1
|
Barde S, Aguila J, Zhong W, Solarz A, Mei I, Prud'homme J, Palkovits M, Turecki G, Mulder J, Uhlén M, Nagy C, Mechawar N, Hedlund E, Hökfelt T. Substance P, NPY, CCK and their receptors in five brain regions in major depressive disorder with transcriptomic analysis of locus coeruleus neurons. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 78:54-63. [PMID: 37931511 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious disease and a burden to patients, families and society. Rodent experiments and human studies suggest that several neuropeptide systems are involved in mood regulation. The aim of this study is two-fold: (i) to monitor, with qPCR, transcript levels of the substance P/tachykinin (TAC), NPY and CCK systems in bulk samples from control and suicide subjects, targeting five postmortem brain regions including locus coeruleus (LC); and (ii) to analyse expression of neuropeptide family transcripts in LC neurons of 'normal' postmortem brains by using laser capture microdissection with Smart-Seq2 RNA sequencing. qPCR revealed distinct regional expression patterns in male and female controls with higher levels for the TAC system in the dorsal raphe nucleus and LC, versus higher transcripts levels of the NPY and CCK systems in prefrontal cortex. In suicide patients, TAC, TAC receptors and a few NPY family transcript levels were increased mainly in prefrontal cortex and LC. The second study on 'normal' noradrenergic LC neurons revealed expression of transcripts for GAL, NPY, TAC1, CCK, and TACR1 and many other peptides (e.g. Cerebellin4 and CARTPT) and receptors (e.g. Adcyap1R1 and GPR173). These data and our previous results on suicide brains indicates that the tachykinin and galanin systems may be valid targets for developing antidepressant medicines. Moreover, the perturbation of neuropeptide systems in MDD patients, and the detection of further neuropeptide and receptor transcripts in LC, shed new light on signalling in noradrenergic LC neurons and on mechanisms possibly associated with mood disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swapnali Barde
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Julio Aguila
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wen Zhong
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 11428, Sweden
| | - Anna Solarz
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irene Mei
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josee Prud'homme
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Miklos Palkovits
- The Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary and Human Brain Tissue Bank and Laboratory, Semmelweis University, H-1085, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jan Mulder
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 11428, Sweden
| | - Corina Nagy
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gautier O, Blum JA, Maksymetz J, Chen D, Schweingruber C, Mei I, Hermann A, Hackos DH, Hedlund E, Ravits J, Gitler AD. Challenges of profiling motor neuron transcriptomes from human spinal cord. Neuron 2023; 111:3739-3741. [PMID: 38061330 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Gautier
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jacob A Blum
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James Maksymetz
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Derek Chen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christoph Schweingruber
- Department for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irene Mei
- Department for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anita Hermann
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David H Hackos
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Ravits
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schweingruber C, Nijssen J, Benitez JA, Hedlund E. Single-Cell mRNA-Seq of In Vitro-Derived Human Neurons Using Smart-Seq2. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2594:143-164. [PMID: 36264494 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2815-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell mRNA sequencing can dissect heterogeneous cell populations as it can identify cell types and cellular states based on their unique transcriptional signatures. We use fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate individual cultured neurons derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) followed by polyA-based Smart-Seq2 RNA sequencing to analyze the single-cell transcriptional profiles. We provide protocols and guidelines on dissociation, cell selection, and library preparation that can be readily adapted to other cell types or tissue samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schweingruber
- Department for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jik Nijssen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Hedlund
- Department for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Woschitz V, Mei I, Hedlund E, Murray LM. Mouse models of SMA show divergent patterns of neuronal vulnerability and resilience. Skelet Muscle 2022; 12:22. [PMID: 36089582 PMCID: PMC9465884 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-022-00305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a form of motor neuron disease affecting primarily children characterised by the loss of lower motor neurons (MNs). Breakdown of the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) is an early pathological event in SMA. However, not all motor neurons are equally vulnerable, with some populations being lost early in the disease while others remain intact at the disease end-stage. A thorough understanding of the basis of this selective vulnerability will give critical insight into the factors which prohibit pathology in certain motor neuron populations and consequently help identify novel neuroprotective strategies. Methods To retrieve a comprehensive understanding of motor neuron susceptibility in SMA, we mapped NMJ pathology in 20 muscles from the Smn2B/- SMA mouse model and cross-compared these data with published data from three other commonly used mouse models. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating selective resilience and vulnerability, we analysed published RNA sequencing data acquired from differentially vulnerable motor neurons from two different SMA mouse models. Results In the Smn2B/- mouse model of SMA, we identified substantial NMJ loss in the muscles from the core, neck, proximal hind limbs and proximal forelimbs, with a marked reduction in denervation in the distal limbs and head. Motor neuron cell body loss was greater at T5 and T11 compared with L5. We subsequently show that although widespread denervation is observed in each SMA mouse model (with the notable exception of the Taiwanese model), all models have a distinct pattern of selective vulnerability. A comparison of previously published data sets reveals novel transcripts upregulated with a disease in selectively resistant motor neurons, including genes involved in axonal transport, RNA processing and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Conclusions Our work demonstrates that the Smn2B/- mouse model shows a pattern of selective vulnerability which bears resemblance to the regional pathology observed in SMA patients. We found drastic differences in patterns of selective vulnerability across the four SMA mouse models, which is critical to consider during experimental design. We also identified transcript groups that potentially contribute to the protection of certain motor neurons in SMA mouse models. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13395-022-00305-9.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hedlund E, Lundell B. Endurance training may improve exercise capacity, lung function and quality of life in Fontan patients. Acta Paediatr 2022; 111:17-23. [PMID: 34554597 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Children born with univentricular hearts undergo staged surgical procedures to a Fontan circulation. Long-term experience with Fontan palliation has shown dramatically improved survival but also of a life-long burden of an abnormal circulation with significant morbidity. Many Fontan patients have reduced exercise capacity, oxygen uptake, lung function and quality of life. Endurance training may improve submaximal, but not maximal, exercise capacity, lung function and quality of life. Physical activity and endurance training is also positively correlated with sleep quality. Reviewing the literature and from our single-centre experience, we believe there is enough evidence to support structured individualised endurance training in most young Fontan patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hedlund
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Bo Lundell
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hedlund E, Lundell B. Fontan circulation has improved life expectancy for infants born with complex heart disease over the last 50 years but has also resulted in significant morbidity. Acta Paediatr 2022; 111:11-16. [PMID: 34235784 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis for infants born with complex heart disease improved dramatically with the introduction of the Fontan circulation 50 years ago. With today's carefully designed and staged operations to a Fontan circulation, life expectancy has increased and most children will survive into adult life. The Fontan circulation entails an unphysiological circulation with high risk for multiple organ system dysfunction. Neurodevelopmental disabilities with adverse psychosocial effects are prevalent. The Fontan circulation may eventually fail and necessitate heart transplantation. CONCLUSION: Fifty years development of the Fontan circulation to today's staged surgical procedures has improved survival but also revealed the burden of a high morbidity for a growing number of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hedlund
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Bo Lundell
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Correia JC, Kelahmetoglu Y, Jannig PR, Schweingruber C, Shvaikovskaya D, Zhengye L, Cervenka I, Khan N, Stec M, Oliveira M, Nijssen J, Martínez-Redondo V, Ducommun S, Azzolini M, Lanner JT, Kleiner S, Hedlund E, Ruas JL. Muscle-secreted neurturin couples myofiber oxidative metabolism and slow motor neuron identity. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2215-2230.e8. [PMID: 34592133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Endurance exercise promotes skeletal muscle vascularization, oxidative metabolism, fiber-type switching, and neuromuscular junction integrity. Importantly, the metabolic and contractile properties of the muscle fiber must be coupled to the identity of the innervating motor neuron (MN). Here, we show that muscle-derived neurturin (NRTN) acts on muscle fibers and MNs to couple their characteristics. Using a muscle-specific NRTN transgenic mouse (HSA-NRTN) and RNA sequencing of MN somas, we observed that retrograde NRTN signaling promotes a shift toward a slow MN identity. In muscle, NRTN increased capillary density and oxidative capacity and induced a transcriptional reprograming favoring fatty acid metabolism over glycolysis. This combination of effects on muscle and MNs makes HSA-NRTN mice lean with remarkable exercise performance and motor coordination. Interestingly, HSA-NRTN mice largely recapitulate the phenotype of mice with muscle-specific expression of its upstream regulator PGC-1ɑ1. This work identifies NRTN as a myokine that couples muscle oxidative capacity to slow MN identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge C Correia
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yildiz Kelahmetoglu
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paulo R Jannig
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Schweingruber
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dasha Shvaikovskaya
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liu Zhengye
- Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Cervenka
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Naveen Khan
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10 591, USA
| | - Michael Stec
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10 591, USA
| | - Mariana Oliveira
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jik Nijssen
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vicente Martínez-Redondo
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Serge Ducommun
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michele Azzolini
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna T Lanner
- Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jorge L Ruas
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aguila J, Cheng S, Kee N, Cao M, Wang M, Deng Q, Hedlund E. Spatial RNA Sequencing Identifies Robust Markers of Vulnerable and Resistant Human Midbrain Dopamine Neurons and Their Expression in Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:699562. [PMID: 34305528 PMCID: PMC8297217 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.699562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Defining transcriptional profiles of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons is critical to understanding their differential vulnerability in Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Here, we determine transcriptomes of human SNc and VTA dopamine neurons using LCM-seq on a large sample cohort. We apply a bootstrapping strategy as sample input to DESeq2 and identify 33 stably differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between these two subpopulations. We also compute a minimal sample size for identification of stable DEGs, which highlights why previous reported profiles from small sample sizes display extensive variability. Network analysis reveal gene interactions unique to each subpopulation and highlight differences in regulation of mitochondrial stability, apoptosis, neuronal survival, cytoskeleton regulation, extracellular matrix modulation as well as synapse integrity, which could explain the relative resilience of VTA dopamine neurons. Analysis of PD tissues showed that while identified stable DEGs can distinguish the subpopulations also in disease, the SNc markers SLIT1 and ATP2A3 were down-regulated and thus appears to be biomarkers of disease. In summary, our study identifies human SNc and VTA marker profiles, which will be instrumental for studies aiming to modulate dopamine neuron resilience and to validate cell identity of stem cell-derived dopamine neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Aguila
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shangli Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nigel Kee
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ming Cao
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Menghan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qiaolin Deng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Månberg A, Skene N, Sanders F, Trusohamn M, Remnestål J, Szczepińska A, Aksoylu IS, Lönnerberg P, Ebarasi L, Wouters S, Lehmann M, Olofsson J, von Gohren Antequera I, Domaniku A, De Schaepdryver M, De Vocht J, Poesen K, Uhlén M, Anink J, Mijnsbergen C, Vergunst-Bosch H, Hübers A, Kläppe U, Rodriguez-Vieitez E, Gilthorpe JD, Hedlund E, Harris RA, Aronica E, Van Damme P, Ludolph A, Veldink J, Ingre C, Nilsson P, Lewandowski SA. Publisher Correction: Altered perivascular fibroblast activity precedes ALS disease onset. Nat Med 2021; 27:1308. [PMID: 34079107 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Månberg
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathan Skene
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Folkert Sanders
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marta Trusohamn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Remnestål
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Szczepińska
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inci Sevval Aksoylu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Lönnerberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lwaki Ebarasi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Wouters
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuela Lehmann
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jennie Olofsson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inti von Gohren Antequera
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aylin Domaniku
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maxim De Schaepdryver
- Laboratory for Neurobiomarker Research, Department of Neurology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joke De Vocht
- Neurology Department and Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Poesen
- Laboratory for Neurobiomarker Research, Department of Neurology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory Medicine, UZ Leuven (University Hospital Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Division of Systems Biology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jasper Anink
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline Mijnsbergen
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hermieneke Vergunst-Bosch
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Neurology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Hübers
- University of Ulm, Neurology Clinic, Ulm, Germany
- Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Kläppe
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Rodriguez-Vieitez
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Neurology Department and Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Albert Ludolph
- University of Ulm, Neurology Clinic, Ulm, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Ulm, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Veldink
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Neurology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline Ingre
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian A Lewandowski
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Månberg A, Skene N, Sanders F, Trusohamn M, Remnestål J, Szczepińska A, Aksoylu IS, Lönnerberg P, Ebarasi L, Wouters S, Lehmann M, Olofsson J, von Gohren Antequera I, Domaniku A, De Schaepdryver M, De Vocht J, Poesen K, Uhlén M, Anink J, Mijnsbergen C, Vergunst-Bosch H, Hübers A, Kläppe U, Rodriguez-Vieitez E, Gilthorpe JD, Hedlund E, Harris RA, Aronica E, Van Damme P, Ludolph A, Veldink J, Ingre C, Nilsson P, Lewandowski SA. Altered perivascular fibroblast activity precedes ALS disease onset. Nat Med 2021; 27:640-646. [PMID: 33859435 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01295-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apart from well-defined factors in neuronal cells1, only a few reports consider that the variability of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progression can depend on less-defined contributions from glia2,3 and blood vessels4. In this study we use an expression-weighted cell-type enrichment method to infer cell activity in spinal cord samples from patients with sporadic ALS and mouse models of this disease. Here we report that patients with sporadic ALS present cell activity patterns consistent with two mouse models in which enrichments of vascular cell genes preceded microglial response. Notably, during the presymptomatic stage, perivascular fibroblast cells showed the strongest gene enrichments, and their marker proteins SPP1 and COL6A1 accumulated in enlarged perivascular spaces in patients with sporadic ALS. Moreover, in plasma of 574 patients with ALS from four independent cohorts, increased levels of SPP1 at disease diagnosis repeatedly predicted shorter survival with stronger effect than the established risk factors of bulbar onset or neurofilament levels in cerebrospinal fluid. We propose that the activity of the recently discovered perivascular fibroblast can predict survival of patients with ALS and provide a new conceptual framework to re-evaluate definitions of ALS etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Månberg
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathan Skene
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Folkert Sanders
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marta Trusohamn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Remnestål
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Szczepińska
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inci Sevval Aksoylu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Lönnerberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lwaki Ebarasi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Wouters
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuela Lehmann
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jennie Olofsson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inti von Gohren Antequera
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aylin Domaniku
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maxim De Schaepdryver
- Laboratory for Neurobiomarker Research, Department of Neurology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joke De Vocht
- Neurology Department and Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Poesen
- Laboratory for Neurobiomarker Research, Department of Neurology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory Medicine, UZ Leuven (University Hospital Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Division of Systems Biology, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jasper Anink
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline Mijnsbergen
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hermieneke Vergunst-Bosch
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Neurology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Hübers
- University of Ulm, Neurology Clinic, Ulm, Germany.,Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Kläppe
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Rodriguez-Vieitez
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Neurology Department and Center for Brain & Disease Research, KU Leuven, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Albert Ludolph
- University of Ulm, Neurology Clinic, Ulm, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Ulm, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Veldink
- UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Neurology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline Ingre
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian A Lewandowski
- Division of Affinity Proteomics, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SciLifeLab, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jutzi D, Campagne S, Schmidt R, Reber S, Mechtersheimer J, Gypas F, Schweingruber C, Colombo M, von Schroetter C, Loughlin FE, Devoy A, Hedlund E, Zavolan M, Allain FHT, Ruepp MD. Aberrant interaction of FUS with the U1 snRNA provides a molecular mechanism of FUS induced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6341. [PMID: 33311468 PMCID: PMC7733473 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the RNA-binding protein Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) cause early-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, a detailed understanding of central RNA targets of FUS and their implications for disease remain elusive. Here, we use a unique blend of crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) and NMR spectroscopy to identify and characterise physiological and pathological RNA targets of FUS. We find that U1 snRNA is the primary RNA target of FUS via its interaction with stem-loop 3 and provide atomic details of this RNA-mediated mode of interaction with the U1 snRNP. Furthermore, we show that ALS-associated FUS aberrantly contacts U1 snRNA at the Sm site with its zinc finger and traps snRNP biogenesis intermediates in human and murine motor neurons. Altogether, we present molecular insights into a FUS toxic gain-of-function involving direct and aberrant RNA-binding and strengthen the link between two motor neuron diseases, ALS and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jutzi
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Sébastien Campagne
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Schmidt
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Reber
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Jonas Mechtersheimer
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Foivos Gypas
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Martino Colombo
- Celgene Institute of Translational Research (CITRE), 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Christine von Schroetter
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fionna E Loughlin
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Anny Devoy
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mihaela Zavolan
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric H-T Allain
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Marc-David Ruepp
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nichterwitz S, Nijssen J, Storvall H, Schweingruber C, Comley LH, Allodi I, Lee MVD, Deng Q, Sandberg R, Hedlund E. LCM-seq reveals unique transcriptional adaptation mechanisms of resistant neurons and identifies protective pathways in spinal muscular atrophy. Genome Res 2020; 30:1083-1096. [PMID: 32820007 PMCID: PMC7462070 DOI: 10.1101/gr.265017.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Somatic motor neurons are selectively vulnerable in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), which is caused by a deficiency of the ubiquitously expressed survival of motor neuron protein. However, some motor neuron groups, including oculomotor and trochlear (ocular), which innervate eye muscles, are for unknown reasons spared. To reveal mechanisms of vulnerability and resistance in SMA, we investigate the transcriptional dynamics in discrete neuronal populations using laser capture microdissection coupled with RNA sequencing (LCM-seq). Using gene correlation network analysis, we reveal a TRP53-mediated stress response that is intrinsic to all somatic motor neurons independent of their vulnerability, but absent in relatively resistant red nucleus and visceral motor neurons. However, the temporal and spatial expression analysis across neuron types shows that the majority of SMA-induced modulations are cell type-specific. Using Gene Ontology and protein network analyses, we show that ocular motor neurons present unique disease-adaptation mechanisms that could explain their resilience. Specifically, ocular motor neurons up-regulate (1) Syt1, Syt5, and Cplx2, which modulate neurotransmitter release; (2) the neuronal survival factors Gdf15, Chl1, and Lif; (3) Aldh4, that protects cells from oxidative stress; and (4) the caspase inhibitor Pak4. Finally, we show that GDF15 can rescue vulnerable human spinal motor neurons from degeneration. This confirms that adaptation mechanisms identified in resilient neurons can be used to reduce susceptibility of vulnerable neurons. In conclusion, this in-depth longitudinal transcriptomics analysis in SMA reveals novel cell type-specific changes that, alone and combined, present compelling targets, including Gdf15, for future gene therapy studies aimed toward preserving vulnerable motor neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jik Nijssen
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Storvall
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Laura Helen Comley
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ilary Allodi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mirjam van der Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qiaolin Deng
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rickard Sandberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bouçanova F, Pollmeier G, Sandor K, Morado Urbina C, Nijssen J, Médard JJ, Bartesaghi L, Pellerin L, Svensson CI, Hedlund E, Chrast R. Disrupted function of lactate transporter MCT1, but not MCT4, in Schwann cells affects the maintenance of motor end-plate innervation. Glia 2020; 69:124-136. [PMID: 32686211 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in neuron-glial metabolic coupling have shown that, in the CNS, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes support neurons with energy-rich lactate/pyruvate via monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). The presence of such transporters in the PNS, in both Schwann cells and neurons, has prompted us to question if a similar interaction may be present. Here we describe the generation and characterization of conditional knockout mouse models where MCT1 or MCT4 is specifically deleted in Schwann cells (named MCT1 and MCT4 cKO). We show that MCT1 cKO and MCT4 cKO mice develop normally and that myelin in the PNS is preserved. However, MCT1 expressed by Schwann cells is necessary for long-term maintenance of motor end-plate integrity as revealed by disrupted neuromuscular innervation in mutant mice, while MCT4 appears largely dispensable for the support of motor neurons. Concomitant to detected structural alterations, lumbar motor neurons from MCT1 cKO mice show transcriptional changes affecting cytoskeletal components, transcriptional regulators, and mitochondria related transcripts, among others. Together, our data indicate that MCT1 plays a role in Schwann cell-mediated maintenance of motor end-plate innervation thus providing further insight into the emerging picture of the biology of the axon-glia metabolic crosstalk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Bouçanova
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gill Pollmeier
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katalin Sandor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos Morado Urbina
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jik Nijssen
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean-Jacques Médard
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Bartesaghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR5536 CNRS, LabEx TRAIL-IBIO, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Cedex, France.,Inserm U1082, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Camilla I Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman Chrast
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nizzardo M, Taiana M, Rizzo F, Aguila Benitez J, Nijssen J, Allodi I, Melzi V, Bresolin N, Comi GP, Hedlund E, Corti S. Synaptotagmin 13 is neuroprotective across motor neuron diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:837-853. [PMID: 32065260 PMCID: PMC7181443 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), spinal and lower brainstem motor neurons degenerate, but some motor neuron subtypes are spared, including oculomotor neurons (OMNs). The mechanisms responsible for this selective degeneration are largely unknown, but the molecular signatures of resistant and vulnerable motor neurons are distinct and offer clues to neuronal resilience and susceptibility. Here, we demonstrate that healthy OMNs preferentially express Synaptotagmin 13 (SYT13) compared to spinal motor neurons. In end-stage ALS patients, SYT13 is enriched in both OMNs and the remaining relatively resilient spinal motor neurons compared to controls. Overexpression of SYT13 in ALS and SMA patient motor neurons in vitro improves their survival and increases axon lengths. Gene therapy with Syt13 prolongs the lifespan of ALS mice by 14% and SMA mice by 50% by preserving motor neurons and delaying muscle denervation. SYT13 decreases endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis of motor neurons, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, SYT13 is a resilience factor that can protect motor neurons and a candidate therapeutic target across motor neuron diseases.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sancho P, Bartesaghi L, Miossec O, García-García F, Ramírez-Jiménez L, Siddell A, Åkesson E, Hedlund E, Laššuthová P, Pascual-Pascual SI, Sevilla T, Kennerson M, Lupo V, Chrast R, Espinós C. Characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying the axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy caused by MORC2 mutations. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:1629-1644. [PMID: 30624633 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in MORC2 lead to an axonal form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathy type 2Z. To date, 31 families have been described with mutations in MORC2, indicating that this gene is frequently involved in axonal CMT cases. While the genetic data clearly establish the causative role of MORC2 in CMT2Z, the impact of its mutations on neuronal biology and their phenotypic consequences in patients remains to be clarified. We show that the full-length form of MORC2 is highly expressed in both embryonic and adult human neural tissues and that Morc2 expression is dynamically regulated in both the developing and the maturing murine nervous system. To determine the effect of the most common MORC2 mutations, p.S87L and p.R252W, we used several in vitro cell culture paradigms. Both mutations induced transcriptional changes in patient-derived fibroblasts and when expressed in rodent sensory neurons. These changes were more pronounced and accompanied by abnormal axonal morphology, in neurons expressing the MORC2 p.S87L mutation, which is associated with a more severe clinical phenotype. These data provide insight into the neuronal specificity of the mutated MORC2-mediated phenotype and highlight the importance of neuronal cell models to study the pathophysiology of CMT2Z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sancho
- Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - Luca Bartesaghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olivia Miossec
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francisco García-García
- Unit of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Ramírez-Jiménez
- Department of Genomics and Translational Genetics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna Siddell
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Elisabet Åkesson
- Division of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,The R&D Unit, Stiftelsen Stockholms Sjukhemm, 14152, Sweden
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petra Laššuthová
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, DNA Laboratory, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Teresa Sevilla
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, and CIBER of Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Concord NSW, Australia
| | - Vincenzo Lupo
- Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.,Department of Genomics and Translational Genetics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA & IIS-La Fe Rare Diseases Joint Units, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - Roman Chrast
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmen Espinós
- Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.,Department of Genomics and Translational Genetics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA & IIS-La Fe Rare Diseases Joint Units, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nijssen J, Aguila J, Hoogstraaten R, Kee N, Hedlund E. Axon-Seq Decodes the Motor Axon Transcriptome and Its Modulation in Response to ALS. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 11:1565-1578. [PMID: 30540963 PMCID: PMC6294264 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal motor axons traverse large distances to innervate target muscles, thus requiring local control of cellular events for proper functioning. To interrogate axon-specific processes we developed Axon-seq, a refined method incorporating microfluidics, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and bioinformatic quality control. We show that the axonal transcriptome is distinct from that of somas and contains fewer genes. We identified 3,500-5,000 transcripts in mouse and human stem cell-derived spinal motor axons, most of which are required for oxidative energy production and ribogenesis. Axons contained transcription factor mRNAs, e.g., Ybx1, with implications for local functions. As motor axons degenerate in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we investigated their response to the SOD1G93A mutation, identifying 121 ALS-dysregulated transcripts. Several of these are implicated in axonal function, including Nrp1, Dbn1, and Nek1, a known ALS-causing gene. In conclusion, Axon-seq provides an improved method for RNA-seq of axons, increasing our understanding of peripheral axon biology and identifying therapeutic targets in motor neuron disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jik Nijssen
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Julio Aguila
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Rein Hoogstraaten
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden; Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3984 CG, Netherlands
| | - Nigel Kee
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nijssen J, Aguila J, Hedlund E. Axon-seq for in Depth Analysis of the RNA Content of Neuronal Processes. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3312. [PMID: 33654821 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal processes have an RNA composition that is distinct from the cell body. Therefore, to fully understand neuronal biology in health and disease we need to study both somas, dendrites and axons. Here we describe a detailed protocol of a newly refined method, Axon-seq, for RNA sequencing of axons (and dendrites) grown in isolation using single microfluidic devices. We also detail how to generate motor neurons from mouse and human pluripotent stem cells for sequencing, but Axon-seq is applicable to any neuronal cell. In Axon-seq, the axons are recruited through a growth factor gradient, lysed and directly processed to cDNA without RNA isolation. A careful bioinformatic step ensures that any soma-contaminated samples are easily identified and removed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jik Nijssen
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julio Aguila
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cheng AJ, Allodi I, Chaillou T, Schlittler M, Ivarsson N, Lanner JT, Thams S, Hedlund E, Andersson DC. Intact single muscle fibres from SOD1
G93A
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice display preserved specific force, fatigue resistance and training‐like adaptations. J Physiol 2019; 597:3133-3146. [DOI: 10.1113/jp277456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J. Cheng
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet 171 77 Stockholm Sweden
- School of Kinesiology and Health SciencesYork University M3J 1P3 Toronto Canada
| | - Ilary Allodi
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet 171 77 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Thomas Chaillou
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet 171 77 Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Health SciencesÖrebro University 701 82 Örebro Sweden
| | - Maja Schlittler
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet 171 77 Stockholm Sweden
- Sports Science and Innovation InstituteLithuanian Sports University 44221 Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Niklas Ivarsson
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet 171 77 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Johanna T. Lanner
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet 171 77 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sebastian Thams
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet 171 77 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska Institutet 171 77 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Daniel C. Andersson
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet 171 77 Stockholm Sweden
- Heart and Vascular Theme, Section for Heart FailureArrhythmia and GUCH, Karolinska University Hospital 171 76 Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Allodi I, Nijssen J, Benitez JA, Schweingruber C, Fuchs A, Bonvicini G, Cao M, Kiehn O, Hedlund E. Modeling Motor Neuron Resilience in ALS Using Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1329-1341. [PMID: 31080111 PMCID: PMC6565614 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculomotor neurons, which regulate eye movement, are resilient to degeneration in the lethal motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It would be highly advantageous if motor neuron resilience could be modeled in vitro. Toward this goal, we generated a high proportion of oculomotor neurons from mouse embryonic stem cells through temporal overexpression of PHOX2A in neuronal progenitors. We demonstrate, using electrophysiology, immunocytochemistry, and RNA sequencing, that in vitro-generated neurons are bona fide oculomotor neurons based on their cellular properties and similarity to their in vivo counterpart in rodent and man. We also show that in vitro-generated oculomotor neurons display a robust activation of survival-promoting Akt signaling and are more resilient to the ALS-like toxicity of kainic acid than spinal motor neurons. Thus, we can generate bona fide oculomotor neurons in vitro that display a resilience similar to that seen in vivo. Bona fide oculomotor neurons can be derived from stem cells by PHOX2A overexpression In vitro- and in vivo-generated oculomotor neurons are transcriptionally similar Stem cell-derived oculomotor neurons display a robust activation of Akt signaling In vitro-generated oculomotor neurons are relatively resilient to ALS-like toxicity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilary Allodi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jik Nijssen
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Andrea Fuchs
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gillian Bonvicini
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ming Cao
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole Kiehn
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Newton PT, Li L, Zhou B, Schweingruber C, Hovorakova M, Xie M, Sun X, Sandhow L, Artemov AV, Ivashkin E, Suter S, Dyachuk V, El Shahawy M, Gritli-Linde A, Bouderlique T, Petersen J, Mollbrink A, Lundeberg J, Enikolopov G, Qian H, Fried K, Kasper M, Hedlund E, Adameyko I, Sävendahl L, Chagin AS. A radical switch in clonality reveals a stem cell niche in the epiphyseal growth plate. Nature 2019; 567:234-238. [PMID: 30814736 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal bone growth in children is sustained by growth plates, narrow discs of cartilage that provide a continuous supply of chondrocytes for endochondral ossification1. However, it remains unknown how this supply is maintained throughout childhood growth. Chondroprogenitors in the resting zone are thought to be gradually consumed as they supply cells for longitudinal growth1,2, but this model has never been proved. Here, using clonal genetic tracing with multicolour reporters and functional perturbations, we demonstrate that longitudinal growth during the fetal and neonatal periods involves depletion of chondroprogenitors, whereas later in life, coinciding with the formation of the secondary ossification centre, chondroprogenitors acquire the capacity for self-renewal, resulting in the formation of large, stable monoclonal columns of chondrocytes. Simultaneously, chondroprogenitors begin to express stem cell markers and undergo symmetric cell division. Regulation of the pool of self-renewing progenitors involves the hedgehog and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling pathways. Our findings indicate that a stem cell niche develops postnatally in the epiphyseal growth plate, which provides a continuous supply of chondrocytes over a prolonged period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip T Newton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Baoyi Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Maria Hovorakova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Meng Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lakshmi Sandhow
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Artem V Artemov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny Ivashkin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon Suter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vyacheslav Dyachuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Maha El Shahawy
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amel Gritli-Linde
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thibault Bouderlique
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julian Petersen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annelie Mollbrink
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joakim Lundeberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Grigori Enikolopov
- Center for Developmental Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Hong Qian
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kaj Fried
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kasper
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lars Sävendahl
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei S Chagin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Reber S, Mechtersheimer J, Nasif S, Benitez JA, Colombo M, Domanski M, Jutzi D, Hedlund E, Ruepp MD. CRISPR-Trap: a clean approach for the generation of gene knockouts and gene replacements in human cells. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 29:75-83. [PMID: 29167381 PMCID: PMC5909934 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-05-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing offers the possibility to knock out almost any gene of interest in an affordable and simple manner. The most common strategy is the introduction of a frameshift into the open reading frame (ORF) of the target gene which truncates the coding sequence (CDS) and targets the corresponding transcript for degradation by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). However, we show that transcripts containing premature termination codons (PTCs) are not always degraded efficiently and can generate C-terminally truncated proteins which might have residual or dominant negative functions. Therefore, we recommend an alternative approach for knocking out genes, which combines CRISPR/Cas9 with gene traps (CRISPR-Trap) and is applicable to ∼50% of all spliced human protein-coding genes and a large subset of lncRNAs. CRISPR-Trap completely prevents the expression of the ORF and avoids expression of C-terminal truncated proteins. We demonstrate the feasibility of CRISPR-Trap by utilizing it to knock out several genes in different human cell lines. Finally, we also show that this approach can be used to efficiently generate gene replacements allowing for modulation of protein levels for otherwise lethal knockouts (KOs). Thus, CRISPR-Trap offers several advantages over conventional KO approaches and allows for generation of clean CRISPR/Cas9-based KOs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Mechtersheimer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sofia Nasif
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Martino Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michal Domanski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Jutzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet,171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marc-David Ruepp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mills R, Taylor-Weiner H, Correia JC, Agudelo LZ, Allodi I, Kolonelou C, Martinez-Redondo V, Ferreira DMS, Nichterwitz S, Comley LH, Lundin V, Hedlund E, Ruas JL, Teixeira AI. Neurturin is a PGC-1α1-controlled myokine that promotes motor neuron recruitment and neuromuscular junction formation. Mol Metab 2017; 7:12-22. [PMID: 29157948 PMCID: PMC5784328 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether skeletal muscle overexpression of PGC-1α1 or PGC-1α4 affected myokine secretion and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation. METHODS A microfluidic device was used to model endocrine signaling and NMJ formation between primary mouse myoblast-derived myotubes and embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons. Differences in hydrostatic pressure allowed for fluidic isolation of either cell type or unidirectional signaling in the fluid phase. Myotubes were transduced to overexpress PGC-1α1 or PGC-1α4, and myokine secretion was quantified using a proximity extension assay. Morphological and functional changes in NMJs were measured by fluorescent microscopy and by monitoring muscle contraction upon motor neuron stimulation. RESULTS Skeletal muscle transduction with PGC-1α1, but not PGC-1α4, increased NMJ formation and size. PGC-1α1 increased muscle secretion of neurturin, which was sufficient and necessary for the effects of muscle PGC-1α1 on NMJ formation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that neurturin is a mediator of PGC-1α1-dependent retrograde signaling from muscle to motor neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Mills
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles väg 2, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hermes Taylor-Weiner
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles väg 2, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jorge C Correia
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 8, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leandro Z Agudelo
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 8, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ilary Allodi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Kolonelou
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles väg 2, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vicente Martinez-Redondo
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 8, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Duarte M S Ferreira
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 8, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Nichterwitz
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura H Comley
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vanessa Lundin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles väg 2, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jorge L Ruas
- Molecular and Cellular Exercise Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, von Eulers väg 8, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ana I Teixeira
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles väg 2, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hedlund E, Deng Q. Single-cell RNA sequencing: Technical advancements and biological applications. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 59:36-46. [PMID: 28754496 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cells are the basic building blocks of organisms and each cell is unique. Single-cell RNA sequencing has emerged as an indispensable tool to dissect the cellular heterogeneity and decompose tissues into cell types and/or cell states, which offers enormous potential for de novo discovery. Single-cell transcriptomic atlases provide unprecedented resolution to reveal complex cellular events and deepen our understanding of biological systems. In this review, we summarize and compare single-cell RNA sequencing technologies, that were developed since 2009, to facilitate a well-informed choice of method. The applications of these methods in different biological contexts are also discussed. We anticipate an ever-increasing role of single-cell RNA sequencing in biology with further improvement in providing spatial information and coupling to other cellular modalities. In the future, such biological findings will greatly benefit medical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qiaolin Deng
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nijssen J, Comley LH, Hedlund E. Motor neuron vulnerability and resistance in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 133:863-885. [PMID: 28409282 PMCID: PMC5427160 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the fatal disease-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-upper (corticospinal) motor neurons (MNs) and lower somatic MNs, which innervate voluntary muscles, degenerate. Importantly, certain lower MN subgroups are relatively resistant to degeneration, even though pathogenic proteins are typically ubiquitously expressed. Ocular MNs (OMNs), including the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens nuclei (CNIII, IV and VI), which regulate eye movement, persist throughout the disease. Consequently, eye-tracking devices are used to enable paralysed ALS patients (who can no longer speak) to communicate. Additionally, there is a gradient of vulnerability among spinal MNs. Those innervating fast-twitch muscle are most severely affected and degenerate first. MNs innervating slow-twitch muscle can compensate temporarily for the loss of their neighbours by re-innervating denervated muscle until later in disease these too degenerate. The resistant OMNs and the associated extraocular muscles (EOMs) are anatomically and functionally very different from other motor units. The EOMs have a unique set of myosin heavy chains, placing them outside the classical characterization spectrum of all skeletal muscle. Moreover, EOMs have multiple neuromuscular innervation sites per single myofibre. Spinal fast and slow motor units show differences in their dendritic arborisations and the number of myofibres they innervate. These motor units also differ in their functionality and excitability. Identifying the molecular basis of cell-intrinsic pathways that are differentially activated between resistant and vulnerable MNs could reveal mechanisms of selective neuronal resistance, degeneration and regeneration and lead to therapies preventing progressive MN loss in ALS. Illustrating this, overexpression of OMN-enriched genes in spinal MNs, as well as suppression of fast spinal MN-enriched genes can increase the lifespan of ALS mice. Here, we discuss the pattern of lower MN degeneration in ALS and review the current literature on OMN resistance in ALS and differential spinal MN vulnerability. We also reflect upon the non-cell autonomous components that are involved in lower MN degeneration in ALS.
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen G, Schell JP, Benitez JA, Petropoulos S, Yilmaz M, Reinius B, Alekseenko Z, Shi L, Hedlund E, Lanner F, Sandberg R, Deng Q. Single-cell analyses of X Chromosome inactivation dynamics and pluripotency during differentiation. Genome Res 2016; 26:1342-1354. [PMID: 27486082 PMCID: PMC5052059 DOI: 10.1101/gr.201954.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotency, differentiation, and X Chromosome inactivation (XCI) are key aspects of embryonic development. However, the underlying relationship and mechanisms among these processes remain unclear. Here, we systematically dissected these features along developmental progression using mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and single-cell RNA sequencing with allelic resolution. We found that mESCs grown in a ground state 2i condition displayed transcriptomic profiles diffused from preimplantation mouse embryonic cells, whereas EpiStem cells closely resembled the post-implantation epiblast. Sex-related gene expression varied greatly across distinct developmental states. We also identified novel markers that were highly enriched in each developmental state. Moreover, we revealed that several novel pathways, including PluriNetWork and Focal Adhesion, were responsible for the delayed progression of female EpiStem cells. Importantly, we "digitalized" XCI progression using allelic expression of active and inactive X Chromosomes and surprisingly found that XCI states exhibited profound variability in each developmental state, including the 2i condition. XCI progression was not tightly synchronized with loss of pluripotency and increase of differentiation at the single-cell level, although these processes were globally correlated. In addition, highly expressed genes, including core pluripotency factors, were in general biallelically expressed. Taken together, our study sheds light on the dynamics of XCI progression and the asynchronicity between pluripotency, differentiation, and XCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geng Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - John Paul Schell
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julio Aguila Benitez
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Petropoulos
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marlene Yilmaz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Reinius
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhanna Alekseenko
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leming Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Lanner
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rickard Sandberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qiaolin Deng
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Comley LH, Nijssen J, Frost-Nylen J, Hedlund E. Cross-disease comparison of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy reveals conservation of selective vulnerability but differential neuromuscular junction pathology. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:1424-42. [PMID: 26502195 PMCID: PMC5063101 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuromuscular junctions are primary pathological targets in the lethal motor neuron diseases spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Synaptic pathology and denervation of target muscle fibers has been reported prior to the appearance of clinical symptoms in mouse models of both diseases, suggesting that neuromuscular junctions are highly vulnerable from the very early stages, and are a key target for therapeutic intervention. Here we examined neuromuscular pathology longitudinally in three clinically relevant muscle groups in mouse models of ALS and SMA in order to assess their relative vulnerabilities. We show for the first time that neuromuscular junctions of the extraocular muscles (responsible for the control of eye movement) were resistant to degeneration in endstage SMA mice, as well as in late symptomatic ALS mice. Tongue muscle neuromuscular junctions were also spared in both animal models. Conversely, neuromuscular junctions of the lumbrical muscles of the hind‐paw were vulnerable in both SMA and ALS, with a loss of neuronal innervation and shrinkage of motor endplates in both diseases. Thus, the pattern of selective vulnerability was conserved across these two models of motor neuron disease. However, the first evidence of neuromuscular pathology occurred at different timepoints of disease progression, with much earlier evidence of presynaptic involvement in ALS, progressing to changes on the postsynaptic side. Conversely, in SMA changes appeared concomitantly at the neuromuscular junction, suggesting that mechanisms of neuromuscular disruption are distinct in these diseases. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1424–1442, 2016. © 2015 The Authors The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Comley
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jik Nijssen
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Comley L, Allodi I, Nichterwitz S, Nizzardo M, Simone C, Corti S, Hedlund E. Motor neurons with differential vulnerability to degeneration show distinct protein signatures in health and ALS. Neuroscience 2015; 291:216-29. [PMID: 25697826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The lethal disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the loss of somatic motor neurons. However, not all motor neurons are equally vulnerable to disease; certain groups are spared, including those in the oculomotor nucleus controlling eye movement. The reasons for this differential vulnerability remain unknown. Here we have identified a protein signature for resistant oculomotor motor neurons and vulnerable hypoglossal and spinal motor neurons in mouse and man and in health and ALS with the aim of understanding motor neuron resistance. Several proteins with implications for motor neuron resistance, including GABAA receptor α1, guanylate cyclase soluble subunit alpha-3 and parvalbumin were persistently expressed in oculomotor neurons in man and mouse. Vulnerable motor neurons displayed higher protein levels of dynein, peripherin and GABAA receptor α2, which play roles in retrograde transport and excitability, respectively. These were dynamically regulated during disease and thus could place motor neurons at an increased risk. From our analysis is it evident that oculomotor motor neurons have a distinct protein signature compared to vulnerable motor neurons in brain stem and spinal cord, which could in part explain their resistance to degeneration in ALS. Our comparison of human and mouse shows the relative conservation of signals across species and infers that transgenic SOD1G93A mice could be used to predict mechanisms of neuronal vulnerability in man.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Comley
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius v. 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Allodi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius v. 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Nichterwitz
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius v. 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Nizzardo
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - C Simone
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - S Corti
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - E Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius v. 8, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Aguila JC, Blak A, van Arensbergen J, Sousa A, Vázquez N, Aduriz A, Gayosso M, Lopez Mato MP, Lopez de Maturana R, Hedlund E, Sonntag KC, Sanchez-Pernaute R. Selection Based on FOXA2 Expression Is Not Sufficient to Enrich for Dopamine Neurons From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1032-42. [PMID: 25024431 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are potential cell sources for regenerative approaches in Parkinson disease. Inductive differentiation protocols can generate midbrain dopamine neurons but result in heterogeneous cell mixtures. Therefore, selection strategies are necessary to obtain uniform dopamine cell populations. Here, we developed a selection approach using lentivirus vectors to express green fluorescent protein under the promoter region of FOXA2, a transcription factor that is expressed in the floor plate domain that gives rise to dopamine neurons during embryogenesis. We first validated the specificity of the vectors in human cell lines against a promoterless construct. We then selected FOXA2-positive neural progenitors from several human pluripotent stem cell lines, which demonstrated a gene expression profile typical for the ventral domain of the midbrain and floor plate, but failed to enrich for dopamine neurons. To investigate whether this was due to the selection approach, we overexpressed FOXA2 in neural progenitors derived from human pluripotent stem cell lines. FOXA2 forced expression resulted in an increased expression of floor plate but not mature neuronal markers. Furthermore, selection of the FOXA2 overexpressing fraction also failed to enrich for dopamine neurons. Collectively, our results suggest that FOXA2 is not sufficient to induce a dopaminergic fate in this system. On the other hand, our study demonstrates that a combined approach of promoter activation and lentivirus vector technology can be used as a versatile tool for the selection of a defined cell population from a variety of human pluripotent stem cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Cesar Aguila
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair and Cytometry and Advanced Optical Microscopy Facility, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain; STEMCELL Technologies, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandra Blak
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair and Cytometry and Advanced Optical Microscopy Facility, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain; STEMCELL Technologies, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joris van Arensbergen
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair and Cytometry and Advanced Optical Microscopy Facility, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain; STEMCELL Technologies, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amaia Sousa
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair and Cytometry and Advanced Optical Microscopy Facility, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain; STEMCELL Technologies, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nerea Vázquez
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair and Cytometry and Advanced Optical Microscopy Facility, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain; STEMCELL Technologies, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ariane Aduriz
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair and Cytometry and Advanced Optical Microscopy Facility, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain; STEMCELL Technologies, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mayela Gayosso
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair and Cytometry and Advanced Optical Microscopy Facility, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain; STEMCELL Technologies, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Paz Lopez Mato
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair and Cytometry and Advanced Optical Microscopy Facility, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain; STEMCELL Technologies, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rakel Lopez de Maturana
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair and Cytometry and Advanced Optical Microscopy Facility, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain; STEMCELL Technologies, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair and Cytometry and Advanced Optical Microscopy Facility, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain; STEMCELL Technologies, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kai-Christian Sonntag
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair and Cytometry and Advanced Optical Microscopy Facility, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain; STEMCELL Technologies, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rosario Sanchez-Pernaute
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neural Repair and Cytometry and Advanced Optical Microscopy Facility, Inbiomed, San Sebastian, Spain; STEMCELL Technologies, Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gilbertson R, Parker M, Mohankumar KM, Punchihewa C, Weinlich R, Dalton JD, Li Y, Lee R, Tatevossian RG, Phoenix TN, Thiruvenkatam R, White E, Tang B, Orisme W, Gupta K, Rusch M, Chen X, Li Y, Nagahawhatta P, Hedlund E, Finkelstein D, Wu G, Shurtleff S, Easton J, Boggs K, Yergeau D, Vadodaria B, Mulder HL, Becksford J, Gupta P, Huether R, Ma J, Song G, Gajjar A, Merchant T, Boop F, Smith AA, Ding L, Lu C, Ochoa K, Zhao D, Fulton RS, Fulton LL, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Downing JR, Green DR, Zhang J, Ellison DW, Gilbertson RJ. C11ORF95-RELA FUSIONS DRIVE ONCOGENIC NF-KB SIGNALING IN EPENDYMOMA. Neuro Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou206.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
30
|
Allodi I, Hedlund E. Directed midbrain and spinal cord neurogenesis from pluripotent stem cells to model development and disease in a dish. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:109. [PMID: 24904255 PMCID: PMC4033221 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of specific neuronal fates is restricted in time and space in the developing CNS through integration of extrinsic morphogen signals and intrinsic determinants. Morphogens impose regional characteristics on neural progenitors and establish distinct progenitor domains. Such domains are defined by unique expression patterns of fate determining transcription factors. These processes of neuronal fate specification can be recapitulated in vitro using pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we focus on the generation of dopamine neurons and motor neurons, which are induced at ventral positions of the neural tube through Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, and defined at anteroposterior positions by fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) 8, Wnt1, and retinoic acid (RA). In vitro utilization of these morphogenic signals typically results in the generation of multiple neuronal cell types, which are defined at the intersection of these signals. If the purpose of in vitro neurogenesis is to generate one cell type only, further lineage restriction can be accomplished by forced expression of specific transcription factors in a permissive environment. Alternatively, cell-sorting strategies allow for selection of neuronal progenitors or mature neurons. However, modeling development, disease and prospective therapies in a dish could benefit from structured heterogeneity, where desired neurons are appropriately synaptically connected and thus better reflect the three-dimensional structure of that region. By modulating the extrinsic environment to direct sequential generation of neural progenitors within a domain, followed by self-organization and synaptic establishment, a reductionist model of that brain region could be created. Here we review recent advances in neuronal fate induction in vitro, with a focus on the interplay between cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and discuss the implications for studying development and disease in a dish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilary Allodi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rizzo F, Riboldi G, Salani S, Nizzardo M, Simone C, Corti S, Hedlund E. Cellular therapy to target neuroinflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:999-1015. [PMID: 24100629 PMCID: PMC3928509 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the selective vulnerability and progressive loss of discrete neuronal populations. Non-neuronal cells appear to significantly contribute to neuronal loss in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson, and Alzheimer’s disease. In ALS, there is deterioration of motor neurons in the cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord, which control voluntary muscle groups. This results in muscle wasting, paralysis, and death. Neuroinflammation, characterized by the appearance of reactive astrocytes and microglia as well as macrophage and T-lymphocyte infiltration, appears to be highly involved in the disease pathogenesis, highlighting the involvement of non-neuronal cells in neurodegeneration. There appears to be cross-talk between motor neurons, astrocytes, and immune cells, including microglia and T-lymphocytes, which are subsequently activated. Currently, effective therapies for ALS are lacking; however, the non-cell autonomous nature of ALS may indicate potential therapeutic targets. Here, we review the mechanisms of action of astrocytes, microglia, and T-lymphocytes in the nervous system in health and during the pathogenesis of ALS. We also evaluate the therapeutic potential of these cellular populations, after transplantation into ALS patients and animal models of the disease, in modulating the environment surrounding motor neurons from pro-inflammatory to neuroprotective. We also thoroughly discuss the recent advances made in the field and caveats that need to be overcome for clinical translation of cell therapies aimed at modulating non-cell autonomous events to preserve remaining motor neurons in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rizzo
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulietta Riboldi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Salani
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Nizzardo
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Simone
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca’Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius v. 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rafnsson SB, Bhopal RS, Agyemang C, Fagot-Campagna A, Harding S, Hammar N, Hedlund E, Juel K, Primatesta P, Rosato M, Rey G, Wild SH, Mackenbach JP, Stirbu I, Kunst AE. Sizable variations in circulatory disease mortality by region and country of birth in six European countries. Eur J Public Health 2013; 23:594-605. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckt023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
33
|
Deng Q, Andersson E, Hedlund E, Alekseenko Z, Coppola E, Panman L, Millonig JH, Brunet JF, Ericson J, Perlmann T. Specific and integrated roles of Lmx1a, Lmx1b and Phox2a in ventral midbrain development. Development 2011; 138:3399-408. [PMID: 21752929 DOI: 10.1242/dev.065482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The severe disorders associated with a loss or dysfunction of midbrain dopamine neurons (DNs) have intensified research aimed at deciphering developmental programs controlling midbrain development. The homeodomain proteins Lmx1a and Lmx1b are important for the specification of DNs during embryogenesis, but it is unclear to what degree they may mediate redundant or specific functions. Here, we provide evidence showing that DN progenitors in the ventral midbrain can be subdivided into molecularly distinct medial and lateral domains, and these subgroups show different sensitivity to the loss of Lmx1a and Lmx1b. Lmx1a is specifically required for converting non-neuronal floor-plate cells into neuronal DN progenitors, a process that involves the establishment of Notch signaling in ventral midline cells. On the other hand, lateral DN progenitors that do not appear to originate from the floor plate are selectively ablated in Lmx1b mutants. In addition, we also reveal an unanticipated role for Lmx1b in regulating Phox2a expression and the sequential specification of ocular motor neurons (OMNs) and red nucleus neurons (RNNs) from progenitors located lateral to DNs in the midbrain. Our data therefore establish that Lmx1b influences the differentiation of multiple neuronal subtypes in the ventral midbrain, whereas Lmx1a appears to be exclusively devoted to the differentiation of the DN lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaolin Deng
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, von Eulers väg 3, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nobels väg 3, Karolinska Institutet, 71 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Andersson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, von Eulers väg 3, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nobels väg 3, Karolinska Institutet, 71 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhanna Alekseenko
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, von Eulers väg 3, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Coppola
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Lia Panman
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nobels väg 3, Karolinska Institutet, 71 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James H. Millonig
- UMDNJ, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CABM, 679 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Brunet
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Johan Ericson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, von Eulers väg 3, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Perlmann
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, von Eulers väg 3, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nobels väg 3, Karolinska Institutet, 71 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Panman L, Andersson E, Alekseenko Z, Hedlund E, Kee N, Mong J, Uhde C, Deng Q, Sandberg R, Stanton L, Ericson J, Perlmann T. Transcription Factor-Induced Lineage Selection of Stem-Cell-Derived Neural Progenitor Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2011; 8:663-75. [PMID: 21624811 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
35
|
Hedlund E, Karlsson M, Osborn T, Ludwig W, Isacson O. Global gene expression profiling of somatic motor neuron populations with different vulnerability identify molecules and pathways of degeneration and protection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 133:2313-30. [PMID: 20826431 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Different somatic motor neuron subpopulations show a differential vulnerability to degeneration in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy and spinobulbar muscular atrophy. Studies in mutant superoxide dismutase 1 over-expressing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model mice indicate that initiation of disease is intrinsic to motor neurons, while progression is promoted by astrocytes and microglia. Therefore, analysis of the normal transcriptional profile of motor neurons displaying differential vulnerability to degeneration in motor neuron disease could give important clues to the mechanisms of relative vulnerability. Global gene expression profiling of motor neurons isolated by laser capture microdissection from three anatomical nuclei of the normal rat, oculomotor/trochlear (cranial nerve 3/4), hypoglossal (cranial nerve 12) and lateral motor column of the cervical spinal cord, displaying differential vulnerability to degeneration in motor neuron disorders, identified enriched transcripts for each neuronal subpopulation. There were striking differences in the regulation of genes involved in endoplasmatic reticulum and mitochondrial function, ubiquitination, apoptosis regulation, nitrogen metabolism, calcium regulation, transport, growth and RNA processing; cellular pathways that have been implicated in motor neuron diseases. Confirmation of genes of immediate biological interest identified differential localization of insulin-like growth factor II, guanine deaminase, peripherin, early growth response 1, soluble guanylate cyclase 1A3 and placental growth factor protein. Furthermore, the cranial nerve 3/4-restricted genes insulin-like growth factor II and guanine deaminase protected spinal motor neurons from glutamate-induced toxicity (P < 0.001, ANOVA), indicating that our approach can identify factors that protect or make neurons more susceptible to degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hedlund
- Center for Neuroregeneration Research, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Transplantation of foetal dopamine neurons into the striatum of Parkinson's disease patients can provide restoration of the dopamine system and alleviate motor deficits. However, cellular replacement is associated with several problems. As with pharmacological treatments, cell therapy can lead to disabling abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesias). The exclusion of serotonin and GABA neurons, and enrichment of substantia nigra (A9) dopamine neurons, may circumvent this problem. Furthermore, although grafted foetal dopamine neurons can survive in Parkinson's patients for more than a decade, the occurrence of Lewy bodies within such transplanted cells and reduced dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase expression levels indicate that grafted cells are associated with pathology. It will be important to understand if such abnormalities are host- or graft induced and to develop methods to ensure survival of functional dopamine neurons. Careful preparation of cellular suspensions to minimize graft-induced inflammatory responses might influence the longevity of transplanted cells. Finally, a number of practical and ethical issues are associated with the use of foetal tissue sources. Thus, future cell therapy is aiming towards the use of embryonic stem cell or induced pluripotent stem cell derived dopamine neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Hedlund
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Panman L, Andersson E, Hedlund E, Udhe C, Mong J, Alexsenko Z, Sandberg R, Ericson J, Perlmann T. 14-P020 Intrinsic transcriptional determinants promote efficient generation of neuronal subtypes from ES cells. Mech Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2009.06.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
38
|
Jartti L, Rönnemaa T, Raitakari OT, Hedlund E, Hammar N, Lassila R, Marniemi J, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J. Migration at early age from a high to a lower coronary heart disease risk country lowers the risk of subclinical atherosclerosis in middle-aged men. J Intern Med 2009; 265:345-58. [PMID: 19207372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.02018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Study of migrants offers a natural model to assess environmental risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in countries differing in CHD occurrence. In Sweden, CHD risk has been markedly lower than in Finland from where a large migration occurred in the 1970s. OBJECTIVES To study the structural and functional markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in twin pairs discordant for migration with the main focus on age at migration, length of residence and integration into Swedish society after migration from a high to a lower CHD risk country. METHODS Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and brachial artery endothelial function (EF) were assessed with high-resolution ultrasound and a set of cardiovascular, socio-economic and psychosocial risk factors were estimated in 76 middle-aged male twin pairs discordant for migration from Finland to Sweden. RESULTS Men who had migrated in adolescence had lower IMT values compared with their co-twins living in Finland (0.665 +/- 0.114 vs. 0.802 +/- 0.167 mm, P = 0.009). Also men who integrated well to Swedish society had lower (0.720 +/- 0.154 vs. 0.799 +/- 0.207 mm, P = 0.013) IMT values than their twin brothers living in Finland. Associations between IMT and migration age and between IMT and integration remained significant in multivariate analyses of several CHD risk factors. The intrapair difference in IMT was significantly associated with immigration age and integration (ANOVA, P = 0.0082), the difference being greatest among pairs where the brother living in Sweden had migrated at early age and integrated well to Swedish society. EF was better in men who had migrated to Sweden before the age of 21 years, but not later, compared with their co-twins in Finland (6.4 +/- 4.6% vs. 3.8 +/- 3.6%, P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS Migration at an early age and good integration are beneficial to vascular health associated with moving from a high to a lower CHD risk country, suggesting that an environment-sensitive period influences atherogenesis before adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Jartti
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Di Giorgio et al. (2008) and Marchetto et al. (2008) culture motor neurons derived from human embryonic stem cells with astrocytes expressing mutant SOD1. In these human ALS models, motor neurons are selectively destroyed by mutant astrocyte-secreted factors, and potential neuroprotective pathways are revealed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hedlund
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Karolinska Institute, Nobelsv 3, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hedlund E, Pruszak J, Lardaro T, Ludwig W, Viñuela A, Kim KS, Isacson O. Embryonic stem cell-derived Pitx3-enhanced green fluorescent protein midbrain dopamine neurons survive enrichment by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and function in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1526-36. [PMID: 18388307 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Both fetal ventral mesencephalic (VM) and embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived dopamine neurons have been used successfully to correct behavioral responses in animal models of Parkinson's disease. However, grafts derived from fetal VM cells or from ES cells contain multiple cell types, and the majority of these cells are not dopamine neurons. Isolation of ES cell-derived dopamine neurons and subsequent transplantation would both elucidate the capacity of these neurons to provide functional input and also further explore an efficient and safer use of ES cells for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Toward this goal, we used a Pitx3-enhanced green fluorescent protein (Pitx3-eGFP) knock-in mouse blastocyst-derived embryonic stem (mES) cell line and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to select and purify midbrain dopamine neurons. Initially, the dopaminergic marker profile of intact Pitx3-eGFP mES cultures was evaluated after differentiation in vitro. eGFP expression overlapped closely with that of Pitx3, Nurr1, Engrailed-1, Lmx1a, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), l-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), demonstrating that these cells were of a midbrain dopamine neuron character. Furthermore, postmitotic Pitx3-eGFP(+) dopamine neurons, which constituted 2%-5% of all live cells in the culture after dissociation, could be highly enriched to >90% purity by FACS, and these isolated neurons were viable, extended neurites, and maintained a dopaminergic profile in vitro. Transplantation to 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats showed that an enriched dopaminergic population could survive and restore both amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced functions, and the grafts contained large numbers of midbrain dopamine neurons, which innervated the host striatum. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hedlund
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center for Excellence, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (or Kennedy's disease), spinal muscular atrophy and spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress 1 are neurodegenerative disorders mainly affecting motor neurons and which currently lack effective therapies. Recent studies in animal models as well as primary and embryonic stem cell models of ALS, utilizing over-expression of mutated forms of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1, have shown that motor neuron degeneration in these models is in part a non cell-autonomous event and that by providing genetically non-compromised supporting cells such as microglia or growth factor-excreting cells, onset can be delayed and survival increased. Using models of acute motor neuron injury it has been shown that embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons implanted into the spinal cord can innervate muscle targets and improve functional recovery. Thus, a rationale exists for the development of cell therapies in motor neuron diseases aimed at either protecting and/or replacing lost motor neurons, interneurons as well as non-neuronal cells. This review evaluates approaches used in animal models of motor neuron disorders and their therapeutic relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hedlund
- Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Center for Neuroregeneration Research, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Molvik AW, Kollmus H, Mahner E, Covo MK, Bellachioma MC, Bender M, Bieniosek FM, Hedlund E, Krämer A, Kwan J, Malyshev OB, Prost L, Seidl PA, Westenskow G, Westerberg L. Heavy-ion-induced electronic desorption of gas from metals. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:064801. [PMID: 17358950 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.064801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
During heavy-ion operation in several particle accelerators worldwide, dynamic pressure rises of orders of magnitude were triggered by lost beam ions that bombarded the vacuum chamber walls. This ion-induced molecular desorption, observed at CERN, GSI, and BNL, can seriously limit the ion beam lifetime and intensity of the accelerator. From dedicated test stand experiments we have discovered that heavy-ion-induced gas desorption scales with the electronic energy loss (dE_{e}/dx) of the ions slowing down in matter; but it varies only little with the ion impact angle, unlike electronic sputtering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A W Molvik
- Heavy-Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hedlund E, Pruszak J, Ferree A, Viñuela A, Hong S, Isacson O, Kim KS. Selection of embryonic stem cell-derived enhanced green fluorescent protein-positive dopamine neurons using the tyrosine hydroxylase promoter is confounded by reporter gene expression in immature cell populations. Stem Cells 2007; 25:1126-35. [PMID: 17234989 PMCID: PMC2614084 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells can restore function in Parkinson disease models, but can generate teratomas. Purification of dopamine neurons derived from embryonic stem cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) could provide a functional cell population for transplantation while eliminating the risk of teratoma formation. Here we used the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter to drive enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expression in mES cells. First, we evaluated 2.5-kilobase (kb) and 9-kb TH promoter fragments and showed that clones generated using the 9-kb fragment produced significantly more eGFP+/TH+ neurons. We selected the 9-kb TH clone with the highest eGFP/TH overlap for further differentiation, FACS, and transplantation experiments. Grafts contained large numbers of eGFP+ dopamine neurons of an appropriate phenotype. However, there were also numerous eGFP+ cells that did not express TH and did not have a neuronal morphology. In addition, we found cells in the grafts representing all three germ layers. Based on these findings, we examined the expression of stem cell markers in our eGFP+ population. We found that a majority of eGFP+ cells were stage-specific embryonic antigen-positive (SSEA-1+) and that the genetically engineered clones contained more SSEA-1+ cells after differentiation than the original D3 mES cells. By negative selection of SSEA-1, we could isolate a neuronal eGFP+ population of high purity. These results illustrate the complexity of using genetic selection to purify mES cell-derived dopamine neurons and provide a comprehensive analysis of cell selection strategies based on tyrosine hydroxylase expression. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hedlund
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center for Excellence, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratories, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jan Pruszak
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center for Excellence, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Ferree
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center for Excellence, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angel Viñuela
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center for Excellence, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sunghoi Hong
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center for Excellence, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center for Excellence, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center for Excellence, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratories, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chung S, Shin BS, Hedlund E, Pruszak J, Ferree A, Kang UJ, Isacson O, Kim KS. Genetic selection of sox1GFP-expressing neural precursors removes residual tumorigenic pluripotent stem cells and attenuates tumor formation after transplantation. J Neurochem 2006; 97:1467-80. [PMID: 16696855 PMCID: PMC2610439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Because of their ability to proliferate and to differentiate into diverse cell types, embryonic stem (ES) cells are a potential source of cells for transplantation therapy of various diseases, including Parkinson's disease. A critical issue for this potential therapy is the elimination of undifferentiated cells that, even in low numbers, could result in teratoma formation in the host brain. We hypothesize that an efficient solution would consist of purifying the desired cell types, such as neural precursors, prior to transplantation. To test this hypothesis, we differentiated sox1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in ES cells in vitro, purified neural precursor cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and characterized the purified cells in vitro as well as in vivo. Immunocytofluorescence and RT-PCR analyses showed that this genetic purification procedure efficiently removed undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells. Furthermore, when differentiated into mature neurons in vitro, the purified GFP+ cell population generated enriched neuronal populations, whereas the GFP- population generated much fewer neurons. When treated with dopaminergic inducing signals such as sonic hedgehog (SHH) and fibroblast growth factor-8 (FGF8), FACS-purified neural precursor cells responded to these molecules and generated dopaminergic neurons as well as other neural subtypes. When transplanted, the GFP+ cell population generated well contained grafts containing dopaminergic neurons, whereas the GFP- population generated significantly larger grafts (about 20-fold) and frequent tumor-related deaths in the transplanted animals. Taken together, our results demonstrate that genetic purification of neural precursor cells using FACS isolation can effectively remove unwanted proliferating cell types and avoid tumor formation after transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Chung
- Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratories, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - B.-S. Shin
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratories, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - E. Hedlund
- Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratories, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J. Pruszak
- Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A. Ferree
- Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Un Jung Kang
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Neuroregeneration Laboratories, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratories, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kubasak MD, Hedlund E, Roy RR, Carpenter EM, Edgerton VR, Phelps PE. L1 CAM expression is increased surrounding the lesion site in rats with complete spinal cord transection as neonates. Exp Neurol 2005; 194:363-75. [PMID: 16022864 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Revised: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
L1 is a cell adhesion molecule associated with axonal outgrowth, fasciculation, and guidance during development and injury. In this study, we examined the long-term effects of spinal cord injury with and without exercise on the re-expression of L1 throughout the rat spinal cord. Spinal cords from control rats were compared to those from rats receiving complete mid-thoracic spinal cord transections at postnatal day 5, daily treadmill step training for up to 8 weeks, or both transection and step training. Three months after spinal cord transection, we observed substantially higher levels of L1 expression by both Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry in rats with and without step training. Higher expression levels of L1 were seen in the dorsal gray matter and in the dorsal lateral funiculus both above and below the lesion site. In addition, L1 was re-expressed on the descending fibers of the corticospinal tract above the lesion. L1-labeled axons also expressed GAP-43, a protein associated with axon outgrowth and regeneration. Treadmill step training had no effect on L1 expression in either control or transected rats despite the fact that spinal transected rats displayed improved stepping patterns indicative of spinal learning. Thus, spinal cord transection at an early age induced substantial L1 expression on axons near the lesion site, but was not additionally augmented by exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Kubasak
- Department of Physiological Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chung S, Hedlund E, Hwang M, Kim DW, Shin BS, Hwang DY, Kang UJ, Isacson O, Kim KS. The homeodomain transcription factor Pitx3 facilitates differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into AHD2-expressing dopaminergic neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 28:241-52. [PMID: 15691706 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Revised: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The A9 dopaminergic (DA) neuronal group projecting to the dorsal striatum is the most vulnerable in Parkinson's disease (PD). We genetically engineered mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to express the transcription factors Nurr1 or Pitx3. After in vitro differentiation of Pitx3-expressing ES cells, the proportion of DA neurons expressing aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (AHD2) increased, while the total number of DA neurons remained the same. The highest levels of AHD2 expression were observed in mouse A9 DA neurons projecting to the dorsal striatum. Furthermore, real-time PCR analyses of in vitro differentiated Pitx3-expressing ES cells revealed that genes highly expressed in A9 DA neurons were up-regulated. When transplanted into the mouse striatum, Pitx3-expressing cells generated an increased proportion of AHD2-expressing DA neurons. Contrastingly, in Nurr1-expressing ES cells, increases of all midbrain DA markers were observed, resulting in a higher total number of DA neurons in vitro and in vivo, whereas the proportion of AHD2-expressing DA neurons was not changed. Our data, using gain-of-function analysis of ES cells, suggest that Pitx3 may be important for specification and/or maintenance of A9-like neuronal properties, while Nurr1 influences overall midbrain DA specification. These findings may be important for modifying ES cells to generate an optimal cell source for transplantation therapy of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Chung
- Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02178, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kakinohana O, Cizkova D, Tomori Z, Hedlund E, Marsala S, Isacson O, Marsala M. Region-specific cell grafting into cervical and lumbar spinal cord in rat: a qualitative and quantitative stereological study. Exp Neurol 2005; 190:122-32. [PMID: 15473986 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Revised: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 07/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have characterized an atraumatic grafting technique which permits multiple, segmental, and lamina-specific injections into cervical or lumbar spinal cord. Cell injections were performed in spinally mounted rats of different ages and spinal cord size, using a micromanipulator and glass microcapillary connected to a digital microinjector. For grafting, we used human neuroteratoma (hNT) cells, BrdU-labeled rat spinal precursors or primary embryonic spinal cord neurons isolated from E14 spinal cord of the eGFP+ rat. Systematic quantification of grafted cells was performed using stereological principles of systematic random sampling and semi-automated optical Disector software. Volume reconstruction was performed using serial sections from grafted areas and custom-developed software (Ellipse) which permits "two reference points" semi-automated alignment of images, as well as volume reconstruction and calculation. By coupling these techniques, it is possible to achieve a relatively precise and atraumatic cell delivery into multiple spinal cord segments and specific spinal laminae. Consistency of the multiple grafts position in the targeted laminar areas was verified by a systematic volume reconstruction. Good survival of implanted cells for the three different cell lines used indicate that this grafting technique coupled with a systematic analysis of the individual grafting sites can represent a valuable implantation-analytical system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kakinohana
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, University of California-San Diego-0818, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Nilsson JO, Hörnström SE, Hedlund E, Klang H, Uvdal K. Characterization of chromatized hot-dip-galvanized steel and 55% AlZn-coated steel using ESCA and AES. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.740190171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
49
|
Hedlund E, Karsten SL, Kudo L, Geschwind DH, Carpenter EM. Identification of a Hoxd10-regulated transcriptional network and combinatorial interactions with Hoxa10 during spinal cord development. J Neurosci Res 2004; 75:307-19. [PMID: 14743444 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hoxd10 is expressed in the posterior spinal cord and hindlimbs of the mouse. Hoxd10, along with other Hox transcription factors, is thought to regulate the activity of genes involved in nervous system patterning and motor neuron development, but little is known about the downstream targets regulated by this gene. cDNA microarrays were used to investigate the transcriptional network regulated by Hoxd10 in homozygous knockout animals. Sixty-nine genes were identified with altered expression levels in mutant spinal cords. Among these were genes involved in such diverse cellular events as cellular communication, cell cycle control, development and differentiation, and neuronal survival. The expression of some of these genes was investigated using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization. Nine genes showed changes in expression of the same sign and similar magnitude using RT-PCR in Hoxd10 single mutant animals, with additional changes in expression seen in Hoxa10/Hoxd10 double mutant animals. In situ hybridization studies also demonstrated changes in expression consistent with microarray results. Analysis of putative promoter regions for Hox protein binding sites suggested that some genes may be direct Hoxd10 targets, whereas others likely are regulated through intermediate steps. Using cDNA microarrays to study a single gene knockout during critical developmental stages has identified a large number of genes regulated by Hoxd10, many of which would not have been approached as candidates for Hox gene regulation based on function or expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hedlund
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Three different Pax6 promoters -- P0, P1, and P alpha -- show differential activity in the developing eye and spinal cord. To examine promoter usage during forebrain development, we performed in situ hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to detect transcripts initiated from each promoter. Promoter-specific transcripts are expressed within subdomains of total Pax6 expression, but differ from one another in their spatial localization and expression over time. Additionally, we identified a novel P0-initiated transcript and detected a developmentally regulated antisense transcript.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tonya R Anderson
- UCLA Neuroscience IDP and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|