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Chrouser KL, Partin MR, Gainsburg I, White KM. Examining the surgical stress effects (SSE) framework in practice: A qualitative assessment of perceived sources and consequences of intraoperative stress in surgical teams. Am J Surg 2024; 228:133-140. [PMID: 37689567 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical adverse events persist despite extensive improvement efforts. Emotional and behavioral responses to stressors may influence intraoperative performance, as illustrated in the surgical stress effects (SSE) framework. However, the SSE has not been assessed using "real world" data. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with all surgical team roles at one midwestern VA hospital and elicited narratives involving intraoperative stress. Two coders inductively identified codes from transcripts. The team identified themes among codes and assessed concordance with the SSE framework. RESULTS Throughout 28 interviews, we found surgical stress was ubiquitous, associated with a variety of factors, including adverse events. Stressors often elicited frustration, anger, fear, and anxiety; behavioral reactions to negative emotions frequently were perceived to degrade individual/team performance and compromise outcomes. Narratives were consistent with the SSE framework and support adding a process outcome (efficiency) and illustrating how adverse events can feedback and acutely increase job demands and stress. CONCLUSION This qualitative study describes narratives of intraoperative stress, finding they are consistent with the SSE while also allowing minor improvements to the current framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Chrouser
- Minneapolis VA Healthcare System, 1 Veterans Dr, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, NCRC Building 16, #147S, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA.
| | - Melissa R Partin
- Minneapolis VA Healthcare System, 1 Veterans Dr, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, NCRC Building 16, #147S, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA; Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, 701 Park Ave, Ste PP7.700, Minneapolis, MN, 55415, USA.
| | - Izzy Gainsburg
- Harvard Kennedy School, 79 John F. Kennedy St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 1004 East Hall, 530 Church St Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Katie M White
- Division of Health Policy & Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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2
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Gainsburg I, Lee Cunningham J. Compassion Fatigue as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Believing Compassion Is Limited Increases Fatigue and Decreases Compassion. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:1206-1219. [PMID: 37737148 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231194537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
People's compassion responses often weaken with repeated exposure to suffering, a phenomenon known as compassion fatigue. Why is it so difficult to continue feeling compassion in response to others' suffering? We propose that people's limited-compassion mindsets-beliefs about compassion as a limited resource and a fatiguing experience-can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy that reinforces compassion fatigue. Across four studies of adults sampled from university students and online participant pools in the United States, we show that there is variability in people's compassion mindsets, that these mindsets can be changed with convincing information, and that limited-compassion mindsets predict lower feelings of compassion, lower-quality social support, and more fatigue. This contributes to our understanding of factors that underlie compassion fatigue and supports the broader idea that people's beliefs about the nature of emotions affect how emotions are experienced. Together, this research contributes to developing a strategy for increasing people's capacity to feel compassion and their social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzy Gainsburg
- John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
- Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan
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3
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Derricks V, Gainsburg I, Shields C, Fiscella K, Epstein R, Yu V, Griggs JJ. Examining the effects of physician burnout on pain management for patients with advanced lung cancer. Support Care Cancer 2023; 31:469. [PMID: 37458824 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-023-07899-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physician burnout is generally associated with worse clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of physician burnout on the quality of physicians' pain assessment and opioid prescribing for patients with advanced lung cancer. Moreover, we test whether these relationships are moderated by patient-level factors, such as patient race and activation level, that have a demonstrated impact on clinical encounters. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a multisite randomized field experiment. From 2012 to 2016, 96 primary care physicians and oncologists who treated solid tumors were recruited from hospitals and medical sites in three small metropolitan and rural areas in the USA. Physicians saw two unannounced standardized patients who presented with advanced lung cancer. Standardized patients varied across race (Black or White) and activation level (activated, typical). Visits were audio recorded and transcribed. Pain management was evaluated by the quality of pain assessment and opioid prescribing during these visits. RESULTS Mixed-effects linear regression and generalized mixed-effects modeling showed that higher levels of burnout were associated with a greater likelihood of prescribing an opioid and prescribing stronger opioid doses for patients. These effects were not moderated by patient race or activation level. CONCLUSION Findings from this work inform our understanding of physician-level factors that impact clinical decision-making in the context of cancer pain management. Specifically, this study identifies the role of physician burnout on the quality of prescribing for patients with advanced lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Derricks
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St., Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Izzy Gainsburg
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cleveland Shields
- Human Development & Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kevin Fiscella
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ronald Epstein
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Veronica Yu
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer J Griggs
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Gainsburg I, Roy S, Cunningham JL. An examination of how six reasons for valuing nature are endorsed and associated with pro-environmental behavior across 12 countries. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8484. [PMID: 37230999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Balanced samples from 12 countries (N = 12,000) were surveyed about their reasons for valuing nature and pro-environmental behaviors. Results showed that people were least likely to endorse moral-based reasons for valuing nature, as compared to five other reasons (wellbeing benefits, nature's intrinsic value, health benefits, economic value, identity-based reasons). However, moral- and identity-based reasons (relative to the other four reasons) for valuing nature were the strongest predictors of pro-environmental behavior across three different methods (correlations, linear mixed models, and relative importance analysis) and two pro-environmental behavior categories (consumer behavior and activism). In other words, the reasons for valuing nature most associated with pro-environmental behavior also garnered the weakest support, presenting a potential dilemma for those hoping to leverage values to promote pro-environmental behavior. We also identify a possible mechanism (awareness of one's environmental impact) to explain why moral- and identity-based reasons for valuing nature best predict behavior. Finally, we examine between-country variability in the endorsement of the six reasons and the reasons' associations with pro-environmental behaviors, and country-level factors that may explain between-country variability in these outcomes. We discuss these results in the context of broader literature that has focused on an intrinsic vs. instrumental valuation of nature dichotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzy Gainsburg
- Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02183, USA.
| | - Sukanya Roy
- Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Gainsburg I, Pauer S, Abboub N, Aloyo ET, Mourrat JC, Cristia A. How Effective Altruism Can Help Psychologists Maximize Their Impact. Perspect Psychol Sci 2023; 18:239-253. [PMID: 35981321 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221079596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although many psychologists are interested in making the world a better place through their work, they are often unable to have the impact that they would like. Here, we suggest that both individuals and psychology as a field can better improve human welfare by incorporating ideas from effective altruism, a growing movement whose members aim to do the most good by using science and reason to inform their efforts. In this article, we first briefly introduce effective altruism and review important principles that can be applied to how psychologists approach their work, such as the importance, tractability, and neglectedness framework. We then review how effective altruism can inform individual psychologists' choices. Finally, we close with a discussion of ideas for how psychology, as a field, can increase its positive impact. By applying insights from effective altruism to psychological science, we aim to integrate a new theoretical framework into psychological science, stimulate new areas of research, start a discussion on how psychology can maximize its impact, and inspire the psychology community to do the most good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzy Gainsburg
- Ross School of Business, University of Michigan
- John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
| | - Shiva Pauer
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Amsterdam
| | | | - Eamon T Aloyo
- Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University
| | | | - Alejandrina Cristia
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et de Psycholinguistique, Département d'Etudes Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure (ENS)/Ecole des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)
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6
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Gilley KN, Baroudi L, Yu M, Gainsburg I, Reddy N, Bradley C, Cislo C, Rozwadowski ML, Clingan CA, DeMoss MS, Churay T, Birditt K, Colabianchi N, Chowdhury M, Forger D, Gagnier J, Zernicke RF, Cunningham JL, Cain SM, Tewari M, Choi SW. Risk Factors for COVID-19 in College Students Identified by Physical, Mental, and Social Health Reported During the Fall 2020 Semester: Observational Study Using the Roadmap App and Fitbit Wearable Sensors. JMIR Ment Health 2022; 9:e34645. [PMID: 34992051 PMCID: PMC8834863 DOI: 10.2196/34645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a seismic shift in education to web-based learning. With nearly 20 million students enrolled in colleges across the United States, the long-simmering mental health crisis in college students was likely further exacerbated by the pandemic. OBJECTIVE This study leveraged mobile health (mHealth) technology and sought to (1) characterize self-reported outcomes of physical, mental, and social health by COVID-19 status; (2) assess physical activity through consumer-grade wearable sensors (Fitbit); and (3) identify risk factors associated with COVID-19 positivity in a population of college students prior to release of the vaccine. METHODS After completing a baseline assessment (ie, at Time 0 [T0]) of demographics, mental, and social health constructs through the Roadmap 2.0 app, participants were instructed to use the app freely, wear the Fitbit, and complete subsequent assessments at T1, T2, and T3, followed by a COVID-19 assessment of history and timing of COVID-19 testing and diagnosis (T4: ~14 days after T3). Continuous measures were described using mean (SD) values, while categorical measures were summarized as n (%) values. Formal comparisons were made on the basis of COVID-19 status. The multivariate model was determined by entering all statistically significant variables (P<.05) in univariable associations at once and then removing one variable at a time through backward selection until the optimal model was obtained. RESULTS During the fall 2020 semester, 1997 participants consented, enrolled, and met criteria for data analyses. There was a high prevalence of anxiety, as assessed by the State Trait Anxiety Index, with moderate and severe levels in 465 (24%) and 970 (49%) students, respectively. Approximately one-third of students reported having a mental health disorder (n=656, 33%). The average daily steps recorded in this student population was approximately 6500 (mean 6474, SD 3371). Neither reported mental health nor step count were significant based on COVID-19 status (P=.52). Our analyses revealed significant associations of COVID-19 positivity with the use of marijuana and alcohol (P=.02 and P=.046, respectively) and with lower belief in public health measures (P=.003). In addition, graduate students were less likely and those with ≥20 roommates were more likely to report a COVID-19 diagnosis (P=.009). CONCLUSIONS Mental health problems were common in this student population. Several factors, including substance use, were associated with the risk of COVID-19. These data highlight important areas for further attention, such as prioritizing innovative strategies that address health and well-being, considering the potential long-term effects of COVID-19 on college students. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04766788; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04766788. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/29561.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N Gilley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Loubna Baroudi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Izzy Gainsburg
- Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Niyanth Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Christina Bradley
- Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Christine Cislo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Caroline Ashley Clingan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Matthew Stephen DeMoss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Tracey Churay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kira Birditt
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Mosharaf Chowdhury
- Department of Computer Science Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Daniel Forger
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joel Gagnier
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ronald F Zernicke
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Exercise & Sport Science Initiative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Julia Lee Cunningham
- Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stephen M Cain
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Muneesh Tewari
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sung Won Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Abstract
Does stepping back to evaluate a situation from a distanced perspective lead us to be selfish or fair? This question has been of philosophical interest for centuries, and, more recently, the focus of extensive empirical inquiry. Yet, extant research reveals a puzzle: some studies suggest that adopting a distanced perspective will produce more rationally self-interested behavior, whereas others suggest that it will produce more impartial behavior. Here we adjudicate between these perspectives by testing the effects of adopting a third-person perspective on decision making in a task that pits rational self-interest against impartiality: the dictator game. Aggregating across three experiments (N = 774), participants who used third-person (i.e., distanced) vs. first-person (i.e., immersed) self-talk during the dictator game kept more money for themselves. We discuss these results in light of prior research showing that psychological distance can promote cooperation and fairmindedness and how the effect of psychological distance on moral decision-making may be sensitive to social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzy Gainsburg
- Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. .,Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA. .,Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Walter J Sowden
- Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.,Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, USA
| | | | | | - Ethan Kross
- Psychology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.,Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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8
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Gainsburg I, Earl A. Safe here, but unsafe there? Institutional signals of identity safety also signal prejudice in the broader environment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Cislo C, Clingan C, Gilley K, Rozwadowski M, Gainsburg I, Bradley C, Barabas J, Sandford E, Olesnavich M, Tyler J, Mayer C, DeMoss M, Flora C, Forger DB, Cunningham JL, Tewari M, Choi SW. Monitoring beliefs and physiological measures in students at risk for COVID-19 using wearable sensors and smartphone technology: Protocol for a mobile health study. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e29561. [PMID: 34115607 PMCID: PMC8386373 DOI: 10.2196/29561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted lives significantly and greatly affected an already vulnerable population, college students, in relation to mental health and public safety. Social distancing and isolation have brought about challenges to student's mental health. Mobile health apps and wearable sensors may help to monitor students at risk for COVID-19 and support their mental well-being. OBJECTIVE Through the use of a wearable sensor and smartphone-based survey completion, this study aimed to monitor students at risk for COVID-19. METHODS We conducted a prospective study of students, undergraduate and graduate, at a public university in the Midwest. Students were instructed to download the Fitbit, Social Rhythms, and Roadmap 2.0 apps onto their personal mobile devices (Android or iOS). Subjects consented to provide up to 10 saliva samples during the study period. Surveys were administered through the Roadmap 2.0 app at five timepoints - at baseline, 1-month later, 2-months later, 3-months later, and at study completion. The surveys gathered information regarding demographics, COVID-19 diagnoses and symptoms, and mental health resilience, with the aim of documenting the impact of COVID-19 on the college student population. RESULTS This study enrolled 2,158 college students between September 2020 and January 2021. Subjects are currently being followed on-study for one academic year. Data collection and analysis are ongoing. CONCLUSIONS This study examined student health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also assessed the feasibility of wearable sensor use and survey completion in a college student population, which may inform the role of our mobile health tools on student health and well-being. Finally, using wearable sensor data, biospecimen collection, and self-reported COVID-19 diagnosis, our results may provide key data towards the development of a model for the early prediction and detection of COVID-19. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04766788.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Cislo
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center DrD4118 Medical Professional Building, Ann Arbor, US
| | - Caroline Clingan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center DrD4118 Medical Professional Building, Ann Arbor, US
| | - Kristen Gilley
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center DrD4118 Medical Professional Building, Ann Arbor, US
| | - Michelle Rozwadowski
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center DrD4118 Medical Professional Building, Ann Arbor, US
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, US
| | - Izzy Gainsburg
- Management and Organizations Area, Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, US
| | - Christina Bradley
- Management and Organizations Area, Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, US
| | - Jenny Barabas
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, US
| | - Erin Sandford
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, US
| | - Mary Olesnavich
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, US
| | - Jonathan Tyler
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center DrD4118 Medical Professional Building, Ann Arbor, US
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, US
| | - Caleb Mayer
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, US
| | - Matthew DeMoss
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center DrD4118 Medical Professional Building, Ann Arbor, US
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, US
| | - Christopher Flora
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, US
| | - Daniel B Forger
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, US
| | - Julia Lee Cunningham
- Management and Organizations Area, Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, US
| | - Muneesh Tewari
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, US
- Rogel Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, US
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, US
| | - Sung Won Choi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center DrD4118 Medical Professional Building, Ann Arbor, US
- Rogel Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, US
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11
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Gainsburg I, Sekaquaptewa D. Using an egalitarian social norms message to improve attitudes toward diversity in an academic context: examining intended and unintended effects of source and recipient gender. Soc Psychol Educ 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-019-09529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Kross E, Verduyn P, Boyer M, Drake B, Gainsburg I, Vickers B, Ybarra O, Jonides J. Does counting emotion words on online social networks provide a window into people’s subjective experience of emotion? A case study on Facebook. Emotion 2019; 19:97-107. [DOI: 10.1037/emo0000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Gainsburg I, Earl A. Trigger warnings as an interpersonal emotion-regulation tool: Avoidance, attention, and affect depend on beliefs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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14
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Kross E, Vickers BD, Orvell A, Gainsburg I, Moran TP, Boyer M, Jonides J, Moser J, Ayduk O. Third-Person Self-Talk Reduces Ebola Worry and Risk Perception by Enhancing Rational Thinking. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2017; 9:387-409. [DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Although the effects of negative stereotypes and observer pressure on athletic performance have been well researched, the effects of positive stereotypes on performance, particularly in the presence of observers, is not known. In the current study, White males watched a video either depicting Whites basketball players as the best free throwers in the NBA (positive stereotype), Black basketball players as the best free throwers in the NBA (negative stereotype), or a neutral sports video (control). Participants then shot a set of free throws, during which half the participants were also videotaped (observer condition), whereas the other half were not (no observer condition). Results demonstrated that positive stereotypes improved free throw performance, but only in the no observer condition. Interestingly, observer pressure interacted with the positive stereotype to lead to performance decrements. In the negative stereotype condition, performance decrements were observed both in the observer and no observer conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Krendl
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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