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Lau CL, Mills DJ, Mayfield H, Gyawali N, Johnson BJ, Lu H, Allel K, Britton PN, Ling W, Moghaddam T, Furuya-Kanamori L. A decision support tool for risk-benefit analysis of Japanese encephalitis vaccine in travellers. J Travel Med 2023; 30:taad113. [PMID: 37602668 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During pre-travel consultations, clinicians and travellers face the challenge of weighing the risks verus benefits of Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination due to the high cost of the vaccine, low incidence in travellers (~1 in 1 million), but potentially severe consequences (~30% case-fatality rate). Personalised JE risk assessment based on the travellers' demographics and travel itinerary is challenging using standard risk matrices. We developed an interactive digital tool to estimate risks of JE infection and severe health outcomes under different scenarios to facilitate shared decision-making between clinicians and travellers. METHODS A Bayesian network (conditional probability) model risk-benefit analysis of JE vaccine in travellers was developed. The model considers travellers' characteristics (age, sex, co-morbidities), itinerary (destination, departure date, duration, setting of planned activities) and vaccination status to estimate the risks of JE infection, the development of symptomatic disease (meningitis, encephalitis), clinical outcomes (hospital admission, chronic neurological complications, death) and adverse events following immunization. RESULTS In low-risk travellers (e.g. to urban areas for <1 month), the risk of developing JE and dying is low (<1 per million) irrespective of the destination; thus, the potential impact of JE vaccination in reducing the risk of clinical outcomes is limited. In high-risk travellers (e.g. to rural areas in high JE incidence destinations for >2 months), the risk of developing symptomatic disease and mortality is estimated at 9.5 and 1.4 per million, respectively. JE vaccination in this group would significantly reduce the risk of symptomatic disease and mortality (by ~80%) to 1.9 and 0.3 per million, respectively. CONCLUSION The JE tool may assist decision-making by travellers and clinicians and could increase JE vaccine uptake. The tool will be updated as additional evidence becomes available. Future work needs to evaluate the usability of the tool. The interactive, scenario-based, personalised JE vaccine risk-benefit tool is freely available on www.VaxiCal.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen L Lau
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Deborah J Mills
- Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Helen Mayfield
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Narayan Gyawali
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Brian J Johnson
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Hongen Lu
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Kasim Allel
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Philip N Britton
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Children's Hospital Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Child and Adolescent Health and Sydney ID, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Weiping Ling
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Tina Moghaddam
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
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Nilles EJ, Paulino CT, de St Aubin M, Restrepo AC, Mayfield H, Dumas D, Finch E, Garnier S, Etienne MC, Iselin L, Duke W, Jarolim P, Oasan T, Yu J, Wan H, Peña F, Iihoshi N, Abdalla G, Lopez B, Cruz LDL, Henríquez B, Espinosa-Bode A, Puello YC, Durski K, Baldwin M, Baez AA, Merchant RC, Barouch DH, Skewes-Ramm R, Gutiérrez EZ, Kucharski A, Lau CL. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence, cumulative infections, and immunity to symptomatic infection - A multistage national household survey and modelling study, Dominican Republic, June-October 2021. Lancet Reg Health Am 2022; 16:100390. [PMID: 36408529 PMCID: PMC9642112 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Population-level SARS-CoV-2 immunological protection is poorly understood but can guide vaccination and non-pharmaceutical intervention priorities. Our objective was to characterise cumulative infections and immunological protection in the Dominican Republic. Methods Household members ≥5 years were enrolled in a three-stage national household cluster serosurvey in the Dominican Republic. We measured pan-immunoglobulin antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (anti-S) and nucleocapsid glycoproteins, and pseudovirus neutralising activity against the ancestral and B.1.617.2 (Delta) strains. Seroprevalence and cumulative prior infections were weighted and adjusted for assay performance and seroreversion. Binary classification machine learning methods and pseudovirus neutralising correlates of protection were used to estimate 50% and 80% protection against symptomatic infection. Findings Between 30 Jun and 12 Oct 2021 we enrolled 6683 individuals from 3832 households. We estimate that 85.0% (CI 82.1-88.0) of the ≥5 years population had been immunologically exposed and 77.5% (CI 71.3-83) had been previously infected. Protective immunity sufficient to provide at least 50% protection against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection was estimated in 78.1% (CI 74.3-82) and 66.3% (CI 62.8-70) of the population for the ancestral and Delta strains respectively. Younger (5-14 years, OR 0.47 [CI 0.36-0.61]) and older (≥75-years, 0.40 [CI 0.28-0.56]) age, working outdoors (0.53 [0.39-0.73]), smoking (0.66 [0.52-0.84]), urban setting (1.30 [1.14-1.49]), and three vs no vaccine doses (18.41 [10.69-35.04]) were associated with 50% protection against the ancestral strain. Interpretation Cumulative infections substantially exceeded prior estimates and overall immunological exposure was high. After controlling for confounders, markedly lower immunological protection was observed to the ancestral and Delta strains across certain subgroups, findings that can guide public health interventions and may be generalisable to other settings and viral strains. Funding This study was funded by the US CDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Nilles
- Division of Global Emergency Care and Humanitarian Studies, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Diseases and Epidemics Program, Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael de St Aubin
- Division of Global Emergency Care and Humanitarian Studies, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Diseases and Epidemics Program, Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Helen Mayfield
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Devan Dumas
- Division of Global Emergency Care and Humanitarian Studies, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Diseases and Epidemics Program, Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emilie Finch
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Salome Garnier
- Division of Global Emergency Care and Humanitarian Studies, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Diseases and Epidemics Program, Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marie Caroline Etienne
- Division of Global Emergency Care and Humanitarian Studies, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - William Duke
- Pedro Henríquez Ureña National University, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Petr Jarolim
- Division of Global Emergency Care and Humanitarian Studies, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy Oasan
- Division of Global Emergency Care and Humanitarian Studies, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Huahua Wan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Farah Peña
- Ministry of Health and Social Assistance, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Naomi Iihoshi
- Division of Global Emergency Care and Humanitarian Studies, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriela Abdalla
- Division of Global Emergency Care and Humanitarian Studies, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Beatriz Lopez
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Central America Regional Office, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Lucia de la Cruz
- Ministry of Health and Social Assistance, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Bernarda Henríquez
- Ministry of Health and Social Assistance, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Andres Espinosa-Bode
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Central America Regional Office, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | | | - Kara Durski
- Division of Global Emergency Care and Humanitarian Studies, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret Baldwin
- Division of Global Emergency Care and Humanitarian Studies, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Diseases and Epidemics Program, Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amado Alejandro Baez
- Ministry of Health and Social Assistance, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.,Pedro Henríquez Ureña National University, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Roland C Merchant
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ronald Skewes-Ramm
- Ministry of Health and Social Assistance, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Emily Zielinski Gutiérrez
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Central America Regional Office, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Adam Kucharski
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Colleen L Lau
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Eberhard R, Coggan A, Jarvis D, Hamman E, Taylor B, Baresi U, Vella K, Dean AJ, Deane F, Helmstedt K, Mayfield H. Understanding the effectiveness of policy instruments to encourage adoption of farming practices to improve water quality for the Great Barrier Reef. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 172:112793. [PMID: 34385021 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Governments in Australia and internationally are experimenting with policy instruments to facilitate the adoption of farming practices with reduced environmental impacts. The Great Barrier Reef (Australia) is one such case, where sustained efforts over 20 years have yielded insufficient progress towards targets to reduce the impacts of agriculture on water quality in downstream marine ecosystems. We present a critical review of policy instruments as implemented in Great Barrier Reef catchments. We catalogue the evolving mix of policy instruments employed in reef programs, and examine evidence of the effectiveness of agricultural extension, financial incentives, and direct regulation of farming practices. There is little robust evidence to assess instrument effectiveness, in part due to the evolving mix of the instruments employed, weak program evaluation and heterogeneity of agricultural enterprises. We identify the need to improve the understanding of instrument fit to landholders and enterprises. We recommend a modelling approach to clarify pathways to impact and guide improved policy evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Eberhard
- School of Architecture and Built Environment, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - Anthea Coggan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Land and Water, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Diane Jarvis
- College of Business, Law and Governance, James Cook University, Australia
| | - Evan Hamman
- School of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Bruce Taylor
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Land and Water, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Umberto Baresi
- School of Architecture and Built Environment, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Karen Vella
- School of Architecture and Built Environment, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Angela J Dean
- Centre for the Environment, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Felicity Deane
- School of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Kate Helmstedt
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Helen Mayfield
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
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Cadavid Restrepo A, Furuya-Kanamori L, Mayfield H, Nilles E, Lau CL. Implications of a travel connectivity-based approach for infectious disease transmission risks in Oceania. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046206. [PMID: 34385235 PMCID: PMC8361703 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increase in international travel brought about by globalisation has enabled the rapid spread of emerging pathogens with epidemic and pandemic potential. While travel connectivity-based assessments may help understand patterns of travel network-mediated epidemics, such approaches are rarely carried out in sufficient detail for Oceania where air travel is the dominant method of transportation between countries. DESIGN Travel data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Stats NZ and the United Nations World Tourism Organization websites were used to calculate travel volumes in 2018 within Oceania and between Oceania and the rest of the world. The Infectious Disease Vulnerability Index (IDVI) was incorporated into the analysis as an indicator of each country's capacity to contain an outbreak. Travel networks were developed to assess the spread of infectious diseases (1) into and from Oceania, (2) within Oceania and (3) between each of the Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs) and their most connected countries. RESULTS Oceania was highly connected to countries in Asia, Europe and North America. Australia, New Zealand and several PICTs were highly connected to the USA and the UK (least vulnerable countries for outbreaks based on the IDVI), and to China (intermediate low vulnerable country). High variability was also observed between the PICTs in the geographical distribution of their international connections. The PICTs with the highest number of international connections were Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam and Papua New Guinea. CONCLUSION Travel connectivity assessments may help to accurately stratify the risk of infectious disease importation and outbreaks in countries depending on disease transmission in other parts of the world. This information is essential to track future requirements for scaling up and targeting outbreak surveillance and control strategies in Oceania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cadavid Restrepo
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen Mayfield
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Eric Nilles
- Harvard Medical Shool, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Colleen L Lau
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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