1
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Orlich MM, Diéguez-Hurtado R, Muehlfriedel R, Sothilingam V, Wolburg H, Oender CE, Woelffing P, Betsholtz C, Gaengel K, Seeliger M, Adams RH, Nordheim A. Mural Cell SRF Controls Pericyte Migration, Vessel Patterning and Blood Flow. Circ Res 2022; 131:308-327. [PMID: 35862101 PMCID: PMC9348820 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, collectively known as mural cells, are recruited through PDGFB (platelet-derived growth factor B)-PDGFRB (platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta) signaling. MCs are essential for vascular integrity, and their loss has been associated with numerous diseases. Most of this knowledge is based on studies in which MCs are insufficiently recruited or fully absent upon inducible ablation. In contrast, little is known about the physiological consequences that result from impairment of specific MC functions. Here, we characterize the role of the transcription factor SRF (serum response factor) in MCs and study its function in developmental and pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Orlich
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Germany (M.M.O., C.E.O., P.W., A.N.)
- International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) “From Molecules to Organisms,” Tuebingen, Germany (M.M.O., A.N.)
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden (M.M.O., C.B., K.G.)
- Now with Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden (M.M.O.)
| | - Rodrigo Diéguez-Hurtado
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany (R.D.-H., R.H.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany (R.D.-H., R.H.A.)
| | - Regine Muehlfriedel
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Clinic Tuebingen (UKT), Germany. (R.M., V.S., M.S.)
| | - Vithiyanjali Sothilingam
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Clinic Tuebingen (UKT), Germany. (R.M., V.S., M.S.)
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Department of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Clinic Tuebingen (UKT), Germany. (H.W.)
| | - Cansu Ebru Oender
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Germany (M.M.O., C.E.O., P.W., A.N.)
| | - Pascal Woelffing
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Germany (M.M.O., C.E.O., P.W., A.N.)
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden (M.M.O., C.B., K.G.)
| | - Konstantin Gaengel
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden (M.M.O., C.B., K.G.)
| | - Mathias Seeliger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Clinic Tuebingen (UKT), Germany. (R.M., V.S., M.S.)
| | - Ralf H. Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany (R.D.-H., R.H.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany (R.D.-H., R.H.A.)
| | - Alfred Nordheim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Germany (M.M.O., C.E.O., P.W., A.N.)
- International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) “From Molecules to Organisms,” Tuebingen, Germany (M.M.O., A.N.)
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2
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Breitkreuz-Korff O, Tscheik C, Del Vecchio G, Dithmer S, Walther W, Orthmann A, Wolburg H, Haseloff RF, Schröder L, Blasig IE, Winkler L. M01 as a novel drug enhancer for specifically targeting the blood-brain barrier. J Control Release 2021; 338:137-148. [PMID: 34384796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the brain is limited for most pharmaceuticals by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) where claudin-5 dominates the paraendothelial tightening. For circumventing the BBB, we identified the compound M01 as a claudin-5 interaction inhibitor. M01 causes transient permeabilisation of the BBB depending on the concentration of small molecules in different cell culture models within 3 to 48 h. In mice, brain uptake of fluorescein peaked within the first 3 h after M01 injection and normalised within 48 h. Compared to the cytostatic paclitaxel alone, M01 improved delivery of paclitaxel to mouse brain and reduced orthotopic glioblastoma growth. Results on interactions of M01 with claudin-5 were incorporated into a binding model which suggests association of its aromatic parts with highly conserved residues of the extracellular domain of claudin-5 and adjacent transmembrane segments. Our results indicate the following mode of action: M01 preferentially binds to the extracellular claudin-5 domain, which weakens trans-interactions between adhering cells. Further decrease in membranous claudin-5 levels due to internalization and transcriptional downregulation enables the paracellular passage of small molecules. In summary, the first small molecule is introduced here as a drug enhancer, which specifically permeabilises the BBB for a sufficient interval for allowing neuropharmaceuticals to enter the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Tscheik
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sophie Dithmer
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Walther
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Orthmann
- Experimentelle Pharmakologie und Onkologie Berlin-Buch GmbH, Germany
| | | | - Reiner F Haseloff
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif Schröder
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingolf E Blasig
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lars Winkler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany; Experimentelle Pharmakologie und Onkologie Berlin-Buch GmbH, Germany.
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3
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Winkler L, Blasig R, Breitkreuz-Korff O, Berndt P, Dithmer S, Helms HC, Puchkov D, Devraj K, Kaya M, Qin Z, Liebner S, Wolburg H, Andjelkovic AV, Rex A, Blasig IE, Haseloff RF. Tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier promote edema formation and infarct size in stroke - Ambivalent effects of sealing proteins. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:132-145. [PMID: 32054373 PMCID: PMC7747158 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20904687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of stroke is greatly influenced by the state of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB endothelium is sealed paracellularly by tight junction (TJ) proteins, i.e., claudins (Cldns) and the redox regulator occludin. Functions of Cldn3 and occludin at the BBB are largely unknown, particularly after stroke. We address the effects of Cldn3 deficiency and stress factors on the BBB and its TJs. Cldn3 tightened the BBB for small molecules and ions, limited endothelial endocytosis, strengthened the TJ structure and controlled Cldn1 expression. After middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and 3-h reperfusion or hypoxia of isolated brain capillaries, Cldn1, Cldn3 and occludin were downregulated. In Cldn3 knockout mice (C3KO), the reduction in Cldn1 was even greater and TJ ultrastructure was impaired; 48 h after MCAO of wt mice, infarct volumes were enlarged and edema developed, but endothelial TJs were preserved. In contrast, junctional localization of Cldn5 and occludin, TJ density, swelling and infarction size were reduced in affected brain areas of C3KO. Taken together, Cldn3 and occludin protect TJs in stroke, and this keeps the BBB intact. However, functional Cldn3, Cldn3-regulated TJ proteins and occludin promote edema and infarction, which suggests that TJ modulation could improve the outcome of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Winkler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Rosel Blasig
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Berndt
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Sophie Dithmer
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Hans C Helms
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Dmytro Puchkov
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Kavi Devraj
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger-Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mehmet Kaya
- School of Medicine, Department of Physiology & Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zhihai Qin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Stefan Liebner
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger-Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Universität of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Andre Rex
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Experimental Neurology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingolf E Blasig
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Reiner F Haseloff
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin-Buch, Germany
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4
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Beiersdorfer A, Wolburg H, Grawe J, Scheller A, Kirchhoff F, Lohr C. Sublamina-specific organization of the blood brain barrier in the mouse olfactory nerve layer. Glia 2019; 68:631-645. [PMID: 31696993 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes constitute the main glial component of the mammalian blood brain barrier (BBB). However, in the olfactory bulb (OB), the olfactory nerve layer (ONL) is almost devoid of astrocytes, raising the question which glial cells are part of the BBB. We used mice expressing EGFP in astrocytes and tdTomato in olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), a specialized type of glial cells in the ONL, to unequivocally identify both glial cell types and investigate their contribution to the BBB in the olfactory bulb. OECs were located exclusively in the ONL, while somata of astrocytes were located in deeper layers and extended processes in the inner sublamina of the ONL. These processes surrounded blood vessels and contained aquaporin-4, an astrocytic protein enriched at the BBB. In the outer sublamina of the ONL, in contrast, blood vessels were surrounded by aquaporin-4-negative processes of OECs. Transcardial perfusion of blood vessels with lanthanum and subsequent visualization by electron microscopy showed that blood vessels enwrapped by OECs possessed intact tight junctions. In acute olfactory bulb preparations, injection of fluorescent glucose 6-NBDG into blood vessels resulted in labeling of OECs, indicating glucose transport from the perivascular space into OECs. In addition, Ca2+ transients in OECs in the outer sublamina evoked vasoconstriction, whereas Ca2+ signaling in OECs of the inner sublamina had no effect on adjacent blood vessels. Our results demonstrate that the BBB in the inner sublamina of the ONL contains astrocytes, while in the outer ONL OECs are part of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janine Grawe
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lohr
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Figarella K, Wolburg H, Garaschuk O, Duszenko M. Microglia in neuropathology caused by protozoan parasites. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 95:333-349. [PMID: 31682077 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) is the most severe consequence of some parasitic infections. Protozoal infections comprise a group of diseases that together affect billions of people worldwide and, according to the World Health Organization, are responsible for more than 500000 deaths annually. They include African and American trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, toxoplasmosis, and amoebiasis. Mechanisms underlying invasion of the brain parenchyma by protozoa are not well understood and may depend on parasite nature: a vascular invasion route is most common. Immunosuppression favors parasite invasion into the CNS and therefore the host immune response plays a pivotal role in the development of a neuropathology in these infectious diseases. In the brain, microglia are the resident immune cells active in defense against pathogens that target the CNS. Beside their direct role in innate immunity, they also play a principal role in coordinating the trafficking and recruitment of other immune cells from the periphery to the CNS. Despite their evident involvement in the neuropathology of protozoan infections, little attention has given to microglia-parasite interactions. This review describes the most prominent features of microglial cells and protozoan parasites and summarizes the most recent information regarding the reaction of microglial cells to parasitic infections. We highlight the involvement of the periphery-brain axis and emphasize possible scenarios for microglia-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Figarella
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olga Garaschuk
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Duszenko
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Berndt P, Winkler L, Cording J, Breitkreuz-Korff O, Rex A, Dithmer S, Rausch V, Blasig R, Richter M, Sporbert A, Wolburg H, Blasig IE, Haseloff RF. Tight junction proteins at the blood-brain barrier: far more than claudin-5. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1987-2002. [PMID: 30734065 PMCID: PMC11105330 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
At the blood-brain barrier (BBB), claudin (Cldn)-5 is thought to be the dominant tight junction (TJ) protein, with minor contributions from Cldn3 and -12, and occludin. However, the BBB appears ultrastructurally normal in Cldn5 knock-out mice, suggesting that further Cldns and/or TJ-associated marvel proteins (TAMPs) are involved. Microdissected human and murine brain capillaries, quickly frozen to recapitulate the in vivo situation, showed high transcript expression of Cldn5, -11, -12, and -25, and occludin, but also abundant levels of Cldn1 and -27 in man. Protein levels were quantified by a novel epitope dilution assay and confirmed the respective mRNA data. In contrast to the in vivo situation, Cldn5 dominates BBB expression in vitro, since all other TJ proteins are at comparably low levels or are not expressed. Cldn11 was highly abundant in vivo and contributed to paracellular tightness by homophilic oligomerization, but almost disappeared in vitro. Cldn25, also found at high levels, neither tightened the paracellular barrier nor interconnected opposing cells, but contributed to proper TJ strand morphology. Pathological conditions (in vivo ischemia and in vitro hypoxia) down-regulated Cldn1, -3, and -12, and occludin in cerebral capillaries, which was paralleled by up-regulation of Cldn5 after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Cldn1 expression increased after Cldn5 knock-down. In conclusion, this complete Cldn/TAMP profile demonstrates the presence of up to a dozen TJ proteins in brain capillaries. Mouse and human share a similar and complex TJ profile in vivo, but this complexity is widely lost under in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Berndt
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Winkler
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jimmi Cording
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Breitkreuz-Korff
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Rex
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Dithmer
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentina Rausch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosel Blasig
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Richter
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anje Sporbert
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institut für Pathologie und Neuropathologie, Universität Tübingen, Liebermeisterstraße 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingolf E Blasig
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reiner F Haseloff
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Garcia-Pradas L, Gleiser C, Wizenmann A, Wolburg H, Mack AF. Glial Cells in the Fish Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Form Tight Junctions, Separating and Surrounding Axons. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:367. [PMID: 30364233 PMCID: PMC6192225 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the retina of teleost fish, cell addition continues throughout life involving proliferation and axonal growth. To study how this is achieved in a fully functioning retina, we investigated the nerve fiber layer (NFL) of the cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni for components that might regulate the extracellular environment. We hypothesized that growing axons are surrounded by different cell structures than signal conducting axons. Using immunohistochemistry and freeze fracture electron microscopy we found that the endfeet of Müller cells (MCs) expressed aquaporin-4 but not in high densities as in mammals. The presence of this water channel indicates the involvement of MCs in water homeostasis. Remarkably, we discovered conspicuous tight junctions in the retinal NFL. These tight junctions formed branching strands between myelin-like wrappings of ganglion cell axons that differed morphologically from any known myelin, and also an elaborate meshwork on large membrane faces between axons. We speculated that these tight junctions have additional functions than solely facilitating nerve conductance. Immunostainings against the adaptor protein ZO-1 labeled the NFL as did antibodies against the mammalian claudin-1, 3, and 19. Performing PCR analysis, we showed expression of claudin-1, 3, 5a, 5b, 9, 11, and 19 in the fish retina, claudins that typically occur at brain barriers or myelin. We could show by immunostains for doublecortin, a marker for differentiating neurons, that new axons are not surrounded by the myelin-like wrappings but only by the endfeet of MCs. We hypothesize that the tight junctions in the NFL of fish might contribute to the separation of an extracellular space around axons facilitating conductance, from a growth-promoting environment. For a functional test we applied Evans Blue dye to eye cup preparations which showed a retention of the dye in the NFL. This indicates that these remarkable tight junctions can indeed act as a diffusion barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Garcia-Pradas
- Institut für klinische Anatomie und Zellanalytik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Corinna Gleiser
- Institut für klinische Anatomie und Zellanalytik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Wizenmann
- Institut für klinische Anatomie und Zellanalytik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institut für Pathologie und Neuropathologie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas F Mack
- Institut für klinische Anatomie und Zellanalytik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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8
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Harmuth T, Prell-Schicker C, Weber JJ, Gellerich F, Funke C, Drießen S, Magg JCD, Krebiehl G, Wolburg H, Hayer SN, Hauser S, Krüger R, Schöls L, Riess O, Hübener-Schmid J. Mitochondrial Morphology, Function and Homeostasis Are Impaired by Expression of an N-terminal Calpain Cleavage Fragment of Ataxin-3. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:368. [PMID: 30364204 PMCID: PMC6192284 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in mitochondrial morphology and function have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease and Huntington disease. Metabolic defects, resulting from dysfunctional mitochondria, have been reported in patients and respective animal models of all those diseases. Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (SCA3), another neurodegenerative disorder, also presents with metabolic defects and loss of body weight in early disease stages although the possible role of mitochondrial dysfunction in SCA3 pathology is still to be determined. Interestingly, the SCA3 disease protein ataxin-3, which is predominantly localized in cytoplasm and nucleus, has also been associated with mitochondria in both its mutant and wildtype form. This observation provides an interesting link to a potential mitochondrial involvement of mutant ataxin-3 in SCA3 pathogenesis. Furthermore, proteolytic cleavage of ataxin-3 has been shown to produce toxic fragments and even overexpression of artificially truncated forms of ataxin-3 resulted in mitochondria deficits. Therefore, we analyzed the repercussions of expressing a naturally occurring N-terminal cleavage fragment of ataxin-3 and the influence of an endogenous expression of the S256 cleavage fragment in vitro and in vivo. In our study, expression of a fragment derived from calpain cleavage induced mitochondrial fragmentation and cristae alterations leading to a significantly decreased capacity of mitochondrial respiration and contributing to an increased susceptibility to apoptosis. Furthermore, analyzing mitophagy revealed activation of autophagy in the early pathogenesis with reduced lysosomal activity. In conclusion, our findings indicate that cleavage of ataxin-3 by calpains results in fragments which interfere with mitochondrial function and mitochondrial degradation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Harmuth
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate School of Cellular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Prell-Schicker
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonasz J Weber
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Gellerich
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Funke
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Drießen
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janine C D Magg
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Guido Krebiehl
- Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie N Hayer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ludger Schöls
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jeannette Hübener-Schmid
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Feldner A, Adam MG, Tetzlaff F, Moll I, Komljenovic D, Sahm F, Bäuerle T, Ishikawa H, Schroten H, Korff T, Hofmann I, Wolburg H, von Deimling A, Fischer A. Loss of Mpdz impairs ependymal cell integrity leading to perinatal-onset hydrocephalus in mice. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:890-905. [PMID: 28500065 PMCID: PMC5494508 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is a common congenital anomaly. LCAM1 and MPDZ (MUPP1) are the only known human gene loci associated with non‐syndromic hydrocephalus. To investigate functions of the tight junction‐associated protein Mpdz, we generated mouse models. Global Mpdz gene deletion or conditional inactivation in Nestin‐positive cells led to formation of supratentorial hydrocephalus in the early postnatal period. Blood vessels, epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, and cilia on ependymal cells, which line the ventricular system, remained morphologically intact in Mpdz‐deficient brains. However, flow of cerebrospinal fluid through the cerebral aqueduct was blocked from postnatal day 3 onward. Silencing of Mpdz expression in cultured epithelial cells impaired barrier integrity, and loss of Mpdz in astrocytes increased RhoA activity. In Mpdz‐deficient mice, ependymal cells had morphologically normal tight junctions, but expression of the interacting planar cell polarity protein Pals1 was diminished and barrier integrity got progressively lost. Ependymal denudation was accompanied by reactive astrogliosis leading to aqueductal stenosis. This work provides a relevant hydrocephalus mouse model and demonstrates that Mpdz is essential to maintain integrity of the ependyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Feldner
- Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Gordian Adam
- Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Tetzlaff
- Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Iris Moll
- Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorde Komljenovic
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Sahm
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäuerle
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Department of NDU Life Sciences, School of Life Dentistry, Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Japan
| | - Horst Schroten
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Mannheim Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Korff
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilse Hofmann
- Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Vascular Biology, CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Fischer
- Vascular Signaling and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany .,Vascular Biology, CBTM, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Medical Clinic I, Endocrinology and Clinical Chemistry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Stremmel W, Staffer S, Schneider MJ, Gan-Schreier H, Wannhoff A, Stuhrmann N, Gauss A, Wolburg H, Mahringer A, Swidsinski A, Efferth T. Genetic Mouse Models with Intestinal-Specific Tight Junction Deletion Resemble an Ulcerative Colitis Phenotype. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:1247-1257. [PMID: 28575164 PMCID: PMC5881657 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A key pathogenetic feature of ulcerative colitis [UC] is an intrinsic low mucus phosphatidylcholine[PC] content. Recently, a paracellular transport for PC across tight junctions[TJs] was described, suggesting TJ disturbance as a cause of diminished luminal PC transport. Therefore, we aimed to generate mutant mice with TJ deletion to evaluate whether a UC phenotype developed. METHODS CL57BL/6 control wild-type mice were compared to mutant mice with tamoxifen-induced villin-Cre-dependent intestinal deletion of kindlin 1 and 2. RESULTS Electron microscopy of mucosal biopsies obtained from both mutants before overt inflammation following only 2 days of tamoxifen exposure revealed a defective TJ morphology with extended paracellular space and, by light microscopy, expanded mucosal crypt lumina. PC secretion into mucus was reduced by >65% and the mucus PC content dropped by >50%, causing a >50 % decrease of mucus hydrophobicity in both mutants. Consequently, the microbiota was able to penetrate the submucosa. After 3 days of tamoxifen exposure, intestinal inflammation was present in both mutants, with loose bloody stools as well as macroscopic and histological features of colitis. Oral PC supplementation was able to suppress inflammation. By analogy, colonic biopsies obtained from patients with UC in remission also showed a defective epithelium with widened intercellular clefts, and enlarged crypt luminal diameters with functionally impaired luminal PC secretion. CONCLUSIONS Genetic mouse models with intestinal deletion of kindlin 1 and 2 resulted in TJ deletion and revealed pathophysiological features of impaired PC secretion to the mucus leading to mucosal inflammation compatible with human UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Stremmel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Clinics of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany,Corresponding author: Wolfgang Stremmel, MD, PhD, Professor of Medicine, University Clinics of Heidelberg, Department of Internal Medicine IV, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Tel: +49 6221 56 8700;
| | - Simone Staffer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Clinics of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Hongying Gan-Schreier
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Clinics of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wannhoff
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Clinics of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Stuhrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Clinics of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika Gauss
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Clinics of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Medical School of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne Mahringer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Swidsinski
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Charité of Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Mainz, Germany
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11
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Piontek A, Rossa J, Protze J, Wolburg H, Hempel C, Günzel D, Krause G, Piontek J. Polar and charged extracellular residues conserved among barrier-forming claudins contribute to tight junction strand formation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1397:143-156. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piontek
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP); Berlin Germany
| | - Jan Rossa
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP); Berlin Germany
| | - Jonas Protze
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP); Berlin Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Caroline Hempel
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Gerd Krause
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP); Berlin Germany
| | - Jörg Piontek
- Institute of Clinical Physiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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12
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Neuhaus J, Schröppel B, Dass M, Zimmermann H, Wolburg H, Fallier‐Becker P, Gevaert T, Burkhardt CJ, Do HM, Stolzenburg J. 3D‐electron microscopic characterization of interstitial cells in the human bladder upper lamina propria. Neurourol Urodyn 2017; 37:89-98. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.23270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Neuhaus
- Department of UrologyResearch Laboratory, University LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Birgit Schröppel
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Martin Dass
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, TrainingApplication and Support Center (TASC) Application Support EMMunichGermany
| | - Hans Zimmermann
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, TrainingApplication and Support Center (TASC) Application Support EMMunichGermany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and NeuropathologyUniversity Hospital TuebingenTuebingenGermany
| | - Petra Fallier‐Becker
- Institute of Pathology and NeuropathologyUniversity Hospital TuebingenTuebingenGermany
| | - Thomas Gevaert
- Department of Development and RegenerationKU Leuven, Laboratory of Experimental UrologyLeuvenBelgium
| | - Claus J. Burkhardt
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of TuebingenReutlingenGermany
| | - Hoang Minh Do
- Department of UrologyUniversity Leipzig, University Hospital LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Jens‐Uwe Stolzenburg
- Department of UrologyUniversity Leipzig, University Hospital LeipzigLeipzigGermany
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13
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Fallier-Becker P, Vollmer JP, Wolburg H, Haen S, Steiner J, Noell S, Lehmann R, Fend F. Case report: Propofol-related infusion syndrome. Ultrastruct Pathol 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2016.1270783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Fallier-Becker
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - J. P. Vollmer
- Institute of Anaesthesiology, Stadtspital Triemli, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - H. Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - S. Haen
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - J. Steiner
- Neurosurgical Clinics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - S. Noell
- Neurosurgical Clinics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - R. Lehmann
- Clinical Chemical Central Laboratory, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - F. Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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14
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Casadei N, Sood P, Ulrich T, Fallier-Becker P, Kieper N, Helling S, May C, Glaab E, Chen J, Nuber S, Wolburg H, Marcus K, Rapaport D, Ott T, Riess O, Krüger R, Fitzgerald JC. Mitochondrial defects and neurodegeneration in mice overexpressing wild-type or G399S mutant HtrA2. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:5513. [PMID: 28031291 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Casadei
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Poonam Sood
- Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research.,Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 27, Tübingen 72076, Germany.,The German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ulrich
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse. 4, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Petra Fallier-Becker
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Kieper
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research.,Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 27, Tübingen 72076, Germany.,The German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Helling
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, Germany
| | - Caroline May
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, Germany
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7 av. des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-surAlzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jing Chen
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, Germany
| | - Silke Nuber
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum, Germany
| | - Doron Rapaport
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse. 4, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ott
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Core Facility Transgenic Animals, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research.,Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 27, Tübingen 72076, Germany.,The German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7 av. des Hauts Fourneaux, Esch-surAlzette, Luxembourg
| | - Julia C Fitzgerald
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research.,Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tübingen, Otfried-Mueller-Strasse 27, Tübingen 72076, Germany.,The German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
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15
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Mogk S, Boßelmann CM, Mudogo CN, Stein J, Wolburg H, Duszenko M. African trypanosomes and brain infection - the unsolved question. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1675-1687. [PMID: 27739621 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomes induce sleeping sickness. The parasites are transmitted during the blood meal of a tsetse fly and appear primarily in blood and lymph vessels, before they enter the central nervous system. During the latter stage, trypanosomes induce a deregulation of sleep-wake cycles and some additional neurological disorders. Historically, it was assumed that trypanosomes cross the blood-brain barrier and settle somewhere between the brain cells. The brain, however, is a strictly controlled and immune-privileged area that is completely surrounded by a dense barrier that covers the blood vessels: this is the blood-brain barrier. It is known that some immune cells are able to cross this barrier, but this requires a sophisticated mechanism and highly specific cell-cell interactions that have not been observed for trypanosomes within the mammalian host. Interestingly, trypanosomes injected directly into the brain parenchyma did not induce an infection. Likewise, after an intraperitoneal infection of rats, Trypanosoma brucei brucei was not observed within the brain, but appeared readily within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the meninges. Therefore, the parasite did not cross the blood-brain barrier, but the blood-CSF barrier, which is formed by the choroid plexus, i.e. the part of the ventricles where CSF is produced from blood. While there is no question that trypanosomes are able to invade the brain to induce a deadly encephalopathy, controversy exists about the pathway involved. This review lists experimental results that support crossing of the blood-brain barrier and of the blood-CSF barrier and discuss the implications that either pathway would have on infection progress and on the survival strategy of the parasite. For reasons discussed below, we prefer the latter pathway and suggest the existence of an additional distinct meningeal stage, from which trypanosomes could invade the brain via the Virchow-Robin space thereby bypassing the blood-brain barrier. We also consider healthy carriers, i.e. people living symptomless with the disease for up to several decades, and discuss implications the proposed meningeal stage would have for new anti-trypanosomal drug development. Considering the re-infection of blood, a process called relapse, we discuss the likely involvement of the newly described glymphatic connection between the meningeal space and the lymphatic system, that seems also be important for other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mogk
- Department of Natural Sciences, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, Germany
| | - Christian M Boßelmann
- Department of Natural Sciences, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, Germany
| | - Celestin N Mudogo
- Department of Natural Sciences, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, Germany.,Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, BP 834 KIN XI, Kinshasa, D.R. Congo
| | - Jasmin Stein
- Department of Natural Sciences, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Medical Department, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Liebermeister Str. 8, Germany
| | - Michael Duszenko
- Department of Natural Sciences, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, Germany.,Medical Department, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
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16
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Spira D, Bantleon R, Wolburg H, Schick F, Groezinger G, Wiskirchen J, Wiesinger B. Labeling Human Melanoma Cells With SPIO: In Vitro Observations. Mol Imaging 2016; 15:15/0/1536012115624915. [PMID: 27030399 PMCID: PMC5469517 DOI: 10.1177/1536012115624915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To use the superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) contrast agent Resovist (±transfection agent) to label human melanoma cells and determine its effects on cellular viability, microstructure, iron quantity, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detectability. Materials and Methods: Human SK-Mel28 melanoma cells were incubated with Resovist (±liposomal transfection agent DOSPER). The cellular iron content was measured, and labeled cells were examined at 1.5 T and 3.0 T. The intracellular and extracellular distributions of the contrast agent were assessed by light and electron microscopy. Results: The incubation of melanoma cells with SPIO does not interfere with cell viability or proliferation. The iron is located both intracellularly and extracellularly as iron clusters associated with the exterior of the cell membrane. Despite thorough washing, the extracellular SPIO remained associated with the cell membrane. The liposomal transfection agent does not change the maximum achievable cellular iron content but promotes a faster iron uptake. The MRI detectability persists for at least 7 days. Conclusion: The transfection agent DOSPER facilitates the efficient labeling of human metastatic melanoma cells with Resovist. Our findings raise the possibility that other Resovist-labeled cells may collect associated extracellular nanoparticles. The SPIO may be available to other iron-handling cells and not completely compartmentalized during the labeling procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spira
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg
| | - Rüdiger Bantleon
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Liebermeisterstraße 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fritz Schick
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Groezinger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jakub Wiskirchen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Franziskus Hospital Bielefeld, Kiskerstraße 26, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wiesinger
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Cording J, Günther R, Vigolo E, Tscheik C, Winkler L, Schlattner I, Lorenz D, Haseloff RF, Schmidt-Ott KM, Wolburg H, Blasig IE. Redox Regulation of Cell Contacts by Tricellulin and Occludin: Redox-Sensitive Cysteine Sites in Tricellulin Regulate Both Tri- and Bicellular Junctions in Tissue Barriers as Shown in Hypoxia and Ischemia. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1035-49. [PMID: 25919114 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tight junctions (TJs) seal paracellular clefts in epithelia/endothelia and form tissue barriers for proper organ function. TJ-associated marvel proteins (TAMPs; tricellulin, occludin, marvelD3) are thought to be relevant to regulation. Under normal conditions, tricellulin tightens tricellular junctions against macromolecules. Traces of tricellulin occur in bicellular junctions. AIMS As pathological disturbances have not been analyzed, the structure and function of human tricellulin, including potentially redox-sensitive Cys sites, were investigated under reducing/oxidizing conditions at 3- and 2-cell contacts. RESULTS Ischemia, hypoxia, and reductants redistributed tricellulin from 3- to 2-cell contacts. The extracellular loop 2 (ECL2; conserved Cys321, Cys335) trans-oligomerized between three opposing cells. Substitutions of these residues caused bicellular localization. Cys362 in transmembrane domain 4 contributed to bicellular heterophilic cis-interactions along the cell membrane with claudin-1 and marvelD3, while Cys395 in the cytosolic C-terminal tail promoted homophilic tricellullar cis-interactions. The Cys sites included in homo-/heterophilic bi-/tricellular cis-/trans-interactions contributed to cell barrier tightness for small/large molecules. INNOVATION Tricellulin forms TJs via trans- and cis-association in 3-cell contacts, as demonstrated electron and quantified fluorescence microscopically; it tightens 3- and 2-cell contacts. Tricellulin's ECL2 specifically seals 3-cell contacts redox dependently; a structural model is proposed. CONCLUSIONS TAMP ECL2 and claudins' ECL1 share functionally and structurally similar features involved in homo-/heterophilic tightening of cell-cell contacts. Tricellulin is a specific redox sensor and sealing element at 3-cell contacts and may compensate as a redox mediator for occludin loss at 2-cell contacts in vivo and in vitro. Molecular interaction mechanisms were proposed that contribute to tricellulin's function. In conclusion, tricellulin is a junctional redox regulator for ischemia-related alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmi Cording
- 1 Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie , Berlin, Germany
| | - Ramona Günther
- 1 Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie , Berlin, Germany
| | - Emilia Vigolo
- 2 Department of Nephrology, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine , Charite Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lars Winkler
- 1 Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie , Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dorothea Lorenz
- 1 Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie , Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kai M Schmidt-Ott
- 2 Department of Nephrology, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine , Charite Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- 3 Department of General Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical School, University of Tübingen , Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingolf E Blasig
- 1 Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie , Berlin, Germany
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18
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Ridder DA, Wenzel J, Müller K, Töllner K, Tong XK, Assmann JC, Stroobants S, Weber T, Niturad CE, Fischer L, Lembrich B, Wolburg H, Grand'Maison M, Papadopoulos P, Korpos E, Truchetet F, Rades D, Sorokin L, Schmidt-Supprian M, Bedell B, Pasparakis M, Balschun D, D'Hooge R, Löscher W, Hamel E, Schwaninger M. Brain endothelial TAK1 and NEMO safeguard the neurovascular unit. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2015. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb.2106oia179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ridder DA, Wenzel J, Müller K, Töllner K, Tong XK, Assmann JC, Stroobants S, Weber T, Niturad C, Fischer L, Lembrich B, Wolburg H, Grand'Maison M, Papadopoulos P, Korpos E, Truchetet F, Rades D, Sorokin LM, Schmidt-Supprian M, Bedell BJ, Pasparakis M, Balschun D, D'Hooge R, Löscher W, Hamel E, Schwaninger M. Brain endothelial TAK1 and NEMO safeguard the neurovascular unit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1529-49. [PMID: 26347470 PMCID: PMC4577837 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ridder et al. show that deletion of NEMO, a component of NF-kB signaling, in brain endothelial cells results in increased cerebral vascular permeability and endothelial cell death, and recapitulates the neurological symptoms observed in the genetic disease incontinentia pigmenti. Inactivating mutations of the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), a key component of NF-κB signaling, cause the genetic disease incontinentia pigmenti (IP). This leads to severe neurological symptoms, but the mechanisms underlying brain involvement were unclear. Here, we show that selectively deleting Nemo or the upstream kinase Tak1 in brain endothelial cells resulted in death of endothelial cells, a rarefaction of brain microvessels, cerebral hypoperfusion, a disrupted blood–brain barrier (BBB), and epileptic seizures. TAK1 and NEMO protected the BBB by activating the transcription factor NF-κB and stabilizing the tight junction protein occludin. They also prevented brain endothelial cell death in a NF-κB–independent manner by reducing oxidative damage. Our data identify crucial functions of inflammatory TAK1–NEMO signaling in protecting the brain endothelium and maintaining normal brain function, thus explaining the neurological symptoms associated with IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk A Ridder
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Wenzel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kristin Müller
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kathrin Töllner
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Xin-Kang Tong
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Julian C Assmann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stijn Stroobants
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tobias Weber
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cristina Niturad
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lisanne Fischer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Beate Lembrich
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Eva Korpos
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Rades
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lydia M Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Barry J Bedell
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | | | - Detlef Balschun
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Edith Hamel
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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Staat C, Coisne C, Dabrowski S, Stamatovic SM, Andjelkovic AV, Wolburg H, Engelhardt B, Blasig IE. Mode of action of claudin peptidomimetics in the transient opening of cellular tight junction barriers. Biomaterials 2015; 54:9-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Haseloff RF, Dithmer S, Winkler L, Wolburg H, Blasig IE. Transmembrane proteins of the tight junctions at the blood-brain barrier: structural and functional aspects. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 38:16-25. [PMID: 25433243 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by microvascular endothelial cells sealed by tetraspanning tight junction (TJ) proteins, such as claudins and TAMPs (TJ-associated marvel proteins, occludin and tricellulin). Claudins are the major components of the TJs. At the BBB, claudin-5 dominates the TJs by preventing the paracellular permeation of small molecules. On the other hand, TAMPs regulate the structure and function of the TJs; tricellulin may tighten the barrier for large molecules. This review aims at integrating and summarizing the most relevant and recent work on how the BBB is influenced by claudin-1, -3, -5, -12 and the TAMPs occludin and tricellulin, all of which are four-transmembrane TJ proteins. The exact functions of claudin-1, -3, -12 and TAMPs at this barrier still need to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner F Haseloff
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Dithmer
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Winkler
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingolf E Blasig
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Hülper P, Veszelka S, Walter FR, Wolburg H, Fallier-Becker P, Piontek J, Blasig IE, Lakomek M, Kugler W, Deli MA. Acute effects of short-chain alkylglycerols on blood-brain barrier properties of cultured brain endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:1561-73. [PMID: 23617601 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts drug penetration to the brain preventing effective treatment of patients suffering from brain tumours. Intra-arterial injection of short-chain alkylglycerols (AGs) opens the BBB and increases delivery of molecules to rodent brain parenchyma in vivo. The mechanism underlying AG-mediated modification of BBB permeability is still unknown. Here, we have tested the effects of AGs on barrier properties of cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of two AGs, 1-O-pentylglycerol and 2-O-hexyldiglycerol were examined using an in vitro BBB model consisting of primary cultures of rat brain endothelial cells, co-cultured with rat cerebral glial cells. Integrity of the paracellular, tight junction-based, permeation route was analysed by functional assays, immunostaining for junctional proteins, freeze-fracture electron microscopy, and analysis of claudin-claudin trans-interactions. KEY RESULTS AG treatment (5 min) reversibly reduced transendothelial electrical resistance and increased BBB permeability for fluorescein accompanied by changes in cell morphology and immunostaining for claudin-5 and β-catenin. These short-term changes were not accompanied by alterations of inter-endothelial tight junction strand complexity or the trans-interaction of claudin-5. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS AG-mediated increase in brain endothelial paracellular permeability was short, reversible and did not affect tight junction strand complexity. Redistribution of junctional proteins and alterations in the cell shape indicate the involvement of the cytoskeleton in the action of AGs. These data confirm the results from in vivo studies in rodents characterizing AGs as adjuvants that transiently open the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hülper
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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23
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Mogk S, Meiwes A, Boßelmann CM, Wolburg H, Duszenko M. The lane to the brain: how African trypanosomes invade the CNS. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:470-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fallier-Becker P, Vollmer JP, Bauer HC, Noell S, Wolburg H, Mack AF. Onset of aquaporin-4 expression in the developing mouse brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 36:81-9. [PMID: 24915007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The main water channel in the brain, aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is involved in maintaining homeostasis and water exchange in the brain. In adult mammalian brains, it is expressed in astrocytes, mainly, and in high densities in the membranes of perivascular and subpial endfeet. Here, we addressed the question how this polarized expression is established during development. We used immunocytochemistry against AQP4, zonula occludens protein-1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and β-dystroglycan to follow astrocyte development in E15 to P3 NMRI mouse brains, and expression of AQP4. In addition we used freeze-fracture electron microscopy to detect AQP4 in the form of orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs) on the ultrastructural level. We analyzed ventral, lateral, and dorsal regions in forebrain sections and found AQP4 immunoreactivity to emerge at E16 ventrally before lateral (E17) and dorsal (E18) areas. AQP4 staining was spread over cell processes including radial glial cells in developing cortical areas and became restricted to astroglial endfeet at P1-P3. This was confirmed by double labeling with GFAP. In freeze-fracture replicas OAPs were found with a slight time delay but with a similar ventral to dorsal gradient. Thus, AQP4 is expressed in the embryonic mouse brain starting at E16, earlier than previously reported. However a polarized expression necessary for homeostatic function and water balance emerges at later stages around and after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Fallier-Becker
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörg P Vollmer
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-C Bauer
- Paracelsus Medical University and SCI-TReC Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susan Noell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas F Mack
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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25
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Rossa J, Ploeger C, Vorreiter F, Saleh T, Protze J, Günzel D, Wolburg H, Krause G, Piontek J. Claudin-3 and claudin-5 protein folding and assembly into the tight junction are controlled by non-conserved residues in the transmembrane 3 (TM3) and extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) segments. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7641-53. [PMID: 24478310 PMCID: PMC3953276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.531012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of tight junction (TJ) assembly and the structure of claudins (Cldn) that form the TJ strands are unclear. This limits the molecular understanding of paracellular barriers and strategies for drug delivery across tissue barriers. Cldn3 and Cldn5 are both common in the blood-brain barrier but form TJ strands with different ultrastructures. To identify the molecular determinants of folding and assembly of these classic claudins, Cldn3/Cldn5 chimeric mutants were generated and analyzed by cellular reconstitution of TJ strands, live cell confocal imaging, and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. A comprehensive screening was performed on the basis of the rescue of mutants deficient for strand formation. Cldn3/Cldn5 residues in transmembrane segment 3, TM3 (Ala-127/Cys-128, Ser-136/Cys-137, Ser-138/Phe-139), and the transition of TM3 to extracellular loop 2, ECL2 (Thr-141/Ile-142) and ECL2 (Asn-148/Asp-149, Leu-150/Thr-151, Arg-157/Tyr-158), were identified to be involved in claudin folding and/or assembly. Blue native PAGE and FRET assays revealed 1% n-dodecyl β-d-maltoside-resistant cis-dimerization for Cldn5 but not for Cldn3. This homophilic interaction was found to be stabilized by residues in TM3. The resulting subtype-specific cis-dimer is suggested to be a subunit of polymeric TJ strands and contributes to the specific ultrastructure of the TJ detected by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. In particular, the Cldn5-like exoplasmic face-associated and particle-type strands were found to be related to cis-dimerization. These results provide new insight into the mechanisms of paracellular barrier formation by demonstrating that defined non-conserved residues in TM3 and ECL2 of classic claudins contribute to the formation of TJ strands with differing ultrastructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rossa
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Department of Structural Biology, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Ploeger
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Department of Structural Biology, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fränze Vorreiter
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Department of Structural Biology, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tarek Saleh
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Department of Structural Biology, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- the Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany, and
| | - Jonas Protze
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Department of Structural Biology, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- the Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany, and
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- the Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Department of General Pathology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Krause
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Department of Structural Biology, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Piontek
- From the Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Department of Structural Biology, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- the Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany, and
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26
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Mogk S, Meiwes A, Shtopel S, Schraermeyer U, Lazarus M, Kubata B, Wolburg H, Duszenko M. Cyclical appearance of African trypanosomes in the cerebrospinal fluid: new insights in how trypanosomes enter the CNS. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91372. [PMID: 24618708 PMCID: PMC3950183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is textbook knowledge that human infective forms of Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness, enter the brain across the blood-brain barrier after an initial phase of weeks (rhodesiense) or months (gambiense) in blood. Based on our results using an animal model, both statements seem questionable. As we and others have shown, the first infection relevant crossing of the blood brain border occurs via the choroid plexus, i.e. via the blood-CSF barrier. In addition, counting trypanosomes in blood-free CSF obtained by an atlanto-occipital access revealed a cyclical infection in CSF that was directly correlated to the trypanosome density in blood infection. We also obtained conclusive evidence of organ infiltration, since parasites were detected in tissues outside the blood vessels in heart, spleen, liver, eye, testis, epididymis, and especially between the cell layers of the pia mater including the Virchow-Robin space. Interestingly, in all organs except pia mater, heart and testis, trypanosomes showed either a more or less degraded appearance of cell integrity by loss of the surface coat (VSG), loss of the microtubular cytoskeleton and loss of the intracellular content, or where taken up by phagocytes and degraded intracellularly within lysosomes. This is also true for trypanosomes placed intrathecally into the brain parenchyma using a stereotactic device. We propose a different model of brain infection that is in accordance with our observations and with well-established facts about the development of sleeping sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mogk
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Meiwes
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Swetlana Shtopel
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Duszenko
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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27
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Bellmann C, Schreivogel S, Günther R, Dabrowski S, Schümann M, Wolburg H, Blasig IE. Highly conserved cysteines are involved in the oligomerization of occludin-redox dependency of the second extracellular loop. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:855-67. [PMID: 23923978 PMCID: PMC3924802 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The tight junction (TJ) marker occludin is a 4-transmembrane domain (TMD) protein with unclear physiological and pathological functions, interacting with other TJ proteins. It oligomerizes and is redox sensitive. However, oligomerization sites and mechanisms are unknown. AIMS To identify hypoxia-sensitive binding sites, we investigated the consequences of amino-acid substitutions of highly conserved cysteines in human occludin, under normal and hypoxic incubations. RESULTS (i) The extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) showed homophilic trans- and cis-association between opposing cells and along the cell membrane, respectively, caused by a loop properly folded via an intraloop disulfide bridge between the shielded C216 and C237. Hypoxia and reductants prevented the associations. (ii) C82 in TMD1 directly cis-associated without disulfide formation. (iii) C76 in TMD1 and C148 in TMD2 limited the trans-interaction; C76 also limited occludin-related paracellular tightness and changed the strand morphology of claudin-1. (iv) The diminished binding strength found after substituting C82, C216, or C237 was accompanied by increased occludin mobility in the cell membrane. INNOVATION The data enable the first experimentally proven structural model of occludin and its homophilic interaction sites, in which the ECL2, via intraloop disulfide formation, has a central role in occludin's hypoxia-sensitive oligomerization and to regulate the structure of TJs. CONCLUSION Our findings support the new concept that occludin acts as a hypoxiasensor and contributes toward regulating the TJ assembly redox dependently. This is of pathogenic relevance for tissue barrier injury with reducing conditions. The ECL2 disulfide might be a model for four TMD proteins in TJs with two conserved cysteines in an ECL.
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28
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Francke M, Kreysing M, Mack A, Engelmann J, Karl A, Makarov F, Guck J, Kolle M, Wolburg H, Pusch R, von der Emde G, Schuster S, Wagner HJ, Reichenbach A. Grouped retinae and tapetal cups in some Teleostian fish: Occurrence, structure, and function. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 38:43-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Weinl C, Riehle H, Park D, Stritt C, Beck S, Huber G, Wolburg H, Olson EN, Seeliger MW, Adams RH, Nordheim A. Endothelial SRF/MRTF ablation causes vascular disease phenotypes in murine retinae. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2193-206. [PMID: 23563308 DOI: 10.1172/jci64201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal vessel homeostasis ensures normal ocular functions. Consequently, retinal hypovascularization and neovascularization, causing a lack and an excess of vessels, respectively, are hallmarks of human retinal pathology. We provide evidence that EC-specific genetic ablation of either the transcription factor SRF or its cofactors MRTF-A and MRTF-B, but not the SRF cofactors ELK1 or ELK4, cause retinal hypovascularization in the postnatal mouse eye. Inducible, EC-specific deficiency of SRF or MRTF-A/MRTF-B during postnatal angiogenesis impaired endothelial tip cell filopodia protrusion, resulting in incomplete formation of the retinal primary vascular plexus, absence of the deep plexi, and persistence of hyaloid vessels. All of these features are typical of human hypovascularization-related vitreoretinopathies, such as familial exudative vitreoretinopathies including Norrie disease. In contrast, conditional EC deletion of Srf in adult murine vessels elicited intraretinal neovascularization that was reminiscent of the age-related human pathologies retinal angiomatous proliferation and macular telangiectasia. These results indicate that angiogenic homeostasis is ensured by differential stage-specific functions of SRF target gene products in the developing versus the mature retinal vasculature and suggest that the actin-directed MRTF-SRF signaling axis could serve as a therapeutic target in the treatment of human vascular retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Weinl
- Department for Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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30
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Mittag F, Leichtle C, Kieckbusch I, Wolburg H, Rudert M, Kluba T, Leichtle U. Cytotoxic effect and tissue penetration of phenol for adjuvant treatment of giant cell tumours. Oncol Lett 2013; 5:1595-1598. [PMID: 23760940 PMCID: PMC3678778 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Local adjuvant treatment of giant cell tumours (GCTs) of the bone with phenol has led to a significant reduction in recurrence rates. In the current study, the optimal phenol concentration and duration of intralesional exposure were evaluated. Specimens of GCTs were exposed to various concentrations of phenol solution (6, 60 and 80%) for either 1 or 3 min. Following embedding in glutaraldehyde, the tumour cell layers were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Destroyed cell organelles indicated the penetration depth as a sign of denaturation. Incubation of GCT specimens with 6% phenol solution for 3 min resulted in the most tissue damage and the deepest tissue penetration of ∼200 μm. Incubation with 60 and 80% phenol solution reached a penetration depth of only ∼100 μm. Phenol instillation may be used for the treatment of small scattered cellular debris following intralesional curettage; however, it is not suitable for treatment of remaining solid tumour tissue of GCT. The use of high phenol concentrations has no benefit and increases the risk of local or systemic intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Mittag
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076
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31
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Cording J, Berg J, Käding N, Bellmann C, Tscheik C, Westphal JK, Milatz S, Günzel D, Wolburg H, Piontek J, Huber O, Blasig IE. In tight junctions, claudins regulate the interactions between occludin, tricellulin and marvelD3, which, inversely, modulate claudin oligomerization. J Cell Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203797 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.114306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions seal the paracellular cleft of epithelia and endothelia, form vital barriers between tissue compartments and consist of tight-junction-associated marvel proteins (TAMPs) and claudins. The function of TAMPs and the interaction with claudins are not understood. We therefore investigated the binding between the TAMPs occludin, tricellulin, and marvelD3 and their interaction with claudins in living tight-junction-free human embryonic kidney-293 cells. In contrast to claudins and occludin, tricellulin and marvelD3 showed no enrichment at cell-cell contacts indicating lack of homophilic trans-interaction between two opposing cell membranes. However, occludin, marvelD3 and tricellulin exhibited homophilic cis-interactions, along one plasma membrane, as measured by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. MarvelD3 also cis-interacted with occludin and tricellulin heterophilically. Classic claudins, such as claudin-1 to -5 may show cis-oligomerization with TAMPs, whereas the non-classic claudin-11 did not. Claudin-1 and -5 improved enrichment of occludin and tricellulin at cell-cell contacts. The low mobile claudin-1 reduced the membrane mobility of the highly mobile occludin and tricellulin, as studied by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Co-transfection of claudin-1 with TAMPs led to changes of the tight junction strand network of this claudin to a more physiological morphology, depicted by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The results demonstrate multilateral interactions between the tight junction proteins, in which claudins determine the function of TAMPs and vice versa, and provide deeper insights into the tight junction assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmi Cording
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Zebrafish brain ventricle morphogenesis involves an initial circulation-independent opening followed by a blood flow- and circulation-dependent expansion process. Zebrafish claudin-5a is required for the establishment of a neuroepithelial-ventricular barrier, which maintains the hydrostatic pressure within the ventricular cavity, thereby contributing to brain ventricle opening and expansion. In mammalia, several claudin family members, including claudin-3 and claudin-5, are expressed within microvessel endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. Whether zebrafish brain ventricle morphogenesis provides a model for studying these claudins during early embryonic development was unknown. This review focuses on the expression and function of these zebrafish claudins during brain ventricle morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Kuhrt H, Gryga M, Wolburg H, Joffe B, Grosche J, Reichenbach A, Noori HR. Postnatal mammalian retinal development: quantitative data and general rules. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:605-21. [PMID: 22982602 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This article is aimed at providing comparative quantitative data about postnatal mammalian retina development, and at searching for some general rules at both the descriptive and the mechanistic level. In mammals the eye continues to grow, and the retina continues to expand, much after the end of retinal cytogenesis. Thus, although the total number of retinal cells remains constant after cessation of mitotic activity (and the end of 'physiological cell death'), the retinal surface area increases by a factor of two or more. In most mammals, ocular growth exceeds retinal expansion: the neural retina lines 70-80% of the inner ocular surface at the beginning but only about 40-60% in adults. Differential local expansion of the retina (the peripheral area increases more than the central one) can be explained by 'passive stretching' of the retinal tissue by the growing eyeball; it depends on the different biomechanical properties of the peripheral vs. central retinal tissue. The increasing retinal surface area allows for a re-distribution of cells such that the thickness of the (particularly, outer) nuclear layer(s) decreases proportional to the areal expansion. This causes a considerable developmental reduction of the number of cell nuclei 'stacked above each other' by a factor of more than two, and requires a translocation of the somata against their neighbors. We provide a physico-mathematical model of these oblique 'down-sliding' movements of the photoreceptor cell somata along the Müller cell process in the center of their columnar cell unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Kuhrt
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, D-04109 Leipzig, Germany
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Iorio R, Fryer JP, Hinson SR, Fallier-Becker P, Wolburg H, Pittock SJ, Lennon VA. Astrocytic autoantibody of neuromyelitis optica (NMO-IgG) binds to aquaporin-4 extracellular loops, monomers, tetramers and high order arrays. J Autoimmun 2012; 40:21-7. [PMID: 22906356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The principal central nervous system (CNS) water channel, aquaporin-4 (AQP4), is confined to astrocytic and ependymal membranes and is the target of a pathogenic autoantibody, neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-IgG. This disease-specific autoantibody unifies a spectrum of relapsing CNS autoimmune inflammatory disorders of which NMO exemplifies the classic phenotype. Multiple sclerosis and other immune-mediated demyelinating disorders of the CNS lack a distinctive biomarker. Two AQP4 isoforms, M1 and M23, exist as homotetrameric and heterotetrameric intramembranous particles (IMPs). Orthogonal arrays of predominantly M23 particles (OAPs) are an ultrastructural characteristic of astrocytic membranes. We used high-titered serum from 32 AQP4-IgG-seropositive patients and 85 controls to investigate the nature and molecular location of AQP4 epitopes that bind NMO-IgG, and the influence of supramolecular structure. NMO-IgG bound to denatured AQP4 monomers (68% of cases), to native tetramers and high order arrays (90% of cases), and to AQP4 in live cell membranes (100% of cases). Disease-specific epitopes reside in extracellular loop C more than in loops A or E. IgG binding to intracellular epitopes lacks disease specificity. These observations predict greater disease sensitivity and specificity for tissue-based and cell-based serological assays employing "native" AQP4 than assays employing denatured AQP4 and fragments. NMO-IgG binds most avidly to plasma membrane surface AQP4 epitopes formed by loop interactions within tetramers and by intermolecular interactions within high order structures. The relative abundance and localization of AQP4 high order arrays in distinct CNS regions may explain the variability in clinical phenotype of NMO spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Iorio
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Kreysing M, Pusch R, Haverkate D, Landsberger M, Engelmann J, Ruiter J, Mora-Ferrer C, Ulbricht E, Grosche J, Franze K, Streif S, Schumacher S, Makarov F, Kacza J, Guck J, Wolburg H, Bowmaker JK, von der Emde G, Schuster S, Wagner HJ, Reichenbach A, Francke M. Photonic Crystal Light Collectors in Fish Retina Improve Vision in Turbid Water. Science 2012; 336:1700-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1218072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite their diversity, vertebrate retinae are specialized to maximize either photon catch or visual acuity. Here, we describe a functional type that is optimized for neither purpose. In the retina of the elephantnose fish (Gnathonemus petersii), cone photoreceptors are grouped together within reflecting, photonic crystal–lined cups acting as macroreceptors, but rod photoreceptors are positioned behind these reflectors. This unusual arrangement matches rod and cone sensitivity for detecting color-mixed stimuli, whereas the photoreceptor grouping renders the fish insensitive to spatial noise; together, this enables more reliable flight reactions in the fish’s dim and turbid habitat as compared with fish lacking this retinal specialization.
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Mack AF, Wolburg H. A novel look at astrocytes: aquaporins, ionic homeostasis, and the role of the microenvironment for regeneration in the CNS. Neuroscientist 2012; 19:195-207. [PMID: 22645111 DOI: 10.1177/1073858412447981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels are located at the basolateral membrane domain of many epithelial cells involved in ion transport and secretion. These epithelial cells separate fluid compartments by forming apical tight junctions. In the brain, AQP4 is located on astrocytes in a polarized distribution: At the border to blood vessels or the pial surface, its density is very high. During ontogeny and phylogeny, astroglial cells go through a stage of expressing tight junctions, separating fluid compartments differently than in adult mammals. In adult mammals, this barrier is formed by arachnoid, choroid plexus, and endothelial cells. The ontogenetic and phylogenetic barrier transition from glial to endothelial cells correlates with the regenerative capacity of neuronal structures: Glial cells forming tight junctions, and expressing no or unpolarized AQP4 are found in the fish optic nerve and the olfactory nerve in mammals both known for their regenerative ability. It is hypothesized that highly polarized AQP4 expression and the lack of tight junctions on astrocytes increase ionic homeostasis, thus improving neuronal performance possibly at the expense of restraining neurogenesis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Mack
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Noell S, Ritz R, Wolburg-Buchholz K, Wolburg H, Fallier-Becker P. An allograft glioma model reveals the dependence of aquaporin-4 expression on the brain microenvironment. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36555. [PMID: 22590566 PMCID: PMC3348884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), the main water channel of the brain, is highly expressed in animal glioma and human glioblastoma in situ. In contrast, most cultivated glioma cell lines don’t express AQP4, and primary cell cultures of human glioblastoma lose it during the first passages. Accordingly, in C6 cells and RG2 cells, two glioma cell lines of the rat, and in SMA mouse glioma cell lines, we found no AQP4 expression. We confirmed an AQP4 loss in primary human glioblastoma cell cultures after a few passages. RG-2 glioma cells if grafted into the brain developed AQP4 expression. This led us consider the possibility of AQP4 expression depends on brain microenvironment. In previous studies, we observed that the typical morphological conformation of AQP4 as orthogonal arrays of particles (OAP) depended on the extracellular matrix component agrin. In this study, we showed for the first time implanted AQP4 negative glioma cells in animal brain or flank to express AQP4 specifically in the intracerebral gliomas but neither in the extracranial nor in the flank gliomas. AQP4 expression in intracerebral gliomas went along with an OAP loss, compared to normal brain tissue. AQP4 staining in vivo normally is polarized in the astrocytic endfoot membranes at the glia limitans superficialis and perivascularis, but in C6 and RG2 tumors the AQP4 staining is redistributed over the whole glioma cell as in human glioblastoma. In contrast, primary rat or mouse astrocytes in culture did not lose their ability to express AQP4, and they were able to form few OAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Noell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rainer Ritz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Petra Fallier-Becker
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Niewisch MR, Kuçi Z, Wolburg H, Sautter M, Krampen L, Deubzer B, Handgretinger R, Bruchelt G. Influence of dichloroacetate (DCA) on lactate production and oxygen consumption in neuroblastoma cells: is DCA a suitable drug for neuroblastoma therapy? Cell Physiol Biochem 2012; 29:373-80. [PMID: 22508045 DOI: 10.1159/000338492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cancer cells metabolize glucose preferentially via pyruvate to lactate instead to CO(2) and H(2)O (oxidative phosphorylation) even in the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect). Dichloroacetate (DCA) is a drug which is able to shift pyruvate metabolism from lactate to acetyl-CoA (tricarboxylic acid cycle) by indirect activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). This can subsequently lead to an increased flow of oxygen in the respiratory chain, associated with enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which may cause apoptosis. In order to investigate if DCA may be suitable for neuroblastoma therapy, it was investigated on three human neuroblastoma cell lines whether DCA can reduce lactate production and enhance oxygen consumption. The data show, that DCA (in the low millimolar range) is able to reduce lactate production, but there was only a slight shift to increased oxygen consumption and almost no effect on cell vitality, proliferation and apoptosis of the three cell lines investigated. Therefore, DCA at low millimolar concentrations seems to be only of minor efficacy for neuroblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marena Rebekka Niewisch
- Department of General Paediatrics and Oncology/Haematology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Kaufmann R, Piontek J, Grüll F, Kirchgessner M, Rossa J, Wolburg H, Blasig IE, Cremer C. Visualization and quantitative analysis of reconstituted tight junctions using localization microscopy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31128. [PMID: 22319608 PMCID: PMC3271094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight Junctions (TJ) regulate paracellular permeability of tissue barriers. Claudins (Cld) form the backbone of TJ-strands. Pore-forming claudins determine the permeability for ions, whereas that for solutes and macromolecules is assumed to be crucially restricted by the strand morphology (i.e., density, branching and continuity). To investigate determinants of the morphology of TJ-strands we established a novel approach using localization microscopy. TJ-strands were reconstituted by stable transfection of HEK293 cells with the barrier-forming Cld3 or Cld5. Strands were investigated at cell-cell contacts by Spectral Position Determination Microscopy (SPDM), a method of localization microscopy using standard fluorophores. Extended TJ-networks of Cld3-YFP and Cld5-YFP were observed. For each network, 200,000 to 1,100,000 individual molecules were detected with a mean localization accuracy of ∼20 nm, yielding a mean structural resolution of ∼50 nm. Compared to conventional fluorescence microscopy, this strongly improved the visualization of strand networks and enabled quantitative morphometric analysis. Two populations of elliptic meshes (mean diameter <100 nm and 300–600 nm, respectively) were revealed. For Cld5 the two populations were more separated than for Cld3. Discrimination of non-polymeric molecules and molecules within polymeric strands was achieved. For both subtypes of claudins the mean density of detected molecules was similar and estimated to be ∼24 times higher within the strands than outside the strands. The morphometry and single molecule information provided advances the mechanistic analysis of paracellular barriers. Applying this novel method to different TJ-proteins is expected to significantly improve the understanding of TJ on the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Kaufmann
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Piontek
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Frederik Grüll
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jan Rossa
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Medical School Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingolf E. Blasig
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Cremer
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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40
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Schwerk C, Papandreou T, Schuhmann D, Nickol L, Borkowski J, Steinmann U, Quednau N, Stump C, Weiss C, Berger J, Wolburg H, Claus H, Vogel U, Ishikawa H, Tenenbaum T, Schroten H. Polar invasion and translocation of Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus suis in a novel human model of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30069. [PMID: 22253884 PMCID: PMC3256222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening disease in humans. Discussed as entry sites for pathogens into the brain are the blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). Although human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) constitute a well established human in vitro model for the blood-brain barrier, until now no reliable human system presenting the BCSFB has been developed. Here, we describe for the first time a functional human BCSFB model based on human choroid plexus papilloma cells (HIBCPP), which display typical hallmarks of a BCSFB as the expression of junctional proteins and formation of tight junctions, a high electrical resistance and minimal levels of macromolecular flux when grown on transwell filters. Importantly, when challenged with the zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis or the human pathogenic bacterium Neisseria meningitidis the HIBCPP show polar bacterial invasion only from the physiologically relevant basolateral side. Meningococcal invasion is attenuated by the presence of a capsule and translocated N. meningitidis form microcolonies on the apical side of HIBCPP opposite of sites of entry. As a functionally relevant human model of the BCSFB the HIBCPP offer a wide range of options for analysis of disease-related mechanisms at the choroid plexus epithelium, especially involving human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwerk
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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41
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Piontek J, Fritzsche S, Cording J, Richter S, Hartwig J, Walter M, Yu D, Turner JR, Gehring C, Rahn HP, Wolburg H, Blasig IE. Elucidating the principles of the molecular organization of heteropolymeric tight junction strands. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3903-18. [PMID: 21533891 PMCID: PMC4336547 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Paracellular barrier properties of tissues are mainly determined by the composition of claudin heteropolymers. To analyze the molecular organization of tight junctions (TJ), we investigated the ability of claudins (Cld) to form homo- and heteromers. Cld1, -2, -3, -5, and -12 expressed in cerebral barriers were investigated. TJ-strands were reconstituted by claudin-transfection of HEK293-cells. cis-Interactions and/or spatial proximity were analyzed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer inside and outside of strands and ranked: Cld5/Cld5 > Cld5/Cld1 > Cld3/Cld1 > Cld3/Cld3 > Cld3/Cld5, no Cld3/Cld2. Classic Cld1, -3, and -5 but not non-classic Cld12 showed homophilic trans-interaction. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy revealed that, in contrast to classic claudins, YFP-tagged Cld12 does not form homopolymers. Heterophilic trans-interactions were analyzed in cocultures of differently monotransfected cells. trans-Interaction of Cld3/Cld5 was less pronounced than that of Cld3/Cld1, Cld5/Cld1, Cld5/Cld5 or Cld3/Cld3. The barrier function of reconstituted TJ-strands was demonstrated by a novel imaging assay. A model of the molecular organization of TJ was generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Piontek
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) microenvironment is essential for its normal function and is maintained by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB proper is made up of endothelial cells (ECs) interconnected by tight junctions (TJs) that reveal a unique morphology and biochemical composition of the body's vasculature. In this article, we focus on developmental aspects of the BBB and describe morphological as well as molecular special features of the neuro-vascular unit (NVU) involved in barrier induction. Recently, we and others identified the Wnt/b-catenin pathway as crucial for brain angiogenesis, TJ and BBB formation. Based on these findings we discuss other pathways and molecular interactions for BBB establishment and maintenance. At the morphological level, our concept favors a major role for polarized astrocytes (ACs) therein. Orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs) that are the morphological correlate of the water channel protein aquaporin-4 (AQP4) are specifically formed in the membrane of the AC endfoot. The polarized AC endfoot and hence OAPs are dependent on agrin and dystroglycan, of which agrin is a developmentally regulated extracellular matrix (ECM) component. Understanding the mechanisms leading to BBB development will be key to the understanding of barrier maintenance that is crucial for, but frequently disturbed, in the diseased adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Liebner
- Blood-Brain Barrier Signaling Group, Institute of Neurology, Edinger-Institute, Medical School, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany.
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Schraven SP, Plontke SK, Syha R, Fend F, Wolburg H, Adam P. Dendritic cell tumor in a salivary gland lymph node: a rare differential diagnosis of salivary gland neoplasms. Diagn Pathol 2011; 6:94. [PMID: 21961558 PMCID: PMC3216896 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-6-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell tumors are extremely rare neoplasms arising from antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. We report a case of a 69-year-old man with an unremarkable medical history who presented with a 2-months history of a gradually enlarging painless, firm, mobile, 2 × 2-cm swelling at the caudal pole of the left parotid gland without systemic symptoms. Histologically, the tumor consisted of a spindle cell proliferation in an intraparotideal lymph node. Based on the histopathologic, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic findings, a dendritic cell tumor, not otherwise specified (NOS) in an intraparotideal lymph node was diagnosed. The patient underwent complete tumor resection, and is currently free of disease, 2 years after surgery. These extremely rare tumors must be distinguished from other more common tumors in the salivary glands. Awareness that dendritic cell tumors may occur in this localization, careful histologic evaluation and ancillary immunohistochemical and electron microscopical analyses should allow for recognition of this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P Schraven
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, Germany.
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44
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Hirt B, Gleiser C, Eckhard A, Mack A, Müller M, Wolburg H, Löwenheim H. All functional aquaporin-4 isoforms are expressed in the rat cochlea and contribute to the formation of orthogonal arrays of particles. Neuroscience 2011; 189:79-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Hübener J, Vauti F, Funke C, Wolburg H, Ye Y, Schmidt T, Wolburg-Buchholz K, Schmitt I, Gardyan A, Driessen S, Arnold HH, Nguyen HP, Riess O. N-terminal ataxin-3 causes neurological symptoms with inclusions, endoplasmic reticulum stress and ribosomal dislocation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 134:1925-42. [PMID: 21653538 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutant ataxin-3 is aberrantly folded and proteolytically cleaved in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. The C-terminal region of the protein includes a polyglutamine stretch that is expanded in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Here, we report on the analysis of an ataxin-3 mutant mouse that has been obtained by gene trap integration. The ataxin-3 fusion protein encompasses 259 N-terminal amino acids including the Josephin domain and an ubiquitin-interacting motif but lacks the C-terminus with the polyglutamine stretch, the valosin-containing protein binding region and part of the ubiquitin-interacting motif 2. Homozygous ataxin-3 mutant mice were viable and showed no apparent anatomical defects at birth. However, at the age of 9 months, homozygous and heterozygous mutant mice revealed significantly altered behaviour and progressing deficits of motor coordination followed by premature death at ∼12 months. At this time, prominent extranuclear protein aggregates and neuronal cell death was found in mutant mice. This was associated with disturbances of the endoplasmic reticulum-mediated unfolded protein response, consistent with the normal role of ataxin-3 in endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. Thus, the ataxin-3 gene trap model provides evidence for a contribution of the non-polyglutamine containing ataxin-3 N-terminus, which mimics a calpain fragment that has been observed in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Consistent with the disease in humans, gene trap mice develop cytoplasmic inclusion bodies and implicate impaired unfolded protein response in the pathogenesis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Hübener
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Noell S, Wolburg-Buchholz K, Mack AF, Beedle AM, Satz JS, Campbell KP, Wolburg H, Fallier-Becker P. Evidence for a role of dystroglycan regulating the membrane architecture of astroglial endfeet. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 33:2179-86. [PMID: 21501259 PMCID: PMC3342013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dystrophin–dystroglycan complex (DDC) is a molecular array of proteins in muscle and brain cells. The central component of the DDC is dystroglycan, which comprises α- and β-subunits. α-Dystroglycan (α-DG) binds to extracellular matrix components such as agrin, whereas β-dystroglycan (β-DG) is a membrane-spanning protein linking α-DG to the cytoskeleton and other intracellular components such as α-syntrophin. In astrocytes, α-syntrophin binds to the water channel protein aquaporin-4 (AQP4). Recently, it has been shown that AQP4 expression is unaltered in agrin-knockout mice, but that formation of orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs), consisting of AQP4, is abnormal. As the brain-selective deletion of the DG gene causes a disorganization of the astroglial endfeet, we investigated whether DG deletion has an impact on AQP4. Western blotting revealed reduced AQP4 in the parenchymal but not in the superficial compartment of the astrocyte-conditioned DG-knockout mouse brain. Accordingly, immunohistochemical stainings of AQP4 revealed a selective loss of AQP4 in perivascular but not in superficial astroglial endfeet. In both superficial and perivascular endfeet of the DG-knockout brain, we observed a loss of OAPs. We conclude that in the absence of DG the majority of superficial AQP4 molecules did not form OAPs, and that expression of AQP4 in perivascular endfeet is compromised. However, the decreased number of perivascular AQP4 molecules obviously did form a few OAPs, even in the absence of DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Noell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tübingen Medical School, Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
To understand components shaping the neuronal environment we studied the astroglial cells in the zebrafish brain using immunocytochemistry for structural and junctional markers, electron microscopy including freeze fracturing, and probed for the water channel protein aquaporin-4. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase (GS) showed largely overlapping immunoreactivity: GFAP in the main glial processes and GS in main processes and smaller branches. Claudin-3 immunoreactivity was spread in astroglial cells along their major processes. The ventricular lining was immunoreactive for the tight-junction associated protein ZO-1, in the telencephalon located on the dorsal, lateral, and medial surface due to the everting morphogenesis. In the tectum, subpial glial endfeet were also positive for ZO-1. Correspondingly, electron microscopy revealed junctional complexes between subpial glial endfeet. However, in freeze-fracture analysis tight junctional strands were not found between astroglial membranes, either in the optic tectum or in the telencephalon. Occurrence of aquaporin-4, the major astrocytic water channel in mammals, was demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and immunocytochemistry in tectum and telencephalon. Localization of aquaporin-4 was not polarized but distributed along the entire radial extent of the cell. Interestingly, their membranes were devoid of the orthogonal arrays of particles formed by aquaporin-4 in mammals. Finally, we investigated astroglial cells in proliferative areas. Brain lipid basic protein, a marker of early glial differentiation but not GS, were present in some proliferation zones, whereas cells lining the ventricle were positive for both markers. Thus, astroglial cells in the zebrafish differ in many aspects from mammalian astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Grupp
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Tübingen, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
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Wolburg H, Wolburg-Buchholz K, Fallier-Becker P, Noell S, Mack AF. Structure and functions of aquaporin-4-based orthogonal arrays of particles. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 2011; 287:1-41. [PMID: 21414585 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386043-9.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Orthogonal arrays or assemblies of intramembranous particles (OAPs) are structures in the membrane of diverse cells which were initially discovered by means of the freeze-fracturing technique. This technique, developed in the 1960s, was important for the acceptance of the fluid mosaic model of the biological membrane. OAPs were first described in liver cells, and then in parietal cells of the stomach, and most importantly, in the astrocytes of the brain. Since the discovery of the structure of OAPs and the identification of OAPs as the morphological equivalent of the water channel protein aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in the 1990s, a plethora of morphological work on OAPs in different cells was published. Now, we feel a need to balance new and old data on OAPs and AQP4 to elucidate the interrelationship of both structures and molecules. In this review, the identity of OAPs as AQP4-based structures in a diversity of cells will be described. At the same time, arguments are offered that under pathological or experimental circumstances, AQP4 can also be expressed in a non-OAP form. Thus, we attempt to project classical work on OAPs onto the molecular biology of AQP4. In particular, astrocytes and glioma cells will play the major part in this review, not only due to our own work but also due to the fact that most studies on structure and function of AQP4 were done in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Eisele YS, Obermüller U, Heilbronner G, Baumann F, Kaeser SA, Wolburg H, Walker LC, Staufenbiel M, Heikenwalder M, Jucker M. Peripherally applied Abeta-containing inoculates induce cerebral beta-amyloidosis. Science 2010; 330:980-2. [PMID: 20966215 PMCID: PMC3233904 DOI: 10.1126/science.1194516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The intracerebral injection of β-amyloid-containing brain extracts can induce cerebral β-amyloidosis and associated pathologies in susceptible hosts. We found that intraperitoneal inoculation with β-amyloid-rich extracts induced β-amyloidosis in the brains of β-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice after prolonged incubation times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne S. Eisele
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- DZNE - German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Obermüller
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- DZNE - German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Götz Heilbronner
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- DZNE - German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate School for Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Baumann
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- DZNE - German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan A. Kaeser
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- DZNE - German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Department of Pathology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lary C. Walker
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Matthias Staufenbiel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Neuroscience Discovery, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Jucker
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- DZNE - German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Grupp L, Wolburg H, Mack AF. Astroglial structures in the zebrafish brain. J Comp Neurol 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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