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Curto Y, Carceller H, Klimczak P, Perez-Rando M, Wang Q, Grewe K, Kawaguchi R, Rizzoli S, Geschwind D, Nave KA, Teruel-Marti V, Singh M, Ehrenreich H, Nácher J. Erythropoietin restrains the inhibitory potential of interneurons in the mouse hippocampus. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02528-2. [PMID: 38622200 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Severe psychiatric illnesses, for instance schizophrenia, and affective diseases or autism spectrum disorders, have been associated with cognitive impairment and perturbed excitatory-inhibitory balance in the brain. Effects in juvenile mice can elucidate how erythropoietin (EPO) might aid in rectifying hippocampal transcriptional networks and synaptic structures of pyramidal lineages, conceivably explaining mitigation of neuropsychiatric diseases. An imminent conundrum is how EPO restores synapses by involving interneurons. By analyzing ~12,000 single-nuclei transcriptomic data, we generated a comprehensive molecular atlas of hippocampal interneurons, resolved into 15 interneuron subtypes. Next, we studied molecular alterations upon recombinant human (rh)EPO and saw that gene expression changes relate to synaptic structure, trans-synaptic signaling and intracellular catabolic pathways. Putative ligand-receptor interactions between pyramidal and inhibitory neurons, regulating synaptogenesis, are altered upon rhEPO. An array of in/ex vivo experiments confirms that specific interneuronal populations exhibit reduced dendritic complexity, synaptic connectivity, and changes in plasticity-related molecules. Metabolism and inhibitory potential of interneuron subgroups are compromised, leading to greater excitability of pyramidal neurons. To conclude, improvement by rhEPO of neuropsychiatric phenotypes may partly owe to restrictive control over interneurons, facilitating re-connectivity and synapse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Curto
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
- Neuroplasticity Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Héctor Carceller
- Neuroplasticity Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patrycja Klimczak
- Neuroplasticity Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Perez-Rando
- Neuroplasticity Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Qing Wang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Grewe
- Department of Neuro- & Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Silvio Rizzoli
- Department of Neuro- & Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vicent Teruel-Marti
- Neuronal Circuits Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manvendra Singh
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany.
- Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
- Experimental Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Juan Nácher
- Neuroplasticity Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
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2
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Macoveanu J, Petersen JZ, Mariegaard J, Jespersen AE, Cramer K, Bruun CF, Madsen HØ, Jørgensen MB, Vinberg M, Fisher PM, Knudsen GM, Hageman I, Ehrenreich H, Kessing LV, Miskowiak KW. Effects of erythropoietin on cognitive impairment and prefrontal cortex activity across affective disorders: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol 2024; 38:362-374. [PMID: 38519416 DOI: 10.1177/02698811241237869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent cognitive impairment is frequent across bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), highlighting an urgent need for pro-cognitive treatments. AIM This study investigated effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on cognitive impairment and dorsal prefrontal cortex (dPFC) activity in affective disorders. METHODS In this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, cognitively impaired patients with remitted BD or MDD received 1 weekly recombinant human EPO (40,000 IU/mL) or saline infusion for a 12-week period. Assessments were conducted at baseline, after 2 weeks of treatment (week 3), immediately after treatment (week 13) and at 6-months follow-up. Participants underwent functional MRI during performance on a n-back working memory (WM) task at baseline and week 3, and for a subgroup 6 weeks post-treatment (week 18). The primary outcome was a cognitive composite score at week 13, whereas secondary outcomes comprised sustained attention and functioning. WM-related dPFC activity was a tertiary outcome. RESULTS Data were analysed for 101 of the 103 included patients (EPO, n = 58; saline, n = 43). There were no effects of EPO over saline on any cognitive or functional outcomes or on WM-related dPFC activity. CONCLUSIONS The absence of treatment-related changes in cognition and neural activity was unexpected and contrasts with multiple previous preclinical and clinical studies. It is possible that the lack of effects resulted from a recent change in the manufacturing process for EPO. Nevertheless, the findings support the validity of dPFC target engagement as a biomarker model for pro-cognitive effects, according to which treatments that do not improve cognition should not modulate dPFC activity. TRIAL REGISTRATIONS EudraCT no.: 2016-004023-24; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03315897.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Macoveanu
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeff Zarp Petersen
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanna Mariegaard
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Elleby Jespersen
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Cramer
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caroline Fussing Bruun
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Østergaard Madsen
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Balslev Jørgensen
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maj Vinberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Early Multimodular Prevention and Intervention Research Institution, Mental Health Centre, Northern Zealand, Mental Health Services CPH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrick M Fisher
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte Moos Knudsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Hageman
- Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences (City Campus), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Vedel Kessing
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamilla Woznica Miskowiak
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Burtscher J, Duderstadt Y, Gatterer H, Burtscher M, Vozdek R, Millet GP, Hicks AA, Ehrenreich H, Kopp M. Hypoxia Sensing and Responses in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1759. [PMID: 38339038 PMCID: PMC10855464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with various deficits in sensing and responding to reductions in oxygen availability (hypoxia). Here we summarize the evidence pointing to a central role of hypoxia in PD, discuss the relation of hypoxia and oxygen dependence with pathological hallmarks of PD, including mitochondrial dysfunction, dopaminergic vulnerability, and alpha-synuclein-related pathology, and highlight the link with cellular and systemic oxygen sensing. We describe cases suggesting that hypoxia may trigger Parkinsonian symptoms but also emphasize that the endogenous systems that protect from hypoxia can be harnessed to protect from PD. Finally, we provide examples of preclinical and clinical research substantiating this potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Yves Duderstadt
- Division of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Sports Science, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Roman Vozdek
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Via Alessandro Volta 21, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (R.V.); (A.A.H.)
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Andrew A. Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Via Alessandro Volta 21, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (R.V.); (A.A.H.)
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Goettingen, Germany;
- Experimental Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin Kopp
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.B.); (M.K.)
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Miskowiak KW, Petersen JZ, Macoveanu J, Ysbæk-Nielsen AT, Lindegaard IA, Cramer K, Mogensen MB, Hammershøj LG, Stougaard ME, Jørgensen JL, Schmidt LS, Vinberg M, Ehrenreich H, Hageman I, Videbech P, Gbyl K, Kellner CH, Kessing LV, Jørgensen MB. Effect of erythropoietin on cognitive side-effects of electroconvulsive therapy in depression: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 79:38-48. [PMID: 38128460 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective and rapid-acting treatment for severe depression but is associated with cognitive side-effects. Identification of add-on treatments that counteract these side-effects would be very helpful. This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study investigated the effects of four add-on erythropoietin (EPO; 40,000 IU/ml) or saline (placebo) infusions over 2.5 weeks of ECT (eight ECT sessions) in severely depressed patients with unipolar or bipolar depression. Neuropsychological assessments were conducted pre-ECT, three days after the eighth ECT (week 4), and at a 3-month follow-up. Further, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was conducted after the eighth ECT. The primary outcome was change from pre- to post-ECT in a 'speed of complex cognitive processing' composite. Secondary outcomes were verbal and autobiographical memory. Of sixty randomized patients, one dropped out before baseline. Data were thus analysed for 59 patients (EPO, n = 33; saline, n = 26), of whom 28 had fMRI data. No ECT-related decline occurred in the primary global cognition measure (ps≥0.1), and no effect of EPO versus saline was observed on this outcome (ps≥0.3). However post-ECT, EPO-treated patients exhibited faster autobiographical memory recall than saline-treated patients (p = 0.02), which was accompanied by lower memory-related parietal cortex activity. The absence of global cognition changes with ECT and EPO, coupled with the specific impact of EPO on autobiographical memory recall speed and memory-related parietal cortex activity, suggests that assessing autobiographical memory may provide increased sensitivity in evaluating and potentially preventing cognitive side-effects of ECT. TRIAL REGISTRATIONS: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03339596, EudraCT no.: 2016-002326-36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla W Miskowiak
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders Centre (NEAD), Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, and Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jeff Z Petersen
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julian Macoveanu
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander T Ysbæk-Nielsen
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders Centre (NEAD), Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, and Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida A Lindegaard
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders Centre (NEAD), Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, and Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Cramer
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Madel B Mogensen
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisa G Hammershøj
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie E Stougaard
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Josefine L Jørgensen
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lejla Sjanic Schmidt
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maj Vinberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Early Multimodular Prevention and Intervention Research Institution (EMPIRI), Mental Health Centre, Northern Zealand, Copenhagen University Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clincial Neuroscience, Max-Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ida Hageman
- Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Poul Videbech
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Psychiatric Centre Glostrup, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Krzysztof Gbyl
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Psychiatric Centre Glostrup, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles H Kellner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lars V Kessing
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin B Jørgensen
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Damgaard V, Mariegaard J, Lindhardsen JM, Ehrenreich H, Miskowiak KW. Neuroprotective Effects of Moderate Hypoxia: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1648. [PMID: 38137096 PMCID: PMC10741927 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights moderate hypoxia as a candidate treatment for brain disorders. This systematic review examines findings and the methodological quality of studies investigating hypoxia (10-16% O2) for ≥14 days in humans, as well as the neurobiological mechanisms triggered by hypoxia in animals, and suggests optimal treatment protocols to guide future studies. We followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) 2020. Searches were performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycInfo, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library, in May-September 2023. Two authors independently reviewed the human studies with the following tools: (1) revised Cochrane collaboration's risk of bias for randomized trials 2.0; (2) the risk of bias in nonrandomized studies of interventions. We identified 58 eligible studies (k = 8 human studies with N = 274 individuals; k = 48 animal studies) reporting the effects of hypoxia on cognition, motor function, neuroimaging, neuronal/synaptic morphology, inflammation, oxidative stress, erythropoietin, neurotrophins, and Alzheimer's disease markers. A total of 75% of human studies indicated cognitive and/or neurological benefits, although all studies were evaluated ashigh risk of bias due to a lack of randomization and assessor blinding. Low-dose intermittent or continuous hypoxia repeated for 30-240 min sessions, preferably in combination with motor-cognitive training, produced beneficial effects, and high-dose hypoxia with longer (≥6 h) durations and chronic exposure produced more adverse effects. Larger and methodologically stronger translational studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Damgaard
- Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Centre, Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Hovedvejen 17, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (V.D.); (J.M.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanna Mariegaard
- Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Centre, Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Hovedvejen 17, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (V.D.); (J.M.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Marie Lindhardsen
- Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Centre, Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Hovedvejen 17, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (V.D.); (J.M.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kamilla Woznica Miskowiak
- Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Centre, Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Frederiksberg Hospital, Hovedvejen 17, DK-2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (V.D.); (J.M.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Burtscher J, Citherlet T, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Raberin A, Krumm B, Hohenauer E, Egg M, Lichtblau M, Müller J, Rybnikova EA, Gatterer H, Debevec T, Baillieul S, Manferdelli G, Behrendt T, Schega L, Ehrenreich H, Millet GP, Gassmann M, Schwarzer C, Glazachev O, Girard O, Lalande S, Hamlin M, Samaja M, Hüfner K, Burtscher M, Panza G, Mallet RT. Mechanisms underlying the health benefits of intermittent hypoxia conditioning. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37860950 DOI: 10.1113/jp285230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is commonly associated with pathological conditions, particularly obstructive sleep apnoea. However, IH is also increasingly used to enhance health and performance and is emerging as a potent non-pharmacological intervention against numerous diseases. Whether IH is detrimental or beneficial for health is largely determined by the intensity, duration, number and frequency of the hypoxic exposures and by the specific responses they engender. Adaptive responses to hypoxia protect from future hypoxic or ischaemic insults, improve cellular resilience and functions, and boost mental and physical performance. The cellular and systemic mechanisms producing these benefits are highly complex, and the failure of different components can shift long-term adaptation to maladaptation and the development of pathologies. Rather than discussing in detail the well-characterized individual responses and adaptations to IH, we here aim to summarize and integrate hypoxia-activated mechanisms into a holistic picture of the body's adaptive responses to hypoxia and specifically IH, and demonstrate how these mechanisms might be mobilized for their health benefits while minimizing the risks of hypoxia exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tom Citherlet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alba Camacho-Cardenosa
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Camacho-Cardenosa
- Clinical Management Unit of Endocrinology and Nutrition - GC17, Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Krumm
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erich Hohenauer
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Margit Egg
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mona Lichtblau
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julian Müller
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena A Rybnikova
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), UMIT TIROL-Private University for Health Sciences and Health Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Tadej Debevec
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Automatics, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastien Baillieul
- Service Universitaire de Pneumologie Physiologie, University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Tom Behrendt
- Chair Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Chair Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, University Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Christoph Schwarzer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oleg Glazachev
- Department of Normal Physiology, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sophie Lalande
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael Hamlin
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Michele Samaja
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Katharina Hüfner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, University Hospital for Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gino Panza
- The Department of Health Care Sciences, Program of Occupational Therapy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center Detroit, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Robert T Mallet
- Department of Physiology & Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Wang J, Joseph S, Vingill S, Dere E, Tatenhorst L, Ronnenberg A, Lingor P, Preisinger C, Ehrenreich H, Schulz JB, Stegmüller J. Loss of the parkinsonism-associated protein FBXO7 in glutamatergic forebrain neurons in mice leads to abnormal motor behavior and synaptic defects. J Neurochem 2023; 167:296-317. [PMID: 37753846 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in PARK15, which encodes for the F-box protein FBXO7 have been associated with Parkinsonian Pyramidal syndrome, a rare and complex movement disorder with Parkinsonian symptoms, pyramidal tract signs and juvenile onset. Our previous study showed that systemic loss of Fbxo7 in mice causes motor defects and premature death. We have also demonstrated that FBXO7 has a crucial role in neurons as the specific deletion in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive or glutamatergic forebrain neurons leads to late-onset or early-onset motor dysfunction, respectively. In this study, we examined NEX-Cre;Fbxo7fl/fl mice, in which Fbxo7 was specifically deleted in glutamatergic projection neurons. The effects of FBXO7 deficiency on striatal integrity were investigated with HPLC and histological analyses. NEX-Cre;Fbxo7fl/fl mice revealed an increase in striatal dopamine concentrations, changes in the glutamatergic, GABAergic and dopaminergic pathways, astrogliosis and microgliosis and little or no neuronal loss in the striatum. To determine the effects on the integrity of the synapse, we purified synaptic membranes, subjected them to quantitative mass spectrometry analysis and found alterations in the complement system, endocytosis and exocytosis pathways. These neuropathological changes coincide with alterations in spontaneous home cage behavior. Taken together, our findings suggest that FBXO7 is crucial for corticostriatal projections and the synaptic integrity of the striatum, and consequently for proper motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Wang
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabitha Joseph
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Siv Vingill
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ekrem Dere
- Sorbonne Université. Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, (IBPS), Département UMR 8256, UFR des Sciences de la Vie, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris Cedex, France
- Clinical Neuroscience, Hermann Rein Strasse 3, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Tatenhorst
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Ronnenberg
- Clinical Neuroscience, Hermann Rein Strasse 3, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Hermann Rein Strasse 3, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg B Schulz
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-BRAIN Institute of Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Research Center Jülich and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses-MultiScales, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Judith Stegmüller
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses-MultiScales, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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8
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Ehrenreich H, Gassmann M, Poustka L, Burtscher M, Hammermann P, Sirén AL, Nave KA, Miskowiak K. Exploiting moderate hypoxia to benefit patients with brain disease: Molecular mechanisms and translational research in progress. Neuroprotection 2023; 1:9-19. [PMID: 37671067 PMCID: PMC7615021 DOI: 10.1002/nep3.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is increasingly recognized as an important physiological driving force. A specific transcriptional program, induced by a decrease in oxygen (O2) availability, for example, inspiratory hypoxia at high altitude, allows cells to adapt to lower O2 and limited energy metabolism. This transcriptional program is partly controlled by and partly independent of hypoxia-inducible factors. Remarkably, this same transcriptional program is stimulated in the brain by extensive motor-cognitive exercise, leading to a relative decrease in O2 supply, compared to the acutely augmented O2 requirement. We have coined the term "functional hypoxia" for this important demand-responsive, relative reduction in O2 availability. Functional hypoxia seems to be critical for enduring adaptation to higher physiological challenge that includes substantial "brain hardware upgrade," underlying advanced performance. Hypoxia-induced erythropoietin expression in the brain likely plays a decisive role in these processes, which can be imitated by recombinant human erythropoietin treatment. This article review presents hints of how inspiratory O2 manipulations can potentially contribute to enhanced brain function. It thereby provides the ground for exploiting moderate inspiratory plus functional hypoxia to treat individuals with brain disease. Finally, it sketches a planned multistep pilot study in healthy volunteers and first patients, about to start, aiming at improved performance upon motor-cognitive training under inspiratory hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Faculty of Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Anna-Leena Sirén
- Departments of Neurophysiology and Neurosurgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kamilla Miskowiak
- Psychiatric Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Singh M, Zhao Y, Gastaldi VD, Wojcik SM, Curto Y, Kawaguchi R, Merino RM, Garcia-Agudo LF, Taschenberger H, Brose N, Geschwind D, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Erythropoietin re-wires cognition-associated transcriptional networks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4777. [PMID: 37604818 PMCID: PMC10442354 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) has potent procognitive effects, likely hematopoiesis-independent, but underlying mechanisms and physiological role of brain-expressed EPO remained obscure. Here, we provide transcriptional hippocampal profiling of male mice treated with rhEPO. Based on ~108,000 single nuclei, we unmask multiple pyramidal lineages with their comprehensive molecular signatures. By temporal profiling and gene regulatory analysis, we build developmental trajectory of CA1 pyramidal neurons derived from multiple predecessor lineages and elucidate gene regulatory networks underlying their fate determination. With EPO as 'tool', we discover populations of newly differentiating pyramidal neurons, overpopulating to ~200% upon rhEPO with upregulation of genes crucial for neurodifferentiation, dendrite growth, synaptogenesis, memory formation, and cognition. Using a Cre-based approach to visually distinguish pre-existing from newly formed pyramidal neurons for patch-clamp recordings, we learn that rhEPO treatment differentially affects excitatory and inhibitory inputs. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into how EPO modulates neuronal functions and networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvendra Singh
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Ying Zhao
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vinicius Daguano Gastaldi
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sonja M Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yasmina Curto
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo M Merino
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization and Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Holger Taschenberger
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nils Brose
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany.
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Ernst J, Ehrenreich H, Weissenborn K, Grosse GM. Unraveling Mechanisms of Cryptogenic Stroke at the Genetic Level: A Systematic Literature Review. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e029843. [PMID: 37489722 PMCID: PMC10492995 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.029843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Background A substantial proportion of ischemic strokes remain cryptogenic, which has important implications for secondary prevention. Identifying genetic variants related to mechanisms of stroke causes may provide a chance to clarify the actual causes of cryptogenic strokes. Methods and Results In a 2-step process, 2 investigators independently and systematically screened studies that reported genetic variants in regard to stroke causes that were published between January 1991 and April 2021. Studies on monogenetic disorders, investigation of vascular risk factors as the primary end point, reviews, meta-analyses, and studies not written in English were excluded. We extracted information on study types, ancestries, corresponding single nucleotide polymorphisms, and sample and effect sizes. There were 937 studies screened, and 233 were eligible. We identified 35 single nucleotide polymorphisms and allele variants that were associated with an overlap between cryptogenic strokes and another defined cause. Conclusions Associations of single variants with an overlap between cryptogenic stroke and another defined cause were limited to a few polymorphisms. A limitation of all studies is a low granularity of clinical data, which is of major importance in a complex disease such as stroke. Deep phenotyping is in supposed contradiction with large sample sizes but needed for genome-wide analyses. Future studies should attempt to address this restriction to advance the promising approach of elucidating the cause of stroke at the genetic level. Especially in a highly heterogenous disease such as ischemic stroke, genetics are promising to establish a personalized approach in diagnostics and treatment in the sense of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Ernst
- Department of NeurologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical NeuroscienceMax Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
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11
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Depp C, Sun T, Sasmita AO, Spieth L, Berghoff SA, Nazarenko T, Overhoff K, Steixner-Kumar AA, Subramanian S, Arinrad S, Ruhwedel T, Möbius W, Göbbels S, Saher G, Werner HB, Damkou A, Zampar S, Wirths O, Thalmann M, Simons M, Saito T, Saido T, Krueger-Burg D, Kawaguchi R, Willem M, Haass C, Geschwind D, Ehrenreich H, Stassart R, Nave KA. Myelin dysfunction drives amyloid-β deposition in models of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2023; 618:349-357. [PMID: 37258678 PMCID: PMC10247380 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, increases rapidly with age, but why age constitutes the main risk factor is still poorly understood. Brain ageing affects oligodendrocytes and the structural integrity of myelin sheaths1, the latter of which is associated with secondary neuroinflammation2,3. As oligodendrocytes support axonal energy metabolism and neuronal health4-7, we hypothesized that loss of myelin integrity could be an upstream risk factor for neuronal amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, the central neuropathological hallmark of AD. Here we identify genetic pathways of myelin dysfunction and demyelinating injuries as potent drivers of amyloid deposition in mouse models of AD. Mechanistically, myelin dysfunction causes the accumulation of the Aβ-producing machinery within axonal swellings and increases the cleavage of cortical amyloid precursor protein. Suprisingly, AD mice with dysfunctional myelin lack plaque-corralling microglia despite an overall increase in their numbers. Bulk and single-cell transcriptomics of AD mouse models with myelin defects show that there is a concomitant induction of highly similar but distinct disease-associated microglia signatures specific to myelin damage and amyloid plaques, respectively. Despite successful induction, amyloid disease-associated microglia (DAM) that usually clear amyloid plaques are apparently distracted to nearby myelin damage. Our data suggest a working model whereby age-dependent structural defects of myelin promote Aβ plaque formation directly and indirectly and are therefore an upstream AD risk factor. Improving oligodendrocyte health and myelin integrity could be a promising target to delay development and slow progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Depp
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrew Octavian Sasmita
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena Spieth
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan A Berghoff
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Taisiia Nazarenko
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Overhoff
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Agnes A Steixner-Kumar
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Swati Subramanian
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sahab Arinrad
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torben Ruhwedel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Göbbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gesine Saher
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alkmini Damkou
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Silvia Zampar
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maik Thalmann
- Department of German Philology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takaomi Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Dilja Krueger-Burg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Willem
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Stassart
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Neuropathology, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
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12
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Ehrenreich H, Gastaldi VD, Wilke JBH. Factors predisposing to humoral autoimmunity against brain-antigens in health and disease: Analysis of 49 autoantibodies in over 7000 subjects. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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13
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Arinrad S, Depp C, Siems SB, Sasmita AO, Eichel MA, Ronnenberg A, Hammerschmidt K, Lüders KA, Werner HB, Ehrenreich H, Nave KA. Isolated catatonia-like executive dysfunction in mice with forebrain-specific loss of myelin integrity. eLife 2023; 12:70792. [PMID: 36892455 PMCID: PMC9998085 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A key feature of advanced brain aging includes structural defects of intracortical myelin that are associated with secondary neuroinflammation. A similar pathology is seen in specific myelin mutant mice that model 'advanced brain aging' and exhibit a range of behavioral abnormalities. However, the cognitive assessment of these mutants is problematic because myelin-dependent motor-sensory functions are required for quantitative behavioral readouts. To better understand the role of cortical myelin integrity for higher brain functions, we generated mice lacking Plp1, encoding the major integral myelin membrane protein, selectively in ventricular zone stem cells of the mouse forebrain. In contrast to conventional Plp1 null mutants, subtle myelin defects were restricted to the cortex, hippocampus, and underlying callosal tracts. Moreover, forebrain-specific Plp1 mutants exhibited no defects of basic motor-sensory performance at any age tested. Surprisingly, several behavioral alterations reported for conventional Plp1 null mice (Gould et al., 2018) were absent and even social interactions appeared normal. However, with novel behavioral paradigms, we determined catatonia-like symptoms and isolated executive dysfunction in both genders. This suggests that loss of myelin integrity has an impact on cortical connectivity and underlies specific defects of executive function. These observations are likewise relevant for human neuropsychiatric conditions and other myelin-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahab Arinrad
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Depp
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophie B Siems
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Maria A Eichel
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Ronnenberg
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Katja A Lüders
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Daguano Gastaldi V, Bh Wilke J, Weidinger CA, Walter C, Barnkothe N, Teegen B, Luessi F, Stöcker W, Lühder F, Begemann M, Zipp F, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Factors predisposing to humoral autoimmunity against brain-antigens in health and disease: Analysis of 49 autoantibodies in over 7000 subjects. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 108:135-147. [PMID: 36323361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating autoantibodies (AB) against brain-antigens, often deemed pathological, receive increasing attention. We assessed predispositions and seroprevalence/characteristics of 49 AB in > 7000 individuals. METHODS Exploratory cross-sectional cohort study, investigating deeply phenotyped neuropsychiatric patients and healthy individuals of GRAS Data Collection for presence/characteristics of 49 brain-directed serum-AB. Predispositions were evaluated through GWAS of NMDAR1-AB carriers, analyses of immune check-point genotypes, APOE4 status, neurotrauma. Chi-square, Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression analyses were used. RESULTS Study of N = 7025 subjects (55.8 % male; 41 ± 16 years) revealed N = 1133 (16.13 %) carriers of any AB against 49 defined brain-antigens. Overall, age dependence of seroprevalence (OR = 1.018/year; 95 % CI [1.015-1.022]) emerged, but no disease association, neither general nor with neuropsychiatric subgroups. Males had higher AB seroprevalence (OR = 1.303; 95 % CI [1.144-1.486]). Immunoglobulin class (N for IgM:462; IgA:487; IgG:477) and titers were similar. Abundant were NMDAR1-AB (7.7 %). Low seroprevalence (1.25 %-0.02 %) was seen for most AB (e.g., amphiphysin, KCNA2, ARHGAP26, GFAP, CASPR2, MOG, Homer-3, KCNA1, GLRA1b, GAD65). Non-detectable were others. GWAS of NMDAR1-AB carriers revealed three genome-wide significant SNPs, two intergenic, one in TENM3, previously autoimmune disease-associated. Targeted analysis of immune check-point genotypes (CTLA4, PD1, PD-L1) uncovered effects on humoral anti-brain autoimmunity (OR = 1.55; 95 % CI [1.058-2.271]) and disease likelihood (OR = 1.43; 95 % CI [1.032-1.985]). APOE4 carriers (∼19 %) had lower seropositivity (OR = 0.766; 95 % CI [0.625-0.933]). Neurotrauma predisposed to NMDAR1-AB seroprevalence (IgM: OR = 1.599; 95 % CI [1.022-2.468]). CONCLUSIONS Humoral autoimmunity against brain-antigens, frequent across health and disease, is predicted by age, gender, genetic predisposition, and brain injury. Seroprevalence, immunoglobulin class, or titers do not predict disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Daguano Gastaldi
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Justus Bh Wilke
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cosima A Weidinger
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Walter
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Barnkothe
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bianca Teegen
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Felix Luessi
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine‑Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Winfried Stöcker
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center, of the Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine‑Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany.
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15
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Teller J, Jung C, Wilke JB, Schimmelpfennig SD, Hindermann M, Hinken L, Gabriel MM, Fegbeutel C, Schäfer A, Laser H, Lichtinghagen R, Worthmann H, Weissenborn K, Ehrenreich H. Autoantibodies against NMDAR subunit NR1 disappear from blood upon anesthesia. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 24:100494. [PMID: 35965838 PMCID: PMC9372600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthetics penetrate the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and - as confirmed preclinically – transiently disrupt it. An analogous consequence in humans has remained unproven. In mice, we previously reported that upon BBB dysfunction, the brain acts as ‘immunoprecipitator’ of autoantibodies against N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor subunit-NR1 (NMDAR1-AB). We thus hypothesized that during human anesthesia, pre-existing NMDAR1-AB will specifically bind to brain. Screening of N = 270 subjects undergoing general anesthesia during cardiac surgery for serum NMDAR1-AB revealed N = 25 NMDAR1-AB seropositives. Only N = 14 remained positive post-surgery. No changes in albumin, thyroglobulin or CRP were associated with reduction of serum NMDAR1-AB. Thus, upon anesthesia, BBB opening likely occurs also in humans. Whether the blood brain barrier opens on general anesthesia in humans is unclear. Serum NMDAR1-AB titers drop upon anesthesia during cardiac surgery. Drop of serum NMDAR1-AB after anesthesia indicates ‘immunoprecipitation’ by brain. Immunoprecipitation needs brain access of NMDAR1-AB, indicating barrier opening. Neither hemodilution nor inflammation explain this loss of NMDAR1-AB from serum.
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Ehrenreich H. For decades against the mainstream - From erythropoietin and hypoxia as novel treatment strategies to deep phenotyping in neuropsychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Res 2022; 317:114854. [PMID: 36170796 PMCID: PMC7613706 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences - City Campus, Hermann-Rein-Str.3, Göttingen 37075, Germany.
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Ehrenreich H, Gastaldi VD, Wilke JBH. Quo Vaditis Anti-Brain Autoantibodies: Causes, Consequences, or Epiphenomena? Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:254-255. [PMID: 35902135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Vinicius Daguano Gastaldi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Justus B H Wilke
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Swenson ER, Mallet RT, Xi L, Manukhina E, Downey F, Burtscher J, Ehrenreich H, Burtscher M. A Celebration of the Extraordinary Life of Late Professor Tatiana V. Serebrovskaya (Kyiv, Ukraine) in Advancing Hypoxia Science and Medicine. High Alt Med Biol 2022; 23:284-285. [PMID: 35917558 PMCID: PMC10133969 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2022.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Swenson
- VA Puget Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert T Mallet
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Lei Xi
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Eugenia Manukhina
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Fred Downey
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Trubetskoy V, Pardiñas AF, Qi T, Panagiotaropoulou G, Awasthi S, Bigdeli TB, Bryois J, Chen CY, Dennison CA, Hall LS, Lam M, Watanabe K, Frei O, Ge T, Harwood JC, Koopmans F, Magnusson S, Richards AL, Sidorenko J, Wu Y, Zeng J, Grove J, Kim M, Li Z, Voloudakis G, Zhang W, Adams M, Agartz I, Atkinson EG, Agerbo E, Al Eissa M, Albus M, Alexander M, Alizadeh BZ, Alptekin K, Als TD, Amin F, Arolt V, Arrojo M, Athanasiu L, Azevedo MH, Bacanu SA, Bass NJ, Begemann M, Belliveau RA, Bene J, Benyamin B, Bergen SE, Blasi G, Bobes J, Bonassi S, Braun A, Bressan RA, Bromet EJ, Bruggeman R, Buckley PF, Buckner RL, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Cahn W, Cairns MJ, Calkins ME, Carr VJ, Castle D, Catts SV, Chambert KD, Chan RCK, Chaumette B, Cheng W, Cheung EFC, Chong SA, Cohen D, Consoli A, Cordeiro Q, Costas J, Curtis C, Davidson M, Davis KL, de Haan L, Degenhardt F, DeLisi LE, Demontis D, Dickerson F, Dikeos D, Dinan T, Djurovic S, Duan J, Ducci G, Dudbridge F, Eriksson JG, Fañanás L, Faraone SV, Fiorentino A, Forstner A, Frank J, Freimer NB, Fromer M, Frustaci A, Gadelha A, Genovese G, Gershon ES, Giannitelli M, Giegling I, Giusti-Rodríguez P, Godard S, Goldstein JI, González Peñas J, González-Pinto A, Gopal S, Gratten J, Green MF, Greenwood TA, Guillin O, Gülöksüz S, Gur RE, Gur RC, Gutiérrez B, Hahn E, Hakonarson H, Haroutunian V, Hartmann AM, Harvey C, Hayward C, Henskens FA, Herms S, Hoffmann P, Howrigan DP, Ikeda M, Iyegbe C, Joa I, Julià A, Kähler AK, Kam-Thong T, Kamatani Y, Karachanak-Yankova S, Kebir O, Keller MC, Kelly BJ, Khrunin A, Kim SW, Klovins J, Kondratiev N, Konte B, Kraft J, Kubo M, Kučinskas V, Kučinskiene ZA, Kusumawardhani A, Kuzelova-Ptackova H, Landi S, Lazzeroni LC, Lee PH, Legge SE, Lehrer DS, Lencer R, Lerer B, Li M, Lieberman J, Light GA, Limborska S, Liu CM, Lönnqvist J, Loughland CM, Lubinski J, Luykx JJ, Lynham A, Macek M, Mackinnon A, Magnusson PKE, Maher BS, Maier W, Malaspina D, Mallet J, Marder SR, Marsal S, Martin AR, Martorell L, Mattheisen M, McCarley RW, McDonald C, McGrath JJ, Medeiros H, Meier S, Melegh B, Melle I, Mesholam-Gately RI, Metspalu A, Michie PT, Milani L, Milanova V, Mitjans M, Molden E, Molina E, Molto MD, Mondelli V, Moreno C, Morley CP, Muntané G, Murphy KC, Myin-Germeys I, Nenadić I, Nestadt G, Nikitina-Zake L, Noto C, Nuechterlein KH, O'Brien NL, O'Neill FA, Oh SY, Olincy A, Ota VK, Pantelis C, Papadimitriou GN, Parellada M, Paunio T, Pellegrino R, Periyasamy S, Perkins DO, Pfuhlmann B, Pietiläinen O, Pimm J, Porteous D, Powell J, Quattrone D, Quested D, Radant AD, Rampino A, Rapaport MH, Rautanen A, Reichenberg A, Roe C, Roffman JL, Roth J, Rothermundt M, Rutten BPF, Saker-Delye S, Salomaa V, Sanjuan J, Santoro ML, Savitz A, Schall U, Scott RJ, Seidman LJ, Sharp SI, Shi J, Siever LJ, Sigurdsson E, Sim K, Skarabis N, Slominsky P, So HC, Sobell JL, Söderman E, Stain HJ, Steen NE, Steixner-Kumar AA, Stögmann E, Stone WS, Straub RE, Streit F, Strengman E, Stroup TS, Subramaniam M, Sugar CA, Suvisaari J, Svrakic DM, Swerdlow NR, Szatkiewicz JP, Ta TMT, Takahashi A, Terao C, Thibaut F, Toncheva D, Tooney PA, Torretta S, Tosato S, Tura GB, Turetsky BI, Üçok A, Vaaler A, van Amelsvoort T, van Winkel R, Veijola J, Waddington J, Walter H, Waterreus A, Webb BT, Weiser M, Williams NM, Witt SH, Wormley BK, Wu JQ, Xu Z, Yolken R, Zai CC, Zhou W, Zhu F, Zimprich F, Atbaşoğlu EC, Ayub M, Benner C, Bertolino A, Black DW, Bray NJ, Breen G, Buccola NG, Byerley WF, Chen WJ, Cloninger CR, Crespo-Facorro B, Donohoe G, Freedman R, Galletly C, Gandal MJ, Gennarelli M, Hougaard DM, Hwu HG, Jablensky AV, McCarroll SA, Moran JL, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Müller-Myhsok B, Neil AL, Nordentoft M, Pato MT, Petryshen TL, Pirinen M, Pulver AE, Schulze TG, Silverman JM, Smoller JW, Stahl EA, Tsuang DW, Vilella E, Wang SH, Xu S, Adolfsson R, Arango C, Baune BT, Belangero SI, Børglum AD, Braff D, Bramon E, Buxbaum JD, Campion D, Cervilla JA, Cichon S, Collier DA, Corvin A, Curtis D, Forti MD, Domenici E, Ehrenreich H, Escott-Price V, Esko T, Fanous AH, Gareeva A, Gawlik M, Gejman PV, Gill M, Glatt SJ, Golimbet V, Hong KS, Hultman CM, Hyman SE, Iwata N, Jönsson EG, Kahn RS, Kennedy JL, Khusnutdinova E, Kirov G, Knowles JA, Krebs MO, Laurent-Levinson C, Lee J, Lencz T, Levinson DF, Li QS, Liu J, Malhotra AK, Malhotra D, McIntosh A, McQuillin A, Menezes PR, Morgan VA, Morris DW, Mowry BJ, Murray RM, Nimgaonkar V, Nöthen MM, Ophoff RA, Paciga SA, Palotie A, Pato CN, Qin S, Rietschel M, Riley BP, Rivera M, Rujescu D, Saka MC, Sanders AR, Schwab SG, Serretti A, Sham PC, Shi Y, St Clair D, Stefánsson H, Stefansson K, Tsuang MT, van Os J, Vawter MP, Weinberger DR, Werge T, Wildenauer DB, Yu X, Yue W, Holmans PA, Pocklington AJ, Roussos P, Vassos E, Verhage M, Visscher PM, Yang J, Posthuma D, Andreassen OA, Kendler KS, Owen MJ, Wray NR, Daly MJ, Huang H, Neale BM, Sullivan PF, Ripke S, Walters JTR, O'Donovan MC. Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia. Nature 2022; 604:502-508. [PMID: 35396580 PMCID: PMC9392466 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 772] [Impact Index Per Article: 386.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassily Trubetskoy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio F Pardiñas
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ting Qi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Swapnil Awasthi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julien Bryois
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chia-Yen Chen
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte A Dennison
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lynsey S Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Max Lam
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Kyoko Watanabe
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tian Ge
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet C Harwood
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Frank Koopmans
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alexander L Richards
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Julia Sidorenko
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yang Wu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jian Zeng
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jakob Grove
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Georgios Voloudakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth G Atkinson
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Esben Agerbo
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mariam Al Eissa
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Madeline Alexander
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Köksal Alptekin
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Neuroscience, Dokuz Eylül University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Thomas D Als
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Farooq Amin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel Arrojo
- Servizo de Psiquiatría, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lavinia Athanasiu
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Helena Azevedo
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Silviu A Bacanu
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Bass
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard A Belliveau
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Judit Bene
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Beben Benyamin
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah E Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Blasi
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Julio Bobes
- Área de Psiquiatría-Universidad de Oviedo, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Asturias, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma and San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Braun
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Affonseca Bressan
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evelyn J Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Richard Bruggeman
- University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Psychiatry, Rob Giel Research Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter F Buckley
- Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Randy L Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Altrecht, General Menthal Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Castle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stanley V Catts
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kimberley D Chambert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boris Chaumette
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Siow Ann Chong
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - David Cohen
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Groupe de Recherche Clinique no. 15 - Troubles Psychiatriques et Développement (PSYDEV), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), CNRS UMR7222, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Angèle Consoli
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Groupe de Recherche Clinique no. 15 - Troubles Psychiatriques et Développement (PSYDEV), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Quirino Cordeiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Javier Costas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS) de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Charles Curtis
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kenneth L Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Arkin, Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lynn E DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ditte Demontis
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Dimitris Dikeos
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Timothy Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- NORMENT Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Frank Dudbridge
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Lourdes Fañanás
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Alessia Fiorentino
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Menachem Fromer
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessandra Frustaci
- Barnet, Enfield and Haringey Mental Health NHS Trust, St Ann's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ary Gadelha
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giulio Genovese
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marianna Giannitelli
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Groupe de Recherche Clinique no. 15 - Troubles Psychiatriques et Développement (PSYDEV), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stephanie Godard
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human and Molecular Genetics, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Hôpital de la Pitiè-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline I Goldstein
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Javier González Peñas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana González-Pinto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- BIOARABA Health Research Institute, OSI Araba, University Hospital, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Srihari Gopal
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Jacob Gratten
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael F Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany A Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Guillin
- INSERM, Rouen, France
- Centre Hospitalier du Rouvray, Rouen, France
- UFR Santé, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Sinan Gülöksüz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Blanca Gutiérrez
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eric Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Leonard Madlyn Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research Clinical and Education Center (MIRECC), JJ Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Annette M Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carol Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- NorthWestern Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Frans A Henskens
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefan Herms
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel P Howrigan
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake Aichi, Japan
| | - Conrad Iyegbe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Inge Joa
- Regional Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Antonio Julià
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna K Kähler
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tony Kam-Thong
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory of Complex Trait Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sena Karachanak-Yankova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski", Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Oussama Kebir
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Institute for Behavioural Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brian J Kelly
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrey Khrunin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Janis Klovins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Kraft
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | - Agung Kusumawardhani
- Psychiatry Department, University of Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hana Kuzelova-Ptackova
- Department of Psychiatry, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stefano Landi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita' di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura C Lazzeroni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Phil H Lee
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophie E Legge
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Douglas S Lehrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Rebecca Lencer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernard Lerer
- Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miaoxin Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (SYSU), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Gregory A Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Svetlana Limborska
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jouko Lönnqvist
- Mental Health Unit, Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carmel M Loughland
- Hunter New England Health and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jurjen J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Second Opinion Outpatient Clinic, GGNet Mental Health, Warnsveld, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Lynham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Milan Macek
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrew Mackinnon
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brion S Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacques Mallet
- Asfalia Biologics, iPEPS-ICM, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stephen R Marder
- Semel Institute for Neurosciene, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sara Marsal
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia R Martin
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lourdes Martorell
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - John J McGrath
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helena Medeiros
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Meier
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bela Melegh
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pécs, School of Medicine, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Raquelle I Mesholam-Gately
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Patricia T Michie
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vihra Milanova
- Psychiatric Clinic, Alexandrovska University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Marina Mitjans
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Espen Molden
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Esther Molina
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María Dolores Molto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carmen Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher P Morley
- Departments of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Family Medicine, and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Gerard Muntané
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kieran C Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Inez Myin-Germeys
- Department for Neurosciences, Center for Contextual Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Igor Nenadić
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerald Nestadt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Cristiano Noto
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keith H Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Niamh Louise O'Brien
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - F Anthony O'Neill
- Centre for Public Health, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Sang-Yun Oh
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ann Olincy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Vanessa Kiyomi Ota
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratorio de Genetica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christos Pantelis
- NorthWestern Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - George N Papadimitriou
- First Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Mara Parellada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry and SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Renata Pellegrino
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Leonard Madlyn Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sathish Periyasamy
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Diana O Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bruno Pfuhlmann
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Weißer Hirsch, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olli Pietiläinen
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonathan Pimm
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John Powell
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Diego Quattrone
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Digby Quested
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Allen D Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Antonio Rampino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Mark H Rapaport
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anna Rautanen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Abraham Reichenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cheryl Roe
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Joshua L Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julian Roth
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Bart P F Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Veikko Salomaa
- THL-Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julio Sanjuan
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcos Leite Santoro
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratorio de Genetica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adam Savitz
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Ulrich Schall
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Priority Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Mater Hospital, McAuley Centre, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Division of Molecular Medicine, NSW Health Pathology North, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sally Isabel Sharp
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Larry J Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kang Sim
- West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nora Skarabis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petr Slominsky
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Hon-Cheong So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Janet L Sobell
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Erik Söderman
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen J Stain
- School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK
- TIPS - Network for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Agnes A Steixner-Kumar
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - William S Stone
- Harvard Medical School Department of Psychiatry at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eric Strengman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - T Scott Stroup
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mythily Subramaniam
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Catherine A Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- THL-Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dragan M Svrakic
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jin P Szatkiewicz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Thi Minh Tam Ta
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Florence Thibaut
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Cochin-Tarnier, Paris, France
- INSERM U1266, Institut de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Draga Toncheva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Paul A Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Silvia Torretta
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Sarah Tosato
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gian Battista Tura
- Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Bruce I Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alp Üçok
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arne Vaaler
- Division of Mental Health, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud van Winkel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosciences, Center for Clinical Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Juha Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - John Waddington
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Waterreus
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bradley T Webb
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Nigel M Williams
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Brandon K Wormley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jing Qin Wu
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhida Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, GGz Centraal, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Yolken
- Stanley Neurovirology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clement C Zai
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Zhou
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fritz Zimprich
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eşref Cem Atbaşoğlu
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Ayub
- Department of Psychiatry, Queens University Kingston, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian Benner
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Donald W Black
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Bray
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nancy G Buccola
- School of Nursing, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - William F Byerley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei J Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- University of Sevilla, CIBERSAM IBiS, Seville, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Department of Psychiatry, Universidad del Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Ramsay Health Care (SA) Mental Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael J Gandal
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Genetic Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - David M Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Assen V Jablensky
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Steven A McCarroll
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Moran
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Preben B Mortensen
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
- Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amanda L Neil
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michele T Pato
- Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Tracey L Petryshen
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matti Pirinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ann E Pulver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy M Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Debby W Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elisabet Vilella
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, CIBERSAM, Reus, Spain
| | - Shi-Heng Wang
- College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shuhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Celso Arango
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sintia Iole Belangero
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Laboratorio de Genetica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jorge A Cervilla
- Department of Psychiatry, San Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | | | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Curtis
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Psychiatry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Enrico Domenici
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentina Escott-Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Phoenix VA Healthcare System, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Banner-University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Anna Gareeva
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics of the Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG UFRC RAS), Ufa, Russia
- Federal State Educational Institution of Highest Education Bashkir State Medical University of Public Health Ministry of Russian Federation (BSMU), Ufa, Russia
| | - Micha Gawlik
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology and Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe lab), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Vera Golimbet
- Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kyung Sue Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Christina M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Steven E Hyman
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake Aichi, Japan
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm Region, Stockholm, Sweden
- NORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - René S Kahn
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James L Kennedy
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elza Khusnutdinova
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics of the Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG UFRC RAS), Ufa, Russia
- Federal State Educational Institution of Highest Education Bashkir State Medical University of Public Health Ministry of Russian Federation (BSMU), Ufa, Russia
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - James A Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Université de Paris, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Claudine Laurent-Levinson
- Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Groupe de Recherche Clinique no. 15 - Troubles Psychiatriques et Développement (PSYDEV), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Department of Psychosis, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Mental Health, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Todd Lencz
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Qingqin S Li
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Institute of Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Dheeraj Malhotra
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paulo R Menezes
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera A Morgan
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Derek W Morris
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bryan J Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robin M Murray
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara A Paciga
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carlos N Pato
- Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Shengying Qin
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Brien P Riley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Margarita Rivera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meram C Saka
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alan R Sanders
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sibylle G Schwab
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pak C Sham
- Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongyong Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Ming T Tsuang
- Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dieter B Wildenauer
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Xin Yu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit, Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peter A Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew J Pocklington
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evangelos Vassos
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Exact Science, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Functional Genomics, Faculty of Exact Science, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin M Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - James T R Walters
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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20
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Meschkat M, Steyer AM, Weil MT, Kusch K, Jahn O, Piepkorn L, Agüi-Gonzalez P, Phan NTN, Ruhwedel T, Sadowski B, Rizzoli SO, Werner HB, Ehrenreich H, Nave KA, Möbius W. White matter integrity in mice requires continuous myelin synthesis at the inner tongue. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1163. [PMID: 35246535 PMCID: PMC8897471 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin, the electrically insulating sheath on axons, undergoes dynamic changes over time. However, it is composed of proteins with long lifetimes. This raises the question how such a stable structure is renewed. Here, we study the integrity of myelinated tracts after experimentally preventing the formation of new myelin in the CNS of adult mice, using an inducible Mbp null allele. Oligodendrocytes survive recombination, continue to express myelin genes, but they fail to maintain compacted myelin sheaths. Using 3D electron microscopy and mass spectrometry imaging we visualize myelin-like membranes failing to incorporate adaxonally, most prominently at juxta-paranodes. Myelinoid body formation indicates degradation of existing myelin at the abaxonal side and the inner tongue of the sheath. Thinning of compact myelin and shortening of internodes result in the loss of about 50% of myelin and axonal pathology within 20 weeks post recombination. In summary, our data suggest that functional axon-myelin units require the continuous incorporation of new myelin membranes. Myelin is formed of proteins of long half-lives. The mechanisms of renewal of such a stable structure are unclear. Here, the authors show that myelin integrity requires continuous myelin synthesis at the inner tongue, contributing to the maintenance of a functional axon-myelin unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Meschkat
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Göttingen Graduate Center for Neurosciences, Biophysics, and Molecular Biosciences (GGNB), Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.,Abberior Instruments GmbH, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna M Steyer
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.,Imaging Centre, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Weil
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kusch
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Jahn
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.,Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Translational Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Piepkorn
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Translational Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paola Agüi-Gonzalez
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nhu Thi Ngoc Phan
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Torben Ruhwedel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Boguslawa Sadowski
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.,Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany. .,Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany. .,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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21
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Blokland GAM, Grove J, Chen CY, Cotsapas C, Tobet S, Handa R, St Clair D, Lencz T, Mowry BJ, Periyasamy S, Cairns MJ, Tooney PA, Wu JQ, Kelly B, Kirov G, Sullivan PF, Corvin A, Riley BP, Esko T, Milani L, Jönsson EG, Palotie A, Ehrenreich H, Begemann M, Steixner-Kumar A, Sham PC, Iwata N, Weinberger DR, Gejman PV, Sanders AR, Buxbaum JD, Rujescu D, Giegling I, Konte B, Hartmann AM, Bramon E, Murray RM, Pato MT, Lee J, Melle I, Molden E, Ophoff RA, McQuillin A, Bass NJ, Adolfsson R, Malhotra AK, Martin NG, Fullerton JM, Mitchell PB, Schofield PR, Forstner AJ, Degenhardt F, Schaupp S, Comes AL, Kogevinas M, Guzman-Parra J, Reif A, Streit F, Sirignano L, Cichon S, Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Hauser J, Lissowska J, Mayoral F, Müller-Myhsok B, Świątkowska B, Schulze TG, Nöthen MM, Rietschel M, Kelsoe J, Leboyer M, Jamain S, Etain B, Bellivier F, Vincent JB, Alda M, O'Donovan C, Cervantes P, Biernacka JM, Frye M, McElroy SL, Scott LJ, Stahl EA, Landén M, Hamshere ML, Smeland OB, Djurovic S, Vaaler AE, Andreassen OA, Baune BT, Air T, Preisig M, Uher R, Levinson DF, Weissman MM, Potash JB, Shi J, Knowles JA, Perlis RH, Lucae S, Boomsma DI, Penninx BWJH, Hottenga JJ, de Geus EJC, Willemsen G, Milaneschi Y, Tiemeier H, Grabe HJ, Teumer A, Van der Auwera S, Völker U, Hamilton SP, Magnusson PKE, Viktorin A, Mehta D, Mullins N, Adams MJ, Breen G, McIntosh AM, Lewis CM, Hougaard DM, Nordentoft M, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Werge T, Als TD, Børglum AD, Petryshen TL, Smoller JW, Goldstein JM. Sex-Dependent Shared and Nonshared Genetic Architecture Across Mood and Psychotic Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:102-117. [PMID: 34099189 PMCID: PMC8458480 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.02.972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in incidence and/or presentation of schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BIP) are pervasive. Previous evidence for shared genetic risk and sex differences in brain abnormalities across disorders suggest possible shared sex-dependent genetic risk. METHODS We conducted the largest to date genome-wide genotype-by-sex (G×S) interaction of risk for these disorders using 85,735 cases (33,403 SCZ, 19,924 BIP, and 32,408 MDD) and 109,946 controls from the PGC (Psychiatric Genomics Consortium) and iPSYCH. RESULTS Across disorders, genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphism-by-sex interaction was detected for a locus encompassing NKAIN2 (rs117780815, p = 3.2 × 10-8), which interacts with sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) enzymes, implicating neuronal excitability. Three additional loci showed evidence (p < 1 × 10-6) for cross-disorder G×S interaction (rs7302529, p = 1.6 × 10-7; rs73033497, p = 8.8 × 10-7; rs7914279, p = 6.4 × 10-7), implicating various functions. Gene-based analyses identified G×S interaction across disorders (p = 8.97 × 10-7) with transcriptional inhibitor SLTM. Most significant in SCZ was a MOCOS gene locus (rs11665282, p = 1.5 × 10-7), implicating vascular endothelial cells. Secondary analysis of the PGC-SCZ dataset detected an interaction (rs13265509, p = 1.1 × 10-7) in a locus containing IDO2, a kynurenine pathway enzyme with immunoregulatory functions implicated in SCZ, BIP, and MDD. Pathway enrichment analysis detected significant G×S interaction of genes regulating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling in MDD (false discovery rate-corrected p < .05). CONCLUSIONS In the largest genome-wide G×S analysis of mood and psychotic disorders to date, there was substantial genetic overlap between the sexes. However, significant sex-dependent effects were enriched for genes related to neuronal development and immune and vascular functions across and within SCZ, BIP, and MDD at the variant, gene, and pathway levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriëlla A M Blokland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Jakob Grove
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Genome Analysis and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark; Bioinformatics Research Centre (BiRC), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Chia-Yen Chen
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Biogen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Chris Cotsapas
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Departments of Neurology and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stuart Tobet
- Innovation Center on Sex Differences in Medicine (ICON), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Robert Handa
- Innovation Center on Sex Differences in Medicine (ICON), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - David St Clair
- University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Todd Lencz
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; The Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York; The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York
| | - Bryan J Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sathish Periyasamy
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park - Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Queensland, Australia
| | - Murray J Cairns
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul A Tooney
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jing Qin Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brian Kelly
- Priority Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - George Kirov
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brien P Riley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Departments of Psychiatry and Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Erik G Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Begemann
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Agnes Steixner-Kumar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pak C Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China; State Key Laboratory for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China; Centre for Genomic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Nakao Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, Maryland; Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pablo V Gejman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Alan R Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Departments of Human Genetics and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Elvira Bramon
- Mental Health Neuroscience Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin M Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michele T Pato
- Institute for Genomic Health, SUNY Downstate Medical Center College of Medicine, Brooklyn, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jimmy Lee
- Research Division and Department of General Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore; Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Ingrid Melle
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Molden
- Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roel A Ophoff
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California; David Geffen School of Medicine, and Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew McQuillin
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Bass
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rolf Adolfsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Umeå University Medical Faculty, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anil K Malhotra
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; The Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York; The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andreas J Forstner
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schaupp
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ashley L Comes
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | | | - José Guzman-Parra
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lea Sirignano
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Joanna Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Fermin Mayoral
- Mental Health Department, University Regional Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Beata Świątkowska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - John Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Jamain
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France; INSERM U955, Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil, France
| | - Bruno Etain
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; UMR-S1144 Team 1 Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris, France; Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; UMR-S1144 Team 1 Biomarkers of relapse and therapeutic response in addiction and mood disorders, INSERM, Paris, France; Psychiatry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Paris Bipolar and TRD Expert Centres, FondaMental Foundation, Paris, France
| | - John B Vincent
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Claire O'Donovan
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Pablo Cervantes
- Department of Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Program, McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Joanna M Biernacka
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mark Frye
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Laura J Scott
- Center for Statistical Genetics and Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eli A Stahl
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marian L Hamshere
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Olav B Smeland
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Arne E Vaaler
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, St Olavs' University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tracy Air
- Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Austrlalia, Australia
| | - Martin Preisig
- Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Uher
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Douglas F Levinson
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - James B Potash
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James A Knowles
- Psychiatry & The Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Susanne Lucae
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute of Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Viktorin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Divya Mehta
- School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Niamh Mullins
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gerome Breen
- NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark; Copenhagen Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services Capital Region of Denmark Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark; Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Preben B Mortensen
- Centre for Integrative Sequencing (iSEQ), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research (NCCR), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Centre for Integrated Register-based Research (CIRRAU), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas D Als
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Genome Analysis and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH), Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Genome Analysis and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tracey L Petryshen
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Concert Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jill M Goldstein
- Innovation Center on Sex Differences in Medicine (ICON), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry and Vincent Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; MGH-MIT-HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts; Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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22
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Begemann M, Gross O, Wincewicz D, Hardeland R, Daguano Gastaldi V, Vieta E, Weissenborn K, Miskowiak KW, Moerer O, Ehrenreich H. Addressing the 'hypoxia paradox' in severe COVID-19: literature review and report of four cases treated with erythropoietin analogues. Mol Med 2021; 27:120. [PMID: 34565332 PMCID: PMC8474703 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since fall 2019, SARS-CoV-2 spread world-wide, causing a major pandemic with estimated ~ 220 million subjects affected as of September 2021. Severe COVID-19 is associated with multiple organ failure, particularly of lung and kidney, but also grave neuropsychiatric manifestations. Overall mortality reaches > 2%. Vaccine development has thrived in thus far unreached dimensions and will be one prerequisite to terminate the pandemic. Despite intensive research, however, few treatment options for modifying COVID-19 course/outcome have emerged since the pandemic outbreak. Additionally, the substantial threat of serious downstream sequelae, called 'long COVID' and 'neuroCOVID', becomes increasingly evident. Among candidates that were suggested but did not yet receive appropriate funding for clinical trials is recombinant human erythropoietin. Based on accumulating experimental and clinical evidence, erythropoietin is expected to (1) improve respiration/organ function, (2) counteract overshooting inflammation, (3) act sustainably neuroprotective/neuroregenerative. Recent counterintuitive findings of decreased serum erythropoietin levels in severe COVID-19 not only support a relative deficiency of erythropoietin in this condition, which can be therapeutically addressed, but also made us coin the term 'hypoxia paradox'. As we review here, this paradox is likely due to uncoupling of physiological hypoxia signaling circuits, mediated by detrimental gene products of SARS-CoV-2 or unfavorable host responses, including microRNAs or dysfunctional mitochondria. Substitution of erythropoietin might overcome this 'hypoxia paradox' caused by deranged signaling and improve survival/functional status of COVID-19 patients and their long-term outcome. As supporting hints, embedded in this review, we present 4 male patients with severe COVID-19 and unfavorable prognosis, including predicted high lethality, who all profoundly improved upon treatment which included erythropoietin analogues. SHORT CONCLUSION Substitution of EPO may-among other beneficial EPO effects in severe COVID-19-circumvent downstream consequences of the 'hypoxia paradox'. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial for proof-of-concept is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str.3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Gross
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Wincewicz
- Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology & Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vinicius Daguano Gastaldi
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str.3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Kamilla W Miskowiak
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Onnen Moerer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str.3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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23
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Fernandez Garcia-Agudo L, Steixner-Kumar AA, Curto Y, Barnkothe N, Hassouna I, Jähne S, Butt UJ, Grewe K, Weber MS, Green K, Rizzoli S, Nacher J, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Brain erythropoietin fine-tunes a counterbalance between neurodifferentiation and microglia in the adult hippocampus. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109548. [PMID: 34433021 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult cornu ammonis hippocampi, erythropoietin (EPO) expression drives the differentiation of new neurons, independent of DNA synthesis, and increases dendritic spine density. This substantial brain hardware upgrade is part of a regulatory circle: during motor-cognitive challenge, neurons experience "functional" hypoxia, triggering neuronal EPO production, which in turn promotes improved performance. Here, we show an unexpected involvement of resident microglia. During EPO upregulation and stimulated neurodifferentiation, either by functional or inspiratory hypoxia, microglia numbers decrease. Treating mice with recombinant human (rh)EPO or exposure to hypoxia recapitulates these changes and reveals the involvement of neuronally expressed IL-34 and microglial CSF1R. Surprisingly, EPO affects microglia in phases, initially by inducing apoptosis, later by reducing proliferation, and overall dampens microglia activity and metabolism, as verified by selective genetic targeting of either the microglial or pyramidal neuronal EPO receptor. We suggest that during accelerating neuronal differentiation, EPO acts as regulator of the CSF1R-dependent microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnes A Steixner-Kumar
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yasmina Curto
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Barnkothe
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Imam Hassouna
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jähne
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Umer Javed Butt
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Grewe
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin S Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kim Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Silvio Rizzoli
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juan Nacher
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
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24
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Deutsch NR, Worthmann H, Steixner-Kumar AA, Schuppner R, Grosse GM, Pan H, Gabriel MM, Hasse I, van Gemmeren T, Lichtinghagen R, Ehrenreich H, Weissenborn K. Autoantibodies against the NMDAR subunit NR1 are associated with neuropsychiatric outcome after ischemic stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 96:73-79. [PMID: 34010714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Preexisting autoantibodies against N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor subunit NR1 (NMDAR1-AB) in acute ischemic stroke patients with previously intact blood-brain-barrier were associated with smaller evolution of lesion size. Effects of chronic exposure to NMDAR1-AB long after stroke, however, have remained unclear. We investigated in a prospective follow-up study whether long-term neuropsychiatric outcome after stroke differs depending on NMDAR1-AB status. METHODS Blood samples for NMDAR1-AB analysis were collected within 24 h after ischemic stroke from n = 114 patients. Outcome was assessed 1-3 years later using NIHSS, modified Rankin-scale, Barthel-Index, RBANS (Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status) subcategories (immediate/delayed memory, attention, visuoconstruction), anamnesis evaluating neuropsychiatric symptoms (e.g. hallucinations, psychomotor slowing, reduced alertness, depressiveness, fatigue) and questionnaires (Beck's Depression Inventory-BDI, Fatigue Impact Scale-FIS). Scores were generated to cover RBANS plus neuropsychiatric symptoms (Score A; n = 96) or only neuropsychiatric symptoms (Score B; n = 114, including patients unable to conduct RBANS). Depression/fatigue were measured in patients, capable to perform questionnaires (n = 86). RESULTS NMDAR1-AB (IgM, IgA, IgG) were detected in n = 27 patients (23.7%). NMDAR1-AB seropositive patients showed inferior results in Score A (p = 0.006), Score B (p = 0.004), BDI (p = 0.013) and FIS (p = 0.018), compared to seronegative patients. Multiple regression analysis including covariates age, NIHSS at day 7 post-stroke, and days from stroke to follow-up, showed NMDAR1-AB seropositivity associated with worse outcome in Scores A (b: 1.517, 95%CI: 0.505-2.529, p = 0.004) and B (b: 0.803, 95%CI: 0.233-1.373; p = 0.006). Also FIS was unfavorably associated with NMDAR1-AB seropositivity (binary logistic regression: OR: 3.904, 95%CI: 1.200-12.695; p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS Even though the numbers of included patients are low, our data apparently indicate that NMDAR1-AB seropositivity at the time point of acute ischemic stroke is associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms including cognitive dysfunction and fatigue years after stroke. Preclinical proof of a causal relation provided, targeted immunosuppression may be a future prophylactic option to be clinically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine R Deutsch
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans Worthmann
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Agnes A Steixner-Kumar
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramona Schuppner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerrit M Grosse
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hong Pan
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria M Gabriel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel Hasse
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Till van Gemmeren
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf Lichtinghagen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karin Weissenborn
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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25
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Wilke JBH, Hindermann M, Moussavi A, Butt UJ, Dadarwal R, Berghoff SA, Sarcheshmeh AK, Ronnenberg A, Zihsler S, Arinrad S, Hardeland R, Seidel J, Lühder F, Nave KA, Boretius S, Ehrenreich H. Inducing sterile pyramidal neuronal death in mice to model distinct aspects of gray matter encephalitis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:121. [PMID: 34215338 PMCID: PMC8253243 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to one person in a population of 10,000 is diagnosed once in lifetime with an encephalitis, in 50-70% of unknown origin. Recognized causes amount to 20-50% viral infections. Approximately one third of affected subjects develops moderate and severe subsequent damage. Several neurotropic viruses can directly infect pyramidal neurons and induce neuronal death in cortex and hippocampus. The resulting encephalitic syndromes are frequently associated with cognitive deterioration and dementia, but involve numerous parallel and downstream cellular and molecular events that make the interpretation of direct consequences of sudden pyramidal neuronal loss difficult. This, however, would be pivotal for understanding how neuroinflammatory processes initiate the development of neurodegeneration, and thus for targeted prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. Here we utilized adult male NexCreERT2xRosa26-eGFP-DTA (= 'DTA') mice for the induction of a sterile encephalitis by diphtheria toxin-mediated ablation of cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons which also recruits immune cells into gray matter. We report multifaceted aftereffects of this defined process, including the expected pathology of classical hippocampal behaviors, evaluated in Morris water maze, but also of (pre)frontal circuit function, assessed by prepulse inhibition. Importantly, we modelled in encephalitis mice novel translationally relevant sequelae, namely altered social interaction/cognition, accompanied by compromised thermoreaction to social stimuli as convenient readout of parallel autonomic nervous system (dys)function. High resolution magnetic resonance imaging disclosed distinct abnormalities in brain dimensions, including cortical and hippocampal layering, as well as of cerebral blood flow and volume. Fluorescent tracer injection, immunohistochemistry and brain flow cytometry revealed persistent blood-brain-barrier perturbance and chronic brain inflammation. Surprisingly, blood flow cytometry showed no abnormalities in circulating major immune cell subsets and plasma high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) as proinflammatory marker remained unchanged. The present experimental work, analyzing multidimensional outcomes of direct pyramidal neuronal loss, will open new avenues for urgently needed encephalitis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus B H Wilke
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str.3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Hindermann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str.3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Amir Moussavi
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Umer Javed Butt
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str.3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rakshit Dadarwal
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan A Berghoff
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aref Kalantari Sarcheshmeh
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Ronnenberg
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str.3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Svenja Zihsler
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str.3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sahab Arinrad
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str.3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology & Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Seidel
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str.3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susann Boretius
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str.3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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26
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Hodel F, Chong AY, Scepanovic P, Xu ZM, Naret O, Thorball CW, Rüeger S, Marques-Vidal P, Vollenweider P, Begemann M, Ehrenreich H, Brenner N, Bender N, Waterboer T, Mentzer AJ, Hill AVS, Hammer C, Fellay J. Human genomics of the humoral immune response against polyomaviruses. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab058. [PMID: 34532061 PMCID: PMC8438875 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses are widespread in humans and can cause severe disease in immunocompromised individuals. To identify human genetic determinants of the humoral immune response against polyomaviruses, we performed genome-wide association studies and meta-analyses of qualitative and quantitative immunoglobulin G responses against BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), Merkel cellpolyomavirus (MCPyV), WU polyomavirus (WUPyV), and human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6) in 15,660 individuals of European ancestry from three independent studies. We observed significant associations for all tested viruses: JCPyV, HPyV6, and MCPyV associated with human leukocyte antigen class II variation, BKPyV and JCPyV with variants in FUT2, responsible for secretor status, MCPyV with variants in STING1, involved in interferon induction, and WUPyV with a functional variant in MUC1, previously associated with risk for gastric cancer. These results provide insights into the genetic control of a family of very prevalent human viruses, highlighting genes and pathways that play a modulating role in human humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Y Chong
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - P Scepanovic
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Headquarters Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Z M Xu
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier UNIL-Sorge, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - O Naret
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier UNIL-Sorge, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C W Thorball
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland,Precision Medicine Unit, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Rüeger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - M Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - H Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - N Brenner
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N Bender
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - A V S Hill
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom,The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Build, Roosevelt Dr, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
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27
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Ehrenreich H, Neubauer AP, Miskowiak K. Effect of Early Recombinant Human Erythropoietin on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at Age 5 Years. JAMA 2021; 325:1470-1471. [PMID: 33847720 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.0833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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28
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Butt UJ, Hassouna I, Fernandez Garcia-Agudo L, Steixner-Kumar AA, Depp C, Barnkothe N, Zillmann MR, Ronnenberg A, Bonet V, Goebbels S, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. CaMKIIα Expressing Neurons to Report Activity-Related Endogenous Hypoxia upon Motor-Cognitive Challenge. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3164. [PMID: 33804598 PMCID: PMC8003772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously introduced the brain erythropoietin (EPO) circle as a model to explain the adaptive 'brain hardware upgrade' and enhanced performance. In this fundamental circle, brain cells, challenged by motor-cognitive tasks, experience functional hypoxia, triggering the expression of EPO among other genes. We attested hypoxic cells by a transgenic reporter approach under the ubiquitous CAG promoter, with Hif-1α oxygen-dependent degradation-domain (ODD) fused to CreERT2-recombinase. To specifically focus on the functional hypoxia of excitatory pyramidal neurons, here, we generated CaMKIIα-CreERT2-ODD::R26R-tdTomato mice. Behavioral challenges, light-sheet microscopy, immunohistochemistry, single-cell mRNA-seq, and neuronal cultures under normoxia or hypoxia served to portray these mice. Upon complex running wheel performance as the motor-cognitive task, a distinct increase in functional hypoxic neurons was assessed immunohistochemically and confirmed three-dimensionally. In contrast, fear conditioning as hippocampal stimulus was likely too short-lived to provoke neuronal hypoxia. Transcriptome data of hippocampus under normoxia versus inspiratory hypoxia revealed increases in CA1 CaMKIIα-neurons with an immature signature, characterized by the expression of Dcx, Tbr1, CaMKIIα, Tle4, and Zbtb20, and consistent with accelerated differentiation. The hypoxia reporter response was reproduced in vitro upon neuronal maturation. To conclude, task-associated activity triggers neuronal functional hypoxia as a local and brain-wide reaction mediating adaptive neuroplasticity. Hypoxia-induced genes such as EPO drive neuronal differentiation, brain maturation, and improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Javed Butt
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (U.J.B.); (I.H.); (L.F.G.-A.); (A.A.S.-K.); (N.B.); (M.R.Z.); (A.R.); (V.B.)
| | - Imam Hassouna
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (U.J.B.); (I.H.); (L.F.G.-A.); (A.A.S.-K.); (N.B.); (M.R.Z.); (A.R.); (V.B.)
| | - Laura Fernandez Garcia-Agudo
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (U.J.B.); (I.H.); (L.F.G.-A.); (A.A.S.-K.); (N.B.); (M.R.Z.); (A.R.); (V.B.)
| | - Agnes A. Steixner-Kumar
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (U.J.B.); (I.H.); (L.F.G.-A.); (A.A.S.-K.); (N.B.); (M.R.Z.); (A.R.); (V.B.)
| | - Constanze Depp
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (C.D.); (S.G.); (K.-A.N.)
| | - Nadine Barnkothe
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (U.J.B.); (I.H.); (L.F.G.-A.); (A.A.S.-K.); (N.B.); (M.R.Z.); (A.R.); (V.B.)
| | - Matthias R. Zillmann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (U.J.B.); (I.H.); (L.F.G.-A.); (A.A.S.-K.); (N.B.); (M.R.Z.); (A.R.); (V.B.)
| | - Anja Ronnenberg
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (U.J.B.); (I.H.); (L.F.G.-A.); (A.A.S.-K.); (N.B.); (M.R.Z.); (A.R.); (V.B.)
| | - Viktoria Bonet
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (U.J.B.); (I.H.); (L.F.G.-A.); (A.A.S.-K.); (N.B.); (M.R.Z.); (A.R.); (V.B.)
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (C.D.); (S.G.); (K.-A.N.)
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (C.D.); (S.G.); (K.-A.N.)
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; (U.J.B.); (I.H.); (L.F.G.-A.); (A.A.S.-K.); (N.B.); (M.R.Z.); (A.R.); (V.B.)
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Ehrenreich H, Wilke J, Steixner-Kumar AA. Spontaneous serum autoantibody fluctuations: To be or not to be. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1723-1725. [PMID: 32968237 PMCID: PMC8440174 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Justus Wilke
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Agnes A. Steixner-Kumar
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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Pan H, Steixner-Kumar AA, Seelbach A, Deutsch N, Ronnenberg A, Tapken D, von Ahsen N, Mitjans M, Worthmann H, Trippe R, Klein-Schmidt C, Schopf N, Rentzsch K, Begemann M, Wienands J, Stöcker W, Weissenborn K, Hollmann M, Nave KA, Lühder F, Ehrenreich H. Multiple inducers and novel roles of autoantibodies against the obligatory NMDAR subunit NR1: a translational study from chronic life stress to brain injury. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2471-2482. [PMID: 32089545 PMCID: PMC8440197 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0672-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Circulating autoantibodies (AB) of different immunoglobulin classes (IgM, IgA, and IgG), directed against the obligatory N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor subunit NR1 (NMDAR1-AB), belong to the mammalian autoimmune repertoire, and appear with age-dependently high seroprevalence across health and disease. Upon access to the brain, they can exert NMDAR-antagonistic/ketamine-like actions. Still unanswered key questions, addressed here, are conditions of NMDAR1-AB formation/boosting, intraindividual persistence/course in serum over time, and (patho)physiological significance of NMDAR1-AB in modulating neuropsychiatric phenotypes. We demonstrate in a translational fashion from mouse to human that (1) serum NMDAR1-AB fluctuate upon long-term observation, independent of blood-brain barrier (BBB) perturbation; (2) a standardized small brain lesion in juvenile mice leads to increased NMDAR1-AB seroprevalence (IgM + IgG), together with enhanced Ig-class diversity; (3) CTLA4 (immune-checkpoint) genotypes, previously found associated with autoimmune disease, predispose to serum NMDAR1-AB in humans; (4) finally, pursuing our prior findings of an early increase in NMDAR1-AB seroprevalence in human migrants, which implicated chronic life stress as inducer, we independently replicate these results with prospectively recruited refugee minors. Most importantly, we here provide the first experimental evidence in mice of chronic life stress promoting serum NMDAR1-AB (IgA). Strikingly, stress-induced depressive-like behavior in mice and depression/anxiety in humans are reduced in NMDAR1-AB carriers with compromised BBB where NMDAR1-AB can readily reach the brain. To conclude, NMDAR1-AB may have a role as endogenous NMDAR antagonists, formed or boosted under various circumstances, ranging from genetic predisposition to, e.g., tumors, infection, brain injury, and stress, altogether increasing over lifetime, and exerting a spectrum of possible effects, also including beneficial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Pan
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Agnes A. Steixner-Kumar
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Seelbach
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Deutsch
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Ronnenberg
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Tapken
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XDepartment of Biochemistry I–Receptor Biochemistry, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nico von Ahsen
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marina Mitjans
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans Worthmann
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf Trippe
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XDepartment of Biochemistry I–Receptor Biochemistry, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christina Klein-Schmidt
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XDepartment of Biochemistry I–Receptor Biochemistry, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nadine Schopf
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kristin Rentzsch
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martin Begemann
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wienands
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Institute for Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Winfried Stöcker
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Karin Weissenborn
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Hollmann
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XDepartment of Biochemistry I–Receptor Biochemistry, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
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31
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Butt UJ, Steixner-Kumar AA, Depp C, Sun T, Hassouna I, Wüstefeld L, Arinrad S, Zillmann MR, Schopf N, Fernandez Garcia-Agudo L, Mohrmann L, Bode U, Ronnenberg A, Hindermann M, Goebbels S, Bonn S, Katschinski DM, Miskowiak KW, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Hippocampal neurons respond to brain activity with functional hypoxia. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1790-1807. [PMID: 33564132 PMCID: PMC8440186 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00988-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity and cognitive challenge are established non-invasive methods to induce comprehensive brain activation and thereby improve global brain function including mood and emotional well-being in healthy subjects and in patients. However, the mechanisms underlying this experimental and clinical observation and broadly exploited therapeutic tool are still widely obscure. Here we show in the behaving brain that physiological (endogenous) hypoxia is likely a respective lead mechanism, regulating hippocampal plasticity via adaptive gene expression. A refined transgenic approach in mice, utilizing the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domain of HIF-1α fused to CreERT2 recombinase, allows us to demonstrate hypoxic cells in the performing brain under normoxia and motor-cognitive challenge, and spatially map them by light-sheet microscopy, all in comparison to inspiratory hypoxia as strong positive control. We report that a complex motor-cognitive challenge causes hypoxia across essentially all brain areas, with hypoxic neurons particularly abundant in the hippocampus. These data suggest an intriguing model of neuroplasticity, in which a specific task-associated neuronal activity triggers mild hypoxia as a local neuron-specific as well as a brain-wide response, comprising indirectly activated neurons and non-neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Javed Butt
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Agnes A. Steixner-Kumar
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Depp
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ting Sun
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany ,grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Imam Hassouna
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Liane Wüstefeld
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sahab Arinrad
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias R. Zillmann
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Schopf
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laura Fernandez Garcia-Agudo
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leonie Mohrmann
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulli Bode
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Ronnenberg
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Hindermann
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- grid.419522.90000 0001 0668 6902Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bonn
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dörthe M. Katschinski
- grid.7450.60000 0001 2364 4210Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kamilla W. Miskowiak
- grid.475435.4Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
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Ehrenreich H, Weissenborn K, Begemann M, Busch M, Vieta E, Miskowiak KW. Erythropoietin as candidate for supportive treatment of severe COVID-19. Mol Med 2020; 26:58. [PMID: 32546125 PMCID: PMC7297268 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of the present therapeutic situation in COVID-19, any measure to improve course and outcome of seriously affected individuals is of utmost importance. We recap here evidence that supports the use of human recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) for ameliorating course and outcome of seriously ill COVID-19 patients. This brief expert review grounds on available subject-relevant literature searched until May 14, 2020, including Medline, Google Scholar, and preprint servers. We delineate in brief sections, each introduced by a summary of respective COVID-19 references, how EPO may target a number of the gravest sequelae of these patients. EPO is expected to: (1) improve respiration at several levels including lung, brainstem, spinal cord and respiratory muscles; (2) counteract overshooting inflammation caused by cytokine storm/ inflammasome; (3) act neuroprotective and neuroregenerative in brain and peripheral nervous system. Based on this accumulating experimental and clinical evidence, we finally provide the research design for a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial including severely affected patients, which is planned to start shortly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | - Martin Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Busch
- Center of Internal Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kamilla W Miskowiak
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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34
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Begemann M, Seidel J, Poustka L, Ehrenreich H. Accumulated environmental risk in young refugees - A prospective evaluation. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 22:100345. [PMID: 32510048 PMCID: PMC7264975 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we reported a strong, disease-independent relationship between accumulated preadult environmental risks and violent aggression later in life. Risk factors were interchangeable, and migration was among the explored risks. Alarmed by these data, we assessed collected risk load in young 'healthy' refugees as a specific subgroup of current migration streams and evaluated first signals of behavioral abnormalities. METHODS In 9 German refugee centers, n = 133 young refugees, not previously in contact with the health system, were recruited, many of them unaccompanied minors. Risk factors experienced apart from migration/refuge were carefully assessed: Traumatic experiences before/during/after flight (including war, genocide, human trafficking, torture, murder, slavery, terrorist attacks), urbanicity, physical and sexual abuse, problematic alcohol and cannabis use (lifetime). Evaluation comprised physical exam and psychopathology screening. FINDINGS Refugees arrived in Germany via Eastern Mediterranean/Balkan route (34.6%), from Africa via Central Mediterranean route (39.1%), by plane (17.3%) or other routes, such as Western Mediterranean or Atlantic (9.0%). Flight reasons were war/expulsion (25.6%), persecution/threats to life (51.9%), economical/others (22.5%). On top of migration/refuge, 42.8% of subjects had ≥3 risk factors; only 4.5% of refugees had no additional risks. Global level of functioning and severity of psychopathology were strongly associated with number of accumulated risks (Jonckheere-Terpstra trend-test: p = 7.61 × 10-7 and p = 3.62 × 10-7, respectively). INTERPRETATION Young refugees, arriving in hosting countries with alarming 'risk burden', should be considered as highly vulnerable towards development of global functional deficits, behavioral abnormalities, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Rapid proactive integration or sustainable support of those who will return to rebuild their countries are mandatory. FUNDING The Max Planck Society supported this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Seidel
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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35
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Wakhloo D, Scharkowski F, Curto Y, Javed Butt U, Bansal V, Steixner-Kumar AA, Wüstefeld L, Rajput A, Arinrad S, Zillmann MR, Seelbach A, Hassouna I, Schneider K, Qadir Ibrahim A, Werner HB, Martens H, Miskowiak K, Wojcik SM, Bonn S, Nacher J, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Functional hypoxia drives neuroplasticity and neurogenesis via brain erythropoietin. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1313. [PMID: 32152318 PMCID: PMC7062779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), named after its role in hematopoiesis, is also expressed in mammalian brain. In clinical settings, recombinant EPO treatment has revealed a remarkable improvement of cognition, but underlying mechanisms have remained obscure. Here, we show with a novel line of reporter mice that cognitive challenge induces local/endogenous hypoxia in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, hence enhancing expression of EPO and EPO receptor (EPOR). High-dose EPO administration, amplifying auto/paracrine EPO/EPOR signaling, prompts the emergence of new CA1 neurons and enhanced dendritic spine densities. Single-cell sequencing reveals rapid increase in newly differentiating neurons. Importantly, improved performance on complex running wheels after EPO is imitated by exposure to mild exogenous/inspiratory hypoxia. All these effects depend on neuronal expression of the Epor gene. This suggests a model of neuroplasticity in form of a fundamental regulatory circle, in which neuronal networks—challenged by cognitive tasks—drift into transient hypoxia, thereby triggering neuronal EPO/EPOR expression. EPO treatment improves cognition, but underlying mechanisms were unknown. Here the authors describe a regulatory loop in which brain networks challenged by cognitive tasks drift into functional hypoxia that drives—via neuronal EPO synthesis—neurodifferentiation and dendritic spine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debia Wakhloo
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Scharkowski
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yasmina Curto
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Umer Javed Butt
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vikas Bansal
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Agnes A Steixner-Kumar
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Liane Wüstefeld
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ashish Rajput
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sahab Arinrad
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias R Zillmann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Seelbach
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Imam Hassouna
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Schneider
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Abdul Qadir Ibrahim
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Kamilla Miskowiak
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonja M Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bonn
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juan Nacher
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.,CIBERSAM: Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Valencia, Spain.,Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany. .,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany. .,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.
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Seidel J, Bockhop F, Mitkovski M, Martin S, Ronnenberg A, Krueger‐Burg D, Schneider K, Röhse H, Wüstefeld L, Cosi F, Bröking K, Schacht A, Ehrenreich H. Vascular response to social cognitive performance measured by infrared thermography: A translational study from mouse to man. FASEB Bioadv 2020; 2:18-32. [PMID: 32123854 PMCID: PMC6996302 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2019-00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess complex social recognition in mice, we previously developed the SocioBox paradigm. Unexpectedly, 4 weeks after performing in the SocioBox, mice displayed robust social avoidance during Y-maze sociability testing. This unique "sociophobia" acquisition could be documented in independent cohorts. We therefore employed infrared thermography as a non-invasive method of stress-monitoring during SocioBox testing (presentation of five other mice) versus empty box. A higher Centralization Index (body/tail temperature) in the SocioBox correlated negatively with social recognition memory and, after 4 weeks, with social preference in the Y-maze. Assuming that social stimuli might be associated with characteristic thermo-responses, we exposed healthy men (N = 103) with a comparably high intelligence level to a standardized test session including two cognitive tests with or without social component (face versus pattern recognition). In some analogy to the Centralization Index (within-subject measure) used in mice, the Reference Index (ratio nose/malar cheek temperature) was introduced to determine the autonomic facial response/flushing during social recognition testing. Whereas cognitive performance and salivary cortisol were comparable across human subjects and tests, the Face Recognition Test was associated with a characteristic Reference Index profile. Infrared thermography may have potential for discriminating disturbed social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Seidel
- Clinical NeuroscienceMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
| | - Fabian Bockhop
- Clinical NeuroscienceMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
| | - Miso Mitkovski
- Light Microscopy FacilityMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
| | - Sabine Martin
- Clinical NeuroscienceMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
| | - Anja Ronnenberg
- Clinical NeuroscienceMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
| | - Dilja Krueger‐Burg
- Department of Molecular NeurobiologyMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
| | - Katharina Schneider
- Light Microscopy FacilityMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
| | - Heiko Röhse
- Light Microscopy FacilityMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
| | - Liane Wüstefeld
- Clinical NeuroscienceMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
| | - Filippo Cosi
- Biomedical Physics GroupMax Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self‐OrganizationGöttingenGermany
| | - Kai Bröking
- Light Microscopy FacilityMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
| | - Annekathrin Schacht
- Department of Affective Neuroscience and PsychophysiologyGeorg‐Elias‐Müller‐Institute of PsychologyGeorg‐August UniversityGöttingenGermany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical NeuroscienceMax Planck Institute of Experimental MedicineGöttingenGermany
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37
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Garcia-Agudo LF, Janova H, Sendler LE, Arinrad S, Steixner AA, Hassouna I, Balmuth E, Ronnenberg A, Schopf N, van der Flier FJ, Begemann M, Martens H, Weber MS, Boretius S, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Genetically induced brain inflammation by Cnp deletion transiently benefits from microglia depletion. FASEB J 2019; 33:8634-8647. [PMID: 31090455 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900337r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reduced expression of 2'-3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (Cnp) in humans and mice causes white matter inflammation and catatonic signs. These consequences are experimentally alleviated by microglia ablation via colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibition using PLX5622. Here we address for the first time preclinical topics crucial for translation, most importantly 1) the comparison of 2 long-term PLX5622 applications (prevention and treatment) vs. 1 treatment alone, 2) the correlation of catatonic signs and executive dysfunction, 3) the phenotype of leftover microglia evading depletion, and 4) the role of intercellular interactions for efficient CSF1R inhibition. Based on our Cnp-/- mouse model and in vitro time-lapse imaging, we report the unexpected discovery that microglia surviving under PLX5622 display a highly inflammatory phenotype including aggressive premortal phagocytosis of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Interestingly, ablating microglia in vitro requires mixed glial cultures, whereas cultured pure microglia withstand PLX5622 application. Importantly, 2 extended rounds of CSF1R inhibition are not superior to 1 treatment regarding any readout investigated (magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, behavior, immunohistochemistry). Catatonia-related executive dysfunction and brain atrophy of Cnp-/- mice fail to improve under PLX5622. To conclude, even though microglia depletion is temporarily beneficial and worth pursuing, complementary treatment strategies are needed for full and lasting recovery.-Fernandez Garcia-Agudo, L., Janova, H., Sendler, L. E., Arinrad, S., Steixner, A. A., Hassouna, I., Balmuth, E., Ronnenberg, A., Schopf, N., van der Flier, F. J., Begemann, M., Martens, H., Weber, M. S., Boretius, S., Nave, K.-A., Ehrenreich, H. Genetically induced brain inflammation by Cnp deletion transiently benefits from microglia depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hana Janova
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lea E Sendler
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sahab Arinrad
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Agnes A Steixner
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Imam Hassouna
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Evan Balmuth
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Ronnenberg
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Schopf
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, UMG, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Martin S Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susann Boretius
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.,Functional Imaging Laboratory, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Armin Nave
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
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39
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Mitjans M, Seidel J, Begemann M, Bockhop F, Moya-Higueras J, Bansal V, Wesolowski J, Seelbach A, Ibáñez MI, Kovacevic F, Duvar O, Fañanás L, Wolf HU, Ortet G, Zwanzger P, Klein V, Lange I, Tänzer A, Dudeck M, Penke L, van Elst LT, Bittner RA, Schmidmeier R, Freese R, Müller-Isberner R, Wiltfang J, Bliesener T, Bonn S, Poustka L, Müller JL, Arias B, Ehrenreich H. Violent aggression predicted by multiple pre-adult environmental hits. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1549-1564. [PMID: 29795411 PMCID: PMC6756097 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Early exposure to negative environmental impact shapes individual behavior and potentially contributes to any mental disease. We reported previously that accumulated environmental risk markedly decreases age at schizophrenia onset. Follow-up of matched extreme group individuals (≤1 vs. ≥3 risks) unexpectedly revealed that high-risk subjects had >5 times greater probability of forensic hospitalization. In line with longstanding sociological theories, we hypothesized that risk accumulation before adulthood induces violent aggression and criminal conduct, independent of mental illness. We determined in 6 independent cohorts (4 schizophrenia and 2 general population samples) pre-adult risk exposure, comprising urbanicity, migration, physical and sexual abuse as primary, and cannabis or alcohol as secondary hits. All single hits by themselves were marginally associated with higher violent aggression. Most strikingly, however, their accumulation strongly predicted violent aggression (odds ratio 10.5). An epigenome-wide association scan to detect differential methylation of blood-derived DNA of selected extreme group individuals yielded overall negative results. Conversely, determination in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of histone-deacetylase1 mRNA as 'umbrella mediator' of epigenetic processes revealed an increase in the high-risk group, suggesting lasting epigenetic alterations. Together, we provide sound evidence of a disease-independent unfortunate relationship between well-defined pre-adult environmental hits and violent aggression, calling for more efficient prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mitjans
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany ,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany ,grid.469673.9Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan Seidel
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Begemann
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany ,0000 0001 2364 4210grid.7450.6Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Bockhop
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jorge Moya-Higueras
- grid.469673.9Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain ,0000 0001 2163 1432grid.15043.33Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Psychology and Social Work, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Vikas Bansal
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany ,0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janina Wesolowski
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Seelbach
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Ignacio Ibáñez
- grid.469673.9Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain ,0000 0001 1957 9153grid.9612.cDepartment of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Fatka Kovacevic
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oguzhan Duvar
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lourdes Fañanás
- grid.469673.9Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain ,0000 0004 1937 0247grid.5841.8Departament Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hannah-Ulrike Wolf
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Generós Ortet
- grid.469673.9Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain ,0000 0001 1957 9153grid.9612.cDepartment of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Peter Zwanzger
- KBO-Inn-Salzach-Klinikum, Gabersee, Wasserburg am Inn Germany
| | - Verena Klein
- KBO-Isar-Amper-Klinikum, Taufkirchen (Vils), Germany
| | - Ina Lange
- Competence Center for Forensic Psychiatry, Lower Saxony, MRV Moringen Germany
| | - Andreas Tänzer
- 0000 0000 9597 1037grid.412811.fDepartment of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, KRH, Wunstorf, Germany
| | - Manuela Dudeck
- 0000 0004 1936 9748grid.6582.9Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lars Penke
- 0000 0001 2364 4210grid.7450.6Institute of Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- grid.5963.9Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert A. Bittner
- 0000 0004 1936 9721grid.7839.5Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jens Wiltfang
- 0000 0001 2364 4210grid.7450.6Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Bliesener
- 0000 0000 8700 8822grid.462495.8Criminological Research Institute of Lower Saxony, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Bonn
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany ,0000 0001 2180 3484grid.13648.38Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luise Poustka
- 0000 0001 2364 4210grid.7450.6Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen L. Müller
- 0000 0001 2364 4210grid.7450.6Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany ,Asklepios Hospital for Forensic Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bárbara Arias
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain. .,Departament Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany. .,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.
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40
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Pan H, Oliveira B, Saher G, Dere E, Tapken D, Mitjans M, Seidel J, Wesolowski J, Wakhloo D, Klein-Schmidt C, Ronnenberg A, Schwabe K, Trippe R, Mätz-Rensing K, Berghoff S, Al-Krinawe Y, Martens H, Begemann M, Stöcker W, Kaup FJ, Mischke R, Boretius S, Nave KA, Krauss JK, Hollmann M, Lühder F, Ehrenreich H. Uncoupling the widespread occurrence of anti-NMDAR1 autoantibodies from neuropsychiatric disease in a novel autoimmune model. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1489-1501. [PMID: 29426955 PMCID: PMC6756099 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-017-0011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoantibodies of the IgG class against N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor subunit-NR1 (NMDAR1-AB) were considered pathognomonic for anti-NMDAR encephalitis. This view has been challenged by the age-dependent seroprevalence (up to >20%) of functional NMDAR1-AB of all immunoglobulin classes found in >5000 individuals, healthy or affected by different diseases. These findings question a merely encephalitogenic role of NMDAR1-AB. Here, we show that NMDAR1-AB belong to the normal autoimmune repertoire of dogs, cats, rats, mice, baboons, and rhesus macaques, and are functional in the NMDAR1 internalization assay based on human IPSC-derived cortical neurons. The age dependence of seroprevalence is lost in nonhuman primates in captivity and in human migrants, raising the intriguing possibility that chronic life stress may be related to NMDAR1-AB formation, predominantly of the IgA class. Active immunization of ApoE-/- and ApoE+/+ mice against four peptides of the extracellular NMDAR1 domain or ovalbumin (control) leads to high circulating levels of specific AB. After 4 weeks, the endogenously formed NMDAR1-AB (IgG) induce psychosis-like symptoms upon MK-801 challenge in ApoE-/- mice, characterized by an open blood-brain barrier, but not in their ApoE+/+ littermates, which are indistinguishable from ovalbumin controls. Importantly, NMDAR1-AB do not induce any sign of inflammation in the brain. Immunohistochemical staining for microglial activation markers and T lymphocytes in the hippocampus yields comparable results in ApoE-/- and ApoE+/+ mice, irrespective of immunization against NMDAR1 or ovalbumin. These data suggest that NMDAR1-AB of the IgG class shape behavioral phenotypes upon access to the brain but do not cause brain inflammation on their own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Pan
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bárbara Oliveira
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gesine Saher
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ekrem Dere
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Tapken
- 0000 0004 0490 981Xgrid.5570.7Department of Biochemistry I—Receptor Biochemistry, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marina Mitjans
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Seidel
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Janina Wesolowski
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Debia Wakhloo
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christina Klein-Schmidt
- 0000 0004 0490 981Xgrid.5570.7Department of Biochemistry I—Receptor Biochemistry, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anja Ronnenberg
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schwabe
- 0000 0000 9529 9877grid.10423.34Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf Trippe
- 0000 0004 0490 981Xgrid.5570.7Department of Biochemistry I—Receptor Biochemistry, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kerstin Mätz-Rensing
- Department of Pathology, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Berghoff
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yazeed Al-Krinawe
- 0000 0000 9529 9877grid.10423.34Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Martin Begemann
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Winfried Stöcker
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Kaup
- Department of Pathology, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Mischke
- 0000 0001 0126 6191grid.412970.9Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susann Boretius
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- 0000 0001 0668 6902grid.419522.9Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany ,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joachim K. Krauss
- 0000 0000 9529 9877grid.10423.34Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Hollmann
- 0000 0004 0490 981Xgrid.5570.7Department of Biochemistry I—Receptor Biochemistry, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- 0000 0001 0482 5331grid.411984.1Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Hertie Foundation, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany. .,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.
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41
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Bansal V, Mitjans M, Burik CAP, Linnér RK, Okbay A, Rietveld CA, Begemann M, Bonn S, Ripke S, de Vlaming R, Nivard MG, Ehrenreich H, Koellinger PD. Genome-wide association study results for educational attainment aid in identifying genetic heterogeneity of schizophrenia. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3078. [PMID: 30082721 PMCID: PMC6079028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher educational attainment (EA) is negatively associated with schizophrenia (SZ). However, recent studies found a positive genetic correlation between EA and SZ. We investigate possible causes of this counterintuitive finding using genome-wide association study results for EA and SZ (N = 443,581) and a replication cohort (1169 controls; 1067 cases) with deeply phenotyped SZ patients. We find strong genetic dependence between EA and SZ that cannot be explained by chance, linkage disequilibrium, or assortative mating. Instead, several genes seem to have pleiotropic effects on EA and SZ, but without a clear pattern of sign concordance. Using EA as a proxy phenotype, we isolate FOXO6 and SLITRK1 as novel candidate genes for SZ. Our results reveal that current SZ diagnoses aggregate over at least two disease subtypes: one part resembles high intelligence and bipolar disorder (BIP), while the other part is a cognitive disorder that is independent of BIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bansal
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Research Group for Computational Systems Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Straße 3A, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Mitjans
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Humboldtallee 23, 30703, Göttingen, Germany
| | - C A P Burik
- Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085 B-631, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- School of Business and Economics, Department of Economics, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R K Linnér
- Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085 B-631, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- School of Business and Economics, Department of Economics, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A Okbay
- Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085 B-631, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- School of Business and Economics, Department of Economics, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C A Rietveld
- Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Straße 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Bonn
- Research Group for Computational Systems Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Straße 3A, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 02114 MA, Boston, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 02142 MA, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - R de Vlaming
- Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085 B-631, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- School of Business and Economics, Department of Economics, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - H Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Humboldtallee 23, 30703, Göttingen, Germany
| | - P D Koellinger
- Complex Trait Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085 B-631, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Institute for Behavior and Biology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
- School of Business and Economics, Department of Economics, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Ehrenreich H, Tempelmann A. Qualitätsgesicherte Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung in stationären Einrichtungen der Eingliederungshilfe und Pflege: die gesundheitliche Ausgangslage der Bewohner/innen und Beschäftigten. Das Gesundheitswesen 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1667787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Ehrenreich
- AOK-Bundesverband, Prävention, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - A Tempelmann
- AOK-Bundesverband, Prävention, Berlin, Deutschland
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Bartels C, Ehrenreich H. How to pursue EPO in MS. Mult Scler 2018; 24:1139-1140. [PMID: 28980507 PMCID: PMC6029148 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517733132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bartels
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Ni G, Moser G, Wray NR, Lee SH, Ripke S, Neale BM, Corvin A, Walters JT, Farh KH, Holmans PA, Lee P, Bulik-Sullivan B, Collier DA, Huang H, Pers TH, Agartz I, Agerbo E, Albus M, Alexander M, Amin F, Bacanu SA, Begemann M, Belliveau RA, Bene J, Bergen SE, Bevilacqua E, Bigdeli TB, Black DW, Bruggeman R, Buccola NG, Buckner RL, Byerley W, Cahn W, Cai G, Campion D, Cantor RM, Carr VJ, Carrera N, Catts SV, Chambert KD, Chan RC, Chen RY, Chen EY, Cheng W, Cheung EF, Chong SA, Cloninger CR, Cohen D, Cohen N, Cormican P, Craddock N, Crowley JJ, Curtis D, Davidson M, Davis KL, Degenhardt F, Del Favero J, Demontis D, Dikeos D, Dinan T, Djurovic S, Donohoe G, Drapeau E, Duan J, Dudbridge F, Durmishi N, Eichhammer P, Eriksson J, Escott-Price V, Essioux L, Fanous AH, Farrell MS, Frank J, Franke L, Freedman R, Freimer NB, Friedl M, Friedman JI, Fromer M, Genovese G, Georgieva L, Giegling I, Giusti-Rodríguez P, Godard S, Goldstein JI, Golimbet V, Gopal S, Gratten J, de Haan L, Hammer C, Hamshere ML, Hansen M, Hansen T, Haroutunian V, Hartmann AM, Henskens FA, Herms S, Hirschhorn JN, Hoffmann P, Hofman A, Hollegaard MV, Hougaard DM, Ikeda M, Joa I, Juliá A, Kahn RS, Kalaydjieva L, Karachanak-Yankova S, Karjalainen J, Kavanagh D, Keller MC, Kennedy JL, Khrunin A, Kim Y, Klovins J, Knowles JA, Konte B, Kucinskas V, Kucinskiene ZA, Kuzelova-Ptackova H, Kähler AK, Laurent C, Keong JLC, Legge SE, Lerer B, Li M, Li T, Liang KY, Lieberman J, Limborska S, Loughland CM, Lubinski J, Lönnqvist J, Macek M, Magnusson PK, Maher BS, Maier W, Mallet J, Marsal S, Mattheisen M, Mattingsda M, McCarley RW, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, Meier S, Meijer CJ, Melegh B, Melle I, Mesholam-Gately RI, Metspalu A, Michie PT, Milani L, Milanova V, Mokrab Y, Morris DW, Mors O, Murphy KC, Murray RM, Myin-Germeys I, Müller-Myhsok B, Nelis M, Nenadic I, Nertney DA, Nestadt G, Nicodemus KK, Nikitina-Zake L, Nisenbaum L, Nordin A, O’Callaghan E, O’Dushlaine C, O’Neill FA, Oh SY, Olinc A, Olsen L, Van Os J, Pantelis C, Papadimitriou GN, Papio S, Parkhomenko E, Pato MT, Paunio T, Pejovic-Milovancevic M, Perkins DO, Pietiläinenl O, Pimm J, Pocklington AJ, Powell J, Price A, Pulver AE, Purcell SM, Quested D, Rasmussen HB, Reichenberg A, Reimers MA, Richards AL, Roffman JL, Roussos P, Ruderfer DM, Salomaa V, Sanders AR, Schall U, Schubert CR, Schulze TG, Schwab SG, Scolnick EM, Scott RJ, Seidman LJ, Shi J, Sigurdsson E, Silagadze T, Silverman JM, Sim K, Slominsky P, Smoller JW, So HC, Spencer CC, Stah EA, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Stogmann E, Straub RE, Strengman E, Strohmaier J, Stroup TS, Subramaniam M, Suvisaari J, Svrakic DM, Szatkiewicz JP, Söderman E, Thirumalai S, Toncheva D, Tosato S, Veijola J, Waddington J, Walsh D, Wang D, Wang Q, Webb BT, Weiser M, Wildenauer DB, Williams NM, Williams S, Witt SH, Wolen AR, Wong EH, Wormley BK, Xi HS, Zai CC, Zheng X, Zimprich F, Stefansson K, Visscher PM, Adolfsson R, Andreassen OA, Blackwood DH, Bramon E, Buxbaum JD, Børglum AD, Cichon S, Darvasi A, Domenici E, Ehrenreich H, Esko T, Gejman PV, Gill M, Gurling H, Hultman CM, Iwata N, Jablensky AV, Jönsson EG, Kendler KS, Kirov G, Knight J, Lencz T, Levinson DF, Li QS, Liu J, Malhotra AK, McCarrol SA, McQuillin A, Moran JL, Mortensen PB, Mowry BJ, Nöthen MM, Ophoff RA, Owen MJ, Palotie A, Pato CN, Petryshen TL, Posthuma D, Rietsche M, Riley BP, Rujescu D, Sham PC, Sklar P, St Clair D, Weinberger DR, Wendland JR, Werge T, Daly MJ, Sullivan PF, O’Donovan MC. Estimation of Genetic Correlation via Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression and Genomic Restricted Maximum Likelihood. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:1185-1194. [PMID: 29754766 PMCID: PMC5993419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic correlation is a key population parameter that describes the shared genetic architecture of complex traits and diseases. It can be estimated by current state-of-art methods, i.e., linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and genomic restricted maximum likelihood (GREML). The massively reduced computing burden of LDSC compared to GREML makes it an attractive tool, although the accuracy (i.e., magnitude of standard errors) of LDSC estimates has not been thoroughly studied. In simulation, we show that the accuracy of GREML is generally higher than that of LDSC. When there is genetic heterogeneity between the actual sample and reference data from which LD scores are estimated, the accuracy of LDSC decreases further. In real data analyses estimating the genetic correlation between schizophrenia (SCZ) and body mass index, we show that GREML estimates based on ∼150,000 individuals give a higher accuracy than LDSC estimates based on ∼400,000 individuals (from combined meta-data). A GREML genomic partitioning analysis reveals that the genetic correlation between SCZ and height is significantly negative for regulatory regions, which whole genome or LDSC approach has less power to detect. We conclude that LDSC estimates should be carefully interpreted as there can be uncertainty about homogeneity among combined meta-datasets. We suggest that any interesting findings from massive LDSC analysis for a large number of complex traits should be followed up, where possible, with more detailed analyses with GREML methods, even if sample sizes are lesser.
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Lepeta K, Purzycka KJ, Pachulska-Wieczorek K, Mitjans M, Begemann M, Vafadari B, Bijata K, Adamiak RW, Ehrenreich H, Dziembowska M, Kaczmarek L. A normal genetic variation modulates synaptic MMP-9 protein levels and the severity of schizophrenia symptoms. EMBO Mol Med 2018. [PMID: 28623238 PMCID: PMC5538295 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201707723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) has recently emerged as a molecule that contributes to pathological synaptic plasticity in schizophrenia, but explanation of the underlying mechanisms has been missing. In the present study, we performed a phenotype‐based genetic association study (PGAS) in > 1,000 schizophrenia patients from the Göttingen Research Association for Schizophrenia (GRAS) data collection and found an association between the MMP‐9 rs20544 C/T single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in the 3′untranslated region (UTR) and the severity of a chronic delusional syndrome. In cultured neurons, the rs20544 SNP influenced synaptic MMP‐9 activity and the morphology of dendritic spines. We demonstrated that Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) bound the MMP‐9 3′UTR. We also found dramatic changes in RNA structure folding and alterations in the affinity of FMRP for MMP‐9 RNA, depending on the SNP variant. Finally, we observed greater sensitivity to psychosis‐related locomotor hyperactivity in Mmp‐9 heterozygous mice. We propose a novel mechanism that involves MMP‐9‐dependent changes in dendritic spine morphology and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, providing the first mechanistic insights into the way in which the single base change in the MMP‐9 gene (rs20544) influences gene function and results in phenotypic changes observed in schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Lepeta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna J Purzycka
- Department of RNA Structure and Function, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland‡
| | - Katarzyna Pachulska-Wieczorek
- Department of RNA Structure and Function, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland‡
| | - Marina Mitjans
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Behnam Vafadari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystian Bijata
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ryszard W Adamiak
- Department of RNA Structure and Function, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland‡
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Magdalena Dziembowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland .,Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Synaptic Plasticity, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Bartels C, Wagner M, Wolfsgruber S, Ehrenreich H, Schneider A. Impact of SSRI Therapy on Risk of Conversion From Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer's Dementia in Individuals With Previous Depression. Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175:232-241. [PMID: 29179578 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17040404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Research has shown that the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram decreases amyloid-β generation and plaque load. The authors evaluated the impact of SSRI treatment on CSF biomarkers and progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer's dementia. METHOD Data sets from 755 currently nondepressed participants from the longitudinal Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and analyses of variance and covariance with ApoE4 status and age as covariates. RESULTS In MCI patients with a history of depression, long-term SSRI treatment (>4 years) was significantly associated with a delayed progression to Alzheimer's dementia by approximately 3 years, compared with short-term SSRI treatment, treatment with other antidepressants, or no treatment and compared with MCI patients without a history of depression. No differences in CSF biomarker levels were observed between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Long-term SSRI treatment may delay progression from MCI to Alzheimer's dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bartels
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn; and the Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen
| | - Michael Wagner
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn; and the Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen
| | - Steffen Wolfsgruber
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn; and the Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn; and the Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen
| | - Anja Schneider
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn; and the Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen
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- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn; and the Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen
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Janova H, Arinrad S, Balmuth E, Mitjans M, Hertel J, Habes M, Bittner RA, Pan H, Goebbels S, Begemann M, Gerwig UC, Langner S, Werner HB, Kittel-Schneider S, Homuth G, Davatzikos C, Völzke H, West BL, Reif A, Grabe HJ, Boretius S, Ehrenreich H, Nave KA. Microglia ablation alleviates myelin-associated catatonic signs in mice. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:734-745. [PMID: 29252214 PMCID: PMC5785265 DOI: 10.1172/jci97032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying cellular mechanisms of catatonia, an executive "psychomotor" syndrome that is observed across neuropsychiatric diseases, have remained obscure. In humans and mice, reduced expression of the structural myelin protein CNP is associated with catatonic signs in an age-dependent manner, pointing to the involvement of myelin-producing oligodendrocytes. Here, we showed that the underlying cause of catatonic signs is the low-grade inflammation of white matter tracts, which marks a final common pathway in Cnp-deficient and other mutant mice with minor myelin abnormalities. The inhibitor of CSF1 receptor kinase signaling PLX5622 depleted microglia and alleviated the catatonic symptoms of Cnp mutants. Thus, microglia and low-grade inflammation of myelinated tracts emerged as the trigger of a previously unexplained mental condition. We observed a very high (25%) prevalence of individuals with catatonic signs in a deeply phenotyped schizophrenia sample (n = 1095). Additionally, we found the loss-of-function allele of a myelin-specific gene (CNP rs2070106-AA) associated with catatonia in 2 independent schizophrenia cohorts and also associated with white matter hyperintensities in a general population sample. Since the catatonic syndrome is likely a surrogate marker for other executive function defects, we suggest that microglia-directed therapies may be considered in psychiatric disorders associated with myelin abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Janova
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sahab Arinrad
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Evan Balmuth
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marina Mitjans
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hertel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mohamad Habes
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Greifswald, Germany
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert A. Bittner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hong Pan
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike C. Gerwig
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sönke Langner
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology
| | - Hauke B. Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, and
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Brian L. West
- Translational Pharmacology, Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hans Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Susann Boretius
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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Oliveira B, Ehrenreich H. Pursuing functional connectivity in NMDAR1 autoantibody carriers. Lancet Psychiatry 2018; 5:21-22. [PMID: 29277208 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Oliveira
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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Schmitt M, Gleiter C, Nichol J, Pralle L, Hasselblatt M, Poser W, Ehrenreich H. Haematological Abnormalities in Early Abstinent Alcoholics Are Closely Associated with Alterations in Thrombopoietin and Erythropoietin Serum Profiles. Thromb Haemost 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1614848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryNumerous reports exist on haematological pathology in alcoholism. However, no data are available regarding a potential involvement of haematopoietic growth factors in the recovery from alcohol-induced haematological abnormalities upon abstinence. Therefore, thrombopoietin (TPO) and erythropoietin (EPO) serum levels along with haematological and other routine laboratory parameters were closely followed in 14 thoroughly characterized male alcoholic patients over one to five months of controlled abstention from alcohol. Haematological changes in these early abstinent alcoholics consisted predominantly of (a) the well known rebound surge of platelets, (b) an early reticulocyte peak, and (c) persistently low haematocrit levels over months without signs of recovery. Observations on EPO and TPO during early abstinence can be summarized as follows: (1) Increased TPO levels precede the rebound thrombocytosis by several days, (2) both EPO and TPO concentrations are higher in anaemic than in nonanaemic alcoholics, with (3) nonanaemic subjects exhibiting levels of TPO in the range of healthy controls but levels of EPO below controls and (4) TPO concentrations show a stronger correlation with initial haematocrit values than with thrombocyte counts. To conclude, haematological recovery in early alcohol abstinence appears to be, at least in part, growth factor-driven, involving both TPO and EPO, and may reflect an intense interaction of erythro- and thrombopoiesis.
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