life Sciences EducationVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Marina Alberti
- Department of Urban Design and PlanningUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
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12
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Smith SE, Palkovacs EP, Weidel BC, Bunnell DB, Jones AW, Bloom DD. A century of intermittent eco-evolutionary feedbacks resulted in novel trait combinations in invasive Great Lakes alewives ( Alosa pseudoharengus). Evol Appl 2020; 13:2630-2645. [PMID: 33294013 PMCID: PMC7691454 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Species introductions provide opportunities to quantify rates and patterns of evolutionary change in response to novel environments. Alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) are native to the East Coast of North America where they ascend coastal rivers to spawn in lakes and then return to the ocean. Some populations have become landlocked within the last 350 years and diverged phenotypically from their ancestral marine population. More recently, alewives were introduced to the Laurentian Great Lakes (~150 years ago), but these populations have not been compared to East Coast anadromous and landlocked populations. We quantified 95 years of evolution in foraging traits and overall body shape of Great Lakes alewives and compared patterns of phenotypic evolution of Great Lakes alewives to East Coast anadromous and landlocked populations. Our results suggest that gill raker spacing in Great Lakes alewives has evolved in a dynamic pattern that is consistent with responses to strong but intermittent eco-evolutionary feedbacks with zooplankton size. Following their initial colonization of Lakes Ontario and Michigan, dense alewife populations likely depleted large-bodied zooplankton, which drove a decrease in alewife gill raker spacing. However, the introduction of large, non-native zooplankton to the Great Lakes in later decades resulted in an increase in gill raker spacing, and present-day Great Lakes alewives have gill raker spacing patterns that are similar to the ancestral East Coast anadromous population. Conversely, contemporary Great Lakes alewife populations possess a gape width consistent with East Coast landlocked populations. Body shape showed remarkable parallel evolution with East Coast landlocked populations, likely due to a shared response to the loss of long-distance movement or migrations. Our results suggest the colonization of a new environment and cessation of migration can result in rapid parallel evolution in some traits, but contingency also plays a role, and a dynamic ecosystem can also yield novel trait combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby E. Smith
- Department of Biological SciencesWestern Michigan UniversityKalamazooMIUSA
| | - Eric P. Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - Brian C. Weidel
- United States Geological Survey (USGS) at the Great Lakes Science CenterLake Ontario Biological StationOswegoNYUSA
| | - David B. Bunnell
- United States Geological Survey (USGS) at the Great Lakes Science CenterAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Andrew W. Jones
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) FisheriesNortheast Fisheries Science CenterNarragansettRIUSA
| | - Devin D. Bloom
- Department of Biological SciencesWestern Michigan UniversityKalamazooMIUSA
- Institute of the Environment and SustainabilityWestern Michigan UniversityKalamazooMIUSA
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13
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Wasserman BA, Paccard A, Apgar TM, Des Roches S, Barrett RDH, Hendry AP, Palkovacs EP. Ecosystem size shapes antipredator trait evolution in estuarine threespine stickleback. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben A. Wasserman
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | | | - Travis M. Apgar
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Simone Des Roches
- Dept of Urban Design and Planning, Univ. of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | | | - Andrew P. Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Dept of Biology, McGill Univ. Montreal QC Canada
| | - Eric P. Palkovacs
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of California Santa Cruz CA USA
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14
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Oke KB, Cunningham CJ, Westley PAH, Baskett ML, Carlson SM, Clark J, Hendry AP, Karatayev VA, Kendall NW, Kibele J, Kindsvater HK, Kobayashi KM, Lewis B, Munch S, Reynolds JD, Vick GK, Palkovacs EP. Recent declines in salmon body size impact ecosystems and fisheries. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4155. [PMID: 32814776 PMCID: PMC7438488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Declines in animal body sizes are widely reported and likely impact ecological interactions and ecosystem services. For harvested species subject to multiple stressors, limited understanding of the causes and consequences of size declines impedes prediction, prevention, and mitigation. We highlight widespread declines in Pacific salmon size based on 60 years of measurements from 12.5 million fish across Alaska, the last largely pristine North American salmon-producing region. Declines in salmon size, primarily resulting from shifting age structure, are associated with climate and competition at sea. Compared to salmon maturing before 1990, the reduced size of adult salmon after 2010 has potentially resulted in substantial losses to ecosystems and people; for Chinook salmon we estimated average per-fish reductions in egg production (-16%), nutrient transport (-28%), fisheries value (-21%), and meals for rural people (-26%). Downsizing of organisms is a global concern, and current trends may pose substantial risks for nature and people.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Oke
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK, 99801, USA.
| | - C J Cunningham
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK, 99801, USA
- Fisheries, Aquatic Science & Technology Laboratory, Alaska Pacific University, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - P A H Westley
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA.
| | - M L Baskett
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - S M Carlson
- Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - J Clark
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - A P Hendry
- Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - V A Karatayev
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - N W Kendall
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA, 98501, USA
| | - J Kibele
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - H K Kindsvater
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - K M Kobayashi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - B Lewis
- Division of Commercial Fisheries, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, AK, 99518, USA
| | - S Munch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - J D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - G K Vick
- GKV & Sons, Contracting to Tanana Chiefs Conference, Fairbanks, AK, 99709, USA
| | - E P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
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15
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Fryxell DC, Hoover AN, Alvarez DA, Arnesen FJ, Benavente JN, Moffett ER, Kinnison MT, Simon KS, Palkovacs EP. Recent warming reduces the reproductive advantage of large size and contributes to evolutionary downsizing in nature. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200608. [PMID: 32486974 PMCID: PMC7341922 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Body size is a key functional trait that is predicted to decline under warming. Warming is known to cause size declines via phenotypic plasticity, but evolutionary responses of body size to warming are poorly understood. To test for warming-induced evolutionary responses of body size and growth rates, we used populations of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) recently established (less than 100 years) from a common source across a strong thermal gradient (19–33°C) created by geothermal springs. Each spring is remarkably stable in temperature and is virtually closed to gene flow from other thermal environments. Field surveys show that with increasing site temperature, body size distributions become smaller and the reproductive advantage of larger body size decreases. After common rearing to reveal recently evolved trait differences, warmer-source populations expressed slowed juvenile growth rates and increased reproductive effort at small sizes. These results are consistent with an adaptive basis of the plastic temperature–size rule, and they suggest that temperature itself can drive the evolution of countergradient variation in growth rates. The rapid evolution of reduced juvenile growth rates and greater reproduction at a small size should contribute to substantial body downsizing in populations, with implications for population dynamics and for ecosystems in a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Fryxell
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz 95060, CA, USA
| | - Alexander N Hoover
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz 95060, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A Alvarez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz 95060, CA, USA
| | - Finn J Arnesen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz 95060, CA, USA
| | | | - Emma R Moffett
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | | | - Kevin S Simon
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz 95060, CA, USA
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16
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Rogers TL, Munch SB, Stewart SD, Palkovacs EP, Giron-Nava A, Matsuzaki SIS, Symons CC. Trophic control changes with season and nutrient loading in lakes. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1287-1297. [PMID: 32476249 PMCID: PMC7384198 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experiments have revealed much about top‐down and bottom‐up control in ecosystems, but manipulative experiments are limited in spatial and temporal scale. To obtain a more nuanced understanding of trophic control over large scales, we explored long‐term time‐series data from 13 globally distributed lakes and used empirical dynamic modelling to quantify interaction strengths between zooplankton and phytoplankton over time within and across lakes. Across all lakes, top‐down effects were associated with nutrients, switching from negative in mesotrophic lakes to positive in oligotrophic lakes. This result suggests that zooplankton nutrient recycling exceeds grazing pressure in nutrient‐limited systems. Within individual lakes, results were consistent with a ‘seasonal reset’ hypothesis in which top‐down and bottom‐up interactions varied seasonally and were both strongest at the beginning of the growing season. Thus, trophic control is not static, but varies with abiotic conditions – dynamics that only become evident when observing changes over large spatial and temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L Rogers
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Stephan B Munch
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | | | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Alfredo Giron-Nava
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - Shin-Ichiro S Matsuzaki
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Celia C Symons
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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17
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Sabal MC, Merz JE, Alonzo SH, Palkovacs EP. An escape theory model for directionally moving prey and an experimental test in juvenile Chinook salmon. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1824-1836. [PMID: 32267534 PMCID: PMC7497163 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prey evaluate risk and make decisions based on the balance between the costs of predation and those of engaging in antipredator behaviour. Economic escape theory has been valuable in understanding the responses of stationary prey under predation risk; however, current models are not applicable for directionally moving prey. Here we present an extension of existing escape theory that predicts how much predation risk is perceived by directionally moving prey. Perceived risk is measured by the extent antipredator behaviour causes a change in travel speed (the distance to a destination divided by the total time to reach that destination). Cryptic or cautious antipredator behaviour slows travel speed, while prey may also speed up to reduce predator–prey overlap. Next, we applied the sensitization hypothesis to our model, which predicts that prey with more predator experience should engage in more antipredator behaviour, which leads to a larger change in travel speed under predation risk. We then compared the qualitative predictions of our model to the results of a behavioural assay with juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha that varied in their past predator experience. We timed salmon swimming downstream through a mesh enclosure in the river with and without predator cues present to measure their reaction to a predator. Hatchery salmon had the least predator experience, followed by wild salmon captured upstream (wild‐upstream) and wild‐salmon captured downstream (wild‐downstream). Both wild salmon groups slowed down in response to predator cues, whereas hatchery salmon did not change travel speed. The magnitude of reaction to predator cues by salmon group followed the gradient of previous predator experience, supporting the sensitization hypothesis. Moving animals are conspicuous and vulnerable to predators. Here we provide a novel conceptual framework for understanding how directionally moving prey perceive risk and make antipredator decisions. Our study extends the scope of economic escape theory and improves general understanding of non‐lethal effects of predators on moving prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Sabal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Joseph E Merz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.,Cramer Fish Sciences, West Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne H Alonzo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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18
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Reid K, Carlos Garza J, Gephard SR, Caccone A, Post DM, Palkovacs EP. Restoration-mediated secondary contact leads to introgression of alewife ecotypes separated by a colonial-era dam. Evol Appl 2020; 13:652-664. [PMID: 32211058 PMCID: PMC7086056 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary contact may have important implications for ecological and evolutionary processes; however, few studies have tracked the outcomes of secondary contact from its onset in natural ecosystems. We evaluated an anadromous alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus ) reintroduction project in Rogers Lake (Connecticut, USA), which contains a landlocked alewife population that was isolated as a result of colonial-era damming. After access to the ocean was restored, adult anadromous alewife were stocked into the lake. We assessed anadromous juvenile production, the magnitude and direction of introgression, and the potential for competition between ecotypes. We obtained fin clips from all adult alewife stocked into the lake during the restoration and a sample of juveniles produced in the lake two years after the stocking began. We assessed the ancestry of juveniles using categorical assignment and pedigree reconstruction with newly developed microhaplotype genetic markers. Anadromous alewives successfully spawned in the lake and hybridized with the landlocked population. Parentage assignments revealed that male and female anadromous fish contributed equally to juvenile F1 hybrids. The presence of landlocked backcrosses shows that some hybrids were produced within the first two years of secondary contact, matured in the lake, and reproduced. Therefore, introgression appears directional, from anadromous into landlocked, in the lake environment. Differences in estimated abundance of juveniles of different ecotypes in different habitats were also detected, which may reduce competition between ecotypes as the restoration continues. Our results illustrate the utility of restoration projects to study the outcomes of secondary contact in real ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Reid
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
- Southwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries ServiceSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - John Carlos Garza
- Southwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries ServiceSanta CruzCAUSA
- Department of Ocean SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - Steven R. Gephard
- Fisheries DivisionConnecticut Department of Energy and Environmental ProtectionOld LymeCTUSA
| | - Adalgisa Caccone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - David M. Post
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Eric P. Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
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19
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Des Roches S, Bell MA, Palkovacs EP. Climate-driven habitat change causes evolution in Threespine Stickleback. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:597-606. [PMID: 31749291 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can shape evolution directly by altering abiotic conditions or indirectly by modifying habitats, yet few studies have investigated the effects of climate-driven habitat change on contemporary evolution. We resampled populations of Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) along a latitudinal gradient in California bar-built estuaries to examine their evolution in response to changing climate and habitat. We took advantage of the strong association between stickleback lateral plate phenotypes and Ectodysplasin A (Eda) genotypes to infer changes in allele frequencies over time. Our results show that over time the frequency of low-plated alleles has generally increased and heterozygosity has decreased. Latitudinal patterns in stickleback plate phenotypes suggest that evolution at Eda is a response to climate-driven habitat transformation rather than a direct consequence of climate. As climate change has reduced precipitation and increased temperature and drought, bar-built estuaries have transitioned from lotic (flowing-water) to lentic (still-water) habitats, where the low-plated allele is favoured. The low-plated allele has achieved fixation at the driest, hottest southernmost sites, a trend that is progressing northward with climate change. Climate-driven habitat change is therefore causing a reduction in genetic variation that may hinder future adaptation for populations facing multiple threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Des Roches
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Bell
- University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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20
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Wood ZT, Fryxell DC, Moffett ER, Kinnison MT, Simon KS, Palkovacs EP. Prey adaptation along a competition-defense tradeoff cryptically shifts trophic cascades from density- to trait-mediated. Oecologia 2020; 192:767-778. [PMID: 31989320 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trophic cascades have become a dominant paradigm in ecology, yet considerable debate remains about the relative strength of density- (consumptive) and trait-mediated (non-consumptive) effects in trophic cascades. This debate may, in part, be resolved by considering prey experience, which shapes prey traits (through genetic and plastic change) and influences prey survival (and therefore density). Here, we investigate the cascading role of prey experience through the addition of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) from predator-experienced or predator-naïve sources to mesocosms containing piscivorous largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), zooplankton, and phytoplankton. These two sources were positioned along a competition-defense tradeoff. Results show that predator-naïve mosquitofish suffered higher depredation rates, which drove a density-mediated cascade, whereas predator-experienced mosquitofish exhibited higher survival but fed less, which drove a trait-mediated cascade. Both cascades were similar in strength, leading to indistinguishable top-down effects on lower trophic levels. Therefore, the accumulation of prey experience with predators can cryptically shift cascade mechanisms from density- to trait-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Wood
- School of Biology and Ecology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - David C Fryxell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Emma R Moffett
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michael T Kinnison
- School of Biology and Ecology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Kevin S Simon
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
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21
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Contolini GM, Reid K, Palkovacs EP. Climate shapes population variation in dogwhelk predation on foundational mussels. Oecologia 2020; 192:553-564. [PMID: 31932922 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04591-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trait variation among populations is important for shaping ecological dynamics. In marine intertidal systems, seawater temperature, low tide emersion temperature, and pH can drive variation in traits and affect species interactions. In western North America, Nucella dogwhelks are intertidal drilling predators of the habitat-forming mussel Mytilus californianus. Nucella exhibit local adaptation, but it is not known to what extent environmental factors and genetic structure contribute to variation in prey selectivity among populations. We surveyed drilled mussels at sites across Oregon and California, USA, and used multiple regression and Mantel tests to test the effects of abiotic factors and Nucella neutral genetic relatedness on the size of mussels drilled across sites. Our results show that Nucella at sites characterized by higher and less variable temperature and pH drilled larger mussels. Warmer temperatures appear to induce faster handling time, and more stable pH conditions may prolong opportunities for active foraging by reducing exposure to repeated stressful conditions. In contrast, there was no significant effect of genetic relatedness on prey size selectivity. Our results emphasize the role of climate in shaping marine predator selectivity on a foundation species. As coastal climates change, predator traits will respond to localized environmental conditions, changing ecological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Contolini
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
| | - Kerry Reid
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
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22
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Abstract
Eco-evolutionary feedbacks may determine the outcome of predator-prey interactions in nature, but little work has been done to quantify the feedback effect of short-term prey adaptation on predator performance. We tested the effects of prey availability and recent (less than 100 years) prey adaptation on the feeding and growth rate of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), foraging on western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). Field surveys showed higher densities and larger average body sizes of mosquitofish in recently introduced populations without bass. Over a six-week mesocosm experiment, bass were presented with either a high or low availability of mosquitofish prey from recently established populations either naive or experienced with bass. Naive mosquitofish were larger, less cryptic and more vulnerable to bass predation compared to their experienced counterparts. Bass consumed more naive prey, grew more quickly with naive prey, and grew more quickly per unit biomass of naive prey consumed. The effect of mosquitofish history with the bass on bass growth was similar in magnitude to the effect of mosquitofish availability. In showing that recently derived predation-related prey phenotypes strongly affect predator performance, this study supports the presence of reciprocal predator-prey trait feedbacks in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Fryxell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.,School of Environment, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Zachary T Wood
- School of Biology and Ecology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Rebecca Robinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Michael T Kinnison
- School of Biology and Ecology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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23
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Zarri LJ, Danner EM, Daniels ME, Palkovacs EP. Managing hydropower dam releases for water users and imperiled fishes with contrasting thermal habitat requirements. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liam J. Zarri
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz California
| | - Eric M. Danner
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service Santa Cruz California
| | - Miles E. Daniels
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service Santa Cruz California
- Institute of Marine Science University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California
| | - Eric P. Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz California
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24
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Goerig E, Wasserman BA, Castro‐Santos T, Palkovacs EP. Body shape is related to the attempt rate and passage success of brook trout at in‐stream barriers. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Goerig
- Centre Eau Terre et Environnement Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Québec QC Canada
- USGS – Leetown Science Center S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center Turners Falls MA USA
| | - Ben A. Wasserman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Theodore Castro‐Santos
- USGS – Leetown Science Center S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center Turners Falls MA USA
| | - Eric P. Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. Wood
- School of Biology and Ecology and Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program University of Maine Orono Maine
| | - David C. Fryxell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California
| | - Rebecca R. Robinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California
| | - Eric P. Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California
| | - Michael T. Kinnison
- School of Biology and Ecology and Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program University of Maine Orono Maine
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26
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Fryxell DC, Weiler DE, Kinnison MT, Palkovacs EP. Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics of Sexual Dimorphism. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:591-594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Zarri LJ, Mehl SB, Palkovacs EP, Fangue NA. Key transitions in morphological development improve age estimates in white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus. J Fish Biol 2019; 94:815-819. [PMID: 30854656 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We reared white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus under laboratory conditions and found that a random-forest model containing scute counts and total length predicted age significantly better than total length alone. Scute counts are rapid, inexpensive and non-lethal meristics to gather in the field. This technique could improve age estimates of imperilled sturgeon populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Zarri
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Sarah B Mehl
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Nann A Fangue
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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28
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Ware IM, Fitzpatrick CR, Senthilnathan A, Bayliss SLJ, Beals KK, Mueller LO, Summers JL, Wooliver RC, Van Nuland ME, Kinnison MT, Palkovacs EP, Schweitzer JA, Bailey JK. Feedbacks link ecosystem ecology and evolution across spatial and temporal scales: Empirical evidence and future directions. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Ware
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee
| | | | | | - Shannon L. J. Bayliss
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee
| | - Kendall K. Beals
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee
| | - Liam O. Mueller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee
| | - Jennifer L. Summers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee
| | - Rachel C. Wooliver
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee
| | | | | | - Eric P. Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz California
| | - Jennifer A. Schweitzer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee
| | - Joseph K. Bailey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee
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29
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Littrell KA, Ellis D, Gephard SR, MacDonald AD, Palkovacs EP, Scranton K, Post DM. Evaluating the potential for prezygotic isolation and hybridization between landlocked and anadromous alewife ( Alosa pseudoharengus) following secondary contact. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1554-1566. [PMID: 30344627 PMCID: PMC6183454 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent increase in river restoration projects is altering habitat connectivity for many aquatic species, increasing the chance that previously isolated populations will come into secondary contact. Anadromous and landlocked alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) are currently undergoing secondary contact as a result of a fishway installation at Rogers Lake in Old Lyme, Connecticut. To determine the degree of prezygotic isolation and potential for hybridization between alewife life history forms, we constructed spawning time distributions for two anadromous and three landlocked alewife populations using otolith-derived age estimates. In addition, we analyzed long-term data from anadromous alewife migratory spawning runs to look for trends in arrival date and spawning time. Our results indicated that anadromous alewife spawned earlier and over a shorter duration than landlocked alewife, but 3%-13% of landlocked alewife spawning overlapped with the anadromous alewife spawning period. The degree of spawning time overlap was primarily driven by annual and population-level variation in the timing of spawning by landlocked alewife, whereas the timing and duration of spawning for anadromous alewife were found to be relatively invariant among years in our study system. For alewife and many other anadromous fish species, the increase in fish passage river restoration projects in the coming decades will re-establish habitat connectivity and may bring isolated populations into contact. Hybridization between life history forms may occur when prezygotic isolating mechanisms are minimal, leading to potentially rapid ecological and evolutionary changes in restored habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Ellis
- Fisheries DivisionConnecticut Department of Energy and Environmental ProtectionOld LymeConnecticut
| | - Stephen R. Gephard
- Fisheries DivisionConnecticut Department of Energy and Environmental ProtectionOld LymeConnecticut
| | - Andrew D. MacDonald
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Eric P. Palkovacs
- Long Marine LaboratoryUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCalifornia
| | | | - David M. Post
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
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30
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Moffett ER, Fryxell DC, Palkovacs EP, Kinnison MT, Simon KS. Local adaptation reduces the metabolic cost of environmental warming. Ecology 2018; 99:2318-2326. [PMID: 30030930 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism shapes the ecosystem role of organisms by dictating their energy demand and nutrient recycling potential. Metabolic theory (MTE) predicts consumer metabolic and recycling rates will rise with warming, especially if body size declines, but it ignores potential for adaptation. We measured metabolic and nutrient excretion rates of individuals from populations of a globally invasive fish that colonized sites spanning a wide temperature range (19-37°C) on two continents within the last 100 yr. Fish body size declined across our temperature gradient and MTE predicted large rises in population energy demand and nutrient recycling. However, we found that the allometry and temperature dependency of metabolism varied in a countergradient pattern with local temperature in a way that offset predictions of MTE. Scaling of nutrient excretion was more variable and did not track temperature. Our results suggest that adaptation can reduce the metabolic cost of warming, increasing the prospects for population persistence under extreme warming scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Moffett
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David C Fryxell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95060, USA
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95060, USA
| | - Michael T Kinnison
- School of Biology and Ecology, The University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Kevin S Simon
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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31
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Wood ZT, Palkovacs EP, Kinnison MT. Eco-evolutionary Feedbacks from Non-target Species Influence Harvest Yield and Sustainability. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6389. [PMID: 29686227 PMCID: PMC5913267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution in harvested species has become a major concern for its potential to affect yield, sustainability, and recovery. However, the current singular focus on harvest-mediated evolution in target species overlooks the potential for evolution in non-target members of communities. Here we use an individual-based model to explore the scope and pattern of harvest-mediated evolution at non-target trophic levels and its potential feedbacks on abundance and yield of the harvested species. The model reveals an eco-evolutionary trophic cascade, in which harvest at top trophic levels drives evolution of greater defense or competitiveness at subsequently lower trophic levels, resulting in alternating feedbacks on the abundance and yield of the harvested species. The net abundance and yield effects of these feedbacks depends on the intensity of harvest and attributes of non-target species. Our results provide an impetus and framework to evaluate the role of non-target species evolution in determining fisheries yield and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Wood
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA. .,Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Kinnison
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.,Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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32
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Paccard A, Wasserman BA, Hanson D, Astorg L, Durston D, Kurland S, Apgar TM, El‐Sabaawi RW, Palkovacs EP, Hendry AP, Barrett RDH. Adaptation in temporally variable environments: stickleback armor in periodically breaching bar‐built estuaries. J Evol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Paccard
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Ben A. Wasserman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Dieta Hanson
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Louis Astorg
- Pavillon des Sciences Biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal Montréal QC Canada
| | - Dan Durston
- Department of Biology University of Victoria Victoria BC Canada
| | - Sara Kurland
- Zoologiska Institutionen: Populations Genetik Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Travis M. Apgar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | | | - Eric P. Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Andrew P. Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Rowan D. H. Barrett
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology McGill University Montreal QC Canada
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33
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34
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35
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Baetscher DS, Hasselman DJ, Reid K, Palkovacs EP, Garza JC. Discovery and characterization of single nucleotide polymorphisms in two anadromous alosine fishes of conservation concern. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6638-6648. [PMID: 28904746 PMCID: PMC5587496 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater habitat alteration and marine fisheries can affect anadromous fish species, and populations fluctuating in size elicit conservation concern and coordinated management. We describe the development and characterization of two sets of 96 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) assays for two species of anadromous alosine fishes, alewife and blueback herring (collectively known as river herring), that are native to the Atlantic coast of North America. We used data from high-throughput DNA sequencing to discover SNPs and then developed molecular genetic assays for genotyping sets of 96 individual loci in each species. The two sets of assays were validated with multiple populations that encompass both the geographic range and the known regional genetic stocks of both species. The SNP panels developed herein accurately resolved the genetic stock structure for alewife and blueback herring that was previously identified using microsatellites and assigned individuals to regional stock of origin with high accuracy. These genetic markers, which generate data that are easily shared and combined, will greatly facilitate ongoing conservation and management of river herring including genetic assignment of marine caught individuals to stock of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S. Baetscher
- Department of Ocean SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
- Southwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries ServiceSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - Daniel J. Hasselman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
- Present address:
Columbia River Inter‐Tribal Fish CommissionHagermanIDUSA
| | - Kerry Reid
- Southwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries ServiceSanta CruzCAUSA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - Eric P. Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - John Carlos Garza
- Department of Ocean SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
- Southwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Marine Fisheries ServiceSanta CruzCAUSA
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36
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Palkovacs EP. The value and intrigue of eco‐evolutionary dynamics. Ecology 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric P. Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California‐Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California 95060 USA
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37
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Apgar TM, Pearse DE, Palkovacs EP. Evolutionary restoration potential evaluated through the use of a trait-linked genetic marker. Evol Appl 2017; 10:485-497. [PMID: 28515781 PMCID: PMC5427673 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human‐driven evolution can impact the ecological role and conservation value of impacted populations. Most evolutionary restoration approaches focus on manipulating gene flow, but an alternative approach is to manipulate the selection regime to restore historical or desired trait values. Here we examined the potential utility of this approach to restore anadromous migratory behavior in coastal California steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) populations. We evaluated the effects of natural and anthropogenic environmental variables on the observed frequency of alleles at a genomic marker tightly associated with migratory behavior across 39 steelhead populations from across California, USA. We then modeled the potential for evolutionary restoration at sites that have been impacted by anthropogenic barriers. We found that complete barriers such as dams are associated with major reductions in the frequency of anadromy‐associated alleles. The removal of dams is therefore expected to restore anadromy significantly. Interestingly, accumulations of large numbers of partial barriers (passable under at least some flow conditions) were also associated with significant reductions in migratory allele frequencies. Restoration involving the removal of partial barriers could be evaluated alongside dam removal and fishway construction as a cost‐effective tool to restore anadromous fish migrations. Results encourage broader consideration of in situ evolution during the development of habitat restoration projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis M Apgar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Devon E Pearse
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz CA USA.,Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
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38
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Fryxell DC, Arnett HA, Apgar TM, Kinnison MT, Palkovacs EP. Sex ratio variation shapes the ecological effects of a globally introduced freshwater fish. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20151970. [PMID: 26490793 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex ratio and sexual dimorphism have long been of interest in population and evolutionary ecology, but consequences for communities and ecosystems remain untested. Sex ratio could influence ecological conditions whenever sexual dimorphism is associated with ecological dimorphism in species with strong ecological interactions. We tested for ecological implications of sex ratio variation in the sexually dimorphic western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. This species causes strong pelagic trophic cascades and exhibits substantial variation in adult sex ratios. We found that female-biased populations induced stronger pelagic trophic cascades compared with male-biased populations, causing larger changes to key community and ecosystem responses, including zooplankton abundance, phytoplankton abundance, productivity, pH and temperature. The magnitude of such effects indicates that sex ratio is important for mediating the ecological role of mosquitofish. Because both sex ratio variation and sexual dimorphism are common features of natural populations, our findings should encourage broader consideration of the ecological significance of sex ratio variation in nature, including the relative contributions of various sexually dimorphic traits to these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Fryxell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Heather A Arnett
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Travis M Apgar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Michael T Kinnison
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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39
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Fryxell DC, Diluzio AR, Friedman MA, Menge NA, Palkovacs EP. Cross-habitat effects shape the ecosystem consequences of co-invasion by a pelagic and a benthic consumer. Oecologia 2016; 182:519-28. [PMID: 27245344 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Invasive species can have major impacts on ecosystems, yet little work has addressed the combined effects of multiple invaders that exploit different habitats. Two common invaders in aquatic systems are pelagic fishes and crayfishes. Pelagic-oriented fish effects are typically strong on the pelagic food web, whereas crayfish effects are strong on the benthic food web. Thus, co-invasion may generate strong ecological responses in both habitats. We tested the effects of co-invasion on experimental pond ecosystems using two widespread invasive species, one pelagic (western mosquitofish) and one benthic (red swamp crayfish). As expected, mosquitofish had strong effects on the pelagic food web, reducing the abundance of Daphnia and causing a strong trophic cascade (increase in phytoplankton). Crayfish had strong effects on the benthic food web, reducing the abundance of benthic filamentous algae. Yet, we also found evidence for important cross-habitat effects. Mosquitofish treatments reduced the biomass of benthic filamentous algae, and crayfish treatments increased Daphnia and phytoplankton abundance. Combined effects of mosquitofish and crayfish were primarily positively or negatively additive, and completely offsetting for some responses, including gross primary production (GPP). Though co-invasion did not affect GPP, it strongly shifted primary production from the benthos into the water column. Effects on snail abundance revealed an interaction; snail abundance decreased only in the presence of both invaders. These results suggest that cross-habitat effects of co-invaders may lead to a variety of ecological outcomes; some of which may be unpredictable based on an understanding of each invader alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Fryxell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
| | - Amber R Diluzio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Maya A Friedman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Nicklaus A Menge
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
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40
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McBride MC, Hasselman DJ, Willis TV, Palkovacs EP, Bentzen P. Influence of stocking history on the population genetic structure of anadromous alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in Maine rivers. CONSERV GENET 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-015-0733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Hasselman DJ, Argo EE, McBride MC, Bentzen P, Schultz TF, Perez-Umphrey AA, Palkovacs EP. Human disturbance causes the formation of a hybrid swarm between two naturally sympatric fish species. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:1137-52. [PMID: 24450302 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Hasselman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Santa Cruz CA 95060 USA
| | - Emily E. Argo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Santa Cruz CA 95060 USA
| | - Meghan C. McBride
- Marine Gene Probe Laboratory; Biology Department; Dalhousie University; Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Paul Bentzen
- Marine Gene Probe Laboratory; Biology Department; Dalhousie University; Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Thomas F. Schultz
- Marine Conservation Molecular Facility; Duke University Marine Laboratory; Beaufort NC 28516 USA
| | - Anna A. Perez-Umphrey
- Marine Conservation Molecular Facility; Duke University Marine Laboratory; Beaufort NC 28516 USA
| | - Eric P. Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Santa Cruz CA 95060 USA
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42
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Palkovacs EP, Hasselman DJ, Argo EE, Gephard SR, Limburg KE, Post DM, Schultz TF, Willis TV. Combining genetic and demographic information to prioritize conservation efforts for anadromous alewife and blueback herring. Evol Appl 2014; 7:212-26. [PMID: 24567743 PMCID: PMC3927884 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in conservation biology is the need to broadly prioritize conservation efforts when demographic data are limited. One method to address this challenge is to use population genetic data to define groups of populations linked by migration and then use demographic information from monitored populations to draw inferences about the status of unmonitored populations within those groups. We applied this method to anadromous alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis), species for which long-term demographic data are limited. Recent decades have seen dramatic declines in these species, which are an important ecological component of coastal ecosystems and once represented an important fishery resource. Results show that most populations comprise genetically distinguishable units, which are nested geographically within genetically distinct clusters or stocks. We identified three distinct stocks in alewife and four stocks in blueback herring. Analysis of available time series data for spawning adult abundance and body size indicate declines across the US ranges of both species, with the most severe declines having occurred for populations belonging to the Southern New England and the Mid-Atlantic Stocks. While all alewife and blueback herring populations deserve conservation attention, those belonging to these genetic stocks warrant the highest conservation prioritization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of CaliforniaSanta Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Hasselman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of CaliforniaSanta Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Emily E Argo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of CaliforniaSanta Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R Gephard
- Inland Fisheries Division, Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental ProtectionOld Lyme, CT, USA
| | - Karin E Limburg
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New YorkSyracuse, NY, USA
| | - David M Post
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas F Schultz
- Division of Marine Science and Conservation Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke UniversityBeaufort, NC, USA
| | - Theodore V Willis
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Southern MaineGorham, ME, USA
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43
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Odling-Smee J, Erwin DH, Palkovacs EP, Feldman MW, Laland KN. Niche construction theory: a practical guide for ecologists. Q Rev Biol 2013; 88:4-28. [PMID: 23653966 DOI: 10.1086/669266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Niche construction theory (NCT) explicitly recognizes environmental modication by organisms ("niche construction") and their legacy overtime ("ecological inheritance") to be evolutionary processes in their own right. Here we illustrate how niche construction theory provides usedl conceptual tools and theoretical insights for integrating ecosystem ecology and evolutionary theory. We begin by briefly describing NCT, and illustrating how it deifers from conventional evolutionary approaches. We then distinguish between two aspects ofniche construction--environment alteration and subsequent evolution in response to constructed environments--equating the first of these with "ecosystem engineering." We describe some of the ecological and evolutionary impacts on ecosystems of niche construction, ecosystem engineering and ecological inheritance, and illustrate how these processes trigger ecological and evolutionary feedbacks and leave detectable ecological signatures that are open to investigation. FIinally, we provide a practical guide to how NCT could be deployed by ecologists and evolutionary biologists to aeplore ecoeoolutionay dynamics. We suggest that, by highlighting the ecological and evolutionay ramifications of changes that organisms bring about in ecosystems, NCT helps link ecosystem ecology to evolutionary biology, potentially leading to a deeper understanding of how ecosystems change over time.
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Abstract
Human-induced trait change has been documented in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. These trait changes are driven by phenotypic plasticity and contemporary evolution. While efforts to manage human-induced trait change are beginning to receive some attention, managing its ecological consequences has received virtually none. Recent work suggests that contemporary trait change can have important effects on the dynamics of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Therefore, trait changes caused by human activity may be shaping ecological dynamics on a global scale. We present evidence for important ecological effects associated with human-induced trait change in a variety of study systems. These effects can occur over large spatial scales and impact system-wide processes such as trophic cascades. Importantly, the magnitude of these effects can be on par with those of traditional ecological drivers such as species presence. However, phenotypic change is not always an agent of ecological change; it can also buffer ecosystems against change. Determining the conditions under which phenotypic change may promote vs prevent ecological change should be a top research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Palkovacs
- Duke University Marine Laboratory Beaufort, NC, USA ; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Cristian Correa
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher M Dalton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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A'Hara SW, Amouroux P, Argo EE, Avand-Faghih A, Barat A, Barbieri L, Bert TM, Blatrix R, Blin A, Bouktila D, Broome A, Burban C, Capdevielle-Dulac C, Casse N, Chandra S, Cho KJ, Cottrell JE, Crawford CR, Davis MC, Delatte H, Desneux N, Djieto-Lordon C, Dubois MP, El-Mergawy RAAM, Gallardo-Escárate C, Garcia M, Gardiner MM, Guillemaud T, Haye PA, Hellemans B, Hinrichsen P, Jeon JH, Kerdelhué C, Kharrat I, Kim KH, Kim YY, Kwan YS, Labbe EM, LaHood E, Lee KM, Lee WO, Lee YH, Legoff I, Li H, Lin CP, Liu SS, Liu YG, Long D, Maes GE, Magnoux E, Mahanta PC, Makni H, Makni M, Malausa T, Matura R, McKey D, McMillen-Jackson AL, Méndez MA, Mezghani-Khemakhem M, Michel AP, Paul M, Muriel-Cunha J, Nibouche S, Normand F, Palkovacs EP, Pande V, Parmentier K, Peccoud J, Piatscheck F, Puchulutegui C, Ramos R, Ravest G, Richner H, Robbens J, Rochat D, Rousselet J, Saladin V, Sauve M, Schlei O, Schultz TF, Scobie AR, Segovia NI, Seyoum S, Silvain JF, Tabone E, Van Houdt JKJ, Vandamme SG, Volckaert FAM, Wenburg J, Willis TV, Won YJ, Ye NH, Zhang W, Zhang YX. Permanent genetic resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 August 2011-30 September 2011. Mol Ecol Resour 2011; 12:185-9. [PMID: 22136175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This article documents the addition of 299 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) EPIC primers to the Molecular Ecology Resources (MER) Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Alosa pseudoharengus, Alosa aestivalis, Aphis spiraecola, Argopecten purpuratus, Coreoleuciscus splendidus, Garra gotyla, Hippodamia convergens, Linnaea borealis, Menippe mercenaria, Menippe adina, Parus major, Pinus densiflora, Portunus trituberculatus, Procontarinia mangiferae, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, Schizothorax richardsonii, Scophthalmus rhombus, Tetraponera aethiops, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, Tuta absoluta and Ugni molinae. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Barilius bendelisis, Chiromantes haematocheir, Eriocheir sinensis, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus cladocalix, Eucalyptus globulus, Garra litaninsis vishwanath, Garra para lissorhynchus, Guindilla trinervis, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, Luma chequen. Guayaba, Myrceugenia colchagüensis, Myrceugenia correifolia, Myrceugenia exsucca, Parasesarma plicatum, Parus major, Portunus pelagicus, Psidium guayaba, Schizothorax richardsonii, Scophthalmus maximus, Tetraponera latifrons, Thaumetopoea bonjeani, Thaumetopoea ispartensis, Thaumetopoea libanotica, Thaumetopoea pinivora, Thaumetopoea pityocampa ena clade, Thaumetopoea solitaria, Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni and Tor putitora. This article also documents the addition of nine EPIC primer pairs for Euphaea decorata, Euphaea formosa, Euphaea ornata and Euphaea yayeyamana.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland EH25 9SY, UK
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Palkovacs EP. The overfishing debate: an eco-evolutionary perspective. Trends Ecol Evol 2011; 26:616-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Palkovacs EP, Kinnison MT, Correa C, Dalton CM, Hendry AP. Fates beyond traits: ecological consequences of human-induced trait change. Evol Appl 2011; 5:183-91. [PMID: 25568040 PMCID: PMC3353338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-induced trait change has been documented in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. These trait changes are driven by phenotypic plasticity and contemporary evolution. While efforts to manage human-induced trait change are beginning to receive some attention, managing its ecological consequences has received virtually none. Recent work suggests that contemporary trait change can have important effects on the dynamics of populations, communities, and ecosystems. Therefore, trait changes caused by human activity may be shaping ecological dynamics on a global scale. We present evidence for important ecological effects associated with human-induced trait change in a variety of study systems. These effects can occur over large spatial scales and impact system-wide processes such as trophic cascades. Importantly, the magnitude of these effects can be on par with those of traditional ecological drivers such as species presence. However, phenotypic change is not always an agent of ecological change; it can also buffer ecosystems against change. Determining the conditions under which phenotypic change may promote vs prevent ecological change should be a top research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Palkovacs
- Duke University Marine Laboratory Beaufort, NC, USA ; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Cristian Correa
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher M Dalton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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Palkovacs EP, Wasserman BA, Kinnison MT. Eco-evolutionary trophic dynamics: loss of top predators drives trophic evolution and ecology of prey. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18879. [PMID: 21526156 PMCID: PMC3079755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecosystems are being altered on a global scale by the extirpation of top predators. The ecological effects of predator removal have been investigated widely; however, predator removal can also change natural selection acting on prey, resulting in contemporary evolution. Here we tested the role of predator removal on the contemporary evolution of trophic traits in prey. We utilized a historical introduction experiment where Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) were relocated from a site with predatory fishes to a site lacking predators. To assess the trophic consequences of predator release, we linked individual morphology (cranial, jaw, and body) to foraging performance. Our results show that predator release caused an increase in guppy density and a “sharpening” of guppy trophic traits, which enhanced food consumption rates. Predator release appears to have shifted natural selection away from predator escape ability and towards resource acquisition ability. Related diet and mesocosm studies suggest that this shift enhances the impact of guppies on lower trophic levels in a fashion nuanced by the omnivorous feeding ecology of the species. We conclude that extirpation of top predators may commonly select for enhanced feeding performance in prey, with important cascading consequences for communities and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Palkovacs
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina, United States of America.
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Abstract
Evolution occurring over contemporary time scales can have important effects on populations, communities, and ecosystems. Recent studies show that the magnitude of these effects can be large and can generate feedbacks that further shape evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Palkovacs
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC 28516-9721USA
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6Canada
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