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Wheeler E, Leong A, Liu CT, Hivert MF, Strawbridge RJ, Podmore C, Li M, Yao J, Sim X, Hong J, Chu AY, Zhang W, Wang X, Chen P, Maruthur NM, Porneala BC, Sharp SJ, Jia Y, Kabagambe EK, Chang LC, Chen WM, Elks CE, Evans DS, Fan Q, Giulianini F, Go MJ, Hottenga JJ, Hu Y, Jackson AU, Kanoni S, Kim YJ, Kleber ME, Ladenvall C, Lecoeur C, Lim SH, Lu Y, Mahajan A, Marzi C, Nalls MA, Navarro P, Nolte IM, Rose LM, Rybin DV, Sanna S, Shi Y, Stram DO, Takeuchi F, Tan SP, van der Most PJ, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Wong A, Yengo L, Zhao W, Goel A, Martinez Larrad MT, Radke D, Salo P, Tanaka T, van Iperen EPA, Abecasis G, Afaq S, Alizadeh BZ, Bertoni AG, Bonnefond A, Böttcher Y, Bottinger EP, Campbell H, Carlson OD, Chen CH, Cho YS, Garvey WT, Gieger C, Goodarzi MO, Grallert H, Hamsten A, Hartman CA, Herder C, Hsiung CA, Huang J, Igase M, Isono M, Katsuya T, Khor CC, Kiess W, Kohara K, Kovacs P, Lee J, Lee WJ, Lehne B, Li H, Liu J, Lobbens S, Luan J, Lyssenko V, Meitinger T, Miki T, Miljkovic I, Moon S, Mulas A, Müller G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nagaraja R, Nauck M, Pankow JS, Polasek O, Prokopenko I, Ramos PS, Rasmussen-Torvik L, Rathmann W, Rich SS, Robertson NR, Roden M, Roussel R, Rudan I, Scott RA, Scott WR, Sennblad B, Siscovick DS, Strauch K, Sun L, Swertz M, Tajuddin SM, Taylor KD, Teo YY, Tham YC, Tönjes A, Wareham NJ, Willemsen G, Wilsgaard T, Hingorani AD, Egan J, Ferrucci L, Hovingh GK, Jula A, Kivimaki M, Kumari M, Njølstad I, Palmer CNA, Serrano Ríos M, Stumvoll M, Watkins H, Aung T, Blüher M, Boehnke M, Boomsma DI, Bornstein SR, Chambers JC, Chasman DI, Chen YDI, Chen YT, Cheng CY, Cucca F, de Geus EJC, Deloukas P, Evans MK, Fornage M, Friedlander Y, Froguel P, Groop L, Gross MD, Harris TB, Hayward C, Heng CK, Ingelsson E, Kato N, Kim BJ, Koh WP, Kooner JS, Körner A, Kuh D, Kuusisto J, Laakso M, Lin X, Liu Y, Loos RJF, Magnusson PKE, März W, McCarthy MI, Oldehinkel AJ, Ong KK, Pedersen NL, Pereira MA, Peters A, Ridker PM, Sabanayagam C, Sale M, Saleheen D, Saltevo J, Schwarz PEH, Sheu WHH, Snieder H, Spector TD, Tabara Y, Tuomilehto J, van Dam RM, Wilson JG, Wilson JF, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Wong TY, Wu JY, Yuan JM, Zonderman AB, Soranzo N, Guo X, Roberts DJ, Florez JC, Sladek R, Dupuis J, Morris AP, Tai ES, Selvin E, Rotter JI, Langenberg C, Barroso I, Meigs JB. Impact of common genetic determinants of Hemoglobin A1c on type 2 diabetes risk and diagnosis in ancestrally diverse populations: A transethnic genome-wide meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002383. [PMID: 28898252 PMCID: PMC5595282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is used to diagnose type 2 diabetes (T2D) and assess glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 18 HbA1c-associated genetic variants. These variants proved to be classifiable by their likely biological action as erythrocytic (also associated with erythrocyte traits) or glycemic (associated with other glucose-related traits). In this study, we tested the hypotheses that, in a very large scale GWAS, we would identify more genetic variants associated with HbA1c and that HbA1c variants implicated in erythrocytic biology would affect the diagnostic accuracy of HbA1c. We therefore expanded the number of HbA1c-associated loci and tested the effect of genetic risk-scores comprised of erythrocytic or glycemic variants on incident diabetes prediction and on prevalent diabetes screening performance. Throughout this multiancestry study, we kept a focus on interancestry differences in HbA1c genetics performance that might influence race-ancestry differences in health outcomes. METHODS & FINDINGS Using genome-wide association meta-analyses in up to 159,940 individuals from 82 cohorts of European, African, East Asian, and South Asian ancestry, we identified 60 common genetic variants associated with HbA1c. We classified variants as implicated in glycemic, erythrocytic, or unclassified biology and tested whether additive genetic scores of erythrocytic variants (GS-E) or glycemic variants (GS-G) were associated with higher T2D incidence in multiethnic longitudinal cohorts (N = 33,241). Nineteen glycemic and 22 erythrocytic variants were associated with HbA1c at genome-wide significance. GS-G was associated with higher T2D risk (incidence OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.04-1.06, per HbA1c-raising allele, p = 3 × 10-29); whereas GS-E was not (OR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.99-1.01, p = 0.60). In Europeans and Asians, erythrocytic variants in aggregate had only modest effects on the diagnostic accuracy of HbA1c. Yet, in African Americans, the X-linked G6PD G202A variant (T-allele frequency 11%) was associated with an absolute decrease in HbA1c of 0.81%-units (95% CI 0.66-0.96) per allele in hemizygous men, and 0.68%-units (95% CI 0.38-0.97) in homozygous women. The G6PD variant may cause approximately 2% (N = 0.65 million, 95% CI 0.55-0.74) of African American adults with T2D to remain undiagnosed when screened with HbA1c. Limitations include the smaller sample sizes for non-European ancestries and the inability to classify approximately one-third of the variants. Further studies in large multiethnic cohorts with HbA1c, glycemic, and erythrocytic traits are required to better determine the biological action of the unclassified variants. CONCLUSIONS As G6PD deficiency can be clinically silent until illness strikes, we recommend investigation of the possible benefits of screening for the G6PD genotype along with using HbA1c to diagnose T2D in populations of African ancestry or groups where G6PD deficiency is common. Screening with direct glucose measurements, or genetically-informed HbA1c diagnostic thresholds in people with G6PD deficiency, may be required to avoid missed or delayed diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Wheeler
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Leong
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Universitetsjukhuset, Solna, Sweden
| | - Clara Podmore
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Jie Yao
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America
| | - Xueling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jaeyoung Hong
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Audrey Y. Chu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Xu Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peng Chen
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Nisa M. Maruthur
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Division of General Internal Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Bianca C. Porneala
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yucheng Jia
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America
| | - Edmond K. Kabagambe
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Li-Ching Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- University of Virginia Center for Public Health Genomics, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Cathy E. Elks
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Personalised Healthcare & Biomarkers, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel S. Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Qiao Fan
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Franco Giulianini
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Min Jin Go
- Division of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center for Genome Science, Korean National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungchungbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yao Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Division of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center for Genome Science, Korean National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungchungbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Marcus E. Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Claes Ladenvall
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecile Lecoeur
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199—EGID, Lille, France
| | - Sing-Hui Lim
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia Level 6, Discovery Tower, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yingchang Lu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carola Marzi
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mike A. Nalls
- Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, United States of America
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Denis V. Rybin
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Yuan Shi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia Level 6, Discovery Tower, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel O. Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Pei Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia Level 6, Discovery Tower, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter J. van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jana V. Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, London, United Kingdom
| | - Loic Yengo
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199—EGID, Lille, France
| | - Wanting Zhao
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia Level 6, Discovery Tower, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anuj Goel
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Teresa Martinez Larrad
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dörte Radke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Perttu Salo
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland (FIMM) and Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Erik P. A. van Iperen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Saima Afaq
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Behrooz Z. Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alain G. Bertoni
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Amelie Bonnefond
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199—EGID, Lille, France
| | - Yvonne Böttcher
- Integrated Research and Treatment (IFB) Center Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erwin P. Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Olga D. Carlson
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Chien-Hsiun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yoon Shin Cho
- Division of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center for Genome Science, Korean National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungchungbuk-do, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - W. Timothy Garvey
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham and the Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mark O. Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Harald Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Partner Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Universitetsjukhuset, Solna, Sweden
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Chao Agnes Hsiung
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Jie Huang
- Boston VA Research Institute, Inc., Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Michiya Igase
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masato Isono
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Katsuya
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Center of Pediatric Research, University Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Dept. of Women's & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Child, LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katsuhiko Kohara
- Faculty of Collaborative Regional Innovation, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Integrated Research and Treatment (IFB) Center Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juyoung Lee
- Division of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center for Genome Science, Korean National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungchungbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Wen-Jane Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Huaixing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stephane Lobbens
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199—EGID, Lille, France
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Tetsuro Miki
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Iva Miljkovic
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Sanghoon Moon
- Division of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center for Genome Science, Korean National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungchungbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Antonella Mulas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Gabriele Müller
- Center for Evidence-based Healthcare, University Hospital and Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramaiah Nagaraja
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - James S. Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Ozren Polasek
- University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paula S. Ramos
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Laura Rasmussen-Torvik
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Neil R. Robertson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Institute for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ronan Roussel
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordelier, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat Hospital, DHU FIRE, Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Igor Rudan
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William R. Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Universitetsjukhuset, Solna, Sweden
- Science for life laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - David S. Siscovick
- The New York Academy of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Liang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Morris Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Salman M. Tajuddin
- Health Disparities Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yih Chung Tham
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia Level 6, Discovery Tower, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine; University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Dept of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Aroon D. Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Josephine Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - G. Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antti Jula
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Inger Njølstad
- Dept of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Colin N. A. Palmer
- Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Serrano Ríos
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Hugh Watkins
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia Level 6, Discovery Tower, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine; University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Dept of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America
| | - Yduan-Tsong Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia Level 6, Discovery Tower, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), CNR, Monserrato, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Italy
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michele K. Evans
- Health Disparities Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Yechiel Friedlander
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Philippe Froguel
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- CNRS 8199-Lille University, France
| | - Leif Groop
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Myron D. Gross
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chew-Kiat Heng
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bong-Jo Kim
- Division of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center for Genome Science, Korean National Institute of Health, Osong, Chungchungbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antje Körner
- Center of Pediatric Research, University Hospital for Children & Adolescents, Dept. of Women's & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- LIFE Child, LIFE Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Xu Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- The Mindich Child Health Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Patrik K. E. Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Insitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Winfried März
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Services GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Insitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark A. Pereira
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia Level 6, Discovery Tower, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michele Sale
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Juha Saltevo
- Department of Medicine, Central Hospital, Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Peter EH. Schwarz
- Dept of Medicine III, University of Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wayne H. H. Sheu
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Fahd Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rob M. van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States of America
| | - James F. Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia Level 6, Discovery Tower, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Alan B. Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology & Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Donor Health and Genomics at the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America
| | - David J. Roberts
- Biomedical Research Centre Oxford Haematology Theme and Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jose C. Florez
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Diabetes Unit and Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Robert Sladek
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Division of General Internal Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, LABioMed at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Inês Barroso
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James B. Meigs
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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4
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Holmes MV, Simon T, Exeter HJ, Folkersen L, Asselbergs FW, Guardiola M, Cooper JA, Palmen J, Hubacek JA, Carruthers KF, Horne BD, Brunisholz KD, Mega JL, van Iperen EPA, Li M, Leusink M, Trompet S, Verschuren JJW, Hovingh GK, Dehghan A, Nelson CP, Kotti S, Danchin N, Scholz M, Haase CL, Rothenbacher D, Swerdlow DI, Kuchenbaecker KB, Staines-Urias E, Goel A, van 't Hooft F, Gertow K, de Faire U, Panayiotou AG, Tremoli E, Baldassarre D, Veglia F, Holdt LM, Beutner F, Gansevoort RT, Navis GJ, Mateo Leach I, Breitling LP, Brenner H, Thiery J, Dallmeier D, Franco-Cereceda A, Boer JMA, Stephens JW, Hofker MH, Tedgui A, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Adamkova V, Pitha J, Onland-Moret NC, Cramer MJ, Nathoe HM, Spiering W, Klungel OH, Kumari M, Whincup PH, Morrow DA, Braund PS, Hall AS, Olsson AG, Doevendans PA, Trip MD, Tobin MD, Hamsten A, Watkins H, Koenig W, Nicolaides AN, Teupser D, Day INM, Carlquist JF, Gaunt TR, Ford I, Sattar N, Tsimikas S, Schwartz GG, Lawlor DA, Morris RW, Sandhu MS, Poledne R, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Khaw KT, Keating BJ, van der Harst P, Price JF, Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Witteman JCM, Franco OH, Jukema JW, de Knijff P, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Rader DJ, Farrall M, Samani NJ, Kivimaki M, Fox KAA, Humphries SE, Anderson JL, Boekholdt SM, Palmer TM, Eriksson P, Paré G, Hingorani AD, Sabatine MS, Mallat Z, Casas JP, Talmud PJ. Secretory phospholipase A(2)-IIA and cardiovascular disease: a mendelian randomization study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62:1966-1976. [PMID: 23916927 PMCID: PMC3826105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to investigate the role of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2)-IIA in cardiovascular disease. BACKGROUND Higher circulating levels of sPLA2-IIA mass or sPLA2 enzyme activity have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, it is not clear if this association is causal. A recent phase III clinical trial of an sPLA2 inhibitor (varespladib) was stopped prematurely for lack of efficacy. METHODS We conducted a Mendelian randomization meta-analysis of 19 general population studies (8,021 incident, 7,513 prevalent major vascular events [MVE] in 74,683 individuals) and 10 acute coronary syndrome (ACS) cohorts (2,520 recurrent MVE in 18,355 individuals) using rs11573156, a variant in PLA2G2A encoding the sPLA2-IIA isoenzyme, as an instrumental variable. RESULTS PLA2G2A rs11573156 C allele associated with lower circulating sPLA2-IIA mass (38% to 44%) and sPLA2 enzyme activity (3% to 23%) per C allele. The odds ratio (OR) for MVE per rs11573156 C allele was 1.02 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.98 to 1.06) in general populations and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.90 to 1.03) in ACS cohorts. In the general population studies, the OR derived from the genetic instrumental variable analysis for MVE for a 1-log unit lower sPLA2-IIA mass was 1.04 (95% CI: 0.96 to 1.13), and differed from the non-genetic observational estimate (OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.61 to 0.79). In the ACS cohorts, both the genetic instrumental variable and observational ORs showed a null association with MVE. Instrumental variable analysis failed to show associations between sPLA2 enzyme activity and MVE. CONCLUSIONS Reducing sPLA2-IIA mass is unlikely to be a useful therapeutic goal for preventing cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Holmes
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Tabassome Simon
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, URC-EST, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; INSERM, U 698, Paris, France
| | - Holly J Exeter
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lasse Folkersen
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Montse Guardiola
- Unitat de Recerca en Lípids i Arteriosclerosi, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERDEM, Reus, Spain
| | - Jackie A Cooper
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jutta Palmen
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaroslav A Hubacek
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kathryn F Carruthers
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin D Horne
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Jessica L Mega
- TIMI Study Group, Divison of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erik P A van Iperen
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maarten Leusink
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Member of the Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Salma Kotti
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, URC-EST, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Danchin
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Cardiology, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris V, Paris, France
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE: Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christiane L Haase
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dietrich Rothenbacher
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Division of Clinical Epidemiology & Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel I Swerdlow
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karoline B Kuchenbaecker
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleonora Staines-Urias
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anuj Goel
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdinand van 't Hooft
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gertow
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrie G Panayiotou
- Cyprus Cardiovascular Educational and Research Trust, Nicosia, Cyprus and Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with the Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universitá di Milano, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Universitá di Milano, Milan, Italy; Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lesca M Holdt
- LIFE: Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Beutner
- LIFE: Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Heart Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerjan J Navis
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lutz P Breitling
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology & Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology & Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Thiery
- LIFE: Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dhayana Dallmeier
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anders Franco-Cereceda
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jolanda M A Boer
- Department for Nutrition and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey W Stephens
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Marten H Hofker
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology Section, Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alain Tedgui
- Inserm U970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Member of the Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Member of the Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vera Adamkova
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pitha
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - N Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten J Cramer
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik M Nathoe
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wilko Spiering
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Olaf H Klungel
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Meena Kumari
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H Whincup
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Morrow
- TIMI Study Group, Divison of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter S Braund
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair S Hall
- Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anders G Olsson
- Stockholm Heart Center, Stockholm, and Linköping University, Linkőping, Sweden
| | - Pieter A Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mieke D Trip
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Departments of Health Sciences & Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrew N Nicolaides
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Cyprus Cardiovascular Educational and Research Trust, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Daniel Teupser
- LIFE: Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ian N M Day
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, URC-EST, Paris, France
| | - John F Carlquist
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), and Bristol Genetic Epidemiology Laboratories (BGEL), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Naveed Sattar
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Gregory G Schwartz
- VA Medical Center and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Debbie A Lawlor
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology (CAiTE), and Bristol Genetic Epidemiology Laboratories (BGEL), School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W Morris
- Department of Primary Care & Population Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manjinder S Sandhu
- VA Medical Center and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Rudolf Poledne
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anke H Maitland-van der Zee
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan J Keating
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jackie F Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shamir R Mehta
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Interventional Cardiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaqueline C M Witteman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Member of the Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Member of the Netherlands Consortium on Healthy Aging (NCHA), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter de Knijff
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Penn Heart and Vascular Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin Farrall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keith A A Fox
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Steve E Humphries
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey L Anderson
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - S Matthijs Boekholdt
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom M Palmer
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Per Eriksson
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aroon D Hingorani
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc S Sabatine
- TIMI Study Group, Divison of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Inserm U970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Juan P Casas
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Philippa J Talmud
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Elbers CC, Guo Y, Tragante V, van Iperen EPA, Lanktree MB, Castillo BA, Chen F, Yanek LR, Wojczynski MK, Li YR, Ferwerda B, Ballantyne CM, Buxbaum SG, Chen YDI, Chen WM, Cupples LA, Cushman M, Duan Y, Duggan D, Evans MK, Fernandes JK, Fornage M, Garcia M, Garvey WT, Glazer N, Gomez F, Harris TB, Halder I, Howard VJ, Keller MF, Kamboh MI, Kooperberg C, Kritchevsky SB, LaCroix A, Liu K, Liu Y, Musunuru K, Newman AB, Onland-Moret NC, Ordovas J, Peter I, Post W, Redline S, Reis SE, Saxena R, Schreiner PJ, Volcik KA, Wang X, Yusuf S, Zonderland AB, Anand SS, Becker DM, Psaty B, Rader DJ, Reiner AP, Rich SS, Rotter JI, Sale MM, Tsai MY, Borecki IB, Hegele RA, Kathiresan S, Nalls MA, Taylor HA, Hakonarson H, Sivapalaratnam S, Asselbergs FW, Drenos F, Wilson JG, Keating BJ. Gene-centric meta-analysis of lipid traits in African, East Asian and Hispanic populations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50198. [PMID: 23236364 PMCID: PMC3517599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Meta-analyses of European populations has successfully identified genetic variants in over 100 loci associated with lipid levels, but our knowledge in other ethnicities remains limited. To address this, we performed dense genotyping of ∼2,000 candidate genes in 7,657 African Americans, 1,315 Hispanics and 841 East Asians, using the IBC array, a custom ∼50,000 SNP genotyping array. Meta-analyses confirmed 16 lipid loci previously established in European populations at genome-wide significance level, and found multiple independent association signals within these lipid loci. Initial discovery and in silico follow-up in 7,000 additional African American samples, confirmed two novel loci: rs5030359 within ICAM1 is associated with total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p = 8.8×10(-7) and p = 1.5×10(-6) respectively) and a nonsense mutation rs3211938 within CD36 is associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (p = 13.5×10(-12)). The rs3211938-G allele, which is nearly absent in European and Asian populations, has been previously found to be associated with CD36 deficiency and shows a signature of selection in Africans and African Americans. Finally, we have evaluated the effect of SNPs established in European populations on lipid levels in multi-ethnic populations and show that most known lipid association signals span across ethnicities. However, differences between populations, especially differences in allele frequency, can be leveraged to identify novel signals, as shown by the discovery of ICAM1 and CD36 in the current report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara C. Elbers
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yiran Guo
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Vinicius Tragante
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik P. A. van Iperen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew B. Lanktree
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Berta Almoguera Castillo
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fang Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lisa R. Yanek
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Wojczynski
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Division of Statistical Genomics and Department of Genetics Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yun R. Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bart Ferwerda
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Sarah G. Buxbaum
- Jackson Heart Study, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary Cushman
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Yanan Duan
- Division of Statistical Genomics and Department of Genetics Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David Duggan
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michele K. Evans
- Health Disparities Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jyotika K. Fernandes
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC United States of America
| | - Myriam Fornage
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Melissa Garcia
- Laboratory for Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - W. Timothy Garvey
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Nicole Glazer
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Felicia Gomez
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory for Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Indrani Halder
- Heart and Vascular Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Virginia J. Howard
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Margaux F. Keller
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - M. Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Kritchevsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrea LaCroix
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kiang Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne B. Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - N. Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jose Ordovas
- JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wendy Post
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan Redline
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Reis
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Schreiner
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kelly A. Volcik
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xingbin Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan B. Zonderland
- Laboratory of Personality and Cognition, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sonia S. Anand
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diane M. Becker
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bruce Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Cardiovascular Institute, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alex P. Reiner
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michèle M. Sale
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michael Y. Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics and Department of Genetics Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Hegele
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Herman A. Taylor
- Jackson State University, Tougaloo College, and the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Folkert W. Asselbergs
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fotios Drenos
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Brendan J. Keating
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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