Of monkeys and men: vervets and the genetics of human-like behaviors

Images

[3H]LY303870, a novel nonpeptide radioligand for the NK-1 receptor

We synthesized a potent and selective antagonist radioligand for the neurokinin (NK)-1 receptor and characterized its binding to guinea pig striatal membranes. (R)-N-[2-[Acetyl[3H3][(2-methoxyphenyl)-methyl]amino]- 1-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl) ethyl][1,4'-bipiperidine]- 1'-acetamide ([3H]LY303870) binds to a single class of sites with an equilibrium KD of 0.22 nM and a Bmax of 723 fmol/mg of protein. Unlabeled LY303870 potently inhibited the binding with an IC50 of 0.56 nM, whereas the less active (S)-enantiomer (LY306155) was substantially less potent. The nonpeptide NK-1 antagonists (+/-)-CP96,345 and (+/-)-RP 67580 had IC50 values of 0.74 and 49 nM, respectively. Substance P (SP) was also a potent inhibitor with with an IC50 of 3.1 nM. The inhibition by SP could be separated into two components: a high-affinity component with a Ki of 0.53 nM and a lower-affinity component with a Ki of 155 nM. Addition of 100 microM guanylyl 5'-imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p] in the incubation increased the relative amount of the low-affinity agonist state of the receptor. Consistent with the antagonist properties of LY303870, the dissociation rate of [3H]-LY303870 was not changed by the presence of 100 microM Gpp(NH)p. The distribution of [3H]LY303870 binding sites in the guinea pig brain closely matched the distribution of NK-1 receptors labeled by [3H]SP. Therefore, [3H]LY303870 is a potent and selective antagonist radioligand for NK-1 receptors in guinea pig brain. In addition, regulation of NK-1 agonist affinity by guanine nucleotides is similar to that seen for monoaminergic receptors.

3-Aryl-1,2-diacetamidopropane derivatives as novel and potent NK-1 receptor antagonists

Early structure-activity studies on racemic tryptophan ester and amide NK-1 antagonists 5-7 led to the discovery that the potency of the series could be markedly increased by moving the carbonyl function in these molecules to an off-chain position as in the 3-aryl-1,2-diacetamidopropane 9. Further medicinal chemistry incorporating this change resulted in the discovery of a novel series of highly potent aryl amino acid derived NK-1 antagonists of the R stereoisomeric series (IC50's = 100 pM to > 5 microM). Compounds in this series were shown to be competitive antagonists using an in vitro NK-1 smooth muscle assay, and this data correlated well with observed human NK-1 binding affinities. Two of these agents, (R)-25 and (R)-32, blocked intrathecal NK-1 agonist-driven [Ac-[Arg6,Sar9,Met(O2)11]- substance P 6-11 (Ac-Sar9)] nociceptive behavior in mice. Both compounds potently blocked the neurogenic dural inflammation following trigeminal ganglion stimulation in the guinea pig after intravenous administration. Further, upon oral administration in this model, (R)-32 was observed to be very potent (ID50 = 91 ng/kg) and have a long duration of action (> 8 h at 1 micrograms/kg). Compound (R)-32, designated LY303870, is currently under clinical development as an NK-1 antagonist with a long duration of action.

Pharmacological characterization of LY303870: a novel, potent and selective nonpeptide substance P (neurokinin-1) receptor antagonist

LY303870 [(R)-1-[N-(2-methoxybenzyl)acetylamino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-[N-(2-(4- (piperidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)acetyl)amino]propane] is a new, potent and selective nonpeptide neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist. LY303870 bound selectively and with high affinity to human peripheral (Ki = 0.15 nM) and central (Ki = 0.10 nM) NK-1 receptors. LY303870 inhibited [125I]substance P (SP) binding to guinea pig brain homogenates with similar affinity; however, it had approximately 50-fold lesser affinity for rat NK-1 sites. The less active enantiomer, LY306155 [(S)-1-[N-(2-methoxybenzyl)acetylamino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-[N-(2-(4- (piperidin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl)acetyl)amino]-propane], was 1,000- to 15,000-fold less potent in all the species examined. LY303870 antagonized in vitro NK-1 receptor effects as demonstrated by blockade of SP-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover in UC-11 MG human astrocytoma cells (Ki = 1.5 nM) and interleukin-6 secretion from U-373 MG human astrocytoma cells (Ki = 5 nM). In addition, LY303870 inhibited SP-induced rabbit vena cava contractions (pA2 = 9.4) with high (50,000-fold) selectivity vs. NK-2 or NK-3 receptor-mediated responses. In vivo, LY303870 inhibited [Sar9,Met(O2)11]-SP induced guinea pig bronchoconstriction (ED50 = 75 micrograms/kg i.v.) and pulmonary microvascular leakage in the bronchi (ED50 = 12.8 micrograms/kg i.v.) and trachea (ED50 = 18.5 micrograms/kg i.v.). Therefore, LY303870 is a potent and selective NK-1 receptor antagonist in vitro and in vivo. The use of LY303870 will facilitate a better understanding of NK-1 receptors in physiological processes.

(R)-thionisoxetine, a potent and selective inhibitor of central and peripheral norepinephrine uptake

Inhibitors of neuronal norepinephrine (NE) uptake are useful for the treatment of a variety of diseases including depression and urinary incontinence. In the present study, we synthesized and evaluated a novel analog of the potent and selective NE uptake inhibitor, nisoxetine. Thionisoxetine more potently inhibited the uptake of [3H]-NE into hypothalamic synaptosomes and [3H]-nisoxetine binding to the NE transporter than (R)-nisoxetine. The (R) enantiomer of this compound was significantly more potent than the (S) enantiomer, having a Ki of 0.20 nM in [3H]-nisoxetine binding. The (R) enantiomer was approximately 70-fold more potent in inhibiting [3H]-NE uptake when compared to [3H]-5HT uptake. In rats, (R)-thionisoxetine prevented hypothalamic NE depletion by 6-hydroxydopamine with an ED50 of 0.21 mg/kg. Depletion of NE in peripheral nerves was accomplished by the administration of metaraminol to rats. In this paradigm, (R)-thionisoxetine prevented the depletion of heart NE with an ED50 of 3.4 mg/kg and urethral NE with an ED50 of 1.2 mg/kg. Thus, (R)-thionisoxetine is a potent and selective inhibitor of NE uptake in both central and peripheral tissues.

Novel halogenated analogs of tomoxetine that are potent and selective inhibitors of norepinephrine uptake in brain

Halogenated analogs of the potent norepinephrine (NE) uptake inhibitor, tomoxetine, were synthesized and their affinities for the serotonin (5HT) and NE uptake sites evaluated. One of the most potent was the 2-iodo substituted analog (289306) that inhibited [3H]tomoxetine binding to rat cerebral cortex with a Ki of 0.37 nM. The compound also inhibited the uptake of [3H]NE into rat hypothalamic synaptosomes with a Ki of 3.5 nM. This analog was significantly less potent at the 5HT uptake site, as exhibited by a Ki of 25 nM in the inhibition of [3H]paroxetine binding and a Ki of 121 nM in [3H]5HT uptake. The resolved (R) enantiomer (303926) was 10 times more potent as a [3H]NE uptake inhibitor and 29 times more potent as an inhibitor of [3H]tomoxetine binding than the (S) enantiomer (303884). Administration of 289306 to rats prior to an i.c.v. injection of 6-hydroxydopamine prevented the depletion of hypothalamic NE and Epi with ED50 values of 0.28 and 0.47 mg/kg, respectively. Thus, 289306 was a potent inhibitor of NE uptake in vitro and in vivo. In addition, these compounds provide structures for potential ligands for the study of NE uptake sites by autoradiography, PET or SPECT imaging.

Interleukin-6 secretion from human astrocytoma cells induced by substance P

Functional NK-1 (substance P) receptors have been demonstrated previously on astrocytes from primary newborn rat brain cultures and human astrocytoma cells lines by specific [125I]-Bolton Hunter substance P (SP) binding and by SP-induced phosphoinositol turnover. In addition, these cells have been shown to release cytokines upon stimulation with interleukin-1 (IL-1) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Since SP has also been shown to induce cytokine release from rat glial cells, this neuropeptide may contribute to the pathophysiology of neuronal inflammation in humans by stimulating cytokine production in the brain. We, therefore, explored whether SP could induce U-373 MG human astrocytoma cells, via specific NK-1 receptor activation, to secrete interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine implicated as a key mediator of immune and inflammatory responses. SP stimulated IL-6 production in a concentration-dependent manner with an MC50 (concentration inducing 50% of the maximum response) of 45 nM. IL-6 was detected in the cell culture supernatant fluids 2 h post stimulation and secretion peaked at 12 h. SP induced IL-6 secretion was not mediated by IL-1 since neutralizing anti-IL-1 (alpha and beta) antibody treatment had no effect on the SP response. The selective NK-1 receptor agonist, [Sar9, Met(O2)11]-SP, was comparably effective to SP in stimulating IL-6 secretion; however, selective NK-2 and NK-3 receptor agonists were 250-500-fold less effective. In addition, the non-peptide NK-1 receptor antagonist, (+/-)CP-96,345, inhibited SP (Ki = 4 nM), but not IL-1-induced IL-6 release. These selectivity and specificity studies confirmed the presence of functional NK-1 type receptors linked to IL-6 release. The results of this study support a role for SP as a modulator of immune and/or inflammatory processes in the human CNS.

Inhibition of A9 and A10 dopamine cells by the cholecystokinin-B antagonist LY262691: mediation through feedback pathways from forebrain sites

The diphenylpyrazolidinone cholecystokinin-B (CCK-B) antagonist LY262691 has been shown to decrease the number of spontaneously active dopamine (DA) cells in the ventral tegmental area (A10) and substantia nigra (A9) of the anesthetized rat. In the present study, we examined the localization of the receptors mediating these effects of LY262691 on A9 and A10 DA cells. In one group of anesthetized rats, the effects of systemic administration of LY262691 on the number of spontaneously active A9 or A10 DA cells was determined using extracellular, single-unit recordings after radio frequency lesions were placed in the nucleus accumbens, caudate-putamen, or medial prefrontal cortex. Lesions of the caudate-putamen blocked the effects of systemically administered LY262691 on the number of spontaneously active A9, but not A10, DA cells. Conversely, lesions of the n. accumbens blocked the effects of systemically administered LY262691 on A10, but not A9, DA cells. Lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex blocked the effects of systemically administered LY262691 on both A9 and A10 DA cells. In a separate group of anesthetized rats, the number of spontaneously active A9 or A10 DA cells was determined after LY262691 was microinjected into the n. accumbens, caudate-putamen, or medial prefrontal cortex. Microinjection of LY262691 into the caudate-putamen led to a significant decrease in the number of spontaneously active A9, but not A10, DA cells. Conversely, microinjection of LY262691 into the n. accumbens or medial prefrontal cortex led to a significant decrease in the number of spontaneously active A10, but not A9, DA cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Tachykinin receptor antagonists inhibit hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs

We tested the hypothesis that hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction (HIB) and hyperpnea-induced bronchovascular hyperpermeability (HIBVH) are mediated through stimulation of NK-1 and NK-2 receptors in guinea pigs. We first established the efficacy and selectivity of (+/-) CP-96,345 (3 mg/kg i.v.) and of SR-48,968 (300 micrograms/kg i.v.) as NK-1 and NK-2 antagonists, respectively. (+/-) CP-96,345 substantially attenuated bronchoconstriction and systemic vascular leak caused by administration of Sar9,Met(O2)11-Substance P (a specific NK-1 agonist), but had no effect upon bronchoconstriction induced by selective NK-2 stimulation with Nle10-Neurokinin A[4-10]. Conversely, SR-48,968 antagonized the bronchoconstrictor response to Nle10-NKA[4-10], right-shifting the dose-response curve by 2 log units, but had no effect on Sar9, Met(O2)11-SP-induced bronchoconstriction. Anesthetized, tracheostomized, opened-chest male Hartley guinea pigs were pretreated with (+/-) CP-96,345 (3 mg/kg i.v.), SR-48,968 (300 micrograms/kg i.v.), or their respective vehicles, and Evans blue dye (30 mg/kg i.v.) to label circulating albumin. 10 min isocapnic dry gas hyperpnea (12 ml/kg, 150 breaths/min) provoked HIB and HIBVH in vehicle-treated animals. (+/-) CP-96,345 reduced the magnitude of HIB by one-half (peak posthyperpnea RL 7.8 +/- 1.9 [SE] times prehyperpnea baseline versus 16.1 +/- 2.6, vehicle-treated; P < or = 0.0001, ANOVA); SR-48,968 blocked HIB more completely (peak posthyperpnea RL 5.1 +/- 1.7 [SE] times prehyperpnea baseline versus 19.3 +/- 2.8, vehicle-treated; P < 0.0001, ANOVA). Neither drug reduced HIBVH. We conclude that dry gas hyperpnea causes bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs through activation of tachykinin receptors. The differential effects of neurokinin receptor blockade on HIB and HIBVH demonstrate that hyperpnea-induced airflow obstruction is not primarily a consequence of hyperpnea-induced bronchovascular leak.

Use of non-peptide tachykinin receptor antagonists to substantiate the involvement of NK1 and NK2 receptors in a spinal nociceptive reflex in the rat

Non-peptide antagonists of the NK1 and NK2 receptors were tested as inhibitors of the reaction time in the rat tail-flick and on the decrease of reaction time induced by the intrathecal injection of the NK1 receptor selective agonist [Sar9,Met(O2)11]SP or of the NK2 selective agonist NKA-(4-10). The decrease in reaction time produced by the NK1 agonist lasted less than 11 min while that evoked by the NK2 agonist persisted 26 min after injection. When given intrathecally, CP-96,345 and its chloro analog, Cl-CP, blocked dose-dependently both the behavioral responses and the decreases of reaction time induced by 6.5 nmol of [Sar9,Met(O2)11]SP while they failed to modify the hyperalgesic response to 6.5 nmol NKA-(4-10); CP-96,345 was found more potent than Cl-CP and was also active as an antagonist when given intravenously. In contrast, SR 48968 (6.5 and 65 nmol) blocked the NKA-(4-10)-induced decreases in reaction time and was inactive against the hyperalgesic effect of [Sar9,Met(O2)11]SP. The three antagonists blocked in a reversible manner, were inactive on their own on reaction time and non-toxic. The results indicate that the non-peptide CP-96,345 readily crosses the blood brain barrier and acts as a selective antagonist on spinal NK1 receptors, while SR 48968 is selective on NK2 receptors in the rat spinal cord. Hence, CP-96,345 and SR 48968 highlight a functional role of NK1 and NK2 receptors in spinal sensory neurotransmission.

Electrophysiological effects of diphenylpyrazolidinone cholecystokinin-B and cholecystokinin-A antagonists on midbrain dopamine neurons

The diphenylpyrazolidinone cholecystokinin (CCK)-B antagonist LY262691 has recently been demonstrated to decrease the number of spontaneously active dopamine (DA) cells in the ventral tegmental area (A10) and substantia nigra (A9) of the anesthetized rat. In the present study, three structural analogs of LY262691 with high selectivity for CCK-B receptors, LY262684, LY191009 and LY242040, also decreased the number of spontaneously active A10 DA cells. Neither an inactive analog (LY206890) nor a CCK-A-selective analog (LY219057) affected the number of spontaneously active A10 DA cells. L-365,260, a benzodiazepine CCK-B antagonist, also decreased the number of spontaneously active A10 DA cells. In addition, the more active optical isomer of LY262691 (LY288513) caused twice as large a decrease in the number of spontaneously active A10 DA cells as the less active optical isomer (LY288512). The diphenylpyrazolidinone CCK-B antagonists, but neither the inactive nor the CCK-A selective analog, also decreased the number of spontaneously active A9 DA cells; however, none of these compounds produced catalepsy in awake animals. Single-unit recordings indicated that LY262691 administration inhibited the activity of individual A9 and A10 DA neurons. These results indicate that the firing of A9 and A10 DA neurons is suppressed specifically by antagonism of CCK-B, but not CCK-A receptors. CCK-B antagonists may therefore represent a novel class of antipsychotic drugs. Furthermore, because CCK-B antagonists have no cataleptogenic effects, they may also have a reduced propensity for producing extrapyramidal side effects. In addition, these actions on midbrain DA neurons may contribute to the known anxiolytic activity of CCK-B antagonists.

Comparison of metabolism and toxicity to the structure of the anticancer agent sulofenur and related sulfonylureas

The metabolic formation of p-chloroaniline from the oncolytic agent sulofenur [N-(5-indanesulfonyl)-N'-(4-chlorophenyl)urea, LY186641,] and from similar diaryl-substituted sulfonylureas, and its possible relevance to the compound's toxicity, was studied. In previous studies it was found that significant amounts of metabolites such as 2-amino-5-chlorophenyl sulfate (II), which is also a metabolite of p-chloroaniline, are formed from sulofenur in mice, rats, monkeys, and humans. The metabolism of N-(4-tolyl)-N'-(2-hydroxy-4-chlorophenyl)-urea (V) was studied, and V was not found to be an intermediate in the metabolic formation of II from the sulfonylurea N-(4-tolyl)-N'-(4-chlorophenyl)urea (LY181984, III). The amounts of this p-chloroaniline metabolite (II) formed in C3H mice from a series of diarylsulfonylureas were found to correlate with the compound's propensities to form methemoglobin, one notable toxicity of p-chloroaniline. This metabolism was also found to correlate with the structure of the arylsulfonyl moiety of the sulfonylurea. Other evidence supports the hypothesis that p-chloroaniline is directly formed by metabolism of sulfofenur and similar diarylsulfonylureas as well. Metabolic formation of p-chloroaniline thus appears to be a plausible explanation for the methemoglobinemia and anemia found to be dose-limiting toxicities of sulofenur in Phase I trials.

Inhibition of PAIII rat prostatic adenocarcinoma growth and metastasis by a new diarylsulfonylurea antitumor agent, LY181984

LY181984 is a compound in a series of orally active diarylsulfonylureas with broad spectrum in vivo activity against syngeneic rodent and human xenograft tumor models. The PAIII rat prostatic adenocarcinoma model was used to evaluate the effects of this antitumor agent on the lymphatic and pulmonary metastasis of the tumor in male Lobund Wistar rats. LY181984 was inactive against the proliferation of PAIII cells in vitro. Following subcutaneous implantation of 10(6) PAIII cells in the tail, oral administration of LY181984 (25.0, 50.0, or 100.0 mg./kg./day) for 30 days had no significant effects on body weight gain. LY181984 treatment produced significant (p less than 0.05) dose-dependent inhibition of primary tumor growth in the tail (max. inhibition = 46% from untreated control levels). In these same animals, LY181984 administration produced significant (p less than 0.05) dose-dependent inhibiton of PAIII metastasis from the primary tumor in the tail to the gluteal and iliac lymph nodes (maximal responses = 79% and 80% from control values, respectively). PAIII metastasis to the lungs was significantly inhibited by oral LY181984 treatment. Numbers of pulmonary foci in PAIII-bearing rats were significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced by LY181984 administration in a dose-dependent manner (maximal reduction = 78% from control values). While the non-toxic doses (less than 100.0 mg./kg./day for 28 days) of LY181984 produced marked decreases in tumor growth and metastasis, administration of the compound had no effect on the survival of PAIII-bearing rats. These data support the contention that LY181984 represents a new class of orally active antitumor and antimetastatic agents with potential efficacy in the treatment of hormone-insensitive prostatic cancer. Further studies are needed to define maximal efficacy of LY181984 and other sulfonylurea agents in urogenital solid tumor animal models.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) and schizophrenia: the selective CCKB antagonist LY262691 decreases midbrain dopamine unit activity

Chronic administration of antipsychotic drugs has previously been shown to decrease the number of spontaneously active midbrain dopamine cells. In an effort to evaluate CCK antagonists as potential antipsychotic drugs, we have examined the effects of a selective CCK-B antagonist, LY262691, on the number of spontaneously active midbrain dopamine neurons using extracellular, single-unit recordings in anesthetized rats. Acute and chronic administration of LY262691 decreased the number of spontaneously active A9 and A10 dopamine cells. Administration of apomorphine did not reverse the effect of LY262691 on A9 and A10 dopamine neurons. These results suggest that LY262691 may have an antipsychotic effect without delayed onset, and that its effects on dopamine cells may not be mediated through depolarization inactivation.

Selectivity and specificity of new, non-peptide, quinuclidine antagonists of substance P

Two members of a new class of non-peptide antagonists of substance P, (+-)-cis-3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-benzhydrylquinuclidine [(+/-)-CP-96,345; I] and (+-)-cis-3-(2-chlorobenzylamino)-2-benzhydrylquinuclidine [II], were tested for their ability to antagonize neurokinin-induced contractions of the rabbit cava and jugular veins (NK-1), the rabbit pulmonary artery (NK-2) and the rat portal vein (NK-3 system). Compound 1 is the most potent NK-1 receptor antagonist identified until now; its apparent affinity (pA2 = 9.52) is at least two log units higher than those of other NK-1 antagonists. Compound II is less active. Both compounds have been found to be almost inactive as NK-2 and NK-3 antagonists and should, therefore, be considered as selective for the NK-1 receptor. The new compounds have no direct myotropic effects and are specific for neurokinin (NK-1) receptors since they do not affect the myotropic effects of angiotensin, noradrenaline and bradykinin in the rabbit cava and jugular veins.

Inhibition of protein kinase C by calphostin C is light-dependent

Calphostin C, a secondary metabolite of the fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides, inhibits protein kinase C by competing at the binding site for diacylglycerol and phorbol esters. Calphostin C is a polycyclic hydrocarbon with strong absorbance in the visible and ultraviolet ranges. In characterizing the activity of this compound, we unexpectedly found that the inhibition of [3H]phorbol dibutyrate binding was dependent on exposure to light. Ordinary fluorescent light was sufficient for full activation. The inhibition of protein kinase C activity in cell-free systems and intact cells also required light. Light-dependent cytotoxicity was seen at concentrations about 5-fold higher than those inhibiting protein kinase C.

Metabolism and disposition of p-chloroaniline in rat, mouse, and monkey

The metabolism and disposition of [14C]p-chloroaniline was studied in the male Fisher 344 rat, female C3H mouse, and male rhesus monkey. Greater than 90% of the radiocarbon is eliminated through the urine in all species. A major route of metabolism is orthohydroxylation, whereby 2-amino-5-chlorophenyl sulfate is the major excretion product in all species. Excretion of p-chloro-oxanilic acid and p-chloroglycolanilide, oxidation products of p-chloroacetanilide, is significant in the rat. The appearance of p-chloroacetanilide along with p-chloroaniline in plasma after an oral dose of [14C]p-chloroaniline also was studied in rhesus monkey. In addition to p-chloroacetanilide, 2-amino-5-chlorophenyl sulfate is found to be a major circulating metabolite.

Novel agents effective against solid tumors: the diarylsulfonylureas. Synthesis, activities, and analysis of quantitative structure-activity relationships

A series of diarylsulfonylureas with exceptionally broad-spectrum activity against syngeneic rodent solid tumors in vivo is described. Their discovery resulted from a program dedicated to in vivo screening for novel oncolytics in solid tumor models, rather than traditional ascites leukemia models. The structures, oral efficacy, side-effect profile, and mechanism of action of these sulfonylureas appear to be distinct from previously known classes of oncolytics. An extensive series of analogues was prepared to probe structure-activity relationships (SAR), with particular focus on the substituent patterns of each aryl domain. Quantitative analysis of these substituent SARs, using the method of cluster significance analysis, showed the lipophilicity of the substituents to be the dominant determinant of activity. One compound from the series, LY186641 (104, sulofenur), has progressed to Phase I clinical trials as an antitumor drug.

Studies on the cellular pharmacology of N-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-N'-(4-chlorophenyl)-urea

The cellular pharmacology of N-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-N'-(4-chlorophenyl)-urea (MPCU) has been examined in a cloned line of GC3 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. There was a rapid concentrative accumulation of drug, which could be separated into energy-independent and -dependent phases. Accumulation over 15 sec was linear and temperature dependent, but not energy dependent (azide insensitive). The rate of uptake was a linear function of concentration over a wide range (0.0026 to 5 mM). No saturation kinetics were demonstrated. Steady state was achieved within 10 min, and drug levels associated with GC3/C1 cells exceeded the extracellular concentration by 4- to 6-fold. This second phase "concentrative accumulation" of drug was azide sensitive. When cells were incubated to steady state in the presence of azide, removal of azide (with addition of glucose) resulted in a further uptake of sulfonylurea to a higher steady state. When [3H]MPCU was removed from the medium after achieving steady state, loss of drug from cells was rapid (T1/2 approximately 130 sec), and no tight-binding component was apparent. After achieving steady state, cell-associated drug was lost into drug-containing medium reaching a lower steady state if 10 mM azide (+/- glucose) was added. These data indicate that MPCU may enter cells by a non-saturable energy-independent process (passive diffusion) and bind weakly to some intracellular component or become sequestered to some compartment in an energy-dependent manner.

Evidence for mitochondrial localization of N-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-N'-(4-chlorophenyl)urea in human colon adenocarcinoma cells

N-(4-Methylphenylsulfonyl)-N'-(4-chlorophenyl)urea (MPCU) is a new agent that exhibits high therapeutic activity against human and rodent tumor models. Initial studies indicated that in vitro [3H]MPCU was concentrated 4- to 6-fold in GC3/c1 human colon adenocarcinoma cells in an azide-sensitive manner. In this study the dependence of uptake and concentrative accumulation of MPCU upon temperature, plasma membrane potential, and the electrochemical potential of mitochondria has been examined. Accumulation and efflux of MPCU were temperature dependent. At 3.6 microM MPCU, initial rates of uptake (15 s) were 1.4, 38.0, and 84.2 pmol/min/10(6) cells at 2 degrees C, 23 degrees C, and 37 degrees C, respectively. The rate of uptake and concentrative accumulation within GC3/c1 cells was not altered in high K+ buffer or by 1 mM ouabain, indicating that plasma membrane potential was not significant in these processes. Concentrative accumulation, but not initial uptake, was inhibited by carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and sodium azide. Glucose partially antagonized the inhibition of these agents which uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. Oligomycin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthase, did not inhibit uptake or concentrative accumulation of MPCU. However, oligomycin in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose significantly inhibited concentrative accumulation of MPCU. These results suggested that concentrative accumulation of MPCU was dependent upon the mitochondrial transmembrane gradient rather than ATP, although direct implication of ATP could not be excluded. To examine which component of this gradient was predominant in causing MPCU sequestration, the ionophores valinomycin and nigericin were used. Valinomycin, which collapses the charge gradient across the mitochondrial matrix membrane, caused only slight inhibition of MPCU accumulation, and the effect was similar at 2 or 10 mumol. In contrast, nigericin (which collapses the pH gradient and increases mitochondrial membrane potential) inhibited by approximately 90% concentrative accumulation of MPCU. These data suggested that MPCU was being concentrated in mitochondria and that this was dependent upon the pH gradient across mitochondrial membrane. In cells exposed to MPCU or the analogue N-(5-indanylsulfonyl)-N'-(4-chlorophenyl)urea, enlargement of mitochondria was observed within 24 h and appeared to be the initial morphological change associated with drug treatment. These results implicate mitochondria as a site of sequestration of diarylsulfonylureas and as a potential site of action.

Potent inhibition of interleukin 1 beta-mediated human melanoma (A375.6) lysis by corticosteroids, staurosporine, and tilorone

The mechanism of human interleukin (IL)-1 beta-mediated cytolysis was studied in a human melanoma cell line, A375.6. Purified recombinant human IL-1 beta produced 50% cytocidal activity at 50 pg/ml. A variety of compounds were tested for their ability to interfere with A375.6 lysis. Compounds were added simultaneously with IL-1 beta (100 pg/ml), and tumor cytolysis was measured after 72 hr of culture by release of 125I from DNA of A375.6 cells labeled with [125I]-dUrd. A variety of anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive agents (including auranofin, chloroquine, cyclosporin A, d-penicillamine) and several cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitors (AA-861, BW755c, and indomethacin) lacked protective activity. Similarly, phospholipase inhibitors (mepacrine and 4-bromophenacyl bromide), putrescine, inhibitors of lysosomal activity (chloroquine and NH4Cl), calcium channel blockers (nifedipine and verapamil), calmodulin inhibitors (W-7 and calmidazolium), and inhibitors of ADP ribosylation (nicotinamide and 3-aminobenzamide) were inactive. In contrast, corticosteroids (dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, and paramethasone acetate), tilorone, and protein kinase C inhibitors (1-[5-isoquinolinyl-sulfonyl]-2-methylpiperazine and staurosporine) significantly inhibited IL-1 beta-mediated A375.6 cytolysis. These compounds also interfered with tumor necrosis factor-mediated lysis of A375.6, suggesting common mechanisms of tumor cytotoxicity by these monokines. This model may be useful for delineating intracellular biochemical events integral to IL-1 action.

Evaluation of N-(5-indanylsulfonyl)-N'-(4-chlorophenyl)-urea against xenografts of pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma

N-(5-indanylsulfonyl)-N'-(4-chlorophenyl)-urea (LY186641), a novel anticancer compound, was evaluated against six lines of rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts, each of which was established from tissue biopsies from untreated patients, and additional sublines selected as xenografts for primary resistance to vincristine, melphalan, and ifosfamide. LY186641 was given by oral gavage twice daily for 10 consecutive days or as 5-day courses repeated at 7-day intervals. At the optimal schedule, complete regressions of advanced tumors were obtained in each of the six rhabdomyosarcoma lines. There was no apparent cross-resistance in RMS lines selected for vincristine resistance or against multiple-drug-resistance KB cells in vitro. There was slight cross-resistance in xenografts selected for melphalan resistance, but not in an ifosfamide-resistant line. These results indicate that LY186641 may have significant clinical activity in the treatment of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma.