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Sorrentino JT, Golden GJ, Morris C, Painter CD, Nizet V, Campos AR, Smith JW, Karlsson C, Malmström J, Lewis NE, Esko JD, Gómez Toledo A. Vascular Proteome Responses Precede Organ Dysfunction in a Murine Model of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. mSystems 2022; 7:e0039522. [PMID: 35913192 PMCID: PMC9426442 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00395-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction and organ failure are two distinct, albeit highly interconnected, clinical outcomes linked to morbidity and mortality in human sepsis. The mechanisms driving vascular and parenchymal damage are dynamic and display significant molecular cross talk between organs and tissues. Therefore, assessing their individual contribution to disease progression is technically challenging. Here, we hypothesize that dysregulated vascular responses predispose the organism to organ failure. To address this hypothesis, we have evaluated four major organs in a murine model of Staphylococcus aureus sepsis by combining in vivo labeling of the endothelial cell surface proteome, data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry, and an integrative computational pipeline. The data reveal, with unprecedented depth and throughput, that a septic insult evokes organ-specific proteome responses that are highly compartmentalized, synchronously coordinated, and significantly correlated with the progression of the disease. These responses include abundant vascular shedding, dysregulation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, compartmentalization of the acute phase response, and abundant upregulation of glycocalyx components. Vascular cell surface proteome changes were also found to precede bacterial invasion and leukocyte infiltration into the organs, as well as to precede changes in various well-established cellular and biochemical correlates of systemic coagulopathy and tissue dysfunction. Importantly, our data suggest a potential role for the vascular proteome as a determinant of the susceptibility of the organs to undergo failure during sepsis. IMPORTANCE Sepsis is a life-threatening response to infection that results in immune dysregulation, vascular dysfunction, and organ failure. New methods are needed for the identification of diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Here, we took a systems-wide approach using data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry to track the progression of bacterial sepsis in the vasculature leading to organ failure. Using a murine model of S. aureus sepsis, we were able to quantify thousands of proteins across the plasma and parenchymal and vascular compartments of multiple organs in a time-resolved fashion. We showcase the profound proteome remodeling triggered by sepsis over time and across these compartments. Importantly, many vascular proteome alterations precede changes in traditional correlates of organ dysfunction, opening a molecular window for the discovery of early markers of sepsis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Sorrentino
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gregory J. Golden
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Claire Morris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chelsea D. Painter
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alexandre Rosa Campos
- The Cancer Center and The Inflammatory and Infectious Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Smith
- The Cancer Center and The Inflammatory and Infectious Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christofer Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, BMC, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Malmström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, BMC, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nathan E. Lewis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- National Biologics Facility, Technical University of Denmark, Krogens-Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey D. Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alejandro Gómez Toledo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, BMC, Lund, Sweden
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2
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Sandoval DR, Clausen TM, Nora C, Cribbs AP, Denardo A, Clark AE, Garretson AF, Coker JKC, Narayanan A, Majowicz SA, Philpott M, Johansson C, Dunford JE, Spliid CB, Golden GJ, Payne NC, Tye MA, Nowell CJ, Griffis ER, Piermatteo A, Grunddal KV, Alle T, Magida JA, Hauser BM, Feldman J, Caradonna TM, Pu Y, Yin X, McVicar RN, Kwong EM, Weiss RJ, Downes M, Tsimikas S, Smidt AG, Ballatore C, Zengler K, Evans RM, Chanda SK, Croker BA, Leibel SL, Jose J, Mazitschek R, Oppermann U, Esko JD, Carlin AF, Gordts PLSM. The Prolyl-tRNA Synthetase Inhibitor Halofuginone Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 33791697 PMCID: PMC8010724 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.22.436522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We identify the prolyl-tRNA synthetase (PRS) inhibitor halofuginone 1 , a compound in clinical trials for anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory applications 2 , as a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication. The interaction of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) promotes viral entry 3 . We find that halofuginone reduces HS biosynthesis, thereby reducing spike protein binding, SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus, and authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Halofuginone also potently suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication post-entry and is 1,000-fold more potent than Remdesivir 4 . Inhibition of HS biosynthesis and SARS-CoV-2 infection depends on specific inhibition of PRS, possibly due to translational suppression of proline-rich proteins. We find that pp1a and pp1ab polyproteins of SARS-CoV-2, as well as several HS proteoglycans, are proline-rich, which may make them particularly vulnerable to halofuginone's translational suppression. Halofuginone is orally bioavailable, has been evaluated in a phase I clinical trial in humans and distributes to SARS-CoV-2 target organs, including the lung, making it a near-term clinical trial candidate for the treatment of COVID-19.
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3
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Marki A, Buscher K, Lorenzini C, Meyer M, Saigusa R, Fan Z, Yeh YT, Hartmann N, Dan JM, Kiosses WB, Golden GJ, Ganesan R, Winkels H, Orecchioni M, McArdle S, Mikulski Z, Altman Y, Bui J, Kronenberg M, Chien S, Esko JD, Nizet V, Smalley D, Roth J, Ley K. Elongated neutrophil-derived structures are blood-borne microparticles formed by rolling neutrophils during sepsis. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20200551. [PMID: 33275138 PMCID: PMC7721910 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rolling neutrophils form tethers with submicron diameters. Here, we report that these tethers detach, forming elongated neutrophil-derived structures (ENDS) in the vessel lumen. We studied ENDS formation in mice and humans in vitro and in vivo. ENDS do not contain mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, or DNA, but are enriched for S100A8, S100A9, and 57 other proteins. Within hours of formation, ENDS round up, and some of them begin to present phosphatidylserine on their surface (detected by annexin-5 binding) and release S100A8-S100A9 complex, a damage-associated molecular pattern protein that is a known biomarker of neutrophilic inflammation. ENDS appear in blood plasma of mice upon induction of septic shock. Compared with healthy donors, ENDS are 10-100-fold elevated in blood plasma of septic patients. Unlike neutrophil-derived extracellular vesicles, most ENDS are negative for the tetraspanins CD9, CD63, and CD81. We conclude that ENDS are a new class of bloodborne submicron particles with a formation mechanism linked to neutrophil rolling on the vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Marki
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Konrad Buscher
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine D, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Cristina Lorenzini
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Zhichao Fan
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Yi-Ting Yeh
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Jennifer M. Dan
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Gregory J. Golden
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rajee Ganesan
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | | | | | - Yoav Altman
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jack Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Shu Chien
- Institute for Immunology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jeffrey D. Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - David Smalley
- Systems Mass Spectrometry Core, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute for Immunology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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4
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Clausen TM, Sandoval DR, Spliid CB, Pihl J, Perrett HR, Painter CD, Narayanan A, Majowicz SA, Kwong EM, McVicar RN, Thacker BE, Glass CA, Yang Z, Torres JL, Golden GJ, Bartels PL, Porell RN, Garretson AF, Laubach L, Feldman J, Yin X, Pu Y, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Kellman BP, Martino C, Gordts PLSM, Chanda SK, Schmidt AG, Godula K, Leibel SL, Jose J, Corbett KD, Ward AB, Carlin AF, Esko JD. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depends on Cellular Heparan Sulfate and ACE2. Cell 2020; 183:1043-1057.e15. [PMID: 32970989 PMCID: PMC7489987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 740] [Impact Index Per Article: 185.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with both cellular heparan sulfate and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through its receptor-binding domain (RBD). Docking studies suggest a heparin/heparan sulfate-binding site adjacent to the ACE2-binding site. Both ACE2 and heparin can bind independently to spike protein in vitro, and a ternary complex can be generated using heparin as a scaffold. Electron micrographs of spike protein suggests that heparin enhances the open conformation of the RBD that binds ACE2. On cells, spike protein binding depends on both heparan sulfate and ACE2. Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, heparin lyases, and lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and/or infection by pseudotyped virus and authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus. We suggest a model in which viral attachment and infection involves heparan sulfate-dependent enhancement of binding to ACE2. Manipulation of heparan sulfate or inhibition of viral adhesion by exogenous heparin presents new therapeutic opportunities. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with heparan sulfate and ACE2 through the RBD Heparan sulfate promotes Spike-ACE2 interaction SARS-CoV-2 infection is co-dependent on heparan sulfate and ACE2 Heparin and non-anticoagulant derivatives block SARS-CoV-2 binding and infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mandel Clausen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Daniel R Sandoval
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Charlotte B Spliid
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jessica Pihl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hailee R Perrett
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chelsea D Painter
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anoop Narayanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sydney A Majowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Kwong
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rachael N McVicar
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bryan E Thacker
- TEGA Therapeutics, Inc., 3550 General Atomics Court, G02-102, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Charles A Glass
- TEGA Therapeutics, Inc., 3550 General Atomics Court, G02-102, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Zhang Yang
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan L Torres
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gregory J Golden
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Phillip L Bartels
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ryan N Porell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aaron F Garretson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Logan Laubach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xin Yin
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuan Pu
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Benjamin P Kellman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cameron Martino
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sumit K Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kamil Godula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sandra L Leibel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joyce Jose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kevin D Corbett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron F Carlin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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5
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Clausen TM, Sandoval DR, Spliid CB, Pihl J, Painter CD, Thacker BE, Glass CA, Narayanan A, Majowicz SA, Zhang Y, Torres JL, Golden GJ, Porell R, Garretson AF, Laubach L, Feldman J, Yin X, Pu Y, Hauser B, Caradonna TM, Kellman BP, Martino C, Gordts PLSM, Leibel SL, Chanda SK, Schmidt AG, Godula K, Jose J, Corbett KD, Ward AB, Carlin AF, Esko JD. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depends on Cellular Heparan Sulfate and ACE2. bioRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32699853 PMCID: PMC7373134 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.14.201616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with cell surface heparan sulfate and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through its Receptor Binding Domain. Docking studies suggest a putative heparin/heparan sulfate-binding site adjacent to the domain that binds to ACE2. In vitro, binding of ACE2 and heparin to spike protein ectodomains occurs independently and a ternary complex can be generated using heparin as a template. Contrary to studies with purified components, spike protein binding to heparan sulfate and ACE2 on cells occurs codependently. Unfractionated heparin, non-anticoagulant heparin, treatment with heparin lyases, and purified lung heparan sulfate potently block spike protein binding and infection by spike protein-pseudotyped virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus. These findings support a model for SARS-CoV-2 infection in which viral attachment and infection involves formation of a complex between heparan sulfate and ACE2. Manipulation of heparan sulfate or inhibition of viral adhesion by exogenous heparin may represent new therapeutic opportunities.
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Ramms B, Patel S, Nora C, Pessentheiner AR, Chang MW, Green CR, Golden GJ, Secrest P, Krauss RM, Metallo CM, Benner C, Alexander VJ, Witztum JL, Tsimikas S, Esko JD, Gordts PLSM. ApoC-III ASO promotes tissue LPL activity in the absence of apoE-mediated TRL clearance. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1379-1395. [PMID: 31092690 PMCID: PMC6672034 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m093740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia results from accumulation of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in the circulation and is associated with increased CVD risk. ApoC-III is an apolipoprotein on TRLs and a prominent negative regulator of TG catabolism. We recently established that in vivo apoC-III predominantly inhibits LDL receptor-mediated and LDL receptor-related protein 1-mediated hepatic TRL clearance and that apoC-III-enriched TRLs are preferentially cleared by syndecan-1 (SDC1). In this study, we determined the impact of apoE, a common ligand for all three receptors, on apoC-III metabolism using apoC-III antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) treatment in mice lacking apoE and functional SDC1 (Apoe−/−Ndst1f/fAlb-Cre+). ApoC-III ASO treatment significantly reduced plasma TG levels in Apoe−/−Ndst1f/fAlb-Cre+ mice without reducing hepatic VLDL production or improving hepatic TRL clearance. Further analysis revealed that apoC-III ASO treatment lowered plasma TGs in Apoe−/−Ndst1f/fAlb-Cre+ mice, which was associated with increased LPL activity in white adipose tissue in the fed state. Finally, clinical data confirmed that ASO-mediated lowering of APOC-III via volanesorsen can reduce plasma TG levels independent of the APOE isoform genotype. Our data indicate that apoE determines the metabolic impact of apoC-III as we establish that apoE is essential to mediate inhibition of TRL clearance by apoC-III and that, in the absence of functional apoE, apoC-III inhibits tissue LPL activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Ramms
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sohan Patel
- Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Chelsea Nora
- Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Max W Chang
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Courtney R Green
- Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Gregory J Golden
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Patrick Secrest
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | - Christopher Benner
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine,University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA .,Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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7
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Abstract
Foraging behavior is an expression of learning, context, and experience arising from integration of sensory information obtained during feeding with postingestive consequences of food ingestion. Although it has been well established that gustatory and olfactory systems of the mouth and nose provide sensory information to the consumer (in the form of flavor), sweet and bitter taste receptors have recently been identified in the intestinal tract of humans and rodents. It remains possible that sensory information generated in the gut could contribute to the learning process. Thus, a series of experiments was conducted to determine if classical associative learning occurs when the conditional stimulus circumvents oronasal presentation via direct delivery to the gut or peritoneal cavity. Mice receiving an intragastric infusion of 5 mM sodium saccharin immediately followed by LiCl administration demonstrated a significant decrease in preference for 5 mM saccharin in 4 consecutive 23 h, 2-bottle preference tests versus water (P = 0.0053). Saccharin was highly preferred in mice receiving intragastric (IG) saccharin only or interperitoneal (i.p.) injection of LiCl only. This reduced preference indicated that mice "tasted" saccharin infused into the gut. However, efforts to replicate with a reduced infusion volume failed to result in decreased preference. To understand if there were alternative pathways for oral detection of infused saccharin, mice received intragastric infusions (5.4 mM) and i.p. injections (10.8 mM) of sodium fluorescein. Fluorescence was observed from the tongues and esophagi of mice infused with volumes of 0.5 mL or more or injected with volumes of 0.25 mL or greater. Interperitoneal injections of 5 mM saccharin in mice resulted in reduced preference for 5 mM saccharin presented orally in 2-bottle preference tests (P = 0.0287). Oral delivery of a 500-fold less concentration of saccharin (0.01 mM) during conditioning resulted in a similar preference expression as shown in the initial IG experiment. These results demonstrate that although compounds may be tasted in the mouth absent of oral contact, associative learning is attenuated. Therefore, intestinal taste receptors are unlikely to participate directly in learning and recognition of foods during foraging events.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Golden
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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8
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Golden GJ. [Venoruton in chronic venous insufficiency]. Ugeskr Laeger 1993; 155:182-3. [PMID: 8421882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abstract
A double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial was undertaken in 39 patients with well-defined Menière's disease. After a one-month placebo run-in period, the patients were assigned, on a randomized basis, to three months' treatment with O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (HR) (2 g./day) followed by three months on placebo, or vice-versa. In spite of a very pronounced placebo effect and a marked tendency to a 'carryover' effect from the first sequence with HR into the second placebo sequence, there appeared to be a clear trend to a greater symptomatic improvement with HR treatment than with placebo. The audiometric findings showed a very clear, uniform superiority under HR treatment, for both air and bone conduction and at all five frequencies studied (250, 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 5,000 Hz.) (p values between 0.002 and 0.05). Indeed, whereas there was a worsening of hearing-loss at each frequency under placebo during the first sequence, this was significantly diminished at each frequency under HR treatment. There were no significant changes in vestibulometry (caloric test) which showed wide variations already during the run-in period. Tolerance to HR treatment was excellent, the incidence of side-effects being similar to that in the placebo periods.
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