1
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Surme S, Ergun C, Gul S, Akyel YK, Gul ZM, Ozcan O, Ipek OS, Akarlar BA, Ozlu N, Taskin AC, Turkay M, Gören AC, Baris I, Ozturk N, Guzel M, Aydin C, Okyar A, Kavakli IH. TW68, cryptochromes stabilizer, regulates fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic ob/ob and high fat-diet-induced obese mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115896. [PMID: 37898388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs), transcriptional repressors of the circadian clock in mammals, inhibit cAMP production when glucagon activates G-protein coupled receptors. Therefore, molecules that modulate CRYs have the potential to regulate gluconeogenesis. In this study, we discovered a new molecule called TW68 that interacts with the primary pockets of mammalian CRY1/2, leading to reduced ubiquitination levels and increased stability. In cell-based circadian rhythm assays using U2OS Bmal1-dLuc cells, TW68 extended the period length of the circadian rhythm. Additionally, TW68 decreased the transcriptional levels of two genes, Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1) and Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC), which play crucial roles in glucose biosynthesis during glucagon-induced gluconeogenesis in HepG2 cells. Oral administration of TW68 in mice showed good tolerance, a good pharmacokinetic profile, and remarkable bioavailability. Finally, when administered to fasting diabetic animals from ob/ob and HFD-fed obese mice, TW68 reduced blood glucose levels by enhancing CRY stabilization and subsequently decreasing the transcriptional levels of Pck1 and G6pc. These findings collectively demonstrate the antidiabetic efficacy of TW68 in vivo, suggesting its therapeutic potential for controlling fasting glucose levels in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Surme
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Cagla Ergun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Seref Gul
- Istanbul University, Department of Biology, Biotechnology Division, TR-34116 Beyazit-İstanbul, Türkiye; Current address: Bezmialem Vakif University, Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Beykoz, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Yasemin Kubra Akyel
- Istanbul Medipol University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, İstanbul, Türkiye; Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacology, TR-34116 Beyazit-İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Melis Gul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Onur Ozcan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ozgecan Savlug Ipek
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Kavacik Campus, Kavacik-Beykoz/İstanbul 34810, Türkiye
| | - Busra Aytul Akarlar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nurhan Ozlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ali Cihan Taskin
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Metin Turkay
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Ceyhan Gören
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Gebze, Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | - Ibrahim Baris
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nuri Ozturk
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze, Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa Guzel
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), Kavacik Campus, Kavacik-Beykoz/İstanbul 34810, Türkiye
| | - Cihan Aydin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Alper Okyar
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacology, TR-34116 Beyazit-İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Türkiye; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul, Türkiye.
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2
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Parlak GC, Baris I, Gul S, Kavakli IH. Functional characterization of the CRY2 circadian clock component variant p.Ser420Phe revealed a new degradation pathway for CRY2. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105451. [PMID: 37951306 PMCID: PMC10731238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are essential components of the circadian clock, playing a pivotal role as transcriptional repressors. Despite their significance, the precise mechanisms underlying CRYs' involvement in the circadian clock remain incompletely understood. In this study, we identified a rare CRY2 variant, p.Ser420Phe, from the 1000 Genomes Project and Ensembl database that is located in the functionally important coiled-coil-like helix (CC-helix) region. Functional characterization of this variant at the cellular level revealed that p.Ser420Phe CRY2 had reduced repression activity on CLOCK:BMAL1-driven transcription due to its reduced affinity to the core clock protein PER2 and defective translocation into the nucleus. Intriguingly, the CRY2 variant exhibited an unexpected resistance to degradation via the canonical proteasomal pathway, primarily due to the loss of interactions with E3 ligases (FBXL3 and FBXL21), which suggests Ser-420 of CRY2 is required for the interaction with E3 ligases. Further studies revealed that wild-type and CRY2 variants are degraded by the lysosomal-mediated degradation pathway, a mechanism not previously associated with CRY2. Surprisingly, our complementation study with Cry1-/-Cry2-/- double knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast cells indicated that the CRY2 variant caused a 7 h shorter circadian period length in contrast to the observed prolonged period length in CRY2-/- cell lines. In summary, this study reveals a hitherto unknown degradation pathway for CRY2, shedding new light on the regulation of circadian rhythm period length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Cagla Parlak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Ibrahim Baris
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Seref Gul
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Beykoz, Turkiye
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkiye; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkiye.
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3
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Ozcan O, Gul S, Kavakli IH. Dynamic regulation of the serine loop by distant mutations reveals allostery in cryptochrome1. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37705288 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2256882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are essential components of the molecular clock that generates circadian rhythm. They inhibit BMAL1/CLOCK-driven transcription at the molecular level. There are two CRYs that have differential functions in the circadian clock in mammals. It is not precisely known how they achieve such differential functions. In this study, we performed molecular dynamic simulations on eight CRY mutants that have been experimentally shown to exhibit reduced repressor activities. Our results revealed that mutations in CRY1 affect the dynamic behavior of the serine loop and the availability of the secondary pocket, but not in CRY2. Further analysis of these CRY1 mutants indicated that the differential flexibility of the serine loop leads to changes in the volume of the secondary pocket. We also investigated the weak interactions between the amino acids in the serine loop and those in close proximity. Our findings highlighted the crucial roles of S44 and S45 in the dynamic behavior of the serine loop, specifically through their interactions with E382 in CRY1. Considering the clinical implications of altered CRY1 function, our study opens up new possibilities for the development of drugs that target the allosteric regulation of CRY1.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Ozcan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seref Gul
- Department of Biology Biotechnology Division, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Akyel YK, Ozturk Civelek D, Ozturk Seyhan N, Gul S, Gazioglu I, Pala Kara Z, Lévi F, Kavakli IH, Okyar A. Diurnal Changes in Capecitabine Clock-Controlled Metabolism Enzymes Are Responsible for Its Pharmacokinetics in Male Mice. J Biol Rhythms 2023; 38:171-184. [PMID: 36762608 PMCID: PMC10037547 DOI: 10.1177/07487304221148779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The circadian timing system controls absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination processes of drug pharmacokinetics over a 24-h period. Exposure of target tissues to the active form of the drug and cytotoxicity display variations depending on the chronopharmacokinetics. For anticancer drugs with narrow therapeutic ranges and dose-limiting side effects, it is particularly important to know the temporal changes in pharmacokinetics. A previous study indicated that pharmacokinetic profile of capecitabine was different depending on dosing time in rat. However, it is not known how such difference is attributed with respect to diurnal rhythm. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated capecitabine-metabolizing enzymes in a diurnal rhythm-dependent manner. To this end, C57BL/6J male mice were orally treated with 500 mg/kg capecitabine at ZT1, ZT7, ZT13, or ZT19. We then determined pharmacokinetics of capecitabine and its metabolites, 5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine (5'DFCR), 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'DFUR), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), in plasma and liver. Results revealed that plasma Cmax and AUC0-6h (area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 6 h) values of capecitabine, 5'DFUR, and 5-FU were higher during the rest phase (ZT1 and ZT7) than the activity phase (ZT13 and ZT19) (p < 0.05). Similarly, Cmax and AUC0-6h values of 5'DFUR and 5-FU in liver were higher during the rest phase than activity phase (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in liver concentrations of capecitabine and 5'DFCR. We determined the level of the enzymes responsible for the conversion of capecitabine and its metabolites at each ZT. Results indicated the levels of carboxylesterase 1 and 2, cytidine deaminase, uridine phosphorylase 2, and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (p < 0.05) are being rhythmically regulated and, in turn, attributed different pharmacokinetics profiles of capecitabine and its metabolism. This study highlights the importance of capecitabine administration time to increase the efficacy with minimum adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Kubra Akyel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Ozturk Civelek
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Narin Ozturk Seyhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seref Gul
- Biotechnology Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Isil Gazioglu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeliha Pala Kara
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Francis Lévi
- UPR "Chronotherapy, Cancer and Transplantation," Medical School, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
- Medical Oncology Department, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
- Cancer Chronotherapy Team, Cancer Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Okyar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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5
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Baris I, Ozcan O, Kavakli IH. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in circadian genes: Impact on gene function and phenotype. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol 2023; 137:17-37. [PMID: 37709375 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is an endogenous timing system that allows an organism to anticipate and adapt to daily changes and regulate various physiological variables such as the sleep-wake cycle. This rhythm is governed by a molecular circadian clock mechanism, generated by a transcriptional and translational feedback loop (TTFL) mechanism. In mammals, TTFL is determined by the interaction of four main clock proteins: BMAL1, CLOCK, Cryptochromes (CRY), and Periods (PER). BMAL1 and CLOCK form dimers and initiate the transcription of clock-controlled genes (CCG) by binding an E-box element with the promotor genes. Among CCGs, PERs and CRYs accumulate in the cytosol and translocate into the nucleus, where they interact with the BMAL1/CLOCK dimer and inhibit its activity. Several epidemiological and genetic studies have revealed that circadian rhythm disruption causes various types of disease. In this chapter, we summarize the effect of core clock gene SNPs on circadian rhythm and diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Baris
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Onur Ozcan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Türkiye; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Türkiye.
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Cakilkaya B, Kavakli IH, DeMirci H. The crystal structure of Vibrio cholerae (6-4) photolyase reveals interactions with cofactors and a DNA-binding region. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102794. [PMID: 36528063 PMCID: PMC9852545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photolyases (PLs) reverse UV-induced DNA damage using blue light as an energy source. Of these PLs, (6-4) PLs repair (6-4)-lesioned photoproducts. We recently identified a gene from Vibrio cholerae (Vc) encoding a (6-4) PL, but structural characterization is needed to elucidate specific interactions with the chromophore cofactors. Here, we determined the crystal structure of Vc (6-4) PL at 2.5 Å resolution. Our high-resolution structure revealed that the two well-known cofactors, flavin adenine dinucleotide and the photoantenna 6,7-dimethyl 8-ribityl-lumazin (DMRL), stably interact with an α-helical and an α/β domain, respectively. Additionally, the structure has a third cofactor with distinct electron clouds corresponding to a [4Fe-4S] cluster. Moreover, we identified that Asp106 makes a hydrogen bond with water and DMRL, which indicates further stabilization of the photoantenna DMRL within Vc (6-4) PL. Further analysis of the Vc (6-4) PL structure revealed a possible region responsible for DNA binding. The region located between residues 478 to 484 may bind the lesioned DNA, with Arg483 potentially forming a salt bridge with DNA to stabilize further the interaction of Vc (6-4) PL with its substrate. Our comparative analysis revealed that the DNA lesion could not bind to the Vc (6-4) PL in a similar fashion to the Drosophila melanogaster (Dm, (6-4)) PL without a significant conformational change of the protein. The 23rd helix of the bacterial (6-4) PLs seems to have remarkable plasticity, and conformational changes facilitate DNA binding. In conclusion, our structure provides further insight into DNA repair by a (6-4) PL containing three cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Cakilkaya
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey,Department Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey,Koc University Isbank Center for Infectious Diseases (KUIS-CID), Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey,For correspondence: Hasan DeMirci; Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
| | - Hasan DeMirci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey,Koc University Isbank Center for Infectious Diseases (KUIS-CID), Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey,PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA,For correspondence: Hasan DeMirci; Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
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7
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Gul S, Akyel YK, Gul ZM, Isin S, Ozcan O, Korkmaz T, Selvi S, Danis I, Ipek OS, Aygenli F, Taskin AC, Akarlar BA, Ozlu N, Ozturk N, Ozturk N, Ünal DÖ, Guzel M, Turkay M, Okyar A, Kavakli IH. Discovery of a small molecule that selectively destabilizes Cryptochrome 1 and enhances life span in p53 knockout mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6742. [PMID: 36347873 PMCID: PMC9643396 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34582-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes are negative transcriptional regulators of the circadian clock in mammals. It is not clear how reducing the level of endogenous CRY1 in mammals will affect circadian rhythm and the relation of such a decrease with apoptosis. Here, we discovered a molecule (M47) that destabilizes Cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) both in vitro and in vivo. The M47 selectively enhanced the degradation rate of CRY1 by increasing its ubiquitination and resulted in increasing the circadian period length of U2OS Bmal1-dLuc cells. In addition, subcellular fractionation studies from mice liver indicated that M47 increased degradation of the CRY1 in the nucleus. Furthermore, M47-mediated CRY1 reduction enhanced oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis in Ras-transformed p53 null fibroblast cells. Systemic repetitive administration of M47 increased the median lifespan of p53-/- mice by ~25%. Collectively our data suggest that M47 is a promising molecule to treat forms of cancer depending on the p53 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seref Gul
- grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, 34450 Sariyer-Istanbul, Turkey ,grid.9601.e0000 0001 2166 6619Present Address: Department of Biology, Biotechnology Division, İstanbul University, TR-34116 Beyazit-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Kubra Akyel
- grid.9601.e0000 0001 2166 6619Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, İstanbul University, TR-34116 Beyazit-Istanbul, Turkey ,grid.411781.a0000 0004 0471 9346Present Address: School of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Melis Gul
- grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Safak Isin
- grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Ozcan
- grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuba Korkmaz
- grid.448834.70000 0004 0595 7127Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Saba Selvi
- grid.448834.70000 0004 0595 7127Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Danis
- grid.9601.e0000 0001 2166 6619Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, İstanbul University, TR-34116 Beyazit-Istanbul, Turkey ,grid.9601.e0000 0001 2166 6619İstanbul University Drug Research and Application Center (ILAM), TR-34116 Beyazıt-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgecan Savlug Ipek
- grid.411781.a0000 0004 0471 9346Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), İstanbul Medipol University, Kavacik Campus, Kavacik-Beykoz/Istanbul, 34810 Turkey ,grid.38575.3c0000 0001 2337 3561Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Yildiz Technical University, Besiktas/Istanbul, 34349 Turkey
| | - Fatih Aygenli
- grid.448834.70000 0004 0595 7127Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ali Cihan Taskin
- grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Animal Research Facility, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koc University, Rumelifeneri yolu, 34450 Sariyer-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büşra Aytül Akarlar
- grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Ozlu
- grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuri Ozturk
- grid.448834.70000 0004 0595 7127Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Narin Ozturk
- grid.9601.e0000 0001 2166 6619Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, İstanbul University, TR-34116 Beyazit-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Durişehvar Özer Ünal
- grid.9601.e0000 0001 2166 6619Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, İstanbul University, TR-34116 Beyazit-Istanbul, Turkey ,grid.9601.e0000 0001 2166 6619İstanbul University Drug Research and Application Center (ILAM), TR-34116 Beyazıt-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Guzel
- grid.411781.a0000 0004 0471 9346Regenerative and Restorative Medicine Research Center (REMER), İstanbul Medipol University, Kavacik Campus, Kavacik-Beykoz/Istanbul, 34810 Turkey ,grid.411781.a0000 0004 0471 9346International School of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Kavacik Campus, İstanbul Medipol University, Kavacik-Beykoz/Istanbul, 34810 Turkey
| | - Metin Turkay
- grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Department of Industrial Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Okyar
- grid.9601.e0000 0001 2166 6619Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, İstanbul University, TR-34116 Beyazit-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, 34450 Sariyer-Istanbul, Turkey ,grid.15876.3d0000000106887552Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, İstanbul, Turkey
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8
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Parlak GC, Camur BB, Gul S, Ozcan O, Baris I, Kavakli IH. The secondary pocket of Cryptochrome 2 is important for the regulation of its stability and localization. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102334. [PMID: 35933018 PMCID: PMC9442382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human clock-gene variations contribute to the phenotypic differences observed in various behavioral and physiological processes such as diurnal preference, sleep, metabolism, mood regulation, addiction, and fertility. However, little is known about the possible effects of identified variations at the molecular level. In this study, we performed a functional characterization at the cellular level of rare CRYPTOCHROME 2 (CRY2) missense variations that were identified from the Ensembl database. Our structural studies revealed that three variations (p.Pro123Leu, p.Asp406His, p.Ser410Ile) are located at the rim of the secondary pocket of CRY2. We show these variants were unable to repress CLOCK/BMAL1-driven transcription in a cell-based reporter assay and had reduced affinity to CLOCK/BMAL1. Furthermore, our biochemical studies indicated that the variants were less stable than the wild-type CRY2, which could be rescued in the presence of Period 2 (PER2), another core clock protein. Finally, we found these variants were unable to properly localize to the nucleus, and thereby were unable to rescue the circadian rhythm in a Cry1-/-Cry2-/- double-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line. Collectively, our data suggest that the rim of the secondary pocket of CRY2 plays a significant role in its nuclear localization independently of PER2 and in the intact circadian rhythm at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Cagla Parlak
- Koc university Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilge Bahar Camur
- Koc university Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seref Gul
- Istanbul University, Department of Biology, Biotechnology Division, 34134 Suleymaniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Ozcan
- Koc university Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Baris
- Koc university Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Koc university Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey; Koc university Department Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
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9
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Akgul R, Morgil H, Kizilkaya IT, Sarayloo E, Cevahir G, Akgul F, Kavakli IH. Transcriptomic and fatty acid analyses of Neochloris aquatica grown under different nitrogen concentration. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:407-421. [PMID: 35286570 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the fatty acid production in Neochloris aquatica at transcriptomics and biochemical levels under limiting, normal, and excess nitrate concentrations in different growth phases. At the stationary phase, N. aquatica mainly produced saturated fatty acids such as stearic acid under the limiting nitrate concentration, which is suitable for biodiesel production. However, it produced polyunsaturated fatty acids such as α-linolenic acid under the excess nitrate concentration, which has nutritional values as food supplements. In addition, RNA-seq was employed to identify genes and pathways that were being affected in N. aquatica for three growth phases in the presence of the different nitrate amounts. Genes that are responsible for the production of saturated fatty acids were upregulated in the cells grown under a limiting nitrogen amount while genes that are responsible for the production of polyunsaturated fatty acid were upregulated in the cells grown under excess nitrogen amount. Further analysis showed more genes differentially expressed (DEGs) at the logarithmic phase in all conditions while a relatively steady trend was observed during the transition from the logarithmic phase to the stationary phase under limiting and excess nitrogen. Our results provide a foundation for identifying developmentally important genes and understanding the biological processes in the different growth phases of the N. aquatica in terms of biomass and lipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riza Akgul
- Burdur Food, Agriculture and Livestock Vocational High School, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Hande Morgil
- Department of Biology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul University Centre for Plant and Herbal Products Research-Development, 34126, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ehsan Sarayloo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, TUPRAS Energy Research Center, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gul Cevahir
- Department of Biology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Istanbul University Centre for Plant and Herbal Products Research-Development, 34126, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fusun Akgul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Faculty of Science and Arts, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey.
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, TUPRAS Energy Research Center, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
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10
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Gul H, Selvi S, Yilmaz F, Ozcelik G, Olfaz‐Aslan S, Yazan S, Tiryaki B, Gul S, Yurtseven A, Kavakli IH, Ozlu N, Ozturk N. Proteome analysis of the circadian clock protein PERIOD2. Proteins 2022; 90:1315-1330. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.26314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Gul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Gebze Technical University Gebze Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Saba Selvi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Gebze Technical University Gebze Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Fatma Yilmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Gebze Technical University Gebze Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Gozde Ozcelik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Gebze Technical University Gebze Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Senanur Olfaz‐Aslan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Gebze Technical University Gebze Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Seyma Yazan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Gebze Technical University Gebze Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Busra Tiryaki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Gebze Technical University Gebze Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Seref Gul
- Department of Biology Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ali Yurtseven
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Koc University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Koc University Istanbul Turkey
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Koc University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Nurhan Ozlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Koc University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Nuri Ozturk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Gebze Technical University Gebze Kocaeli Turkey
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11
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Gul S, Kavakli IH. The Structure-Based Molecular-Docking Screen Against Core Clock Proteins to Identify Small Molecules to Modulate the Circadian Clock. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2482:15-34. [PMID: 35610417 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2249-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are part of the body's clock, which regulates several physiological and biochemical variables according to the 24-h cycle. Ample evidence indicated disturbance of the circadian clock leads to an increased susceptibility to several diseases. Therefore, a great effort has been made to find small molecules that regulate circadian rhythm by high-throughput methods. Having crystal structures of core clock proteins, makes them amenable to structure-based drug design studies. Here, we describe virtual screening methods that can be utilized for the identification of small molecules regulating the activity of core clock protein Cryptochrome 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seref Gul
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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12
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Gul S, Ozcan O, Asar S, Okyar A, Barıs I, Kavakli IH. In silico identification of widely used and well-tolerated drugs as potential SARS-CoV-2 3C-like protease and viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors for direct use in clinical trials. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 39:6772-6791. [PMID: 32752938 PMCID: PMC7484590 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1802346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite strict measures taken by many countries, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to be an issue of global concern. Currently, there are no clinically proven pharmacotherapies for coronavirus disease 2019, despite promising initial results obtained from drugs such as azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine. Therefore, the repurposing of clinically approved drugs for use against SARS-CoV-2 has become a viable strategy. Here, we searched for drugs that target SARS-CoV-2 3C-like protease (3CLpro) and viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) by in silico screening of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved drug library. Well-tolerated and widely used drugs were selected for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to evaluate drug-protein interactions and their persistence under physiological conditions. Tetracycline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, dutasteride, nelfinavir, and paliperidone formed stable interactions with 3CLpro based on MD simulation results. Similar analysis with RdRp showed that eltrombopag, tipranavir, ergotamine, and conivaptan bound to the enzyme with high binding free energies. Docking results suggest that ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, bromocriptine, dutasteride, conivaptan, paliperidone, and tipranavir can bind to both enzymes with high affinity. As these drugs are well tolerated, cost-effective, and widely used, our study suggests that they could potentially to be used in clinical trials for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seref Gul
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Ozcan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sinan Asar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Okyar
- Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Barıs
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Gul S, Rahim F, Isin S, Yilmaz F, Ozturk N, Turkay M, Kavakli IH. Structure-based design and classifications of small molecules regulating the circadian rhythm period. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18510. [PMID: 34531414 PMCID: PMC8445970 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is an important mechanism that controls behavior and biochemical events based on 24 h rhythmicity. Ample evidence indicates disturbance of this mechanism is associated with different diseases such as cancer, mood disorders, and familial delayed phase sleep disorder. Therefore, drug discovery studies have been initiated using high throughput screening. Recently the crystal structures of core clock proteins (CLOCK/BMAL1, Cryptochromes (CRY), Periods), responsible for generating circadian rhythm, have been solved. Availability of structures makes amenable core clock proteins to design molecules regulating their activity by using in silico approaches. In addition to that, the implementation of classification features of molecules based on their toxicity and activity will improve the accuracy of the drug discovery process. Here, we identified 171 molecules that target functional domains of a core clock protein, CRY1, using structure-based drug design methods. We experimentally determined that 115 molecules were nontoxic, and 21 molecules significantly lengthened the period of circadian rhythm in U2OS cells. We then performed a machine learning study to classify these molecules for identifying features that make them toxic and lengthen the circadian period. Decision tree classifiers (DTC) identified 13 molecular descriptors, which predict the toxicity of molecules with a mean accuracy of 79.53% using tenfold cross-validation. Gradient boosting classifiers (XGBC) identified 10 molecular descriptors that predict and increase in the circadian period length with a mean accuracy of 86.56% with tenfold cross-validation. Our results suggested that these features can be used in QSAR studies to design novel nontoxic molecules that exhibit period lengthening activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seref Gul
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istabul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Rahim
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istabul, Turkey
| | - Safak Isin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istabul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yilmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Nuri Ozturk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Metin Turkay
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istabul, Turkey.
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istabul, Turkey.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istabul, Turkey.
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14
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Karatum O, Aria MM, Eren GO, Yildiz E, Melikov R, Srivastava SB, Surme S, Dogru IB, Bahmani Jalali H, Ulgut B, Sahin A, Kavakli IH, Nizamoglu S. Nanoengineering InP Quantum Dot-Based Photoactive Biointerfaces for Optical Control of Neurons. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:652608. [PMID: 34248476 PMCID: PMC8260855 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.652608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-activated biointerfaces provide a non-genetic route for effective control of neural activity. InP quantum dots (QDs) have a high potential for such biomedical applications due to their uniquely tunable electronic properties, photostability, toxic-heavy-metal-free content, heterostructuring, and solution-processing ability. However, the effect of QD nanostructure and biointerface architecture on the photoelectrical cellular interfacing remained unexplored. Here, we unravel the control of the photoelectrical response of InP QD-based biointerfaces via nanoengineering from QD to device-level. At QD level, thin ZnS shell growth (∼0.65 nm) enhances the current level of biointerfaces over an order of magnitude with respect to only InP core QDs. At device-level, band alignment engineering allows for the bidirectional photoelectrochemical current generation, which enables light-induced temporally precise and rapidly reversible action potential generation and hyperpolarization on primary hippocampal neurons. Our findings show that nanoengineering QD-based biointerfaces hold great promise for next-generation neurostimulation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onuralp Karatum
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Guncem Ozgun Eren
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdost Yildiz
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rustamzhon Melikov
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Saliha Surme
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Itir Bakis Dogru
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Burak Ulgut
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Afsun Sahin
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Sedat Nizamoglu
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Emisoglu-Kulahli H, Gul S, Morgil H, Ozcan O, Aygenli F, Selvi S, Kavakli IH, Ozturk N. Transcriptome analysis of the circadian clock gene BMAL1 deletion with opposite carcinogenic effects. Funct Integr Genomics 2021; 21:1-16. [PMID: 33111200 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-020-00757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the deletion of BMAL1 gene has opposite effects in respect to its contribution to the pathways that are effective in the multistage carcinogenesis process. BMAL1 deletion sensitized nearly normal breast epithelial (MCF10A) and invasive breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) to cisplatin- and doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, while this deletion also aggravated the invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 cells. However, the mechanistic relationship of the seemingly opposite contribution of BMAL1 deletion to carcinogenesis process is not known at genome-wide level. In this study, an RNA-seq approach was taken to uncover the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and pathways after treating BMAL1 knockout (KO) or wild-type (WT) MDA-MB-231 cells with cisplatin and doxorubicin to initiate apoptosis. Gene set enrichment analysis with the DEGs demonstrated that enrichment in multiple genes/pathways contributes to sensitization to cisplatin- or doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in BMAL1-dependent manner. Additionally, our DEG analysis suggested that non-coding transcript RNA (such as lncRNA and processed pseudogenes) may have role in cisplatin- or doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Protein-protein interaction network obtained from common DEGs in cisplatin and doxorubicin treatments revealed that GSK3β, NACC1, and EGFR are the principal genes regulating the response of the KO cells. Moreover, the analysis of DEGs among untreated BMAL1 KO and WT cells revealed that epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes are up-regulated in KO cells. As a negative control, we have also analyzed the DEGs following treatment with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-inducing agent, tunicamycin, which was affected by BMAL1 deletion minimally. Collectively, the present study suggests that BMAL1 regulates many genes/pathways of which the alteration in BMAL1 KO cells may shed light on pleotropic phenotype observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Emisoglu-Kulahli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Seref Gul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hande Morgil
- Department of Biology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul University Centre for Plant and Herbal Products Research-Development, 34126, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Ozcan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Aygenli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Saba Selvi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuri Ozturk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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16
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Cal-Kayitmazbatir S, Kulkoyluoglu-Cotul E, Growe J, Selby CP, Rhoades SD, Malik D, Oner H, Asimgil H, Francey LJ, Sancar A, Kruger WD, Hogenesch JB, Weljie A, Anafi RC, Kavakli IH. CRY1-CBS binding regulates circadian clock function and metabolism. FEBS J 2021; 288:614-639. [PMID: 32383312 PMCID: PMC7648728 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circadian disruption influences metabolic health. Metabolism modulates circadian function. However, the mechanisms coupling circadian rhythms and metabolism remain poorly understood. Here, we report that cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), a central enzyme in one-carbon metabolism, functionally interacts with the core circadian protein cryptochrome 1 (CRY1). In cells, CBS augments CRY1-mediated repression of the CLOCK/BMAL1 complex and shortens circadian period. Notably, we find that mutant CBS-I278T protein, the most common cause of homocystinuria, does not bind CRY1 or regulate its repressor activity. Transgenic CbsZn/Zn mice, while maintaining circadian locomotor activity period, exhibit reduced circadian power and increased expression of E-BOX outputs. CBS function is reciprocally influenced by CRY1 binding. CRY1 modulates enzymatic activity of the CBS. Liver extracts from Cry1-/- mice show reduced CBS activity that normalizes after the addition of exogenous wild-type (WT) CRY1. Metabolomic analysis of WT, CbsZn/Zn , Cry1-/- , and Cry2-/- samples highlights the metabolic importance of endogenous CRY1. We observed temporal variation in one-carbon and transsulfuration pathways attributable to CRY1-induced CBS activation. CBS-CRY1 binding provides a post-translational switch to modulate cellular circadian physiology and metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Cal-Kayitmazbatir
- Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University
Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eylem Kulkoyluoglu-Cotul
- Department Chemical and Biological Engineering Koc
University Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jacqueline Growe
- Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics,
University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher P. Selby
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of
North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Seth D. Rhoades
- Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics,
University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dania Malik
- Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics,
University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hasimcan Oner
- Department Chemical and Biological Engineering Koc
University Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hande Asimgil
- Department Chemical and Biological Engineering Koc
University Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Lauren J. Francey
- Divisions of Human Genetics and Immunobiology, Cincinnati
Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aziz Sancar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of
North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Warren D. Kruger
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center,
Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John B. Hogenesch
- Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics,
University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Divisions of Human Genetics and Immunobiology, Cincinnati
Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aalim Weljie
- Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics,
University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ron C. Anafi
- Department of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute,
University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University
Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department Chemical and Biological Engineering Koc
University Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Gul S, Aydin C, Ozcan O, Gurkan B, Surme S, Baris I, Kavakli IH. The Arg-293 of Cryptochrome1 is responsible for the allosteric regulation of CLOCK-CRY1 binding in circadian rhythm. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:17187-17199. [PMID: 33028638 PMCID: PMC7863883 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian circadian clocks are driven by transcription/translation feedback loops composed of positive transcriptional activators (BMAL1 and CLOCK) and negative repressors (CRYPTOCHROMEs (CRYs) and PERIODs (PERs)). CRYs, in complex with PERs, bind to the BMAL1/CLOCK complex and repress E-box-driven transcription of clock-associated genes. There are two individual CRYs, with CRY1 exhibiting higher affinity to the BMAL1/CLOCK complex than CRY2. It is known that this differential binding is regulated by a dynamic serine-rich loop adjacent to the secondary pocket of both CRYs, but the underlying features controlling loop dynamics are not known. Here we report that allosteric regulation of the serine-rich loop is mediated by Arg-293 of CRY1, identified as a rare CRY1 SNP in the Ensembl and 1000 Genomes databases. The p.Arg293His CRY1 variant caused a shortened circadian period in a Cry1-/-Cry2-/- double knockout mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line. Moreover, the variant displayed reduced repressor activity on BMAL1/CLOCK driven transcription, which is explained by reduced affinity to BMAL1/CLOCK in the absence of PER2 compared with CRY1. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the p.Arg293His CRY1 variant altered a communication pathway between Arg-293 and the serine loop by reducing its dynamicity. Collectively, this study provides direct evidence that allosterism in CRY1 is critical for the regulation of circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seref Gul
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cihan Aydin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Onur Ozcan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berke Gurkan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saliha Surme
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Baris
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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18
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Melikov R, Srivastava SB, Karatum O, Dogru-Yuksel IB, Dikbas UM, Kavakli IH, Nizamoglu S. Bidirectional optical neuromodulation using capacitive charge-transfer. Biomed Opt Express 2020; 11:6068-6077. [PMID: 33282475 PMCID: PMC7687954 DOI: 10.1364/boe.399755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Artificial control of neural activity allows for understanding complex neural networks and improving therapy of neurological disorders. Here, we demonstrate that utilization of photovoltaic biointerfaces combined with light waveform shaping can generate safe capacitive currents for bidirectional modulation of neurons. The differential photoresponse of the biointerface due to double layer capacitance facilitates the direction control of capacitive currents depending on the slope of light intensity. Moreover, the strength of capacitive currents is controlled by changing the rise and fall time slope of light intensity. This approach allows for high-level control of the hyperpolarization and depolarization of membrane potential at single-cell level. Our results pave the way toward advanced bioelectronic functionalities for wireless and safe control of neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustamzhon Melikov
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | | | - Onuralp Karatum
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Itir Bakis Dogru-Yuksel
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ugur Meric Dikbas
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Science, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Science, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- College of Engineering, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Sedat Nizamoglu
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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19
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Han M, Srivastava SB, Yildiz E, Melikov R, Surme S, Dogru-Yuksel IB, Kavakli IH, Sahin A, Nizamoglu S. Organic Photovoltaic Pseudocapacitors for Neurostimulation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:42997-43008. [PMID: 32852189 PMCID: PMC7582621 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Neural interfaces are the fundamental tools to understand the brain and cure many nervous-system diseases. For proper interfacing, seamless integration, efficient and safe digital-to-biological signal transduction, and long operational lifetime are required. Here, we devised a wireless optoelectronic pseudocapacitor converting the optical energy to safe capacitive currents by dissociating the photogenerated excitons in the photovoltaic unit and effectively routing the holes to the supercapacitor electrode and the pseudocapacitive electrode-electrolyte interfacial layer of PEDOT:PSS for reversible faradic reactions. The biointerface showed high peak capacitive currents of ∼3 mA·cm-2 with total charge injection of ∼1 μC·cm-2 at responsivity of 30 mA·W-1, generating high photovoltages over 400 mV for the main eye photoreception colors of blue, green, and red. Moreover, modification of PEDOT:PSS controls the charging/discharging phases leading to rapid capacitive photoresponse of 50 μs and effective membrane depolarization at the single-cell level. The neural interface has a device lifetime of over 1.5 years in the aqueous environment and showed stability without significant performance decrease after sterilization steps. Our results demonstrate that adopting the pseudocapacitance phenomenon on organic photovoltaics paves an ultraefficient, safe, and robust way toward communicating with biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mertcan Han
- Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | | | - Erdost Yildiz
- Koc
University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Rustamzhon Melikov
- Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Saliha Surme
- Molecular
Biology and Genetics, College of Science, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Itir Bakis Dogru-Yuksel
- Graduate
School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Molecular
Biology and Genetics, College of Science, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- College
of Engineering, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Afsun Sahin
- Koc
University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Medical School Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Sedat Nizamoglu
- Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Graduate
School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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20
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Melikov R, Srivastava SB, Karatum O, Dogru-Yuksel IB, Bahmani Jalali H, Sadeghi S, Dikbas UM, Ulgut B, Kavakli IH, Cetin AE, Nizamoglu S. Plasmon-Coupled Photocapacitor Neuromodulators. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:35940-35949. [PMID: 32667186 PMCID: PMC7598729 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Efficient transduction of optical energy to bioelectrical stimuli is an important goal for effective communication with biological systems. For that, plasmonics has a significant potential via boosting the light-matter interactions. However, plasmonics has been primarily used for heat-induced cell stimulation due to membrane capacitance change (i.e., optocapacitance). Instead, here, we demonstrate that plasmonic coupling to photocapacitor biointerfaces improves safe and efficacious neuromodulating displacement charges for an average of 185% in the entire visible spectrum while maintaining the faradic currents below 1%. Hot-electron injection dominantly leads the enhancement of displacement current in the blue spectral window, and the nanoantenna effect is mainly responsible for the improvement in the red spectral region. The plasmonic photocapacitor facilitates wireless modulation of single cells at three orders of magnitude below the maximum retinal intensity levels, corresponding to one of the most sensitive optoelectronic neural interfaces. This study introduces a new way of using plasmonics for safe and effective photostimulation of neurons and paves the way toward ultrasensitive plasmon-assisted neurostimulation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustamzhon Melikov
- Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | | | - Onuralp Karatum
- Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Itir Bakis Dogru-Yuksel
- Graduate
School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Houman Bahmani Jalali
- Graduate
School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Sadra Sadeghi
- Graduate
School of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ugur Meric Dikbas
- Molecular
Biology and Genetics, College of Science, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Burak Ulgut
- Department
of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Molecular
Biology and Genetics, College of Science, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- College
of Engineering, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Arif E. Cetin
- Izmir Biomedicine
and Genome Center, Izmir 35330, Turkey
| | - Sedat Nizamoglu
- Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Graduate
School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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21
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Doruk YU, Yarparvar D, Akyel YK, Gul S, Taskin AC, Yilmaz F, Baris I, Ozturk N, Türkay M, Ozturk N, Okyar A, Kavakli IH. A CLOCK-binding small molecule disrupts the interaction between CLOCK and BMAL1 and enhances circadian rhythm amplitude. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3518-3531. [PMID: 32019867 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper function of many physiological processes requires a robust circadian clock. Disruptions of the circadian clock can result in metabolic diseases, mood disorders, and accelerated aging. Therefore, identifying small molecules that specifically modulate regulatory core clock proteins may potentially enable better management of these disorders. In this study, we applied a structure-based molecular-docking approach to find small molecules that specifically bind to the core circadian regulator, the transcription factor circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK). We identified 100 candidate molecules by virtual screening of ∼2 million small molecules for those predicted to bind closely to the interface in CLOCK that interacts with its transcriptional co-regulator, Brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 (BMAL1). Using a mammalian two-hybrid system, real-time monitoring of circadian rhythm in U2OS cells, and various biochemical assays, we tested these compounds experimentally and found one, named CLK8, that specifically bound to and interfered with CLOCK activity. We show that CLK8 disrupts the interaction between CLOCK and BMAL1 and interferes with nuclear translocation of CLOCK both in vivo and in vitro Results from further experiments indicated that CLK8 enhances the amplitude of the cellular circadian rhythm by stabilizing the negative arm of the transcription/translation feedback loop without affecting period length. Our results reveal CLK8 as a tool for further studies of CLOCK's role in circadian rhythm amplitude regulation and as a potential candidate for therapeutic development to manage disorders associated with dampened circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Umay Doruk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Darya Yarparvar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Kubra Akyel
- Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy, TR-34116 Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seref Gul
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Cihan Taskin
- Embryo Manipulation Laboratory, Animal Research Facility, Research Center For Translational Medicine, Koc University, Rumelifeneri yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Yilmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Baris
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nuri Ozturk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Metin Türkay
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Narin Ozturk
- Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy, TR-34116 Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Okyar
- Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy, TR-34116 Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
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22
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Dikbas UM, Tardu M, Canturk A, Gul S, Ozcelik G, Baris I, Ozturk N, Kavakli IH. Identification and Characterization of a New Class of (6-4) Photolyase from Vibrio cholerae. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4352-4360. [PMID: 31578858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Light is crucial for many biological activities of most organisms, including vision, resetting of circadian rhythm, photosynthesis, and DNA repair. The cryptochrome/photolyase family (CPF) represents an ancient group of UV-A/blue light sensitive proteins that perform different functions such as DNA repair, circadian photoreception, and transcriptional regulation. The CPF is widely distributed throughout all organisms, including marine prokaryotes. The bacterium Vibrio cholerae was previously shown to have a CPD photolyase that repairs UV-induced thymine dimers and two CRY-DASHs that repair UV-induced single-stranded DNA damage. Here, we characterize a hypothetical gene Vca0809 encoding a new member of CPF in this organism. The spectroscopic analysis of the purified protein indicated that this enzyme possessed a catalytic cofactor, FAD, and photoantenna chromophore 6,7-dimethyl 8-ribityl-lumazin. With a slot blot-based DNA repair assay, we showed that it possessed (6-4) photolyase activity. Further phylogenetic and computational analyses enabled us to classify this gene as a member of the family of iron-sulfur bacterial cryptochromes and photolyases (FeS-BCP). Therefore, we named this gene Vc(6-4) FeS-BCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Meric Dikbas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Koc University , Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer , Istanbul 34450 , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tardu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Koc University , Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer , Istanbul 34450 , Turkey
| | - Asena Canturk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Gebze Technical University , Gebze 41400 , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Seref Gul
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Koc University , Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer , Istanbul 34450 , Turkey
| | - Gozde Ozcelik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Gebze Technical University , Gebze 41400 , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Baris
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Koc University , Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer , Istanbul 34450 , Turkey
| | - Nuri Ozturk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Gebze Technical University , Gebze 41400 , Kocaeli , Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Koc University , Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer , Istanbul 34450 , Turkey.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Koc University , Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer , Istanbul 34450 , Turkey
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23
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Bahmani Jalali H, Karatum O, Melikov R, Dikbas UM, Sadeghi S, Yildiz E, Dogru IB, Ozgun Eren G, Ergun C, Sahin A, Kavakli IH, Nizamoglu S. Biocompatible Quantum Funnels for Neural Photostimulation. Nano Lett 2019; 19:5975-5981. [PMID: 31398051 PMCID: PMC6805044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Neural photostimulation has high potential to understand the working principles of complex neural networks and develop novel therapeutic methods for neurological disorders. A key issue in the light-induced cell stimulation is the efficient conversion of light to bioelectrical stimuli. In photosynthetic systems developed in millions of years by nature, the absorbed energy by the photoabsorbers is transported via nonradiative energy transfer to the reaction centers. Inspired by these systems, neural interfaces based on biocompatible quantum funnels are developed that direct the photogenerated charge carriers toward the bionanojunction for effective photostimulation. Funnels are constructed with indium-based rainbow quantum dots that are assembled in a graded energy profile. Implementation of a quantum funnel enhances the generated photoelectrochemical current 215% per unit absorbance in comparison with ungraded energy profile in a wireless and free-standing mode and facilitates optical neuromodulation of a single cell. This study indicates that the control of charge transport at nanoscale can lead to unconventional and effective neural interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Bahmani Jalali
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of
Material Science and Engineering, Research Center for Translational Medicine, and Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Onuralp Karatum
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of
Material Science and Engineering, Research Center for Translational Medicine, and Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Rustamzhon Melikov
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of
Material Science and Engineering, Research Center for Translational Medicine, and Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ugur Meric Dikbas
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of
Material Science and Engineering, Research Center for Translational Medicine, and Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Sadra Sadeghi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of
Material Science and Engineering, Research Center for Translational Medicine, and Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Erdost Yildiz
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of
Material Science and Engineering, Research Center for Translational Medicine, and Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Itir Bakis Dogru
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of
Material Science and Engineering, Research Center for Translational Medicine, and Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Guncem Ozgun Eren
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of
Material Science and Engineering, Research Center for Translational Medicine, and Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Cagla Ergun
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of
Material Science and Engineering, Research Center for Translational Medicine, and Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Afsun Sahin
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of
Material Science and Engineering, Research Center for Translational Medicine, and Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Koç University
Medical School, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of
Material Science and Engineering, Research Center for Translational Medicine, and Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Sedat Nizamoglu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Graduate School of
Material Science and Engineering, Research Center for Translational Medicine, and Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- E-mail:
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24
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Cavga AD, Tardu M, Korkmaz T, Keskin O, Ozturk N, Gursoy A, Kavakli IH. Cryptochrome deletion in p53 mutant mice enhances apoptotic and anti-tumorigenic responses to UV damage at the transcriptome level. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 19:729-742. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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26
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Bahmani Jalali H, Mohammadi Aria M, Dikbas UM, Sadeghi S, Ganesh Kumar B, Sahin M, Kavakli IH, Ow-Yang CW, Nizamoglu S. Effective Neural Photostimulation Using Indium-Based Type-II Quantum Dots. ACS Nano 2018; 12:8104-8114. [PMID: 30020770 PMCID: PMC6117749 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced stimulation of neurons via photoactive surfaces offers rich opportunities for the development of therapeutic methods and high-resolution retinal prosthetic devices. Quantum dots serve as an attractive building block for such surfaces, as they can be easily functionalized to match the biocompatibility and charge transport requirements of cell stimulation. Although indium-based colloidal quantum dots with type-I band alignment have attracted significant attention as a nontoxic alternative to cadmium-based ones, little attention has been paid to their photovoltaic potential as type-II heterostructures. Herein, we demonstrate type-II indium phosphide/zinc oxide core/shell quantum dots that are incorporated into a photoelectrode structure for neural photostimulation. This induces a hyperpolarizing bioelectrical current that triggers the firing of a single neural cell at 4 μW mm-2, 26-fold lower than the ocular safety limit for continuous exposure to visible light. These findings show that nanomaterials can induce a biocompatible and effective biological junction and can introduce a route in the use of quantum dots in photoelectrode architectures for artificial retinal prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Bahmani Jalali
- Department of Biomedical
Science and Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | | | - Ugur Meric Dikbas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Sadra Sadeghi
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Baskaran Ganesh Kumar
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sahin
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri 38080, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Cleva W. Ow-Yang
- Department of Material Science and Nano Engineering, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Sedat Nizamoglu
- Department of Biomedical
Science and Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- E-mail:
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27
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Caniaz RO, Simsek S, Arca S, Sarayloo E, Kavakli IH, Erkey C. Upgrading blends of microalgae feedstocks and heavy oils in supercritical water. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Sarayloo E, Simsek S, Unlu YS, Cevahir G, Erkey C, Kavakli IH. Enhancement of the lipid productivity and fatty acid methyl ester profile of Chlorella vulgaris by two rounds of mutagenesis. Bioresour Technol 2018; 250:764-769. [PMID: 29227826 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we applied a second round of random mutagenesis using ethyl methanesulfonate to further increase the lipid productivity of a Chlorella vulgaris mutant strain. We generated a mutant (UV715-EMS25) with a lipid content and biomass that were respectively 67% and 35% higher than those of the wild type (WT). The highest achieved lipid productivity in UV715-EMS25 was 91 mg L-1 day-1. Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometric analysis revealed that the fatty acid methyl ester content of the mutant was 3.9-fold higher compared with that of WT cells. Amounts of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were also higher in the mutant, while the total amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids were lower. Finally, the mutant displayed superior lipid productivity compared with the WT during pilot-scale cultivation in a flat panel photobioreactor. All these results demonstrate that UV715-EMS25 is highly suitable for biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Sarayloo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey; TUPRAS Energy Research Center, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Salim Simsek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yigit Sabri Unlu
- Department of Biology, Istanbul University, 34134 Suleymaniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gul Cevahir
- Department of Biology, Istanbul University, 34134 Suleymaniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Erkey
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey; TUPRAS Energy Research Center, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey; TUPRAS Energy Research Center, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
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29
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Sarayloo E, Tardu M, Unlu YS, Simsek S, Cevahir G, Erkey C, Kavakli IH. Understanding lipid metabolism in high-lipid-producing Chlorella vulgaris mutants at the genome-wide level. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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30
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Tardu M, Bulut S, Kavakli IH. MerR and ChrR mediate blue light induced photo-oxidative stress response at the transcriptional level in Vibrio cholerae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40817. [PMID: 28098242 PMCID: PMC5241685 DOI: 10.1038/srep40817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue light (BL) is a major environmental factor that affects the physiology, behavior, and infectivity of bacteria as it contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) while increasing photo-oxidative stress in cells. However, precise photo-oxidative response mechanism in non-phototrophic bacteria is yet to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of BL in Vibrio cholerae by using genetics and transcriptome profiling. Genome-wide analysis revealed that transcription of 6.3% of V. cholerae genes were regulated by BL. We further showed that BL enhances ROS production, which is generated through the oxidative phosphorylation. To understand signaling mechanisms, we generated several knockouts and analyzed their transcriptome under BL exposure. Studies with a double-knockout confirm an anti-sigma factor (ChrR) and putative metalloregulatory-like protein (MerR) are responsible for the genome-wide regulation to BL response in V. cholerae. Collectively, these results demonstrate that MerR-like proteins, in addition to ChrR, are required for V. cholerae to mount an appropriate response against photo-oxidative stress induced by BL. Outside its natural host, V. cholerae can survive for extended periods in natural aquatic environments. Therefore, the regulation of light response for V. cholerae may be a critical cellular process for its survival in these environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Tardu
- Computational Science and Engineering, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selma Bulut
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Computational Science and Engineering, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.,Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.,Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
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31
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Kavakli IH, Baris I, Tardu M, Gül Ş, Öner H, Çal S, Bulut S, Yarparvar D, Berkel Ç, Ustaoğlu P, Aydın C. The Photolyase/Cryptochrome Family of Proteins as DNA Repair Enzymes and Transcriptional Repressors. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:93-103. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Koc University; Sariyer Istanbul Turkey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Koc University; Sariyer Istanbul Turkey
- Department of Computational Science and Engineering; Koc University; Sariyer Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Baris
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Koc University; Sariyer Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tardu
- Department of Computational Science and Engineering; Koc University; Sariyer Istanbul Turkey
| | - Şeref Gül
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Koc University; Sariyer Istanbul Turkey
| | - Haşimcan Öner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Koc University; Sariyer Istanbul Turkey
| | - Sibel Çal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Koc University; Sariyer Istanbul Turkey
| | - Selma Bulut
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Koc University; Sariyer Istanbul Turkey
| | - Darya Yarparvar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Koc University; Sariyer Istanbul Turkey
| | - Çağlar Berkel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Koc University; Sariyer Istanbul Turkey
| | - Pınar Ustaoğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Koc University; Sariyer Istanbul Turkey
| | - Cihan Aydın
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Istanbul Medeniyet University; Uskudar Istanbul
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Seferoglu AB, Gul S, Dikbas UM, Baris I, Koper K, Caliskan M, Cevahir G, Kavakli IH. Glu-370 in the large subunit influences the substrate binding, allosteric, and heat stability properties of potato ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Plant Sci 2016; 252:125-132. [PMID: 27717448 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a key allosteric enzyme in plant starch biosynthesis. Plant AGPase is a heterotetrameric enzyme that consists of large (LS) and small subunits (SS), which are encoded by two different genes. In this study, we showed that the conversion of Glu to Gly at position 370 in the LS of AGPase alters the heterotetrameric stability along with the binding properties of substrate and effectors of the enzyme. Kinetic analyses revealed that the affinity of the LSE370GSSWT AGPase for glucose-1-phosphate is 3-fold less than for wild type (WT) AGPase. Additionally, the LSE370GSSWT AGPase requires 3-fold more 3-phosphogyceric acid to be activated. Finally, the LSE370GSSWTAGPase is less heat stable compared with the WT AGPase. Computational analysis of the mutant Gly-370 in the 3D modeled LS AGPase showed that this residue changes charge distribution of the surface and thus affect stability of the LS AGPase and overall heat stability of the heterotetrameric AGPase. In summary, our results show that LSE370 intricately modulate the heat stability and enzymatic activity of potato the AGPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Bengisu Seferoglu
- Koc University, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seref Gul
- Koc University, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ugur Meric Dikbas
- Koc University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Baris
- Koc University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kaan Koper
- Koc University, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Caliskan
- Istanbul University, Department of Biology, 34134 Suleymaniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gul Cevahir
- Istanbul University, Department of Biology, 34134 Suleymaniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Koc University, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey; Koc University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Tardu M, Dikbas UM, Baris I, Kavakli IH. RNA-seq analysis of the transcriptional response to blue and red light in the extremophilic red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae. Funct Integr Genomics 2016; 16:657-669. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-016-0521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cakmak O, Ermek E, Kilinc N, Bulut S, Baris I, Kavakli IH, Yaralioglu GG, Urey H. A cartridge based sensor array platform for multiple coagulation measurements from plasma. Lab Chip 2015; 15:113-120. [PMID: 25353144 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00809j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a MEMS-based sensor array enabling multiple clot-time tests for plasma in one disposable microfluidic cartridge. The versatile LoC (Lab-on-Chip) platform technology is demonstrated here for real-time coagulation tests (activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) and Prothrombin Time (PT)). The system has a reader unit and a disposable cartridge. The reader has no electrical connections to the cartridge. This enables simple and low-cost cartridge designs and avoids reliability problems associated with electrical connections. The cartridge consists of microfluidic channels and MEMS microcantilevers placed in each channel. The microcantilevers are made of electroplated nickel. They are actuated remotely using an external electro-coil and the read-out is also conducted remotely using a laser. The phase difference between the cantilever oscillation and the coil drive is monitored in real time. During coagulation, the viscosity of the blood plasma increases resulting in a change in the phase read-out. The proposed assay was tested on human and control plasma samples for PT and aPTT measurements. PT and aPTT measurements from control plasma samples are comparable with the manufacturer's datasheet and the commercial reference device. The measurement system has an overall 7.28% and 6.33% CV for PT and aPTT, respectively. For further implementation, the microfluidic channels of the cartridge were functionalized for PT and aPTT tests by drying specific reagents in each channel. Since simultaneous PT and aPTT measurements are needed in order to properly evaluate the coagulation system, one of the most prominent features of the proposed assay is enabling parallel measurement of different coagulation parameters. Additionally, the design of the cartridge and the read-out system as well as the obtained reproducible results with 10 μl of the plasma samples suggest an opportunity for a possible point-of-care application.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Cakmak
- Koç University, Mechanical Engineering, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Pellegrino R, Kavakli IH, Goel N, Cardinale CJ, Dinges DF, Kuna ST, Maislin G, Van Dongen HP, Tufik S, Hogenesch JB, Hakonarson H, Pack AI. A novel BHLHE41 variant is associated with short sleep and resistance to sleep deprivation in humans. Sleep 2014; 37:1327-36. [PMID: 25083013 PMCID: PMC4096202 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.3924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Earlier work described a mutation in DEC2 also known as BHLHE41 (basic helix-loophelix family member e41) as causal in a family of short sleepers, who needed just 6 h sleep per night. We evaluated whether there were other variants of this gene in two well-phenotyped cohorts. DESIGN Sequencing of the BHLHE41 gene, electroencephalographic data, and delta power analysis and functional studies using cell-based luciferase. RESULTS We identified new variants of the BHLHE41 gene in two cohorts who had either acute sleep deprivation (n = 200) or chronic partial sleep deprivation (n = 217). One variant, Y362H, at another location in the same exon occurred in one twin in a dizygotic twin pair and was associated with reduced sleep duration, less recovery sleep following sleep deprivation, and fewer performance lapses during sleep deprivation than the homozygous twin. Both twins had almost identical amounts of non rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. This variant reduced the ability of BHLHE41 to suppress CLOCK/BMAL1 and NPAS2/BMAL1 transactivation in vitro. Another variant in the same exome had no effect on sleep or response to sleep deprivation and no effect on CLOCK/BMAL1 transactivation. Random mutagenesis identified a number of other variants of BHLHE41 that affect its function. CONCLUSIONS There are a number of mutations of BHLHE41. Mutations reduce total sleep while maintaining NREM sleep and provide resistance to the effects of sleep loss. Mutations that affect sleep also modify the normal inhibition of BHLHE41 of CLOCK/BMAL1 transactivation. Thus, clock mechanisms are likely involved in setting sleep length and the magnitude of sleep homeostasis. CITATION Pellegrino R, Kavakli IH, Goel N, Cardinale CJ, Dinges DF, Kuna ST, Maislin G, Van Dongen HP, Tufik S, Hogenesch JB, Hakonarson H, Pack AI. A novel BHLHE41 variant is associated with short sleep and resistance to sleep deprivation in humans. SLEEP 2014;37(8):1327-1336.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Pellegrino
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Eng. and Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Namni Goel
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - David F. Dinges
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Samuel T. Kuna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Medicine, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Greg Maislin
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Sergio Tufik
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John B. Hogenesch
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Allan I. Pack
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Lahens NF, Kavakli IH, Zhang R, Hayer K, Black MB, Dueck H, Pizarro A, Kim J, Irizarry R, Thomas RS, Grant GR, Hogenesch JB. IVT-seq reveals extreme bias in RNA sequencing. Genome Biol 2014; 15:R86. [PMID: 24981968 PMCID: PMC4197826 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2014-15-6-r86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA-seq is a powerful technique for identifying and quantifying transcription and splicing events, both known and novel. However, given its recent development and the proliferation of library construction methods, understanding the bias it introduces is incomplete but critical to realizing its value. RESULTS We present a method, in vitro transcription sequencing (IVT-seq), for identifying and assessing the technical biases in RNA-seq library generation and sequencing at scale. We created a pool of over 1,000 in vitro transcribed RNAs from a full-length human cDNA library and sequenced them with polyA and total RNA-seq, the most common protocols. Because each cDNA is full length, and we show in vitro transcription is incredibly processive, each base in each transcript should be equivalently represented. However, with common RNA-seq applications and platforms, we find 50% of transcripts have more than two-fold and 10% have more than 10-fold differences in within-transcript sequence coverage. We also find greater than 6% of transcripts have regions of dramatically unpredictable sequencing coverage between samples, confounding accurate determination of their expression. We use a combination of experimental and computational approaches to show rRNA depletion is responsible for the most significant variability in coverage, and several sequence determinants also strongly influence representation. CONCLUSIONS These results show the utility of IVT-seq for promoting better understanding of bias introduced by RNA-seq. We find rRNA depletion is responsible for substantial, unappreciated biases in coverage introduced during library preparation. These biases suggest exon-level expression analysis may be inadvisable, and we recommend caution when interpreting RNA-seq results.
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Cakmak O, Elbuken C, Ermek E, Mostafazadeh A, Baris I, Erdem Alaca B, Kavakli IH, Urey H. Microcantilever based disposable viscosity sensor for serum and blood plasma measurements. Methods 2013; 63:225-32. [PMID: 23880427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel method for measuring blood plasma and serum viscosity with a microcantilever-based MEMS sensor. MEMS cantilevers are made of electroplated nickel and actuated remotely with magnetic field using an electro-coil. Real-time monitoring of cantilever resonant frequency is performed remotely using diffraction gratings fabricated at the tip of the dynamic cantilevers. Only few nanometer cantilever deflection is sufficient due to interferometric sensitivity of the readout. The resonant frequency of the cantilever is tracked with a phase lock loop (PLL) control circuit. The viscosities of liquid samples are obtained through the measurement of the cantilever's frequency change with respect to a reference measurement taken within a liquid of known viscosity. We performed measurements with glycerol solutions at different temperatures and validated the repeatability of the system by comparing with a reference commercial viscometer. Experimental results are compared with the theoretical predictions based on Sader's theory and agreed reasonably well. Afterwards viscosities of different Fetal Bovine Serum and Bovine Serum Albumin mixtures are measured both at 23°C and 37°C, body temperature. Finally the viscosities of human blood plasma samples taken from healthy donors are measured. The proposed method is capable of measuring viscosities from 0.86 cP to 3.02 cP, which covers human blood plasma viscosity range, with a resolution better than 0.04 cP. The sample volume requirement is less than 150 μl and can be reduced significantly with optimized cartridge design. Both the actuation and sensing are carried out remotely, which allows for disposable sensor cartridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Cakmak
- Koc University, Mechanical Engineering, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Azizoğlu S, Kizilel R, Marušič M, Kavakli IH, Erman B, Kizilel S. Computational and experimental investigation of DNA repair protein photolyase interactions with low molecular weight drugs. J Mol Recognit 2013; 26:297-307. [PMID: 23657985 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the previously unknown interactions between eight low molecular weight commercially available drugs (130-800 Da) and DNA repair protein photolyase using computational docking simulations and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments. Theoretical dissociation constants, K(d), obtained from molecular docking simulations were compared with the values found from SPR experiments. Among the eight drugs analyzed, computational and experimental values showed similar binding affinities between selected drug and protein pairs. We found no significant differences in binding interactions between pure and commercial forms of the drug lornoxicam and DNA photolyase. Among the eight drugs studied, prednisone, desloratadine, and azelastine exhibited the highest binding affinity (K(d) = 1.65, 2.05, and 8.47 μM, respectively) toward DNA photolyase. Results obtained in this study are promising for use in the prediction of unknown interactions of common drugs with specific proteins such as human clock protein cryptochrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selimcan Azizoğlu
- Koç University, College of Engineering, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
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Seferoglu AB, Baris I, Morgil H, Tulum I, Ozdas S, Cevahir G, Kavakli IH. Transcriptional regulation of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase isoforms in the leaf and the stem under long and short photoperiod in lentil. Plant Sci 2013; 205-206:29-37. [PMID: 23498860 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a key enzyme in plant starch biosynthesis. It contains large (LS) and small (SS) subunits encoded by two different genes. In this study, we explored the transcriptional regulation of both the LS and SS subunits of AGPase in stem and leaf under different photoperiods length in lentil. To this end, we first isolated and characterized different isoforms of the LS and SS of lentil AGPase and then we performed quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) to see the effect of photoperiod length on the transcription of the AGPase isforms under the different photoperiod regimes in lentil. Analysis of the qPCR results revealed that the transcription of different isoforms of the LSs and the SSs of lentil AGPase are differentially regulated when photoperiod shifted from long-day to short-day in stem and leaves. While transcript levels of LS1 and SS2 in leaf significantly decreased, overall transcript levels of SS1 increased in short-day regime. Our results indicated that day length affects the transcription of lentil AGPase isoforms differentially in stems and leaves most likely to supply carbon from the stem to other tissues to regulate carbon metabolism under short-day conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Bengisu Seferoglu
- Koc University, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
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Kizilel R, Demir E, Azizoglu S, Asımgi H, Kavakli IH, Kizilel S. Investigation of real-time photorepair activity on DNA via surface plasmon resonance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44392. [PMID: 22952969 PMCID: PMC3430658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) and 6–4 lesion formations along with the specific breaks on strands are the most common type of DNA damage caused by Ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation. CPD photolyase I and II construct two subfamilies of flavoproteins, which have recognition and repair capabilities of CPD sites on both single stranded (ssDNA) and double stranded DNA (dsDNA) with the aid of blue light energy. The other types of flavoprotein family consist of cryptochromes (CRY) that act as photoreceptors in plants, or circadian rhythm regulators in animals. Recent findings showed that a specific type of Cryptochrome-Drosophila, Arabidopsis, Synechocystis, Human (CRY-DASH) has photorepair activity on ssDNA. In this work, real-time interactions between CRY-DASH and ss/dsDNA as well as the interactions between Vibrio cholerae photolyase (VcPHR) and ss/dsDNA were investigated using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). The interactions were then characterized and compared in order to investigate the effect of different types of flavoprotein on UV damaged ss/dsDNA. SPR results confirm the specific binding of VcPHR and CRY-DASH with UV treated DNA. This study is the first instance to quantify the interactions of UV treated and untreated DNA with flavoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rıza Kizilel
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail: (SK); (IHK); (RK)
| | - Enis Demir
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selimcan Azizoglu
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hande Asımgi
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
- Material Science and Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
- Material Science and Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail: (SK); (IHK); (RK)
| | - Seda Kizilel
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
- Material Science and Engineering, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail: (SK); (IHK); (RK)
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Asimgil H, Kavakli IH. Purification and characterization of five members of photolyase/cryptochrome family from Cyanidioschyzon merolae. Plant Sci 2012; 185-186:190-198. [PMID: 22325881 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The photolyase/cryptochrome family is a large family of flavoproteins that possess different functions and use blue light as an energy source. Photolyases repair UV-induced DNA damage, whereas cryptochromes regulate the growth and development of plants in a blue-light dependent manner. In this paper, we report the characterization of five genes the photolyase/cryptochrome family from the red algae Cyanidioschyzon merolae. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that one gene is close to the (6-4) photolyase, 3 to the cryptochrome-dash (CRY-DASH), and one gene is an independent clade. We investigated the diversity and similarity of the enzymes' biochemical and photochemical properties. Both biochemical and complementation assays indicated that one of the CRY-DASH genes (CmPHR6) is not involved in the repair of either ssDNA or dsDNA. In addition, we isolated the first known (6-4) photolyase from C. merolae, the most primitive photosynthetic organism, which will give evolutionary insights into this protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Asimgil
- College of Engineering Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Rumeli Feneri Yolu, 34450 Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms are the endogenous oscillations, occurring with a periodicity of approximately twenty-four hours, in the biochemical and behavioral functions of organisms. In mammals, the phase and period of the rhythm are synchronized to the daily light-dark cycle by light input through the eye. Certain retinal degenerative diseases affecting the photoreceptor cells, both rods and cones, in the outer retina reveal that classical opsins (i.e., rhodopsin and color opsins located in these cells) are essential for vision, but are not required for circadian photoreception. The mammalian cryptochromes and melanopsin (and possibly other opsin family pigments) have been proposed as circadian photoreceptor pigments that exist in the inner retina. Genetic analysis indicates that the cryptochromes, which contain flavin and folate as the light-absorbing cofactors, are the primary circadian photoreceptors. The classical photoreceptors in the outer retina, and melanopsin or other minor opsins in the inner retina, may perform redundant functions in circadian rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Halil Kavakli
- Department Biochemistry and Biophysics Mary Ellen Jones Building, CB7260 University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Kavakli IH, Park JS, Slattery CJ, Salamone PR, Frohlick J, Okita TW. Analysis of allosteric effector binding sites of potato ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase through reverse genetics. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:40834-40. [PMID: 11524424 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106310200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is a key regulatory enzyme of bacterial glycogen and plant starch synthesis as it controls carbon flux via its allosteric regulatory behavior. Unlike the bacterial enzyme that is composed of a single subunit type, the plant AGPase is a heterotetrameric enzyme (alpha2beta2) with distinct roles for each subunit type. The large subunit (LS) is involved mainly in allosteric regulation through its interaction with the catalytic small subunit (SS). The LS modulates the catalytic activity of the SS by increasing the allosteric regulatory response of the hetero-oligomeric enzyme. To identify regions of the LS involved in binding of effector molecules, a reverse genetics approach was employed. A potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) AGPase LS down-regulatory mutant (E38A) was subjected to random mutagenesis using error-prone polymerase chain reaction and screened for the capacity to form an enzyme capable of restoring glycogen production in glgC(-) Escherichia coli. Dominant mutations were identified by their capacity to restore glycogen production when the LS containing only the second site mutations was co-expressed with the wild-type SS. Sequence analysis showed that most of the mutations were decidedly nonrandom and were clustered at conserved N- and C-terminal regions. Kinetic analysis of the dominant mutant enzymes indicated that the K(m) values for cofactor and substrates were comparable with the wild-type AGPase, whereas the affinities for activator and inhibitor were altered appreciably. These AGPase variants displayed increased resistance to P(i) inhibition and/or greater sensitivity toward 3-phosphoglyceric acid activation. Further studies of Lys-197, Pro-261, and Lys-420, residues conserved in AGPase sequences, by site-directed mutagenesis suggested that the effectors 3-phosphoglyceric acid and P(i) interact at two closely located binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Kavakli
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), a key regulatory enzyme in higher plant starch biosynthesis, is composed of a pair of large and small subunits (alpha(2)beta(2)). Current evidence suggests that the large subunit has primarily a regulatory function, while the small subunit has both regulatory and catalytic roles. To define the structure-function relationship of the large subunit (LS), the LS of potato AGPase was subjected to chemical mutagenesis and coexpressed with the wild-type (WT) small subunit (SS) cDNA in an AGPase defective Escherichia coli strain. An LS mutant (M143) was isolated, which accumulated very low levels of glycogen compared to the WT recombinant AGPase, but maintained normal catalytic activity when assayed under saturating conditions. Sequence analysis revealed that M143 has a single amino acid change, V463I, which lies adjacent to the C-terminus. This single mutation had no effect on the Km for ATP and Mg(2+), which were similar to the WT enzyme. The K(m) for glucose 1-P, however, was sixfold higher than the WT enzyme. These results suggest that the LS plays a role in binding glucose 1-P through its interaction with the SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Kavakli
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
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Choi SB, Kim KH, Kavakli IH, Lee SK, Okita TW. Transcriptional expression characteristics and subcellular localization of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in the oil plant Perilla frutescens. Plant Cell Physiol 2001; 42:146-53. [PMID: 11230568 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Three ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase clones were isolated from the cotyledon cDNA library of the oil plant, Perilla frutescens, and their intracellular localization investigated. Two of three cDNAs (PfagpS1 and PfagpS2) were homologous to the catalytic small subunit of AGPases found in other plants, while the third clone (PfagpL) was highly similar to the large subunit type. Transcripts for PfagpS1 and PfagpS2 were observed in both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic tissue, showing the highest expression in the stem, while PfagpL transcripts were abundantly expressed in stem and cotyledon. To evaluate the subcellular localization of PfagpS2 and PfagpL as well as the maize BT2, N-terminus-GFP DNA fusion were constructed and transformed into tobacco plants. Immunoblot analysis showed that the expressed PfagpS2- and PfagpL-GFP fusions were targeted to the plastid in the heterologous tobacco system whereas the BT2-GFP remained intact, suggesting a cytoplasmic location. These intracellular assignments were confirmed by direct confocal microscopic examination. GFP signals were localized to the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus in BT2-GFP plants, and to the plastids in PfagpS2- and PfagpL-GFP plants. Our results indicate that Perilla cotyledons contain multiple AGPase subunits, of which at least two isoforms and very likely the third, are plastidial in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Choi
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
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Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) is the allosterically regulated gateway for carbon entry into transient and storage starch in plants as well as glycogen in bacteria. This enzyme plays a key role in the modulation of photosynthetic efficiency in source tissues and directly determines the level of storage starch in sink tissues, thus influencing overall crop yield potential. AGPase is a tetrameric enzyme; in higher plants it consists of two regulatory large subunits (LS) and two catalytic small subunits (SS), while in cyanobacteria and prokaryotes the enzyme is homotetrameric. The potato SS gene in pML10 was mutated by hydroxylamine and mutants were screened for elevated homotetrameric activity by iodine vapor staining. This search strategy led to the isolation of SS mutants (SUP-1, TG-15) that had pyrophosphorylase activity in the absence of the LS. TG-15 has a leucine to phenylalanine change at position 48 (L(48)F) that corresponds to a phenylalanine residue at the analogous position in the Escherichia coli homotetrameric AGPase as well as a valine to isoleucine change at position 59 (V(59)I). TG-15 was partially purified and kinetic analysis revealed substrate and effector affinities equal to wild type heterotetrameric enzyme with the exception of ATP binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Salamone
- Institute for Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-6340, USA
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Abstract
The characterization and production of starch variants from mutation studies and transgene technology has been invaluable for our understanding of the synthesis of the starch granule. The knowledge gained has allowed for genetic manipulation of the starch biosynthetic pathway in plants. This in vivo approach can be used to generate novel starches and diminishes the need for post-harvest chemically and enzymatically treated starches. Thus, the modification of the starch biosynthetic pathway is a plausible means by which starches with novel properties and applications can be created.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Slattery
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, PO Box 646340, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 91964-6340, USA
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Greene TW, Kavakli IH, Kahn ML, Okita TW. Generation of up-regulated allosteric variants of potato ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase by reversion genetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:10322-7. [PMID: 9707646 PMCID: PMC21507 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.17.10322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutagenesis of the large subunit (LS) of the potato ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase generated an enzyme, P52L, that was insensitive to 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA). To identify additional residues involved in 3-PGA interaction, we subjected P52L LS DNA to a second round of mutagenesis and identified second-site revertants by their ability to restore glycogen accumulation as assessed by iodine (I2) staining. Enzymes from class I revertants with normal I2-staining had an 11- to 49-fold greater affinity for the activator 3-PGA compared with the P52L mutant and a decreased sensitivity to the inhibitor orthophosphate. Sequence analysis of these class I revertants identified a P66L mutation in R4, an E38K mutation in R20, and a G101N mutation in R10 and R32. These mutations appear to restore 3-PGA binding by counteracting the effect of the P52L mutation because introducing E38K or G101N into the wild-type LS led to enzyme variants with higher affinity for the activator 3-PGA and increased resistance to the inhibitor orthophosphate. The generation of these revertant enzymes provides additional structure-function information on the allosteric regulation of higher plant ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylases and validates a strategy for developing novel variants of the enzyme that may be useful in manipulating starch biosynthesis in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Greene
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
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