1
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Kutzler MA, Cusimano G, Joyner D, Konopka E, Muir R, Barnette P, Guderian M, Del Moral-Sánchez I, Derking R, Bijl T, Snitselaar J, Rotsides P, Woloszczuk K, Bell M, Canziani G, Chaiken I, Hessell A, Bartsch Y, Sanders R, Haddad E. The molecular immune modulator adenosine deaminase-1 enhances HIV specific humoral and cellular responses to a native-like HIV envelope trimer DNA vaccine. Res Sq 2024:rs.3.rs-4139764. [PMID: 38746176 PMCID: PMC11092827 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4139764/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
There is currently no prophylactic vaccine available for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Research efforts have resulted in improved immunogens that mimic the native envelope (Env) glycoprotein structure. Recently, a novel triple tandem trimer (TTT) platform has been used to generate a plasmid encoding Env immunogen (pBG505-TTT) that expresses only as trimers, making it more suitable for nucleic acid vaccines. We have previously demonstrated that adenosine deaminase-1 (ADA-1) is critical to the T follicular helper (TFH) function and improves vaccine immune responses in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that co-delivery of plasmid-encoded adenosine deaminase 1 (pADA) with pBG505-TTT enhances the magnitude, durability, isotype switching and functionality of HIV-specific antibodies in a dose-sparing manner. Co-delivery of the molecular immune modulator ADA-1 also enhances HIV-specific T cell polyfunctionality, activation, and degranulation as well as memory B cell responses. These data demonstrate that pADA enhances HIV-specific cellular and humoral immunity, making ADA-1 a promising immune modulator for HIV-targeting vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tom Bijl
- Amsterdam University Medical Center
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2
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D’Elia A, Jones OL, Canziani G, Sarkar B, Chaiken I, Rodell CB. Injectable Granular Hydrogels Enable Avidity-Controlled Biotherapeutic Delivery. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1577-1588. [PMID: 38357739 PMCID: PMC10934254 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics represent a rapidly growing class of pharmaceutical agents that hold great promise for the treatment of various diseases such as cancer and autoimmune dysfunction. Conventional systemic delivery approaches, however, result in off-target drug exposure and a short therapeutic half-life, highlighting the need for more localized and controlled delivery. We have developed an affinity-based protein delivery system that uses guest-host complexation between β-cyclodextrin (CD, host) and adamantane (Ad, guest) to enable sustained localized biomolecule presentation. Hydrogels were formed by the copolymerization of methacrylated CD and methacrylated dextran. Extrusion fragmentation of bulk hydrogels yielded shear-thinning and self-healing granular hydrogels (particle diameter = 32.4 ± 16.4 μm) suitable for minimally invasive delivery and with a high host capacity for the retention of guest-modified proteins. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was controllably conjugated to Ad via EDC chemistry without affecting the affinity of the Ad moiety for CD (KD = 12.0 ± 1.81 μM; isothermal titration calorimetry). The avidity of Ad-BSA conjugates was directly tunable through the number of guest groups attached, resulting in a fourfold increase in the complex half-life (t1/2 = 5.07 ± 1.23 h, surface plasmon resonance) that enabled a fivefold reduction in protein release at 28 days. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the conjugation of Ad to immunomodulatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and IFNγ) did not detrimentally affect cytokine bioactivity and enabled their sustained release. Our strategy of avidity-controlled delivery of protein-based therapeutics is a promising approach for the sustained local presentation of protein therapeutics and can be applied to numerous biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle
M. D’Elia
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Olivia L. Jones
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Gabriela Canziani
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel
University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Biplab Sarkar
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel
University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Christopher B. Rodell
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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3
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Nangarlia A, Hassen FF, Canziani G, Bandi P, Talukder C, Zhang F, Krauth D, Gary EN, Weiner DB, Bieniasz P, Navas-Martin S, O'Keefe BR, Ang CG, Chaiken I. Irreversible Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by Lectin Engagement with Two Glycan Clusters on the Spike Protein. Biochemistry 2023; 62:2115-2127. [PMID: 37341186 PMCID: PMC10663058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Host cell infection by SARS-CoV-2, similar to that by HIV-1, is driven by a conformationally metastable and highly glycosylated surface entry protein complex, and infection by these viruses has been shown to be inhibited by the mannose-specific lectins cyanovirin-N (CV-N) and griffithsin (GRFT). We discovered in this study that CV-N not only inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection but also leads to irreversibly inactivated pseudovirus particles. The irreversibility effect was revealed by the observation that pseudoviruses first treated with CV-N and then washed to remove all soluble lectin did not recover infectivity. The infection inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus mutants with single-site glycan mutations in spike suggested that two glycan clusters in S1 are important for both CV-N and GRFT inhibition: one cluster associated with the RBD (receptor binding domain) and the second with the S1/S2 cleavage site. We observed lectin antiviral effects with several SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus variants, including the recently emerged omicron, as well as a fully infectious coronavirus, therein reflecting the breadth of lectin antiviral function and the potential for pan-coronavirus inactivation. Mechanistically, observations made in this work indicate that multivalent lectin interaction with S1 glycans is likely a driver of the lectin infection inhibition and irreversible inactivation effect and suggest the possibility that lectin inactivation is caused by an irreversible conformational effect on spike. Overall, lectins' irreversible inactivation of SARS-CoV-2, taken with their breadth of function, reflects the therapeutic potential of multivalent lectins targeting the vulnerable metastable spike before host cell encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakansha Nangarlia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Farah Fazloon Hassen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Gabriela Canziani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Praneeta Bandi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Choya Talukder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Fengwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Douglas Krauth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Ebony N Gary
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - David B Weiner
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Paul Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Sonia Navas-Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology & Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Charles G Ang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
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4
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Gupta M, Canziani G, Ang C, Mohammadi M, Abrams CF, Yang D, Smith AB, Chaiken I. Pharmacophore Variants of the Macrocyclic Peptide Triazole Inactivator of HIV-1 Env. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2814722. [PMID: 37131733 PMCID: PMC10153383 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2814722/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Previously we established a family of macrocyclic peptide triazoles (cPTs) that inactivate the Env protein complex of HIV-1, and identified the pharmacophore that engages Env's receptor binding pocket. Here, we examined the hypothesis that the side chains of both components of the triazole Pro - Trp segment of cPT pharmacophore work in tandem to make intimate contacts with two proximal subsites of the overall CD4 binding site of gp120 to stabilize binding and function. Variations of the triazole Pro R group, which previously had been significantly optimized, led to identification of a variant MG-II-20 that contains a pyrazole substitution. MG-II-20 has improved functional properties over previously examined variants, with Kd for gp120 in the nM range. In contrast, new variants of the Trp indole side chain, with either methyl- or bromo- components appended, had disruptive effects on gp120 binding, reflecting the sensitivity of function to changes in this component of the encounter complex. Plausible in silico models of cPT:gp120 complex structures were obtained that are consistent with the overall hypothesisof occupancy by the triazole Pro and Trp side chains, respectively, into the β20/21 and Phe43 sub-cavities. The overall results strengthen the definition of the cPT-Env inactivator binding site and provide a new lead composition (MG-II-20) as well as structure-function findings to guide future HIV-1 Env inactivator design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monisha Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Gabriela Canziani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Charles Ang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Mohammadjavad Mohammadi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Cameron F Abrams
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Derek Yang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
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5
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Gary EN, Tursi NJ, Warner BM, Cuismano G, Connors J, Parzych EM, Griffin BD, Bell MR, Ali AR, Frase D, Hojecki CE, Canziani GA, Chaiken I, Kannan T, Moffat E, Embury-Hyatt C, Wooton SK, Kossenkov A, Patel A, Kobasa D, Kutzler MA, Haddad EK, Weiner DB. Adenosine deaminase augments SARS-CoV-2 specific cellular and humoral responses in aged mouse models of immunization and challenge. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1138609. [PMID: 36999023 PMCID: PMC10043169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1138609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous clinically available vaccines and therapeutics, aged patients remain at increased risk for COVID-19 morbidity. Furthermore, various patient populations, including the aged can have suboptimal responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine antigens. Here, we characterized vaccine-induced responses to SARS-CoV-2 synthetic DNA vaccine antigens in aged mice. Aged mice exhibited altered cellular responses, including decreased IFNγ secretion and increased TNFα and IL-4 secretion suggestive of TH2-skewed responses. Aged mice exhibited decreased total binding and neutralizing antibodies in their serum but significantly increased TH2-type antigen-specific IgG1 antibody compared to their young counterparts. Strategies to enhance vaccine-induced immune responses are important, especially in aged patient populations. We observed that co-immunization with plasmid-encoded adenosine deaminase (pADA)enhanced immune responses in young animals. Ageing is associated with decreases in ADA function and expression. Here, we report that co-immunization with pADA enhanced IFNγ secretion while decreasing TNFα and IL-4 secretion. pADA expanded the breadth and affinity SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific antibodies while supporting TH1-type humoral responses in aged mice. scRNAseq analysis of aged lymph nodes revealed that pADA co-immunization supported a TH1 gene profile and decreased FoxP3 gene expression. Upon challenge, pADA co-immunization decreased viral loads in aged mice. These data support the use of mice as a model for age-associated decreased vaccine immunogenicity and infection-mediated morbidity and mortality in the context of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and provide support for the use of adenosine deaminase as a molecular adjuvant in immune-challenged populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebony N. Gary
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Tursi
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bryce M. Warner
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gina Cuismano
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer Connors
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Parzych
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bryan D. Griffin
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Matthew R. Bell
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ali R. Ali
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Drew Frase
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Casey E. Hojecki
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gabriela A. Canziani
- The Department of Biochemistry, Drexel University college of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- The Department of Biochemistry, Drexel University college of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Toshitha Kannan
- The Genomics Core, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Estella Moffat
- National Center for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Carissa Embury-Hyatt
- National Center for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Sarah K. Wooton
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Kossenkov
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- The Genomics Core, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ami Patel
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Michele A. Kutzler
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elias K. Haddad
- The Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David B. Weiner
- The Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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6
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Canziani GA, Tang J, Nangarlia A, Zhang S, Fazloon‐Hassen F, Taludker C, Connors J, Cusimano G, Bernui M, Bell M, Kutzler M, Haddad E, Cairns C, Chaiken I. Anti‐S2 Protection in COVID‐19 Infection and SARS‐CoV‐2 Spike Vaccination. FASEB J 2022. [PMCID: PMC9348361 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r4586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The overall goal of this project is to define the magnitude, quality, and duration of the primary immune response elicited against SARS‐CoV‐2 Spike by measuring domain‐specific antibody abundance and binding characteristics in plasmas after infection and vaccination. This investigation has enabled initiation of the screening of convalescent plasma polyclonal antibody (pAb) abundance and specificity through the IMPACC (Immunophenotyping Assessment in a COVID‐19 Cohort) at Drexel U College of Medicine (DUCOM) in collaboration with Tower Health Hospitals. We measured the active concentration of pAbs specific for RBD, S1 and S2 domains using SPR (surface plasmon resonance) molecular interaction analysis. By adopting a kinetic format, a complementary SPR analysis step was optimized to determine the binding rates and affinities of elicited antibodies targeting each domain of the Spike using the same plasma dilution aliquot. Most importantly, we found that the abundance of S2 reactive antibodies was comparable to that of anti‐S1 and RBD in convalescent plasmas. Plasmas obtained up to 6 months post‐vaccination are also becoming available through the TTC (Vaccination TetraCore cohort) assessment at DUCOM, and screening for these has demonstrated that anti‐S2 pAbs are also elicited, though intriguingly in lower abundance than after infection. To assess the importance anti‐S2 antibodies from convalescent plasmas, we purified anti‐S2 fractions by an SPR‐based microaffinity method and used the recovered antibodies in pseudovirus infection inhibition assays of ACE2 expressing cells to measure neutralization activity. Evidence for sustained generation of S2 antibodies up to 6 months post‐infection and occurrence of neutralizing anti‐S2 pAbs has begun to emerge with the possibility that antibodies targeting the S2 domain of the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein complex could provide pan‐coronavirus protection against COVID‐19, emerging variants, and other coronaviruses with conserved spike structures. Targeting the more conserved fusion machinery in the virus spike ultimately can lead to therapeutic antibodies or small molecule inhibitors effective on escape variants that occur mainly in S1 as well as other coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jackie Tang
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPA
| | | | - Shiyu Zhang
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPA
- Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA
| | | | - Choya Taludker
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPA
| | | | | | | | - Matt Bell
- MedicineDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Michele Kutzler
- Medicine; Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Microbiology & ImmunologyDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Elias Haddad
- Medicine; Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV MedicineDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Charles Cairns
- Medicine; Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV MedicineDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPA
- College of MedicineDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPA
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7
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Shah P, Canziani GA, Carter EP, Chaiken I. The Case for S2: The Potential Benefits of the S2 Subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein as an Immunogen in Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Immunol 2021; 12:637651. [PMID: 33767706 PMCID: PMC7985173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As COVID-19 cases continue to rise, it is imperative to learn more about antibodies and T-cells produced against the causative virus, SARS-CoV-2, in order to guide the rapid development of therapies and vaccines. While much of the current antibody and vaccine research focuses on the receptor-binding domain of S1, a less-recognized opportunity is to harness the potential benefits of the more conserved S2 subunit. Similarities between the spike proteins of both SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 warrant exploring S2. Possible benefits of employing S2 in therapies and vaccines include the structural conservation of S2, extant cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies in populations (due to prior exposure to common cold coronaviruses), the steric neutralization potential of antibodies against S2, and the stronger memory B-cell and T-cell responses. More research is necessary on the effect of glycans on the accessibility and stability of S2, SARS-CoV-2 mutants that may affect infectivity, the neutralization potential of antibodies produced by memory B-cells, cross-reactive T-cell responses, antibody-dependent enhancement, and antigen competition. This perspective aims to highlight the evidence for the potential advantages of using S2 as a target of therapy or vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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8
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Gaffney A, Nangarlia A, Ang CG, Gossert S, Rashad Ahmed AA, Hossain MA, Abrams CF, Smith AB, Chaiken I. HIV-1 Env-Dependent Cell Killing by Bifunctional Small-Molecule/Peptide Conjugates. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:440-442. [PMID: 33535751 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Althea Gaffney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Aakansha Nangarlia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Charles G. Ang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Steven Gossert
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Adel Ahmed Rashad Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Md Alamgir Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Cameron F. Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
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9
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Gaffney A, Nangarlia A, Ang CG, Gossert S, Rashad Ahmed AA, Hossain MA, Abrams CF, Smith AB, Chaiken I. HIV-1 Env-Dependent Cell Killing by Bifunctional Small-Molecule/Peptide Conjugates. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:193-204. [PMID: 33410670 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A strategy has been established for the synthesis of a family of bifunctional HIV-1 inhibitor covalent conjugates with the potential to bind simultaneously to both the gp120 and gp41 subunits of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimeric complex (Env). One component of the conjugates is derived from BNM-III-170, a small-molecule CD4 mimic that binds to gp120. The second component, comprised of the peptide DKWASLWNW ("Trp3"), was derived from the N-terminus of the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal External Region (MPER) and found previously to bind to the gp41 subunit of Env. The resulting bifunctional conjugates were shown to inhibit virus cell infection with low micromolar potency and to induce lysis of the HIV-1 virion. Crucially, virolysis was found to be dependent on the covalent linkage of the BNM-III-170 and Trp3 domains, as coadministration of a mixture of the un-cross-linked components proved to be nonlytic. However, a significant magnitude of lytic activity was observed in Env-negative and other control pseudoviruses, suggesting parallel mechanisms of action of the conjugates involving Env interaction and direct membrane disruption. Computational modeling suggested strong membrane-binding activity of BNM-III-170, which may underly the nonspecific virolytic effects of the conjugates. To investigate the scope of the membrane effect, cell-based cytotoxicity and membrane permeability assays were performed employing flow cytometry. Here, we observed a dose-dependent and specific cytotoxic effect on HIV-1 Env-expressing cells by the small-molecule bifunctional inhibitor. Most importantly, Env-negative cells were not susceptible to the cytotoxic effect upon exposure to this construct at concentrations where cell-killing effects were observed for Env-positive cells. Computational structural modeling supports a mechanism in which the bifunctional inhibitors bind to the gp120 and gp41 subunits in tandem in open-state Env trimers and induce relative motion of the gp120 subunits consistent with models of Env inactivation. This observation supports the idea that the cell-killing effect of the small-molecule bifunctional inhibitor is due to specific Env conformational triggering. This work lays important groundwork to advance a small-molecule bifunctional inhibitor approach for eliminating Env-expressing infected cells and the eradication of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Althea Gaffney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Aakansha Nangarlia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Charles G. Ang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Steven Gossert
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Adel Ahmed Rashad Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Md Alamgir Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Cameron F. Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
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10
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Parajuli B, Acharya K, Nangarlia A, Zhang S, Parajuli B, Dick A, Ngo B, Abrams CF, Chaiken I. Identification of a glycan cluster in gp120 essential for irreversible HIV-1 lytic inactivation by a lectin-based recombinantly engineered protein conjugate. Biochem J 2020; 477:4263-4280. [PMID: 33057580 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously discovered a class of recombinant lectin conjugates, denoted lectin DLIs ('dual-acting lytic inhibitors') that bind to the HIV-1 envelope (Env) protein trimer and cause both lytic inactivation of HIV-1 virions and cytotoxicity of Env-expressing cells. To facilitate mechanistic investigation of DLI function, we derived the simplified prototype microvirin (MVN)-DLI, containing an MVN domain that binds high-mannose glycans in Env, connected to a DKWASLWNW sequence (denoted 'Trp3') derived from the membrane-associated region of gp41. The relatively much stronger affinity of the lectin component than Trp3 argues that the lectin functions to capture Env to enable Trp3 engagement and consequent Env membrane disruption and virolysis. The relatively simplified engagement pattern of MVN with Env opened up the opportunity, pursued here, to use recombinant glycan knockout gp120 variants to identify the precise Env binding site for MVN that drives DLI engagement and lysis. Using mutagenesis combined with a series of biophysical and virological experiments, we identified a restricted set of residues, N262, N332 and N448, all localized in a cluster on the outer domain of gp120, as the essential epitope for MVN binding. By generating these mutations in the corresponding HIV-1 virus, we established that the engagement of this glycan cluster with the lectin domain of MVN*-DLI is the trigger for DLI-derived virus and cell inactivation. Beyond defining the initial encounter step for lytic inactivation, this study provides a guide to further elucidate DLI mechanism, including the stoichiometry of Env trimer required for function, and downstream DLI optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Parajuli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, U.S.A
| | - Kriti Acharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, U.S.A
| | - Aakansha Nangarlia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, U.S.A
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, U.S.A
| | - Bijay Parajuli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, U.S.A
| | - Alexej Dick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, U.S.A
| | - Brendon Ngo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, U.S.A
| | - Cameron F Abrams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, U.S.A
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, U.S.A
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11
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Gossert ST, Parajuli B, Chaiken I, Abrams CF. Roles of variable linker length in dual acting virucidal entry inhibitors on HIV-1 potency via on-the-fly free energy molecular simulations. Protein Sci 2020; 29:2304-2310. [PMID: 32926485 PMCID: PMC7586904 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Dual-Acting Virolytic Entry Inhibitors, or DAVEI's, are a class of recombinant chimera fusion proteins consisting of a lectin, a flexible polypeptide linker, and a fragment of the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 gp41. DAVEIs trigger virolysis of HIV-1 virions through interactions with the trimeric envelope glycoprotein complex (Env), though the details of these interactions are not fully determined as yet. The purpose of this work was to use structural modeling to rationalize a dependence of DAVEI potency on the molecular length of the linker connecting the two components. We used temperature accelerated molecular dynamics and on-the-fly parameterization to compute free energy versus end-to-end distance for two different linker lengths, DAVEI L0 (His6 ) and DAVEI L2 ([Gly4 Ser]2 His6 ). Additionally, an envelope model was created based on a cryo-electron microscopy-derived structure of a cleaved, soluble Env construct, with high-mannose glycans added which served as putative docking locations for the lectin, along with MPER added that served as a putative docking location for the MPER region of DAVEI (MPERDAVEI ). Using MD simulation, distances between the lectin C-terminus and Env gp41 MPER were measured. We determined that none of the glycans were close enough to gp41 MPER to allow DAVEI L0 to function, while one, N448, will allow DAVEI L2 to function. These findings are consistent with the previously determined dependence of lytic function on DAVEI linker lengths. This supports the hypothesis that DAVEI's engage Env at both glycans and the Env MPER in causing membrane poration and lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T. Gossert
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Bibek Parajuli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Cameron F. Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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12
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Prévost J, Tolbert WD, Medjahed H, Sherburn RT, Madani N, Zoubchenok D, Gendron-Lepage G, Gaffney AE, Grenier MC, Kirk S, Vergara N, Han C, Mann BT, Chénine AL, Ahmed A, Chaiken I, Kirchhoff F, Hahn BH, Haim H, Abrams CF, Smith AB, Sodroski J, Pazgier M, Finzi A. The HIV-1 Env gp120 Inner Domain Shapes the Phe43 Cavity and the CD4 Binding Site. mBio 2020; 11:e00280-20. [PMID: 32457241 PMCID: PMC7251204 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00280-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) undergo conformational changes upon interaction of the gp120 exterior glycoprotein with the CD4 receptor. The gp120 inner domain topological layers facilitate the transition of Env to the CD4-bound conformation. CD4 engages gp120 by introducing its phenylalanine 43 (Phe43) in a cavity ("the Phe43 cavity") located at the interface between the inner and outer gp120 domains. Small CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mc) can bind within the Phe43 cavity and trigger conformational changes similar to those induced by CD4. Crystal structures of CD4mc in complex with a modified CRF01_AE gp120 core revealed the importance of these gp120 inner domain layers in stabilizing the Phe43 cavity and shaping the CD4 binding site. Our studies reveal a complex interplay between the gp120 inner domain and the Phe43 cavity and generate useful information for the development of more-potent CD4mc.IMPORTANCE The Phe43 cavity of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) is an attractive druggable target. New promising compounds, including small CD4 mimetics (CD4mc), were shown to insert deeply into this cavity. Here, we identify a new network of residues that helps to shape this highly conserved CD4 binding pocket and characterize the structural determinants responsible for Env sensitivity to small CD4 mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D Tolbert
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Rebekah T Sherburn
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Navid Madani
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daria Zoubchenok
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Althea E Gaffney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melissa C Grenier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sharon Kirk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Natasha Vergara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Changze Han
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Brendan T Mann
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of the Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Agnès L Chénine
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of the Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adel Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hillel Haim
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Cameron F Abrams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine of Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Ang CG, Hossain MA, Rajpara M, Bach H, Acharya K, Dick A, Rashad AA, Kutzler M, Abrams CF, Chaiken I. Metastable HIV-1 Surface Protein Env Sensitizes Cell Membranes to Transformation and Poration by Dual-Acting Virucidal Entry Inhibitors. Biochemistry 2020; 59:818-828. [PMID: 31942789 PMCID: PMC7362902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dual-acting virucidal entry inhibitors (DAVEIs) have previously been shown to cause irreversible inactivation of HIV-1 Env-presenting pseudovirus by lytic membrane transformation. This study examined whether this transformation could be generalized to include membranes of Env-presenting cells. Flow cytometry was used to analyze HEK293T cells transiently transfected with increasing amounts of DNA encoding JRFL Env, loaded with calcein dye, and treated with serial dilutions of microvirin (Q831K/M83R)-DAVEI. Comparing calcein retention against intact Env expression (via Ab 35O22) on individual cells revealed effects proportional to Env expression. "Low-Env" cells experienced transient poration and calcein leakage, while "high-Env" cells were killed. The cell-killing effect was confirmed with an independent mitochondrial activity-based cell viability assay, showing dose-dependent cytotoxicity in response to DAVEI treatment. Transfection with increasing quantities of Env DNA showed further shifts toward "High-Env" expression and cytotoxicity, further reinforcing the Env dependence of the observed effect. Controls with unlinked DAVEI components showed no effect on calcein leakage or cell viability, confirming a requirement for covalently linked DAVEI compounds to achieve Env transformation. These data demonstrate that the metastability of Env is an intrinsic property of the transmembrane protein complex and can be perturbed to cause membrane disruption in both virus and cell contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Ang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19102 , United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Md Alamgir Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19102 , United States
| | - Marg Rajpara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19102 , United States
| | - Harry Bach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19102 , United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Kriti Acharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19102 , United States
| | - Alexej Dick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19102 , United States
| | - Adel A Rashad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19102 , United States
| | - Michele Kutzler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19102 , United States
| | - Cameron F Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19102 , United States
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14
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Darvish A, Lee JS, Peng B, Saharia J, Sundaram RVK, Goyal G, Bandara N, Ahn CW, Kim J, Dutta P, Chaiken I, Kim MJ. Mechanical characterization of HIV-1 with a solid-state nanopore sensor. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:776-783. [PMID: 30151981 PMCID: PMC7400684 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enveloped viruses fuse with cells to transfer their genetic materials and infect the host cell. Fusion requires deformation of both viral and cellular membranes. Since the rigidity of viral membrane is a key factor in their infectivity, studying the rigidity of viral particles is of great significance in understating viral infection. In this paper, a nanopore is used as a single molecule sensor to characterize the deformation of pseudo-type human immunodeficiency virus type 1 at sub-micron scale. Non-infective immature viruses were found to be more rigid than infective mature viruses. In addition, the effects of cholesterol and membrane proteins on the mechanical properties of mature viruses were investigated by chemically modifying the membranes. Furthermore, the deformability of single virus particles was analyzed through a recapturing technique, where the same virus was analyzed twice. The findings demonstrate the ability of nanopore resistive pulse sensing to characterize the deformation of a single virus as opposed to average ensemble measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Darvish
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jung Soo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Bin Peng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jugal Saharia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ramalingam Venkat Kalyana Sundaram
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Nuwan Bandara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chi Won Ahn
- Nano-Materials Laboratory, National NanoFab Center, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsuk Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Prashanta Dutta
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Min Jun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
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15
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Darvish A, Lee JS, Peng B, Saharia J, VenkatKalyana Sundaram R, Goyal G, Bandara N, Ahn CW, Kim J, Dutta P, Chaiken I, Kim MJ. Back Cover: Mechanical characterization of HIV-1 with a solid-state nanopore sensor. Electrophoresis 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201970044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Aneja R, Grigoletto A, Nangarlia A, Rashad AA, Wrenn S, Jacobson JM, Pasut G, Chaiken I. Pharmacokinetic stability of macrocyclic peptide triazole HIV-1 inactivators alone and in liposomes. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3155. [PMID: 30809901 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported the discovery of macrocyclic peptide triazoles (cPTs) that bind to HIV-1 Env gp120, inhibit virus cell infection with nanomolar potencies, and cause irreversible virion inactivation. Given the appealing virus-killing activity of cPTs and resistance to protease cleavage observed in vitro, we here investigated in vivo pharmacokinetics of the cPT AAR029b. AAR029b was investigated both alone and encapsulated in a PEGylated liposome formulation that was designed to slowly release inhibitor. Pharmacokinetic analysis in rats showed that the half-life of FITC-AAR029b was substantial both alone and liposome-encapsulated, 2.92 and 8.87 hours, respectively. Importantly, liposome-encapsulated FITC-AAR029b exhibited a 15-fold reduced clearance rate from serum compared with the free FITC-cPT. This work thus demonstrated both the in vivo stability of cPT alone and the extent of pharmacokinetic enhancement via liposome encapsulation. The results obtained open the way to further develop cPTs as long-acting HIV-1 inactivators against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Aneja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Antonella Grigoletto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Aakansha Nangarlia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adel A Rashad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven Wrenn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Jacobson
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience and Center of Translational AIDS Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gianfranco Pasut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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17
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Rashad AA, Song LR, Holmes AP, Acharya K, Zhang S, Wang ZL, Gary E, Xie X, Pirrone V, Kutzler MA, Long YQ, Chaiken I. Bifunctional Chimera That Coordinately Targets Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Envelope gp120 and the Host-Cell CCR5 Coreceptor at the Virus-Cell Interface. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5020-5033. [PMID: 29767965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To address the urgent need for new agents to reduce the global occurrence and spread of AIDS, we investigated the underlying hypothesis that antagonists of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) gp120 protein and the host-cell coreceptor (CoR) protein can be covalently joined into bifunctional synergistic combinations with improved antiviral capabilities. A synthetic protocol was established to covalently combine a CCR5 small-molecule antagonist and a gp120 peptide triazole antagonist to form the bifunctional chimera. Importantly, the chimeric inhibitor preserved the specific targeting properties of the two separate chimera components and, at the same time, exhibited low to subnanomolar potencies in inhibiting cell infection by different pseudoviruses, which were substantially greater than those of a noncovalent mixture of the individual components. The results demonstrate that targeting the virus-cell interface with a single molecule can result in improved potencies and also the introduction of new phenotypes to the chimeric inhibitor, such as the irreversible inactivation of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li-Rui Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Science , Shanghai 201203 , China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University Medical College , Suzhou 215123 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Number 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | | | | | - Shiyu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Zhi-Long Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Science , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | | | - Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Science , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | | | | | - Ya-Qiu Long
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Science , Shanghai 201203 , China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University Medical College , Suzhou 215123 , China
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18
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Gossert ST, Parajuli B, Chaiken I, Abrams CF. Roles of conserved tryptophans in trimerization of HIV-1 membrane-proximal external regions: Implications for virucidal design via alchemical free-energy molecular simulations. Proteins 2018; 86:707-711. [PMID: 29633345 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Dual-Action Virolytic Entry Inhibitors, or "DAVEI's," are a class of recombinant fusions of a lectin, a linker polypeptide, and a 15-residue fragment from the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 gp41. DAVEI's trigger rupture of HIV-1 virions, and the interaction site between DAVEI MPER and HIV-1 lies in the gp41 component of the envelope glycoprotein Env. Here, we explore the hypothesis that DAVEI MPER engages Env gp41 in a mode structurally similar to a crystallographic MPER trimer. We used alchemical free-energy perturbation to assess the thermodynamic roles of each of the four conserved tryptophan residues on each protomer of MPER3 . We found that a W666A mutation had a large positive ΔΔG for all three protomers, while W672A had a large positive ΔΔG for only two of the three protomers, with the other tryptophans remaining unimportant contributors to MPER3 stability. The protomer for which W672 is not important is unique in the placement of its W666 sidechain between the other two protomers. We show that the unique orientation of this W666 sidechain azimuthally rotates its protomer away from the orientation it would have if the trimer were symmetric, resulting in the diminished interaction of this W672 with the rest of MPER3 . Our findings are consistent with our previous experimental study of W-to-A mutants of DAVEI. This suggests that DAVEI MPER may engage HIV-1 Env to form a mixed trimer state in which one DAVEI MPER forms a trimer by displacing a more weakly interacting protomer of the endogenous Env MPER trimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Gossert
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 3141 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Bibek Parajuli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19102
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19102
| | - Cameron F Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 3141 Chestnut St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19102
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19
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Rashad AA, Acharya K, Haftl A, Aneja R, Dick A, Holmes AP, Chaiken I. Chemical optimization of macrocyclic HIV-1 inactivators for improving potency and increasing the structural diversity at the triazole ring. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:7770-7782. [PMID: 28770939 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01448a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 entry inhibition remains an urgent need for AIDS drug discovery and development. We previously reported the discovery of cyclic peptide triazoles (cPTs) that retain the HIV-1 irreversible inactivation functions of the parent linear peptides (PTs) and have massively increased proteolytic resistance. Here, in an initial structure-activity relationship investigation, we evaluated the effects of variations in key structural and functional components of the cPT scaffold in order to produce a platform for developing next-generation cPTs. Some structural elements, including stereochemistry around the cyclization residues and Ile and Trp side chains in the gp120-binding pharmacophore, exhibited relatively low tolerance for change, reflecting the importance of these components for function. In contrast, in the pharmacophore-central triazole position, the ferrocene moiety could be successfully replaced with smaller aromatic rings, where a p-methyl-phenyl methylene moiety gave cPT 24 with an IC50 value of 180 nM. Based on the observed activity of the biphenyl moiety when installed on the triazole ring (cPT 23, IC50 ∼ 269 nM), we further developed a new on-resin synthetic method to easily access the bi-aryl system during cPT synthesis, in good yields. A thiophene-containing cPT AAR029N2 (36) showed enhanced entropically favored binding to Env gp120 and improved antiviral activity (IC50 ∼ 100 nM) compared to the ferrocene-containing analogue. This study thus provides a crucial expansion of chemical space in the pharmacophore to use as a starting point, along with other allowable structural changes, to guide future optimization and minimization for this important class of HIV-1 killing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel A Rashad
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA.
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20
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Bastian AR, Ang CG, Kamanna K, Shaheen F, Huang YH, McFadden K, Duffy C, Bailey LD, Sundaram RVK, Chaiken I. Targeting cell surface HIV-1 Env protein to suppress infectious virus formation. Virus Res 2017; 235:33-36. [PMID: 28390972 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Env protein is essential for host cell entry, and targeting Env remains an important antiretroviral strategy. We previously found that a peptide triazole thiol KR13 and its gold nanoparticle conjugate AuNP-KR13 directly and irreversibly inactivate the virus by targeting the Env protein, leading to virus gp120 shedding, membrane disruption and p24 capsid protein release. Here, we examined the consequences of targeting cell-surface Env with the virus inactivators. We found that both agents led to formation of non-infectious virus from transiently transfected HEK293T cells. The budded non-infectious viruses lacked Env gp120 but contained gp41. Importantly, budded virions also retained the capsid protein p24, in stark contrast to p24 leakage from viruses directly treated by these agents and arguing that the agents led to deformed viruses by transforming the cells at a stage before virus budding. We found that the Env inactivators caused gp120 shedding from the transiently transfected HEK293T cells as well as non-producer CHO-K1-gp160 cells. Additionally, AuNP-KR13 was cytotoxic against the virus-producing HEK293T and CHO-K1-gp160 cells, but not untransfected HEK293T or unmodified CHO-K1 cells. The results obtained reinforce the argument that cell-surface HIV-1 Env is metastable, as on virus particles, and provides a conformationally vulnerable target for virus suppression and infectious cell inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arangassery Rosemary Bastian
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States; School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Charles G Ang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States; School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Kantharaju Kamanna
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
| | - Farida Shaheen
- Viral and Molecular Core, Penn Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Yu-Hung Huang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
| | - Karyn McFadden
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
| | - Caitlin Duffy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
| | - Lauren D Bailey
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
| | - Ramalingam Venkat Kalyana Sundaram
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States; School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States.
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21
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Acharya K, Rashad AA, Moraca F, Klasse PJ, Moore JP, Abrams C, Chaiken I. Recognition of HIV-inactivating peptide triazoles by the recombinant soluble Env trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664. Proteins 2017; 85:843-851. [PMID: 28056499 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Peptide triazole (PT) antagonists interact with gp120 subunits of HIV-1 Env trimers to block host cell receptor interactions, trigger gp120 shedding, irreversibly inactivate virus and inhibit infection. Despite these enticing functions, understanding the structural mechanism of PT-Env trimer encounter has been limited. In this work, we combined competition interaction analysis and computational simulation to demonstrate PT binding to the recombinant soluble trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664, a stable variant that resembles native virus spikes in binding to CD4 receptor as well as known conformationally-dependent Env antibodies. Binding specificity and computational modeling fit with encounter through complementary PT pharmacophore Ile-triazolePro-Trp interaction with a 2-subsite cavity in the Env gp120 subunit of SOSIP trimer similar to that in monomeric gp120. These findings argue that PTs are able to recognize and bind a closed prefusion state of Env trimer upon HIV-1 encounter. The results provide a structural model of how PTs exert their function on virion trimeric spike protein and a platform to inform future antagonist design. Proteins 2017; 85:843-851. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Acharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19102
| | - Adel A Rashad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19102
| | - Francesca Moraca
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Per Johan Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, 10065
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, 10065
| | - Cameron Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19102
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22
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Moraca F, Acharya K, Melillo B, Smith AB, Chaiken I, Abrams CF. Computational Evaluation of HIV-1 gp120 Conformations of Soluble Trimeric gp140 Structures as Targets for de Novo Docking of First- and Second-Generation Small-Molecule CD4 Mimics. J Chem Inf Model 2016; 56:2069-2079. [PMID: 27602436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule CD4 mimics (SMCM's) bind to the gp120 subunit of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) and have been optimized to block cell infection in vitro. The lack of the V1/2 and V3 loops and the presence of the β2/3 and β20/21 strands (bridging sheet) in the available structures of the monomeric gp120 core may limit its applicability as a target for further synthetic optimization of SMCM potency and/or breadth. Here, we employ a combination of binding-site search, docking, estimation of protein-ligand interaction energy, all-atom molecular dynamics, and ELISA-based CD4-binding competition assays to create, characterize, and rationalize models of first- and second-generation of SMCM's bound to the distinct, trimeric BG505 SOSIP.664 structures 4NCO and 4TVP containing V1/2 and V3 loops with no bridging sheet. We demonstrate that the in silico neutralization of the highly conserved D368 is necessary to obtain the correct orientation of SMCM in their binding site when docking against the monomeric gp120 core. The computational results correlate with IC50's measured in CD4 binding competition ELISA and with KD's measured on gp120 core monomer. This supports the hypothesis that the 4NCO trimeric structure represents a viable target for further SMCM's optimization with advantages over both the 4TVP trimer and gp120 core monomer. Finally, the docking protocol has been optimized to screen compounds that can clearly interact with the highly conserved residue D368, increasing the likelihood of future optimizations to arrive at SMCM's with a broader spectrum of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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23
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Kalyana Sundaram RV, Li H, Bailey L, Rashad AA, Aneja R, Weiss K, Huynh J, Bastian AR, Papazoglou E, Abrams C, Wrenn S, Chaiken I. Impact of HIV-1 Membrane Cholesterol on Cell-Independent Lytic Inactivation and Cellular Infectivity. Biochemistry 2016; 55:447-58. [PMID: 26713837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peptide triazole thiols (PTTs) have been found previously to bind to HIV-1 Env spike gp120 and cause irreversible virus inactivation by shedding gp120 and lytically releasing luminal capsid protein p24. Since the virions remain visually intact, lysis appears to occur via limited membrane destabilization. To better understand the PTT-triggered membrane transformation involved, we investigated the role of envelope cholesterol on p24 release by measuring the effect of cholesterol depletion using methyl beta-cyclodextrin (MβCD). An unexpected bell-shaped response of PTT-induced lysis to [MβCD] was observed, involving lysis enhancement at low [MβCD] vs loss of function at high [MβCD]. The impact of cholesterol depletion on PTT-induced lysis was reversed by adding exogenous cholesterol and other sterols that support membrane rafts, while sterols that do not support rafts induced only limited reversal. Cholesterol depletion appears to cause a reduced energy barrier to lysis as judged by decreased temperature dependence with MβCD. Enhancement/replenishment responses to [MβCD] also were observed for HIV-1 infectivity, consistent with a similar energy barrier effect in the membrane transformation of virus cell fusion. Overall, the results argue that cholesterol in the HIV-1 envelope is important for balancing virus stability and membrane transformation, and that partial depletion, while increasing infectivity, also makes the virus more fragile. The results also reinforce the argument that the lytic inactivation and infectivity processes are mechanistically related and that membrane transformations occurring during lysis can provide an experimental window to investigate membrane and protein factors important for HIV-1 cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Venkat Kalyana Sundaram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Huiyuan Li
- Shared Research Facilities, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Lauren Bailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Adel A Rashad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Rachna Aneja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Karl Weiss
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - James Huynh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Arangaserry Rosemary Bastian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Elisabeth Papazoglou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Cameron Abrams
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Steven Wrenn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
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24
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Pustylnikov S, Dave RS, Khan ZK, Porkolab V, Rashad AA, Hutchinson M, Fieschi F, Chaiken I, Jain P. Short Communication: Inhibition of DC-SIGN-Mediated HIV-1 Infection by Complementary Actions of Dendritic Cell Receptor Antagonists and Env-Targeting Virus Inactivators. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:93-100. [PMID: 26383762 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The DC-SIGN receptor on human dendritic cells interacts with HIV gp120 to promote both infection of antigen-presenting cells and transinfection of T cells. We hypothesized that in DC-SIGN-expressing cells, both DC-SIGN ligands such as dextrans and gp120 antagonists such as peptide triazoles would inhibit HIV infection with potential complementary antagonist effects. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the effects of dextran (D66), isomaltooligosaccharides (D06), and several peptide triazoles (HNG156, K13, and UM15) on HIV infection of B-THP-1/DC-SIGN cells. In surface plasmon resonance competition assays, D66 (IC50 = 35.4 μM) and D06 (IC50 = 3.4 mM) prevented binding of soluble DC-SIGN to immobilized mannosylated bovine serum albumin (BSA). An efficacious dose-dependent inhibition of DC-SIGN-mediated HIV infection in both pretreatment and posttreatment settings was observed, as indicated by inhibitory potentials (EC50) [D66 (8 μM), D06 (48 mM), HNG156 (40 μM), UM15 (100 nM), and K13 (25 nM)]. Importantly, both dextrans and peptide triazoles significantly decreased HIV gag RNA levels [D66 (7-fold), D06 (13-fold), HNG156 (7-fold), K-13 (3-fold), and UM15 (6-fold)]. Interestingly, D06 at the highest effective concentration showed a 14-fold decrease of infection, while its combination with 50 μM HNG156 showed a 26-fold decrease. Hence, these compounds can combine to inactivate the viruses and suppress DC-SIGN-mediated virus-cell interaction that as shown earlier leads to dendritic cell HIV infection and transinfection dependent on the DC-SIGN receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Pustylnikov
- Novosibirsk Tuberculosis Research Institute, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector,” Koltsovo, Russia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rajnish S. Dave
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zafar K. Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vanessa Porkolab
- University Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
- CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Adel A. Rashad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew Hutchinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank Fieschi
- University Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
- CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and the Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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25
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Bailey LD, Kalyana Sundaram RV, Li H, Duffy C, Aneja R, Rosemary Bastian A, Holmes AP, Kamanna K, Rashad AA, Chaiken I. Disulfide Sensitivity in the Env Protein Underlies Lytic Inactivation of HIV-1 by Peptide Triazole Thiols. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2861-73. [PMID: 26458166 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mode of action underlying lytic inactivation of HIV-1 virions by peptide triazole thiol (PTT), in particular the relationship between gp120 disulfides and the C-terminal cysteine-SH required for virolysis. Obligate PTT dimer obtained by PTT SH cross-linking and PTTs with serially truncated linkers between pharmacophore isoleucine-ferrocenyltriazole-proline-tryptophan and cysteine-SH were synthesized. PTT variants showed loss of lytic activity but not binding and infection inhibition upon SH blockade. A disproportionate loss of lysis activity vs binding and infection inhibition was observed upon linker truncation. Molecular docking of PTT onto gp120 argued that, with sufficient linker length, the peptide SH could approach and disrupt several alternative gp120 disulfides. Inhibition of lysis by gp120 mAb 2G12, which binds at the base of the V3 loop, as well as disulfide mutational effects, argued that PTT-induced disruption of the gp120 disulfide cluster at the base of the V3 loop is an important step in lytic inactivation of HIV-1. Further, PTT-induced lysis was enhanced after treating virus with reducing agents dithiothreitol and tris (2-carboxyethyl)phosphine. Overall, the results are consistent with the view that the binding of PTT positions the peptide SH group to interfere with conserved disulfides clustered proximal to the CD4 binding site in gp120, leading to disulfide exchange in gp120 and possibly gp41, rearrangement of the Env spike, and ultimately disruption of the viral membrane. The dependence of lysis activity on thiol-disulfide interaction may be related to intrinsic disulfide exchange susceptibility in gp120 that has been reported previously to play a role in HIV-1 cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D. Bailey
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Ramalingam Venkat Kalyana Sundaram
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Huiyuan Li
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Caitlin Duffy
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Rachna Aneja
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | | | - Andrew P. Holmes
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Kantharaju Kamanna
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Adel A. Rashad
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
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26
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Rashad AA, Kalyana Sundaram RV, Aneja R, Duffy C, Chaiken I. Macrocyclic Envelope Glycoprotein Antagonists that Irreversibly Inactivate HIV-1 before Host Cell Encounter. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7603-8. [PMID: 26331669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We derived macrocyclic HIV-1 antagonists as a new class of peptidomimetic drug leads. Cyclic peptide triazoles (cPTs) retained the gp120 inhibitory and virus-inactivating signature of parent PTs, arguing that cyclization locked an active conformation. The six-residue cPT 9 (AAR029b) exhibited submicromolar antiviral potencies in inhibiting cell infection and triggering gp120 shedding that causes irreversible virion inactivation. Importantly, cPTs were stable to trypsin and chymotrypsin compared to substantial susceptibility of corresponding linear PTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel A Rashad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine , 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102 United States
| | - Ramalingam Venkat Kalyana Sundaram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine , 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102 United States.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 United States
| | - Rachna Aneja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine , 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102 United States
| | - Caitlin Duffy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine , 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102 United States
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine , 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102 United States
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27
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Aneja R, Rashad AA, Li H, Kalyana Sundaram RV, Duffy C, Bailey LD, Chaiken I. Peptide Triazole Inactivators of HIV-1 Utilize a Conserved Two-Cavity Binding Site at the Junction of the Inner and Outer Domains of Env gp120. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3843-58. [PMID: 25860784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We used coordinated mutagenesis, synthetic design, and flexible docking to investigate the structural mechanism of Env gp120 encounter by peptide triazole (PT) inactivators of HIV-1. Prior results demonstrated that the PT class of inhibitors suppresses binding at both CD4 and coreceptor sites on Env and triggers gp120 shedding, leading to cell-independent irreversible virus inactivation. Despite these enticing anti-HIV-1 phenotypes, structural understanding of the PT-gp120 binding mechanism has been incomplete. Here we found that PT engages two inhibitor ring moieties at the junction between the inner and outer domains of the gp120 protein. The results demonstrate how combined occupancy of two gp120 cavities can coordinately suppress both receptor and coreceptor binding and conformationally entrap the protein in a destabilized state. The two-cavity model has common features with small molecule gp120 inhibitor binding sites and provides a guide for further design of peptidomimetic HIV-1 inactivators based on the PT pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Aneja
- †Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Adel A Rashad
- †Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Huiyuan Li
- †Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Ramalingam Venkat Kalyana Sundaram
- †Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States.,‡School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Caitlin Duffy
- †Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Lauren D Bailey
- †Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- †Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
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28
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Rosemary Bastian A, Nangarlia A, Bailey LD, Holmes A, Kalyana Sundaram RV, Ang C, Moreira DRM, Freedman K, Duffy C, Contarino M, Abrams C, Root M, Chaiken I. Mechanism of multivalent nanoparticle encounter with HIV-1 for potency enhancement of peptide triazole virus inactivation. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:529-43. [PMID: 25371202 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.608315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Entry of HIV-1 into host cells remains a compelling yet elusive target for developing agents to prevent infection. A peptide triazole (PT) class of entry inhibitor has previously been shown to bind to HIV-1 gp120, suppress interactions of the Env protein at host cell receptor binding sites, inhibit cell infection, and cause envelope spike protein breakdown, including gp120 shedding and, for some variants, virus membrane lysis. We found that gold nanoparticle-conjugated forms of peptide triazoles (AuNP-PT) exhibit substantially more potent antiviral effects against HIV-1 than corresponding peptide triazoles alone. Here, we sought to reveal the mechanism of potency enhancement underlying nanoparticle conjugate function. We found that altering the physical properties of the nanoparticle conjugate, by increasing the AuNP diameter and/or the density of PT conjugated on the AuNP surface, enhanced potency of infection inhibition to impressive picomolar levels. Further, compared with unconjugated PT, AuNP-PT was less susceptible to reduction of antiviral potency when the density of PT-competent Env spikes on the virus was reduced by incorporating a peptide-resistant mutant gp120. We conclude that potency enhancement of virolytic activity and corresponding irreversible HIV-1 inactivation of PTs upon AuNP conjugation derives from multivalent contact between the nanoconjugates and metastable Env spikes on the HIV-1 virus. The findings reveal that multispike engagement can exploit the metastability built into virus the envelope to irreversibly inactivate HIV-1 and provide a conceptual platform to design nanoparticle-based antiviral agents for HIV-1 specifically and putatively for metastable enveloped viruses generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arangassery Rosemary Bastian
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, the School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Aakansha Nangarlia
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, the School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Lauren D Bailey
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102
| | - Andrew Holmes
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102
| | - R Venkat Kalyana Sundaram
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, the School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Charles Ang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, the School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Diogo R M Moreira
- the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas Goncalo Moniz, Salvador-BA 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Kevin Freedman
- the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - Caitlin Duffy
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102
| | - Mark Contarino
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102
| | - Cameron Abrams
- the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - Michael Root
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102,
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29
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Kamat V, Donaldson JM, Kari C, Quadros MR, Lelkes PI, Chaiken I, Cocklin S, Williams JC, Papazoglou E, Rodeck U. Enhanced EGFR inhibition and distinct epitope recognition by EGFR antagonistic MABS C225 and 425. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 7:726-33. [DOI: 10.4161/cbt.7.5.6097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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30
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Bastian AR, Contarino M, Bailey LD, Aneja R, Moreira DRM, Freedman K, McFadden K, Duffy C, Emileh A, Leslie G, Jacobson JM, Hoxie JA, Chaiken I. Interactions of peptide triazole thiols with Env gp120 induce irreversible breakdown and inactivation of HIV-1 virions. Retrovirology 2013; 10:153. [PMID: 24330857 PMCID: PMC3878761 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We examined the underlying mechanism of action of the peptide triazole thiol, KR13 that has been shown previously to specifically bind gp120, block cell receptor site interactions and potently inhibit HIV-1 infectivity. Results KR13, the sulfhydryl blocked KR13b and its parent non-sulfhydryl peptide triazole, HNG156, induced gp120 shedding but only KR13 induced p24 capsid protein release. The resulting virion post virolysis had an altered morphology, contained no gp120, but retained gp41 that bound to neutralizing gp41 antibodies. Remarkably, HIV-1 p24 release by KR13 was inhibited by enfuvirtide, which blocks formation of the gp41 6-helix bundle during membrane fusion, while no inhibition of p24 release occurred for enfuvirtide-resistant virus. KR13 thus appears to induce structural changes in gp41 normally associated with membrane fusion and cell entry. The HIV-1 p24 release induced by KR13 was observed in several clades of HIV-1 as well as in fully infectious HIV-1 virions. Conclusions The antiviral activity of KR13 and its ability to inactivate virions prior to target cell engagement suggest that peptide triazole thiols could be highly effective in inhibiting HIV transmission across mucosal barriers and provide a novel probe to understand biochemical signals within envelope that are involved in membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245N 15th Street, New College Building, Room No, 11102, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Click chemistry is an efficient and chemoselective synthetic method for coupling molecular fragments under mild reaction conditions. Since the advent in 2001 of methods to improve stereochemical conservation, the click chemistry approach has been broadly used to construct diverse chemotypes in both chemical and biological fields. In this review, we discuss the application of click chemistry in peptide-based drug design. We highlight how triazoles formed by click reactions have been used for mimicking peptide and disulfide bonds, building secondary structural components of peptides, linking functional groups together, and bioconjugation. The progress made in this field opens the way for synthetic approaches to convert peptides with promising functional leads into structure-minimized and more stable forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, 245 N 15th Street, New College Building, Room 11102, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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Freedman KJ, Bastian AR, Chaiken I, Kim MJ. Solid-state nanopore detection of protein complexes: applications in healthcare and protein kinetics. Small 2013; 9:750-759. [PMID: 23074081 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein conjugation provides a unique look into many biological phenomena and has been used for decades for molecular recognition purposes. In this study, the use of solid-state nanopores for the detection of gp120-associated complexes are investigated. They exhibit monovalent and multivalent binding to anti-gp120 antibody monomer and dimers. In order to investigate the feasibility of many practical applications related to nanopores, detection of specific protein complexes is attempted within a heterogeneous protein sample, and the role of voltage on complexed proteins is researched. It is found that the electric field within the pore can result in unbinding of a freely translocating protein complex within the transient event durations measured experimentally. The strong dependence of the unbinding time with voltage can be used to improve the detection capability of the nanopore system by adding an additional level of specificity that can be probed. These data provide a strong framework for future protein-specific detection schemes, which are shown to be feasible in the realm of a 'real-world' sample and an automated multidimensional method of detecting events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Freedman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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33
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Tuzer F, Madani N, Kamanna K, Zentner I, LaLonde J, Holmes A, Upton E, Rajagopal S, McFadden K, Contarino M, Sodroski J, Chaiken I. HIV-1 Env gp120 structural determinants for peptide triazole dual receptor site antagonism. Proteins 2012; 81:271-90. [PMID: 23011758 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in HIV therapy, viral resistance and side-effects with current drug regimens require targeting new components of the virus. Dual antagonist peptide triazoles (PT) are a novel class of HIV-1 inhibitors that specifically target the gp120 component of the viral spike and inhibit its interaction with both of its cell surface protein ligands, namely the initial receptor CD4 and the co-receptor (CCR5/CXCR4), thus preventing viral entry. Following an initial survey of 19 gp120 alanine mutants by ELISA, we screened 11 mutants for their importance in binding to, and inhibition by the PT KR21 using surface plasmon resonance. Key mutants were purified and tested for their effects on the peptide's affinity and its ability to inhibit binding of CD4 and the co-receptor surrogate mAb 17b. Effects of the mutations on KR21 viral neutralization were measured by single-round cell infection assays. Two mutations, D474A and T257A, caused large-scale loss of KR21 binding, as well as losses in both CD4/17b and viral inhibition by KR21. A set of other Ala mutants revealed more moderate losses in direct binding affinity and inhibition sensitivity to KR21. The cluster of sensitive residues defines a PT functional epitope. This site is in a conserved region of gp120 that overlaps the CD4 binding site and is distant from the co-receptor/17b binding site, suggesting an allosteric mode of inhibition for the latter. The arrangement and sequence conservation of the residues in the functional epitope explain the breadth of antiviral activity, and improve the potential for rational inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferit Tuzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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Ishino T, Economou NJ, McFadden K, Zaks-Zilberman M, Jost M, Baxter S, Contarino MR, Harrington AE, Loll PJ, Pasut G, Lievens S, Tavernier J, Chaiken I. A Protein Engineering Approach Differentiates the Functional Importance of Carbohydrate Moieties of Interleukin-5 Receptor α. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7546-56. [DOI: 10.1021/bi2009135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishino
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Nicoleta J. Economou
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Karyn McFadden
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Meirav Zaks-Zilberman
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Monika Jost
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College
Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102,
United States
| | - Sabine Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Mark R. Contarino
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Adrian E. Harrington
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Patrick J. Loll
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Gianfranco Pasut
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padua, Via F. Marzolo 5, Padua 35131,
Italy
| | - Sam Lievens
- Department of Medical
Protein
Research, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB09-Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Department of Medical
Protein
Research, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, VIB09-Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 11102 New College Building, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19102, United States
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35
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Bastian AR, Kantharaju, McFadden K, Duffy C, Rajagopal S, Contarino MR, Papazoglou E, Chaiken I. Inside Cover: Cell-Free HIV-1 Virucidal Action by Modified Peptide Triazole Inhibitors of Env gp120 (ChemMedChem 8/2011). ChemMedChem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201190033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Bastian AR, Kantharaju, McFadden K, Duffy C, Rajagopal S, Contarino MR, Papazoglou E, Chaiken I. Cell-free HIV-1 virucidal action by modified peptide triazole inhibitors of Env gp120. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1335-9, 1318. [PMID: 21714095 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arangassery R Bastian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 245 N 15th Street, New College Building, Room 11305, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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37
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Umashankara M, McFadden K, Zentner I, Schön A, Rajagopal S, Tuzer F, Kuriakose SA, Contarino M, Lalonde J, Freire E, Chaiken I. The active core in a triazole peptide dual-site antagonist of HIV-1 gp120. ChemMedChem 2011; 5:1871-9. [PMID: 20677318 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to identify broadly active inhibitors of HIV-1 entry into host cells, we previously reported a family of dodecamer triazole-peptide conjugates with nanomolar affinity for the viral surface protein gp120. This peptide class exhibits potent antiviral activity and the capacity to simultaneously inhibit interaction of the viral envelope protein with both CD4 and co-receptor. In this investigation, we minimized the structural complexity of the lead triazole inhibitor HNG-156 (peptide 1) to explore the limits of the pharmacophore that enables dual antagonism and to improve opportunities for peptidomimetic design. Truncations of both carboxy- and amino-terminal residues from the parent 12-residue peptide 1 were found to have minimal effects on both affinity and antiviral activity. In contrast, the central triazole(Pro)-Trp cluster at residues 6 and 7 with ferrocenyl-triazole(Pro) (Ftp) was found to be critical for bioactivity. Amino-terminal residues distal to the central triazole(Pro)-Trp sequence tolerated decreasing degrees of side chain variation upon approaching the central cluster. A peptide fragment containing residues 3-7 (Asn-Asn-Ile-Ftp-Trp) exhibited substantial direct binding affinity, antiviral potency, dual receptor site antagonism, and induction of gp120 structuring, all properties that define the functional signature of the parent compound 1. This active core contains a stereochemically specific hydrophobic triazole(Pro)-Trp cluster, with a short N-terminal peptide extension providing groups for potential main chain and side chain hydrogen bonding. The results of this work argue that the pharmacophore for dual antagonism is structurally limited, thereby enhancing the potential to develop minimized peptidomimetic HIV-1 entry inhibitors that simultaneously suppress binding of envelope protein to both of its host cell receptors. The results also argue that the target epitope on gp120 is relatively small, pointing to a localized allosteric inhibition site in the HIV-1 envelope that could be targeted for small-molecule inhibitor discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muddegowda Umashankara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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38
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Cannon G, Yi Y, Ni H, Stoddard E, Scales DA, Van Ryk DI, Chaiken I, Malamud D, Weissman D. HIV envelope binding by macrophage-expressed gp340 promotes HIV-1 infection. J Immunol 2008; 181:2065-70. [PMID: 18641344 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.3.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The scavenger receptor cysteine-rich protein gp340 functions as part of the host innate immune defense system at mucosal surfaces. In the genital tract, its expression by cervical and vaginal epithelial cells promotes HIV trans-infection and may play a role in sexual transmission. Gp340 is an alternatively spliced product of the deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (DMBT1) gene. In addition to its innate immune system activity, DMBT1 demonstrates instability in multiple types of cancer and plays a role in epithelial cell differentiation. We demonstrate that monocyte-derived macrophages express gp340 and that HIV-1 infection is decreased when envelope cannot bind it. Inhibition of infection occurred at the level of fusion of M-, T-, and dual-tropic envelopes. Additional HIV-1 envelope binding molecules, such as dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), mannose-binding lectin, and heparan sulfate, enhance the efficiency of infection of the cells that express them by increasing the local concentration of infectious virus. Our data suggest that gp340, which is expressed by macrophages in vivo, may function to enhance infection in much the same manner. Its expression on tissue macrophages and epithelial cells suggests important new opportunities for HIV-1 pathogenesis investigation and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgetta Cannon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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39
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Abstract
Human interleukin 5 (IL5) is the major hematopoietin that stimulates the proliferation, migration and activation of eosinophils and is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and other myeloproliferative diseases. IL5 functions through the signaling of a common receptor subunit beta (beta c), in a receptor activation process that requires initial recruitment of an IL5 specific receptor subunit alpha (IL5Ralpha), for cytokine presentation to beta c. Important advances have been made to understand molecular mechanisms of cytokine recognition and receptor antagonism. Mutational studies indicate that a pair of charge complementary regions play an essential role in specific interaction between IL5Ralpha and IL5. Moreover, peptide studies with the IL5 system have identified a cyclic peptide inhibitor, AF17121, which binds specifically to IL5Ralpha by mimicking the cytokine. A key receptor-recognition pharmacophore has been identified in this peptide inhibitor, and sites of inhibitor recognition can be proposed in the homology-deduced structural model of IL5Ralpha. These results provide an experimental platform to derive enhanced-potency peptidomimetic inhibitors. Such inhibitors have potential use as tools to evaluate the role of eosinophilia in disease and as potential leads to antagonists to treat hyper-eosinophilic diseases such as eosinophilic esophagitis, asthma and chronic myeloproliferative leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishino
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA
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40
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Gopi H, Umashankara M, Pirrone V, LaLonde J, Madani N, Tuzer F, Baxter S, Zentner I, Cocklin S, Jawanda N, Miller SR, Schön A, Klein JC, Freire E, Krebs FC, Smith AB, Sodroski J, Chaiken I. Structural determinants for affinity enhancement of a dual antagonist peptide entry inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type-1. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2638-47. [PMID: 18402432 PMCID: PMC2921370 DOI: 10.1021/jm070814r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity correlations were investigated for substituted peptide conjugates that function as dual receptor site antagonists of HIV-1 gp120. A series of peptide conjugates were constructed via click reaction of both aryl and alkyl acetylenes with an internally incorporated azidoproline 6 derived from the parent peptide 1 (12p1, RINNIPWSEAMM). Compared to 1, many of these conjugates were found to exhibit several orders of magnitude increase in both affinity for HIV-1 gp120 and inhibition potencies at both the CD4 and coreceptor binding sites of gp120. We sought to determine structural factors in the added triazole grouping responsible for the increased binding affinity and antiviral activity of the dual inhibitor conjugates. We measured peptide conjugate potencies in both kinetic and cell infection assays. High affinity was sterically specific, being exhibited by the cis- but not the trans-triazole. The results demonstrate that aromatic, hydrophobic, and steric features in the residue 6 side-chain are important for increased affinity and inhibition. Optimizing these features provides a basis for developing gp120 dual inhibitors into peptidomimetic and increasingly smaller molecular weight entry antagonist leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosahudya Gopi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - M. Umashankara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Vanessa Pirrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Judith LaLonde
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA
| | - Navid Madani
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ferit Tuzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Sabine Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Isaac Zentner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Navneet Jawanda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Shendra R. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Jeffrey C. Klein
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Ernesto Freire
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Fred C. Krebs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
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41
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Ishino T, Harrington AE, Zaks-Zilberman M, Scibek JJ, Chaiken I. Slow-dissociation effect of common signaling subunit beta c on IL5 and GM-CSF receptor assembly. Cytokine 2008; 42:179-190. [PMID: 18294864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activation by IL5 and GM-CSF is a sequential process that depends on their interaction with a cytokine-specific subunit alpha and recruitment of a common signaling subunit beta (betac). In order to elucidate the assembly dynamics of these receptor subunits, we performed kinetic interaction analysis of the cytokine-receptor complex formation by a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Using the extracellular domains of receptor fused with C-terminal V5-tag, we developed an assay method to co-anchor alpha and betac subunits on the biosensor surface. We demonstrated that dissociation of the cytokine-receptor complexes was slower when both subunits were co-anchored on the biosensor surface than when alpha subunit alone was anchored. The slow-dissociation effect of betac had a similar impact on GM-CSF receptor stabilization to that of IL5. The effects were abolished by alanine replacement of either Tyr18 or Tyr344 residue in betac, which together constitute key parts of a cytokine binding epitope. The data argue that betac plays an important role in preventing the ligand-receptor complexes from rapidly dissociating. This slow-dissociation effect of betac explains how, when multiple betac cytokine receptor alpha subunits are present on the same cell surface, selective betac usage can be controlled by sequestration in stabilized cytokine-alpha-betac complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishino
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 245 North, 15th Street, Mail Stop 497, New College Building, Room 11102, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA
| | - Adrian E Harrington
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 245 North, 15th Street, Mail Stop 497, New College Building, Room 11102, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA
| | - Meirav Zaks-Zilberman
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 245 North, 15th Street, Mail Stop 497, New College Building, Room 11102, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA
| | - Jeffery J Scibek
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 245 North, 15th Street, Mail Stop 497, New College Building, Room 11102, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 245 North, 15th Street, Mail Stop 497, New College Building, Room 11102, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA.
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42
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Zaks‐Zilberman M, Harrington A, Ishino T, Chaiken I. Monitoring Ligand‐Dependent IL‐5 Receptor Activation on Cells Using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). FASEB J 2007. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.5.a250-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meirav Zaks‐Zilberman
- BiochemistryDrexel University, New College Building245 N. 15th StreetPhiladelphiaPA19102
| | - Adrian Harrington
- BiochemistryDrexel University, New College Building245 N. 15th StreetPhiladelphiaPA19102
| | - Tetsuya Ishino
- BiochemistryDrexel University, New College Building245 N. 15th StreetPhiladelphiaPA19102
| | - Irwin Chaiken
- BiochemistryDrexel University, New College Building245 N. 15th StreetPhiladelphiaPA19102
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43
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Bhattacharya M, Pillalamari U, Sarkhel S, Ishino T, Urbina C, Jameson B, Chaiken I. Recruitment pharmacophore for interleukin 5 receptor alpha antagonism. Biopolymers 2007; 88:83-93. [PMID: 17041908 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-5 receptor alpha is a therapeutic target for hypereosinophilic diseases including allergic inflammations and asthma. The cyclic peptide AF17121 (Ac-VDE[CWRIIASHTWFC]AEE-CONH(2)) has been identified as a submicromolar inhibitor of interleukin 5 (IL5)-interleukin 5 receptor alpha (IL5Ralpha) interaction from a random peptide screen. However, this inhibitor has limitations as a drug lead because of its relatively large size. We used chemical synthesis of peptides with natural and non-natural amino acids along with kinetic binding and cell proliferation competition assays to expand definition of structural elements in the peptide that are important for receptor antagonism and to elucidate the underlying pharmacophore. We found that the specific steric array of hydrogen bonding groups in the Arg 6 guanido side chain is critical for receptor inhibition. We also investigated noncharged structural elements in AF17121. Screening a set of five hydrophobic residues showed that peptide function is strongly sensitive to variations in several of these residues, most prominently Ile 7 and Trp 13. We postulate that presentation of charged, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic structural elements within the disulfide-constrained peptide drives IL5Ralpha recruitment by AF17121. We hypothesize from these results and previous receptor mutagenesis studies that Arg 6 recruitment of IL5Ralpha occurs through hydrogen bonding as well as charge-charge interactions with Asp 55 in site one of domain 1 of IL5Ralpha, and that this interaction is complemented by additional charged and hydrophobic interactions around the Asp 55 locus. Scaffolding a limited set of structural elements in the inhibitor pharmacophore may be useful for small molecule antagonist design inspired by the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhushree Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
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44
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McFadden K, Cocklin S, Gopi H, Baxter S, Ajith S, Mahmood N, Shattock R, Chaiken I. A recombinant allosteric lectin antagonist of HIV-1 envelope gp120 interactions. Proteins 2007; 67:617-29. [PMID: 17348010 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The first, critical stage of HIV-1 infection is fusion of viral and host cellular membranes initiated by a viral envelope glycoprotein gp120. We evaluated the potential to form a chimeric protein entry inhibitor that combines the action of two gp120-targeting molecules, an allosteric peptide inhibitor 12p1 and a higher affinity carbohydrate-binding protein cyanovirin (CVN). In initial mixing experiments, we demonstrated that the inhibitors do not interfere with each other and instead show functional synergy in inhibiting viral cell infection. Based on this, we created a chimera, termed L5, with 12p1 fused to the C-terminal domain of CVN through a linker of five penta-peptide repeats. L5 revealed the same broad specificity as CVN for gp120 from a variety of clades and tropisms. By comparison to CVN, the L5 chimera exhibited substantially increased inhibition of gp120 binding to receptor CD4, coreceptor surrogate mAb 17b and gp120 antibody F105. These binding inhibition effects by the chimera reflected both the high affinity of the CVN domain and the allosteric action of the 12p1 domain. The results open up the possibility to form high potency chimeras, as well as noncovalent mixtures, as leads for HIV-1 envelope antagonism that can overcome potency limits and potential virus mutational resistance for either 12p1 or CVN alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn McFadden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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Yang X, Lipchina I, Cocklin S, Chaiken I, Sodroski J. Antibody binding is a dominant determinant of the efficiency of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 neutralization. J Virol 2006; 80:11404-8. [PMID: 16956933 PMCID: PMC1642171 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01102-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary and laboratory-adapted variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exhibit a wide range of sensitivities to neutralization by antibodies directed against the viral envelope glycoproteins. An antibody directed against an artificial FLAG epitope inserted into the envelope glycoproteins of three HIV-1 isolates with vastly different neutralization sensitivities inhibited all three viruses equivalently. Thus, naturally occurring HIV-1 isolates that are neutralization resistant are not necessarily more impervious to the inhibitory consequences of bound antibody. Moreover, the binding affinity of the anti-FLAG antibody correlated with neutralizing potency, underscoring the dominant impact on neutralization of antibody binding to the envelope glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhen Yang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, R.E. 213A, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Ishino T, Pillalamarri U, Panarello D, Bhattacharya M, Urbina C, Horvat S, Sarkhel S, Jameson B, Chaiken I. Asymmetric usage of antagonist charged residues drives interleukin-5 receptor recruitment but is insufficient for receptor activation. Biochemistry 2006; 45:1106-15. [PMID: 16430207 PMCID: PMC2538410 DOI: 10.1021/bi0518038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic peptide AF17121 (VDECWRIIASHTWFCAEE) is a library-derived antagonist for human Interleukin-5 receptor alpha (IL5Ralpha). We have previously demonstrated that AF17121 mimics Interleukin-5 (IL5) by binding in a region of IL5Ralpha that overlaps the IL5 binding epitope. In the present study, to explore the functional importance of the amino acid residues of AF17121 required for effective binding to, and antagonism of, IL5Ralpha, each charged residue was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis and examined for IL5Ralpha interaction by using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. One residue, Arg(6), was found to be essential for receptor antagonism; its replacement with either alanine or lysine completely abolished the interaction between AF17121 and IL5Ralpha. Other charged residues play modulatory roles. One class consists of the N-terminal acidic cluster (Asp(2) and Glu(3)) for which alanine replacement decreased the association rate. A second class consists of His(11) and the C-terminal acidic cluster (Glu(17) and Glu(18)) for which alanine replacement increased the dissociation rate. Binding model analysis of the mutants of the latter class of residues indicated the existence of conformational rearrangement during the interaction. On the basis of these results, we propose a model in which Arg(6) and N-terminal acidic residues drive the encounter complex, while Arg(6), His(11), and C-terminal acidic residues are involved in stabilizing the final complex. These data argue that the charged residues of AF17121 are utilized asymmetrically in the pathway of inhibitor-receptor complex formation to deactivate the receptor function. The results also help focus emerging models for the mechanism by which IL5 activates the IL5Ralpha-betac receptor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and A. J. Drexel Institute of Basic and Applied Protein Science, Drexel University College of Medicine Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Cocklin
- Biochemistry & Molecular GeneticsDUCOM245 N. 15th Street, Room 11313PhiladelphiaPA19103
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Contarino MR, Sergi M, Harrington AE, Lazareck A, Xu J, Chaiken I. Modular, self-assembling peptide linkers for stable and regenerable carbon nanotube biosensor interfaces. J Mol Recognit 2006; 19:363-71. [PMID: 16775846 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As part of an effort to develop nanoelectronic sensors for biological targets, we tested the potential to incorporate coiled coils as metallized, self-assembling, site-specific molecular linkers on carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Based on a previously conceived modular anchor-probe approach, a system was designed in which hydrophobic residues (valines and leucines) form the interface between the two helical peptide components. Charged residues (glutamates and arginines) on the borders of the hydrophobic interface increase peptide solubility, and provide stability and specificity for anchor-probe assembly. Two histidine residues oriented on the exposed hydrophilic exterior of each peptide were included as chelating sites for metal ions such as cobalt. Cysteines were incorporated at the peptide termini for oriented, thiol-mediated coupling to surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor surfaces, gold nanoparticles or CNT substrates. The two peptides were produced by solid phase peptide synthesis using Fmoc chemistry: an acidic 42-residue peptide E42C, and its counterpart in the heterodimer, a basic 39-residue peptide R39C. The ability of E42C and R39C to bind cobalt was demonstrated by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and isothermal titration calorimetry. SPR biosensor kinetic analysis of dimer assembly revealed apparent sub-nanomolar affinities in buffers with and without 1 mM CoCl2 using two different reference surfaces. For device-oriented CNT immobilization, R39C was covalently anchored to CNT tips via a C-terminal cysteine residue. Scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize the assembly of probe peptide (E42C) N-terminally labeled with 15 nm gold nanoparticles, when added to the R39C-CNT surface. The results obtained open the way to develop CNT tip-directed recognition surfaces, using recombinant and chemically synthesized chimeras containing binding epitopes fused to the E42C sequence domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Contarino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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Abstract
The activation of interleukin 5 (IL-5) receptor is a dynamic process that depends on specific interaction of IL-5 with IL-5 receptor alpha, the formation of oligomeric receptor complexes with receptor beta, and the initiation of cytoplasmic phosphorylation events. These steps culminate in the triggering of a cellular response. Important advances have been made recently in understanding the molecular mechanisms of cytokine recognition, receptor assembly, and signal triggering. Cytokine recognition can be envisioned by relating structure to function in IL-5 and IL-5 receptor alpha. A pair of charge-complementary regions plays an essential role in the specific interaction between IL-5 receptor alpha and IL-5. Moreover, peptide library methodology has led to the discovery of IL-5 receptor alpha antagonists that mimic key elements in IL-5 receptor recognition. Because IL-5 has been implicated in the pathology of eosinophil-related inflammatory diseases, revealing the key recognition elements of IL-5, IL-5 mimetic peptides, and IL-5 receptor alpha could help drive the design of new compounds for therapeutic treatment against allergic inflammatory diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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Abstract
The cyclic peptide AF17121 is a library-derived antagonist for human interleukin-5 (IL5) receptor alpha (IL5Ralpha) and inhibits IL5 activity. Our previous results have demonstrated that the sixth arginine residue of the peptide is crucial for the inhibitory effect and that several acidic residues in the N- and C-terminal regions also make a contribution, although to a lesser extent (Ruchala, P., Varadi, G., Ishino, T., Scibek, J., Bhattacharya, M., Urbina, C., Van Ryk, D., Uings, I., and Chaiken, I. (2004) Biopolymers 73, 556-568). However, the recognition mechanism of the receptor has remained unresolved. In this study, AF17121 was fused to thioredoxin by recombinant DNA techniques and examined for IL5Ralpha interaction using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor method. Kinetic analysis revealed that the dissociation rate of the peptide.receptor complex is comparable with that of the cytokine.receptor complex. The fusion peptide competed with IL5 for both biological function and interaction with IL5Ralpha, indicating that the binding sites on the receptor are shared by AF17121 and IL5. To define the epitope residues for AF17121, we defined its binding footprint on IL5Ralpha by alanine substitution of Asp(55), Asp(56), Glu(58), Lys(186), Arg(188), and Arg(297) of the receptor. Marked effects on the interaction were observed in all three fibronectin type III domains of IL5Ralpha, in particular Asp(55), Arg(188), and Arg(297) in the D1, D2, and D3 domains, respectively. This footprint represents a significant subset of that for IL5 binding. The fact that AF17121 mimics the receptor binding capability of IL5 but antagonizes biological function evokes several models for how IL5 induces activation of the multisubunit receptor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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