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Mensing LA, van Tuijl RJ, de Kort GA, van der Schaaf IC, Visseren FL, Rinkel GJE, Velthuis BK, Ruigrok YM. Screening for intracranial aneurysms in persons ⩾35 years with hypertension and atherosclerotic disease who smoke(d). Eur Stroke J 2023; 8:1071-1078. [PMID: 37585730 PMCID: PMC10683722 DOI: 10.1177/23969873231193296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lifetime risk of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) is high (7%) in persons ⩾35 years with hypertension who smoke(d). Whether screening for intracranial aneurysms (IAs) to prevent aSAH is effective in these patients is unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS Participants were retrieved from a cohort of patients with clinically manifest atherosclerotic vascular disease included between 2012 and 2019 at the University Medical Centre Utrecht (SMART-ORACLE, NCT01932671) in whom CT-angiography (CTA) of intracranial arteries was performed. We selected patients ⩾35 years with hypertension who smoke(d). CTAs were reviewed for the presence of IAs by experienced neuroradiologists. Patients with IAs were offered follow-up imaging to detect aneurysmal growth. We determined aneurysm prevalence and developed a diagnostic model for IA risk at screening using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS IA were found in 25 of 500 patients (5.0% prevalence, 95%CI: 3.3%-7.3%). Median 5 year risk of rupture assessed with the PHASES score was 0.9% (IQR: 0.7%-1.3%). During a median follow-up of 57 months (IQR: 39-83 months) no patients suffered from aSAH. Aneurysmal growth was detected in one patient for whom preventive treatment was advised. IA risk at screening ranged between 1.6% and 13.4% with predictors being age, female sex and current smoking. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION IA prevalence in persons ⩾35 years with hypertension and atherosclerotic vascular disease who smoke(d) was 5%. Given the very small proportion of IA that needed preventive treatment, we currently do not advise screening for Caucasian persons older than 35 years of age who smoke and have hypertension in general. Whether screening may be effective for certain subgroups (e.g. women older than 50 years of age) or other ethnic populations should be the subject of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liselore A Mensing
- UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rick J van Tuijl
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard A de Kort
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Frank L Visseren
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel JE Rinkel
- UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitta K Velthuis
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ynte M Ruigrok
- UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ocak G, Khairoun M, Khairoun O, Bos WJW, Fu EL, Cramer MJ, Westerink J, Verhaar MC, Visseren FL. Chronic kidney disease and atrial fibrillation: A dangerous combination. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266046. [PMID: 35390012 PMCID: PMC8989340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are both risk factors for bleeding, stroke and mortality. The aim of our study was to investigate the interaction between CKD and atrial fibrillation and outcomes. Methods We included 12,394 subjects referred to the University Medical Center Utrecht (the Netherlands) from September 1996 to February 2018 for an out-patient visit (Utrecht Cardiovascular Cohort Second Manifestation of Arterial disease cohort). Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for bleeding, ischemic stroke or mortality were calculated with Cox proportional hazard analyses. Presence of interaction between AF and CKD was examined by calculating the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), the attributable proportion (AP) due to interaction and the synergy index (S). Results Of the 12,394 patients, 699 patients had AF, 2,752 patients had CKD and 325 patients had both AF and CKD. Patients with both CKD and AF had a 3.0-fold (95% CI 2.0–4.4) increased risk for bleeding, a 4.2-fold (95% CI 3.0–6.0) increased ischemic stroke risk and a 2.2-fold (95% CI 1.9–2.6) increased mortality risk after adjustment as compared with subjects without atrial fibrillation and CKD. We did not find interaction between AF and CKD for bleeding and mortality. However, we found interaction between AF and CKD for ischemic stroke risk (RERI 1.88 (95% CI 0.31–3.46), AP 0.45 (95% CI 0.17–0.72) and S 2.40 (95% CI 1.08–5.32)). Conclusion AF and CKD are both associated with bleeding, ischemic stroke and mortality. There is a positive interaction between AF and CKD for ischemic stroke risk, but not for bleeding or mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurbey Ocak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Meriem Khairoun
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Othman Khairoun
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Willem Jan W. Bos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sint Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Edouard L. Fu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten J. Cramer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Westerink
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marianne C. Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank L. Visseren
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Zoet GA, Benschop L, Boersma E, Budde RPJ, Fauser BCJM, van der Graaf Y, de Groot CJM, Maas AHEM, Roeters van Lennep JE, Steegers EAP, Visseren FL, van Rijn BB, Velthuis BK, Franx A. Prevalence of Subclinical Coronary Artery Disease Assessed by Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography in 45- to 55-Year-Old Women With a History of Preeclampsia. Circulation 2019; 137:877-879. [PMID: 29459475 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.032695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerbrand A Zoet
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Birth Center (G.A.Z., B.B.v.R., A.F.)
| | - Laura Benschop
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (L.B., E.A.P.S.)
| | | | - Ricardo P J Budde
- Department of Cardiology (E.B., R.P.J.B.).,Department of Radiology (R.P.J.B.)
| | | | | | - Christianne J M de Groot
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands (G.J.M.d.G.)
| | - Angela H E M Maas
- Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands (A.H.E.M.M.)
| | | | | | | | - Bas B van Rijn
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Birth Center (G.A.Z., B.B.v.R., A.F.).,Academic Unit of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (B.B.v.R.)
| | - Birgitta K Velthuis
- Department of Radiology (B.K.V.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arie Franx
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Birth Center (G.A.Z., B.B.v.R., A.F.)
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Janssen VE, Visseren FL, de Boer A, Grobbee DE, Westerink J, van der Graaf Y, Lafeber M. Combined use of polypill components in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2018; 25:1523-1531. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487318789494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives A polypill containing aspirin, a statin and blood pressure (BP)-lowering agents has been proposed for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. To increase adherence and reduce the gaps between indicated and used therapy, a polypill might be of interest for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Our aim was to assess the prevalence of the combined use of polypill components in patients with T2DM over time. Methods The combined use of polypill components was assessed between 1996 and 2015 in patients with T2DM in the prospective SMART cohort ( n = 1828). The results were dichotomized into patients without ( n = 568) and with ( n = 1260) vascular disease. The patient characteristics associated with the use of polypill components were evaluated. Results In total, 19% of patients with T2DM without vascular disease received a statin and ≥2 BP-lowering agents (‘cardiovascular polypill’) and 13% received additional oral glucose-lowering therapy (‘diabetic polypill’). Of the patients with T2DM with vascular disease, 42% received the combination of an antiplatelet agent, a statin and ≥2 BP-lowering agents (‘cardiovascular polypill’) and 30% received additional glucose-lowering therapy (‘diabetic polypill’). The prevalence of the use of the cardiovascular and diabetic polypill combination has substantially increased between 1996 and 2015 to 36 and 32% in patients without vascular disease and to 67 and 57% in patients with vascular disease. Conclusions Patients with T2DM frequently use polypill components, often together with oral glucose-lowering agents, and this rate of use has increased steadily between 1996 and 2015. Introducing a cardiovascular or diabetic polypill for patients with T2DM seems to be highly relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi E Janssen
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Frank L Visseren
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anthonius de Boer
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Diederick E Grobbee
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Westerink
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yolanda van der Graaf
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Melvin Lafeber
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Ocak G, Rookmaaker MB, Algra A, de Borst GJ, Doevendans PA, Kappelle LJ, Verhaar MC, Visseren FL. Chronic kidney disease and bleeding risk in patients at high cardiovascular risk: a cohort study. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:65-73. [PMID: 29125709 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Essentials The association between chronic kidney disease and bleeding is unknown. We followed 10 347 subjects at high cardiovascular risk for bleeding events. Chronic kidney disease was associated with a 1.5-fold increased bleeding risk. Especially albuminuria rather than decreased kidney function was associated with bleeding events. SUMMARY Background There are indications that patients with chronic kidney disease have an increased bleeding risk. Objectives To investigate the association between chronic kidney disease and bleeding in patients at high cardiovascular risk. Methods We included 10 347 subjects referred to the University Medical Center Utrecht (the Netherlands) from September 1996 to February 2015 for an outpatient visit with classic risk factors for arterial disease or with symptomatic arterial disease (Second Manifestation of Arterial disease [SMART] cohort). Patients were staged according to the KDIGO guidelines, on the basis of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria, and were followed for the occurrence of major hemorrhagic events until March 2015. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for bleeding were calculated with Cox proportional hazards analyses. Results The incidence rate for bleeding in subjects with chronic kidney disease was 8.0 per 1000 person-years and that for subjects without chronic kidney disease was 3.5 per 1000 person-years. Patients with chronic kidney disease (n = 2443) had a 1.5-fold (95% CI 1.2-1.9) increased risk of bleeding as compared with subjects without chronic kidney disease (n = 7904) after adjustment. Subjects with an eGFR of < 45 mL min-1 1.73 m-2 with albuminuria had a 3.5-fold (95% CI 2.3-5.3) increased bleeding risk, whereas an eGFR of < 45 mL min-1 1.73 m-2 without albuminuria was not associated with an increased bleeding risk (HR 1.3, 95% CI 0.7-2.5). Conclusion Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for bleeding in patients with classic risk factors for arterial disease or with symptomatic arterial disease, especially in the presence of albuminuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ocak
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M B Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A Algra
- University Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - G J de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - P A Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- The Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L J Kappelle
- University Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F L Visseren
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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van Haelst STW, Koopman C, den Ruijter HM, Moll FL, Visseren FL, Vaartjes I, de Borst GJ. Cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with intermittent claudication and critical limb ischaemia. Br J Surg 2017; 105:252-261. [PMID: 29116654 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate absolute mortality risks and to determine whether changes in mortality risk occurred in patients with intermittent claudication (IC) or critical limb ischaemia (CLI) in the Netherlands between 1998 and 2010. METHODS Data for patients treated between 1998 and 2010 were obtained from Dutch nationwide registers: the Hospital Discharge Register, Population Register and Cause of Death Register. The registers were used to obtain information regarding IC and CLI hospitalizations, co-morbidities, demographic factors, and date and cause of death. The cohort was split into two time intervals for comparison: 1998-2004 (period 1) and 2005-2010 (period 2). Thirty-day mortality was excluded to eliminate per-admission complications. One- and 5-year cardiovascular and all-cause mortality rates were compared with those of a representative sample of the general Dutch population (28 494 persons) by Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Some 47 548 patients were included, 34 078 with IC and 13 470 with CLI. In patients with IC, the age-adjusted 5-year mortality risk for cardiovascular disease decreased significantly in period 2 (14·1 per cent) compared with that in period 1 (16·1 per cent) in men only (5-year adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0·76, 95 per cent c.i. 0·69 to 0·83; P < 0·001). In patients with CLI, the cardiovascular mortality risk decreased significantly only in women, with the 5-year risk reducing from 31·2 per cent in period 1 to 29·2 per cent in period 2 (adjusted HR 0·84, 0·74 to 0·94; P = 0·004). Compared with the general population, the mortality risk in patients with IC was increased between 1·70 (1·58 to 1·83) and 3·20 (2·69 to 3·81) times, and in those with CLI the risk was increased between 2·24 (2·09 to 2·40) and 5·19 (4·30 to 6·26) times. CONCLUSION The risk of premature death in patients with IC and CLI declined significantly in the Netherlands, in a sex-specific manner, over the period from 1998 to 2010. The absolute risk of cardiovascular mortality remains high in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T W van Haelst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Koopman
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H M den Ruijter
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F L Moll
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F L Visseren
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - I Vaartjes
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G J de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Gerritsen KG, Falke LL, van Vuuren SH, Leeuwis JW, Broekhuizen R, Nguyen TQ, de Borst GJ, Nathoe HM, Verhaar MC, Kok RJ, Goldschmeding R, Visseren FL. Plasma CTGF is independently related to an increased risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with atherosclerotic disease: the SMART study. Growth Factors 2016; 34:149-58. [PMID: 27686612 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2016.1210142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) plays a key role in tissue fibrogenesis and growing evidence indicates a pathogenic role in cardiovascular disease. Aim of this study is to investigate the association of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) with cardiovascular risk and mortality in patients with manifest vascular disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma CTGF was measured by ELISA in a prospective cohort study of 1227 patients with manifest vascular disease (mean age 59.0 ± 9.9 years). Linear regression analysis was performed to quantify the association between CTGF and cardiovascular risk factors. Results are expressed as beta (β) regression coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The relation between CTGF and the occurrence of new cardiovascular events and mortality was assessed with Cox proportional hazard analysis. Adjustments were made for potential confounding factors. Plasma CTGF was positively related to total cholesterol (β 0.040;95%CI 0.013-0.067) and LDL cholesterol (β 0.031;95%CI 0.000-0.062) and inversely to glomerular filtration rate (β -0.004;95%CI -0.005 to -0.002). CTGF was significantly lower in patients with cerebrovascular disease. During a median follow-up of 6.5 years (IQR 5.3-7.4) 131 subjects died, 92 experienced an ischemic cardiac complication and 45 an ischemic stroke. CTGF was associated with an increased risk of new vascular events (HR 1.21;95%CI 1.04-1.42), ischemic cardiac events (HR 1.41;95%CI 1.18-1.67) and all-cause mortality (HR 1.18;95%CI 1.00-1.38) for every 1 nmol/L increase in CTGF. No relation was observed between CTGF and the occurrence of ischemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS In patients with manifest vascular disease, elevated plasma CTGF confers an increased risk of new cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin G Gerritsen
- a Department of Pathology
- b Department of Nephrology and Hypertension
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hendrik M Nathoe
- d Department of Cardiology , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | | | - Robbert J Kok
- e Department of Pharmaceutics , Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands , and
| | | | - Frank L Visseren
- f Department of Vascular Medicine , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Stam-Slob MC, van der Graaf Y, de Borst GJ, Cramer MJ, Kappelle LJ, Westerink J, Visseren FL. Effect of Type 2 Diabetes on Recurrent Major Cardiovascular Events for Patients With Symptomatic Vascular Disease at Different Locations. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:1528-35. [PMID: 26038582 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim is to compare the effect of type 2 diabetes on recurrent major cardiovascular events (MCVE) for patients with symptomatic vascular disease at different locations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 6,841 patients from the single-center, prospective Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease (SMART) cohort study from Utrecht, the Netherlands, with clinically manifest vascular disease with (n = 1,155) and without (n = 5,686) type 2 diabetes were monitored between 1996 and 2013. The effect of type 2 diabetes on recurrent MCVE was analyzed with Cox proportional hazards models, stratified for disease location (cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, coronary artery disease, or polyvascular disease, defined as ≥2 vascular locations). RESULTS Five-year risks for recurrent MCVE were 9% in cerebrovascular disease, 9% in peripheral artery disease, 20% in those with an abdominal aortic aneurysm, 7% in coronary artery disease, and 21% in polyvascular disease. Type 2 diabetes increased the risk of recurrent MCVE in coronary artery disease (hazard ratio [HR] 1.67; 95% CI 1.25-2.21) and seemed to increase the risk in cerebrovascular disease (HR 1.36; 95% CI 0.90-2.07), while being no risk factor in polyvascular disease (HR 1.12; 95% CI 0.83-1.50). Results for patients with peripheral artery disease (HR 1.42; 95% CI 0.79-2.56) or an abdominal aortic aneurysm (HR 0.93; 95% CI 0.23-3.68) were inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS Type 2 diabetes increased the risk of recurrent MCVE in patients with coronary artery disease, but there is no convincing evidence that it is a major risk factor for subsequent MCVE in all patients with symptomatic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon C Stam-Slob
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yolanda van der Graaf
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten J Cramer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L J Kappelle
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Westerink
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank L Visseren
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Kloppenborg RP, Geerlings MI, Visseren FL, Mali WPTM, Vermeulen M, van der Graaf Y, Nederkoorn PJ. Homocysteine and progression of generalized small-vessel disease: the SMART-MR Study. Neurology 2014; 82:777-83. [PMID: 24477110 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assuming the involvement of homocysteine in a generalized small-vessel disease, we investigated the association of homocysteine levels with progression of white matter lesions, lacunar infarcts, and kidney disease. METHODS Within the SMART-MR (Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease-Magnetic Resonance) Study, a prospective cohort study on brain aging in patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic disease, 663 patients (aged 57 ± 9 years) had vascular screening and 1.5-tesla MRI at baseline and after a mean follow-up of 3.9 years. Multiple regression analysis was used to estimate the longitudinal association between total homocysteine level, defined as a continuous variable and as hyperhomocysteinemia (the highest quintile of homocysteine), and progression of white matter lesion volume, lacunar infarcts, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, follow-up time, and vascular risk factors, hyperhomocysteinemia was significantly associated with increased risk of white matter lesion progression (odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5-4.1) and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate at follow-up (B = -3.4 mL/min, 95% CI -5.9 to -0.9) and borderline significantly associated with new lacunar infarcts (odds ratio 1.8, 95% CI 0.9-3.4). CONCLUSIONS Our findings implicate a role for homocysteine in the development of a generalized small-vessel disease in which both brain and kidney are affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul P Kloppenborg
- From the Department of Neurology (R.P.K., M.V., P.J.N.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam; and Departments of Neurology (R.P.K.), Internal Medicine (F.L.V.), and Radiology (W.P.T.M.M.), and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (R.P.K., M.I.G., Y.v.d.G.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Jochemsen HM, Muller M, Visseren FL, Scheltens P, Vincken KL, Mali WP, van der Graaf Y, Geerlings MI. Blood Pressure and Progression of Brain Atrophy. JAMA Neurol 2013; 70:1046-53. [PMID: 23753860 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadassa M Jochemsen
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Gerrits AJ, Gitz E, Koekman CA, Visseren FL, van Haeften TW, Akkerman JWN. Induction of insulin resistance by the adipokines resistin, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and retinol binding protein 4 in human megakaryocytes. Haematologica 2012; 97:1149-57. [PMID: 22491740 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2011.054916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In normal platelets, insulin inhibits agonist-induced Ca(2+) mobilization by raising cyclic AMP. Platelet from patients with type 2 diabetes are resistant to insulin and show increased Ca(2+) mobilization, aggregation and procoagulant activity. We searched for the cause of this insulin resistance. DESIGN AND METHODS Platelets, the megakaryocytic cell line CHRF-288-11 and primary megakaryocytes were incubated with adipokines and with plasma from individuals with a disturbed adipokine profile. Thrombin-induced Ca(2+) mobilization and signaling through the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate 1 were measured. Abnormalities induced by adipokines were compared with abnormalities found in platelets from patients with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS Resistin, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and retinol binding protein 4 left platelets unchanged but induced insulin resistance in CHRF-288-11 cells. Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and visfatin had no effect. These results were confirmed in primary megakaryocytes. Contact with adipokines for 2 hours disturbed insulin receptor substrate 1 Ser(307)-phosphorylation, while contact for 72 hours caused insulin receptor substrate 1 degradation. Plasma with a disturbed adipokine profile also made CHRF-288-11 cells insulin-resistant. Platelets from patients with type 2 diabetes showed decreased insulin receptor substrate 1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Adipokines resistin, leptin, plasminogen activator-1 and retinol binding protein 4 disturb insulin receptor substrate 1 activity and expression in megakaryocytes. This might be a cause of the insulin resistance observed in platelets from patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja J Gerrits
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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12
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Muller M, van der Graaf Y, Visseren FL, Mali WPTM, Geerlings MI. Hypertension and longitudinal changes in cerebral blood flow: the SMART-MR study. Ann Neurol 2012; 71:825-33. [PMID: 22447734 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral hypoperfusion is among the mechanisms that may explain the association of high blood pressure (BP) with dementia. However, few data are available on the longitudinal association of hypertension and cerebral perfusion. METHODS We examined the longitudinal association of hypertension, BP, and antihypertensive drugs with change in parenchymal cerebral blood flow (pCBF) in 575 patients with manifest atherosclerotic disease (mean age, 57 ± 10 years) from the SMART-MR study. Total CBF was measured at baseline and at follow-up with magnetic resonance (MR) angiography and was expressed per 100ml brain volume as an indicator of cerebral perfusion. Automated brain segmentation was used to quantify brain tissue volumes and cerebrospinal fluid on MR imaging. RESULTS Mean (standard deviation [SD]) baseline pCBF was 52.3 (9.8) ml/min/100ml and after 3.9 years (range, 3.0-5.8 years) of follow-up declined to 50.7 (10.3) ml/min/100ml. Regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, follow-up time, and vascular risk showed that untreated and poorly controlled hypertension and higher levels of systolic and diastolic BP (per SD) were significantly associated with a decline in pCBF; mean differences in decline (95% confidence interval) were -2.2 (-4.4 to 0.0), -1.0 (-1.8 to -0.1), and -1.0 (-1.8 to -0.2) ml/min/100ml. In addition, within hypertensive patients (n = 469), patients using angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) did not show a decline in pCBF, whereas patients using other antihypertensive drugs did show a decline in pCBF. INTERPRETATION Untreated hypertension, poorly controlled hypertension, and high BP levels are associated with a decline in pCBF. In addition, treatment with ARBs might result in less decline in pCBF than other antihypertensive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majon Muller
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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13
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Wassink AM, van der Graaf Y, Janssen KJ, Cook NR, Visseren FL. Prediction model with metabolic syndrome to predict recurrent vascular events in patients with clinically manifest vascular diseases. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2011; 19:1486-95. [PMID: 22008749 DOI: 10.1177/1741826711426636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the overall average 10-year cardiovascular risk for patients with manifest atherosclerosis is considered to be more than 20%, actual risk for individual patients ranges from much lower to much higher. We investigated whether information on metabolic syndrome (MetS) or its individual components improves cardiovascular risk stratification in these patients. DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study in 3679 patients with clinical manifest atherosclerosis from the Secondary Manifestations of ARTerial disease (SMART) study. Primary outcome was defined as any cardiovascular event (cardiovascular death, ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction). Three pre-specified prediction models were derived, all including information on established MetS components. The association between outcome and predictors was quantified using a Cox proportional hazard analysis. Model performance was assessed using global goodness-of-fit fit (χ(2)), discrimination (C-index) and ability to improve risk stratification. RESULTS A total of 417 cardiovascular events occurred among 3679 patients with 15,102 person-years of follow-up (median follow-up 3.7 years, range 1.6-6.4 years). Compared to a model with age and gender only, all MetS-based models performed slightly better in terms of global model fit (χ(2)) but not C-index. The Net Reclassification Index associated with the addition of MetS (yes/no), the dichotomous MetS-components or the continuous MetS-components on top of age and gender was 2.1% (p = 0.29), 2.3% (p = 0.31) and 7.5% (p = 0.01), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Prediction models incorporating age, gender and MetS can discriminate between patients with clinical manifest atherosclerosis at the highest vascular risk and those at lower risk. The addition of MetS components to a model with age and gender correctly reclassifies only a small proportion of patients into higher- and lower-risk categories. The clinical utility of a prediction model with MetS is therefore limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie M Wassink
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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14
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Dogan S, Duivenvoorden R, Grobbee DE, Kastelein JJP, Shear CL, Evans GW, Visseren FL, Bots ML. Ultrasound protocols to measure carotid intima-media thickness in trials; comparison of reproducibility, rate of progression, and effect of intervention in subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia and subjects with mixed dyslipidemia. Ann Med 2010; 42:447-64. [PMID: 20645885 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2010.499132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current ultrasound protocols to measure carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in trials rather differ. The ideal protocol combines high reproducibility with a high precision in the measurement of the rate of change in CIMT over time and with a precise estimate of a treatment effect. To study these aspects, a post-hoc analysis was performed using data from two randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trials: one among 872 subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and the other among 752 subjects with mixed dyslipidemia (MD), respectively. Participants were randomized to torcetrapib or placebo on top of optimal atorvastatin therapy. METHODS CIMT information was collected from the left and right carotid artery from two walls (the near and far wall) of three segments (common carotid, bifurcation, and internal carotid artery) at four different angles (right: 90, 120, 150, and 180 degrees on Meijer's carotid arc; left: 270, 240, 210, and 180 degrees, respectively). Based on combinations of these measurements, 60 different protocols were constructed to estimate a CIMT measure per participant (20 protocols for mean common CIMT, 40 protocols for mean maximum CIMT). For each protocol we assessed reproducibility (intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), mean difference of duplicate base-line scans); 2-year progression rate in the atorvastatin group with its standard error (SE); and treatment effect (difference in rate of change in CIMT between torcetrapib and placebo) with its SE. RESULTS Reproducibility: ICC ranged from 0.77 to 0.91 among FH patients and from 0.68 to 0.86 among MD patients. CIMT progression rates ranged from -0.0030 to 0.0020 mm/year in the FH trial and from 0.00084 to 0.01057 mm/year in the MD trial, with SE ranging from 0.00054 to 0.00162 and from 0.00083 to 0.00229, respectively. The difference in CIMT progression rate between treatment arms ranged from -0.00133 to 0.00400 mm/year in the FH trial and from -0.00231 to 0.00486 mm/year in the MD trial. The protocol with the highest reproducibility, highest CIMT progression/precision ratio, and the highest treatment effect/precision ratio were those measuring mean common CIMT with measurements of the near and far wall at multiple angles. When the interest is in the mean maximum CIMT, protocols using multiple segments and angles performed the best. CONCLUSION Our findings support the position that the number and specific combination of segments, angles, and walls interrogated are associated with differences in reproducibility, magnitude, and precision of progression of CIMT over time, and treatment effect. The best protocols were mean common CIMT protocols in which both the near and far walls are measured at multiple angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soner Dogan
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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15
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Dogan S, Duivenvoorden R, Grobbee DE, Kastelein JJP, Shear CL, Evans GW, Visseren FL, Bots ML. Completeness of carotid intima media thickness measurements depends on body composition: the RADIANCE 1 and 2 trials. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 17:526-35. [PMID: 20228610 DOI: 10.5551/jat.3269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Ultrasound protocols to measure carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) differ considerably with regard to the inclusion of the number of carotid segments and angles used. Detailed information on the completeness of CIMT information is often lacking in published reports, and at most, overall percentages are presented. We therefore decided to study the completeness of CIMT measurements and its relation with vascular risk factors using data from two CIMT intervention studies: one among familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) patients, the Rating Atherosclerotic Disease change by Imaging With A New CETP Inhibitor (RADIANCE 1), and one among mixed dyslipidemia (MD) patients, the Rating Atherosclerotic Disease change by Imaging With A New CETP Inhibitor (RADIANCE 2). METHODS We used baseline ultrasound scans from the RADIANCE 1 (n=872) and RADIANCE 2 (n=752) studies. CIMT images were recorded for 12 artery-wall combinations (near and far walls of the left and right common carotid artery (CCA), bifurcation (BIF) and internal carotid artery (ICA) segments) at 4 set angles, resulting in 48 possible measurements per patient. The presence or absence of CIMT measurements was assessed per artery-wall combination and per angle. The relation between completeness and patient characteristics was evaluated with logistic regression analysis. RESULTS In 89% of the FH patients, information on CIMT could be obtained on all twelve carotid segments, and in 7.6%, eleven segments had CIMT information (nearly complete 96.6%). For MD patients this was 74.6% and 17.9%, respectively (nearly complete: 92.5%). Increased body mass index and increased waist circumference were significantly (p=0.01) related to less complete data in FH patients. For MD patients, relations were seen with increased waist circumference (p<0.01). Segment-specific data indicated that in FH patients, completeness was less for the near wall of the left (96%) and right internal carotid artery (94%) as compared to other segments (all >98%). In MD patients, completeness was lower for the near wall of both the right and left carotid arteries: 86.0% and 90.8%, respectively, as compared to other segments (all >97%). CONCLUSIONS With the current ultrasound protocols it is possible to obtain a very high level of completeness. Apart from the population studied, body mass index and waist circumference are important in achieving complete CIMT measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soner Dogan
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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16
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Meijs MFL, Bots ML, Cramer MJ, Vonken EJA, Velthuis BK, van der Graaf Y, Visseren FL, Mali WPTM, Doevendans PA. The authors' reply:. Heart 2009. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2009.179556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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17
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Meijs MFL, Doevendans PA, Cramer MJ, Vonken EJA, Velthuis BK, van der Graaf Y, Visseren FL, Mali WPTM, Bots ML. Relation of common carotid intima-media thickness with left ventricular mass caused by shared risk factors for hypertrophy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2009; 22:499-504. [PMID: 19269135 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether the relationship between common carotid intima-media thickness (cCIMT) and left ventricular mass (LVM) is due to shared risk factors for atherosclerosis or for hypertrophy. METHODS In 525 hypertensive subjects at high cardiovascular risk, the relation of cCIMT to LVM and established vascular risk factors was studied. RESULTS CCIMT was positively related to LVM. In a multivariable model including age, gender, height, weight, and LVM, a 1-g increase in LVM related to an increase in cCIMT of 1.6 microm (95% confidence interval, 0.8-2.4). After adjustment for atherosclerotic risk factors, notably previous stroke or transient ischemic attack, peripheral arterial disease, lipid-lowering medication, albuminuria and current smoking, the relation remained unchanged. In contrast, addition of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and hypertension treatment attenuated Beta for the relation between cCIMT and LVM with 19% to 1.3 microm (95% confidence interval, 0.2-2.2). CONCLUSION The relationship between cCIMT and LVM may be due to risk factors for hypertrophy rather than for atherosclerotic factors in a considerable proportion of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs F L Meijs
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Meijs MFL, Bots ML, Cramer MJM, Vonken EJA, Velthuis BK, van der Graaf Y, Visseren FL, Mali WPTM, Doevendans PA. Unrecognised myocardial infarction in subjects at high vascular risk: prevalence and determinants. Heart 2009; 95:728-32. [PMID: 19218261 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2008.157727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and determinants of unrecognised myocardial infarction (UMI). DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS In this cross-sectional study in a tertiary centre, a delayed enhancement cardiac MRI (DE-CMR), which identifies both Q-wave and non-Q wave MIs, was performed in 502 subjects with manifest extracardiac atherosclerotic disease or marked risk factors for atherosclerosis without symptomatic coronary artery disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES UMI was defined as the presence of delayed enhancement without corresponding clinical history. RESULTS DE-CMR was of sufficient image quality in 480 (95.6%) subjects. A UMI was present in 45 (9.4%) of all subjects; in 13.1% of men and in 3.7% of women. The risk of UMI increased from 6.0% (95% CI 2.2 to 9.8%) in those with two vascular risk factors up to 26.2% (95% CI 15.2 to 37.3%) in those with four or five risk factors. In a multivariable analysis, the risk of UMI was related to male gender (OR 2.3 (95% CI 1.0 to 5.6)), age (OR 1.04 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.07) per year), ever smoking (OR 3.1 (95% CI 1.0 to 9.1), history of stroke (OR 1.9 (95% CI 0.8 to 4.3)) and history of aneurysm of the abdominal aorta (OR 2.6 (95% CI 1.0 to 6.9)). CONCLUSIONS In cardiac asymptomatic subjects at high vascular risk, UMI is common. The risk of UMI increases with increasing presence of risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F L Meijs
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands
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19
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Vergeer M, Bots ML, van Leuven SI, Basart DC, Sijbrands EJ, Evans GW, Grobbee DE, Visseren FL, Stalenhoef AF, Stroes ES, Kastelein JJ. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitor Torcetrapib and Off-Target Toxicity. Circulation 2008; 118:2515-22. [PMID: 19029469 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.772665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Torcetrapib, an inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein, has been shown to increase the cardiovascular event rate despite conferring a significant high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increase. Using data from the Rating Atherosclerotic Disease Change by Imaging with a New CETP Inhibitor (RADIANCE) trials, which assessed the impact of torcetrapib on carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), we sought to explore potential mechanisms underlying this adverse outcome.
Methods and Results—
Data from the RADIANCE 1 and 2 studies, which examined cIMT in 904 subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia and in 752 subjects with mixed dyslipidemia, were pooled. Subjects were randomized to either atorvastatin or torcetrapib combined with atorvastatin. Mean common cIMT progression was increased in subjects receiving torcetrapib plus atorvastatin compared with subjects receiving atorvastatin alone (0.0076±0.0011 versus 0.0025±0.0011 mm/y;
P
=0.0014). Subjects treated with torcetrapib plus atorvastatin displayed higher postrandomization systolic blood pressure and plasma sodium and bicarbonate levels in conjunction with lower potassium levels. The decrease in potassium levels was associated with the blood pressure increase. Markedly, the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors tended to aggravate the blood pressure increase. Subjects receiving torcetrapib plus atorvastatin with the strongest low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction showed the smallest cIMT progression, whereas subjects with the highest systolic blood pressure increase showed the largest cIMT progression. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol increase was not associated with cIMT change.
Conclusions—
These analyses support mineralocorticoid-mediated off-target toxicity in patients receiving torcetrapib as a contributing factor to an adverse outcome. The absence of an inverse relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol change and cIMT progression suggests that torcetrapib-induced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increase does not mediate atheroprotection. Future studies with cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors without off-target toxicity are needed to settle this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Vergeer
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.V., S.I.v.L., E.S.S., J.J.P.K.); Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.L.B., D.E.G.) and Department of Vascular Medicine (F.L.V.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Westfries Gasthuis, Hoorn, The Netherlands (D.C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (E.J.S.); Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest
| | - Michiel L. Bots
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.V., S.I.v.L., E.S.S., J.J.P.K.); Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.L.B., D.E.G.) and Department of Vascular Medicine (F.L.V.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Westfries Gasthuis, Hoorn, The Netherlands (D.C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (E.J.S.); Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest
| | - Sander I. van Leuven
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.V., S.I.v.L., E.S.S., J.J.P.K.); Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.L.B., D.E.G.) and Department of Vascular Medicine (F.L.V.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Westfries Gasthuis, Hoorn, The Netherlands (D.C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (E.J.S.); Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest
| | - Dick C. Basart
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.V., S.I.v.L., E.S.S., J.J.P.K.); Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.L.B., D.E.G.) and Department of Vascular Medicine (F.L.V.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Westfries Gasthuis, Hoorn, The Netherlands (D.C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (E.J.S.); Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest
| | - Eric J. Sijbrands
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.V., S.I.v.L., E.S.S., J.J.P.K.); Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.L.B., D.E.G.) and Department of Vascular Medicine (F.L.V.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Westfries Gasthuis, Hoorn, The Netherlands (D.C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (E.J.S.); Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest
| | - Gregory W. Evans
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.V., S.I.v.L., E.S.S., J.J.P.K.); Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.L.B., D.E.G.) and Department of Vascular Medicine (F.L.V.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Westfries Gasthuis, Hoorn, The Netherlands (D.C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (E.J.S.); Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest
| | - Diederick E. Grobbee
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.V., S.I.v.L., E.S.S., J.J.P.K.); Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.L.B., D.E.G.) and Department of Vascular Medicine (F.L.V.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Westfries Gasthuis, Hoorn, The Netherlands (D.C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (E.J.S.); Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest
| | - Frank L. Visseren
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.V., S.I.v.L., E.S.S., J.J.P.K.); Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.L.B., D.E.G.) and Department of Vascular Medicine (F.L.V.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Westfries Gasthuis, Hoorn, The Netherlands (D.C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (E.J.S.); Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest
| | - Anton F. Stalenhoef
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.V., S.I.v.L., E.S.S., J.J.P.K.); Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.L.B., D.E.G.) and Department of Vascular Medicine (F.L.V.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Westfries Gasthuis, Hoorn, The Netherlands (D.C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (E.J.S.); Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest
| | - Erik S. Stroes
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.V., S.I.v.L., E.S.S., J.J.P.K.); Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.L.B., D.E.G.) and Department of Vascular Medicine (F.L.V.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Westfries Gasthuis, Hoorn, The Netherlands (D.C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (E.J.S.); Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest
| | - John J.P. Kastelein
- From the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.V., S.I.v.L., E.S.S., J.J.P.K.); Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (M.L.B., D.E.G.) and Department of Vascular Medicine (F.L.V.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Westfries Gasthuis, Hoorn, The Netherlands (D.C.B.); Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (E.J.S.); Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest
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Tiehuis AM, van der Graaf Y, Visseren FL, Vincken KL, Biessels GJ, Appelman APA, Kappelle LJ, Mali WPTM. Diabetes increases atrophy and vascular lesions on brain MRI in patients with symptomatic arterial disease. Stroke 2008; 39:1600-3. [PMID: 18369167 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.506089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diabetes type 2 (DM2) is associated with accelerated cognitive decline and structural brain abnormalities. Macrovascular disease has been described as a determinant for brain MRI changes in DM2, but little is known about the involvement of other DM2-related factors. METHODS Brain MRI was performed in 1043 participants (151 DM2) with symptomatic arterial disease. Brain volumes were obtained through automated segmentation. RESULTS Patients with arterial disease and DM2 had more global and subcortical brain atrophy (-1.20% brain/intracranial volume [95%CI -1.58 to -0.82], P<0.0005 and 0.20% ventricular/intracranial volume [0.05 to 0.34], P<0.01), larger WMH volumes (0.22 logtransformed volume [0.07 to 0.38], P<0.005), and more lacunar infarcts (OR 1.75 [1.13 to 2.69], P<0.01) than identical patients without DM2. In patients with DM2, high glucose levels (B-0.12% per mmol/L [-0.23 to -0.01], P<0.05) and diabetes duration (B-0.05% per year [-0.10 to -0.001], P<0.05) were associated with global brain atrophy. CONCLUSIONS In patients with symptomatic arterial disease, DM2 has an added detrimental effect on the brain. In patients with DM2, hyperglycemia and diabetes duration contribute to brain atrophy.
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Bots ML, Visseren FL, Evans GW, Riley WA, Revkin JH, Tegeler CH, Shear CL, Duggan WT, Vicari RM, Grobbee DE, Kastelein JJ. Torcetrapib and carotid intima-media thickness in mixed dyslipidaemia (RADIANCE 2 study): a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 2007; 370:153-160. [PMID: 17630038 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with mixed dyslipidaemia have raised triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Augmentation of HDL cholesterol by inhibition of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) could benefit these patients. We aimed to investigate the effect of the CETP inhibitor, torcetrapib, on carotid atherosclerosis progression in patients with mixed dyslipidaemia. METHODS We did a randomised double-blind trial at 64 centres in North America and Europe. 752 eligible participants completed an atorvastatin-only run-in period for dose titration, after which they all continued to receive atorvastatin at the titrated dose. 377 of these patients were randomly assigned to receive 60 mg of torcetrapib per day and 375 to placebo. We made carotid ultrasound images at baseline and at 6-month intervals for 24 months. The primary endpoint was the yearly rate of change in the maximum intima-media thickness of 12 carotid segments. Analysis was restricted to 683 patients who had at least one dose of treatment and had at least one follow-up carotid intima-media measurement; they were analysed as randomised. Mean follow-up for these patients was 22 (SD 4.8) months. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00134238. FINDINGS The change in maximum carotid intima-media thickness was 0.025 (SD 0.005) mm per year in patients given torcetrapib with atorvastatin and 0.030 (0.005) mm per year in those given atorvastatin alone (difference -0.005 mm per year, 95% CI -0.018 to 0.008, p=0.46). Patients in the combined-treatment group had a 63.4% relative increase in HDL cholesterol (p<0.0001) and an 17.7% relative decrease in LDL cholesterol (p<0.0001), compared with controls. Systolic blood pressure increased by 6.6 mm Hg in the combined-treatment group and 1.5 mm Hg in the atorvastatin-only group (difference 5.4 mm Hg, 95% CI 4.3-6.4, p<0.0001). INTERPRETATION Although torcetrapib substantially raised HDL cholesterol and lowered LDL cholesterol, it also increased systolic blood pressure, and did not affect the yearly rate of change in the maximum intima-media thickness of 12 carotid segments. Torcetrapib showed no clinical benefit in this or other studies, and will not be developed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel L Bots
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Frank L Visseren
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Westerweel PE, Olijhoek JK, Hoefer IE, Hajer GR, van Oostrom O, Visseren FL, Verhaar MC. Endothelial progenitor cells are reduced in the metabolic syndrome and normalize after lipid-lowering therapy. Vascul Pharmacol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2006.08.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Visseren FL, de Jaegere PP, Banga JD, Kappelle LJ, Eikelboom BC, Mali WP, Algra A, van der Graaf Y. [Hospital-wide vascular screening program at the University Medical Center, Utrecht: prevalence of risk factors and asymptomatic vascular disease from 1996 to 2002]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2003; 147:2376-82. [PMID: 14677480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tracing and treating cardiovascular risk factors in patients with arterial vascular disease and in patients with high risk of developing vascular diseases. DESIGN Descriptive. METHOD In September 1996 at the University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands, a vascular screening and prevention programme was started for newly referred patients aged between 18 and 79 years presenting with one or more of the following: coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus or lipid disorders. In all patients, risk factors for developing (new) vascular diseases were assessed and non-invasive vascular diagnostics aimed at finding asymptomatic vascular disease were done. RESULTS Between 1 September 1996 and 31 October 2002, 3075 patients took part in the screening programme. Within the various patient groups and often despite treatment, there was a high prevalence of hypertension, smoking, dyslipidaemia, hyperhomocystemia and overweight. In patients with peripheral artery disease, carotid artery stenosis > or = 50% was detected in 17% and an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta in 5%. In patients presenting with diabetes mellitus, hypertension or lipid disorders the prevalence of asymptomatic arterial disease was 1-5%. Asymptomatic vaso-dilatory disease in particular was uncommon. CONCLUSION A hospital-wide vascular screening and prevention programme for a wide range of high-risk vascular patients was shown to be feasible and resulted in the detection of risk factors and asymptomatic arterial disease. It is a reliable starting point for actual risk intervention. More attention should be paid to treating existing risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Visseren
- Afd. Vasculaire Geneeskunde, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht.
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Visseren FL, Bouwman JJ, Bouter KP, Diepersloot RJ, de Groot PH, Erkelens DW. Procoagulant activity of endothelial cells after infection with respiratory viruses. Thromb Haemost 2000; 84:319-24. [PMID: 10959707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus epidemics are associated with excess mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. There are several case reports of excessive coagulation during generalised influenza virus infection. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of respiratory viruses (influenza A, influenza B, parainfluenza-1, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, cytomegalovirus) to infect lung fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture. All viral pathogens induced procoagulant activity in infected endothelial cells, as determined in a one-stage clotting assay, by causing an average 55% reduction in the clotting time. When factor VII deficient plasma was used clotting time was not reduced. The induction of procoagulant activity was associated with a 4- to 5-fold increase in the expression of tissue factor, as measured by the generation of factor Xa. Both experiments indicate that the procoagulant activity of endothelial cells in response to infection with respiratory viruses is caused by upregulation of the extrinsic pathway. Although both enveloped viruses and a non-enveloped virus (adenovirus) induced procoagulant activity in endothelial cells by stimulating tissue factor expression, the role of the viral envelope in the assembly of the prothrombinase complex remains uncertain. We conclude that both enveloped and non-enveloped respiratory viruses are capable of infecting cultured human endothelial cells and causing a shift from anticoagulant to procoagulant activity associated with the induction of tissue factor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Visseren
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Visseren FL, Lansberg PJ, Erkelens DW, Kastelein JJ. [Additional effects of statins independent of the cholesterol-lowering as yet not shown to be clinically relevant]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2000; 144:822-3. [PMID: 10800556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Visseren FL, Lansberg PJ, Erkelens DW, Kastelein JJ. [Statins: possibly more than just lowering of the lipid level]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2000; 144:316-21. [PMID: 10707742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Clinical trials have demonstrated that treatment of hypercholesterolemia with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) is beneficial in primary and secondary prevention of vascular diseases. The observed reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality cannot only be explained by lipid-lowering only. Apart from lowering cholesterol, statins conceivably also exert effects on the vascular wall that may directly contribute to decrease of vascular incidents: (a) a favourable influence on endothelial dysfunction through stimulation of nitrous oxide synthetase: (b) stabilization of plaques by reducing influx of macrophages into the vascular wall and decreasing the production of matrix metalloproteinases, that may affect the connective tissue cover of the plaque: (c) inhibition of the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis by reducing adhesion of leukocytes to the vascular wall: (d) reducing the haemorrhagic diathesis by increasing the fibrinolytic capacity and inhibiting tissue factor expression on macrophages. All these effects of statins independent of the lowering of the cholesterol level might contribute to primary and secondary prevention of vascular incidents. While most nonlipid mechanisms of statins are being studied in vitro and in animals, the clinical relevance is still to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Visseren
- Afd. Inwendige en Vasculaire Geneeskunde, Universitair Medisch Centrum, Utrecht.
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Visseren FL, Verkerk MS, Bouter KP, Diepersloot RJ, Erkelens DW. Interleukin-6 production by endothelial cells after infection with influenza virus and cytomegalovirus. J Lab Clin Med 1999; 134:623-30. [PMID: 10595791 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(99)90103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Viruses may be a cause of chronic inflammation, and both influenza virus and CMV have been associated with cardiovascular diseases. IL-6, a proinflammatory cytokine with antiviral effects, has a pivotal role in the immune response, and under pathologic conditions, prohemostatic effects of IL-6 could lead to pathologic thrombosis and vascular plaque instability. To investigate this role of IL-6, we measured the production of IL-6 by human endothelial cells after infection with influenza virus and CMV. After infection with influenza virus or CMV, IL-6 release into the medium increased (1756.5+/-156.9 pg/mL vs 284.4+/-55.3 pg/mL; P < .001) for influenza-Infected compared with uninfected cells after 36 hours' incubation. Ultracentrifuged influenza virus supernatants, heat-inactivated virus, and purified hemagglutinin were not able to elicit IL-6 synthesis by human endothelial cells. These findings show that CMV and influenza virus are capable of modulating the in vitro production of IL-6, a cytokine involved in vascular inflammation, by human endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Visseren
- University Hospital Utrecht, Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, The Netherlands
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Visseren FL, Erkelens DW. [Atherosclerosis as an infectious disease]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1999; 143:291-5. [PMID: 10221083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
According to several published studies micro-organisms may be involved in atherogenesis. An association is described between cytomegalovirus or Chlamydia pneumoniae and an increased risk of vascular events. The micro-organisms are able to infect endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in vivo and in vitro, evoking to pathophysiological reactions of these cells which may lead to atherosclerosis, arterial thrombosis and plaque rupture. In two small secondary prevention trials, macrolide treatment proved successful in preventing second myocardial infarctions. At this moment, however, it is too early for treatment with antimicrobial agents to prevent vascular diseases in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Visseren
- Academisch Ziekenhuis, afd. Inwendige Geneeskunde, Utrecht
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Abstract
Diabetic patients are known to have an impaired immune response to viral antigens and a high incidence of atherosclerosis. This study was initiated to evaluate the association between cytomegalovirus infection and atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes mellitus. Patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2 (> 5 years) with (group A) and without (group B) clinical signs of atherosclerosis were included. Cytomegalovirus cultures were obtained, serum was screened for CMV-antibodies and CMV-IgG and CMV-IgM titers were determined. Cytomegalovirus antibodies were detected more often in diabetic patients with atherosclerosis compared to patients without atherosclerosis (70.7 vs. 45.2%, P = 0.018. In female patients the prevalence of CMV-antibodies was 89.5 vs. 40.0% (P = 0.0037). CMV IgG titers were twice as high in group A compared to group B. Cytomegalovirus was cultured from four urine samples and two throat swabs in group B and in one urine and one throat swab in group A. The prevalence of cytomegalovirus antibodies was higher in diabetic patients with atherosclerosis compared to diabetic patients without atherosclerosis. This difference was most striking in the female population. CMV-IgG titers were twice as high in the atherosclerosis group. These data suggest that cytomegalovirus may play a role in the development of clinical atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Visseren
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Diakonessen Hospital Utrecht, Netherlands
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Wolfe CL, Sievers RE, Visseren FL, Donnelly TJ. Loss of myocardial protection after preconditioning correlates with the time course of glycogen recovery within the preconditioned segment. Circulation 1993; 87:881-92. [PMID: 8443909 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.87.3.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous investigators have demonstrated that myocardial preconditioning reduces infarct size, the mechanisms of cardioprotection associated with preconditioning are not completely understood. METHODS AND RESULTS To test the hypothesis that preconditioning (four 5-minute episodes of ischemia each followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion) reduces infarct size by depleting cardiac glycogen stores and attenuating the degree of intracellular acidosis during subsequent prolonged left coronary artery occlusion, preconditioned and control rats were subjected to 45 minutes of left coronary artery occlusion and 120 minutes of reflow immediately after preconditioning (groups 1P and 1C, respectively) or after 30 minutes (groups 2P+30m and 2C), 1 hour (groups 3P+60m and 3C), or 6 hours (groups 4P+360m and 4C) of nonischemic recovery after preconditioning but before prolonged ischemia. In each group, cardiectomy was performed in selected rats immediately before prolonged ischemia for cardiac glycogen assay. In selected animals, 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed to monitor intracellular pH and measure high-energy phosphate levels during ischemia and reperfusion. Group 1P rats demonstrated marked glycogen depletion after preconditioning compared with controls (0.72 +/- 0.39 [n = 9] versus 5.67 +/- 1.73 [n = 12] mg glucose/g wet wt; p < 0.001 versus group 1C) that was associated with attenuation of intracellular acidosis during ischemia, as measured by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (6.8 +/- 0.3 [n = 11] versus 6.2 +/- 0.3 [n = 9] pH units; p < 0.01), and marked infarct size reduction (0.3 +/- 0.6% [n = 7] versus 38.1 +/- 11.3% [n = 7], infarct size divided by risk area; p < 0.0001). During ischemia, there were no differences in myocardial ATP or phosphocreatine levels or in any hemodynamic determinant of myocardial oxygen demand between groups 1P and 1C. In preconditioned rats that were allowed to recover before ischemia (groups 2P+30m, 3P+60m, and 4P+360m), the time course of glycogen repletion paralleled the loss of protection from ischemic injury. CONCLUSIONS Glycogen depletion and the attenuation of intracellular acidosis during ischemia appear to be important factors in delaying irreversible injury and reducing infarct size in this animal model of myocardial preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Wolfe
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0124
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