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Reeser RS, Salazar AK, Prutton KM, Roede JR, VeDepo MC, Jacot JG. Trisomy 21 Alters Cell Proliferation and Migration of iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes on Type VI Collagen. Cell Mol Bioeng 2024; 17:25-34. [PMID: 38435791 PMCID: PMC10901762 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-023-00791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are 2000 times more likely to develop a congenital heart defect (CHD) than the typical population Freeman et al. in Am J Med Genet 80:213-217 (1998). The majority of CHDs in individuals with DS characteristically involve the atrioventricular (AV) canal, including the valves and the atrial or ventricular septum. Type VI collagen (COLVI) is the primary structural component in the developing septa and endocardial cushions, with two of the three genes encoding for COLVI located on human chromosome 21 and upregulated in Down syndrome (von Kaisenberg et al. in Obstet Gynecol 91:319-323, 1998; Gittenberger-De Groot et al. in Anatom Rec Part A 275:1109-1116, 2023). Methods To investigate the effect of COLVI dosage on cardiomyocytes with trisomy 21, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from individuals with DS and age- and sex-matched controls were differentiated into cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CM) and plated on varying concentrations of COLVI. Results Real time quantitative PCR showed decreased expression of cardiac-specific genes of DS iPSC-CM lines compared to control iPSC-CM. As expected, DS iPSC-CM had increased expression of genes on chromosome 21, including COL6A1, COL6A2, as well as genes not located on chromosome 21, namely COL6A3, HAS2 and HYAL2. We found that higher concentrations of COLVI result in decreased proliferation and migration of DS iPSC-CM, but not control iPSC-CM. Conclusions These results suggest that the increased expression of COLVI in DS may result in lower migration-driven elongation of endocardial cushions stemming from lower cell proliferation and migration, possibly contributing to the high incidence of CHD in the DS population. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-023-00791-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Reeser
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Alyssa K. Salazar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Kendra M. Prutton
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - James R. Roede
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Mitchell C. VeDepo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Jeffrey G. Jacot
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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Sri Hari A, Banerji R, Liang LP, Fulton RE, Huynh CQ, Fabisiak T, McElroy PB, Roede JR, Patel M. Increasing glutathione levels by a novel posttranslational mechanism inhibits neuronal hyperexcitability. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102895. [PMID: 37769522 PMCID: PMC10539966 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) depletion, and impaired redox homeostasis have been observed in experimental animal models and patients with epilepsy. Pleiotropic strategies that elevate GSH levels via transcriptional regulation have been shown to significantly decrease oxidative stress and seizure frequency, increase seizure threshold, and rescue certain cognitive deficits. Whether elevation of GSH per se alters neuronal hyperexcitability remains unanswered. We previously showed that thiols such as dimercaprol (DMP) elevate GSH via post-translational activation of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), the rate limiting GSH biosynthetic enzyme. Here, we asked if elevation of cellular GSH by DMP altered neuronal hyperexcitability in-vitro and in-vivo. Treatment of primary neuronal-glial cerebrocortical cultures with DMP elevated GSH and inhibited a voltage-gated potassium channel blocker (4-aminopyridine, 4AP) induced neuronal hyperexcitability. DMP increased GSH in wildtype (WT) zebrafish larvae and significantly attenuated convulsant pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced acute 'seizure-like' swim behavior. DMP treatment increased GSH and inhibited convulsive, spontaneous 'seizure-like' swim behavior in the Dravet Syndrome (DS) zebrafish larvae (scn1Lab). Furthermore, DMP treatment significantly decreased spontaneous electrographic seizures and associated seizure parameters in scn1Lab zebrafish larvae. We investigated the role of the redox-sensitive mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway due to the presence of several cysteine-rich proteins and their involvement in regulating neuronal excitability. Treatment of primary neuronal-glial cerebrocortical cultures with 4AP or l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), an irreversible inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis, significantly increased mTOR complex I (mTORC1) activity which was rescued by pre-treatment with DMP. Furthermore, BSO-mediated GSH depletion oxidatively modified the tuberous sclerosis protein complex (TSC) consisting of hamartin (TSC1), tuberin (TSC2), and TBC1 domain family member 7 (TBC1D7) which are critical negative regulators of mTORC1. In summary, our results suggest that DMP-mediated GSH elevation by a novel post-translational mechanism can inhibit neuronal hyperexcitability both in-vitro and in-vivo and a plausible link is the redox sensitive mTORC1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Sri Hari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Rajeswari Banerji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Li-Ping Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ruth E Fulton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Christopher Quoc Huynh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Timothy Fabisiak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Pallavi Bhuyan McElroy
- The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Greater Philadelphia Area, Horsham, PA, 19044, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Harris PS, McGinnis CD, Michel CR, Marentette JO, Reisdorph R, Roede JR, Fritz KS. Click chemistry-based thiol redox proteomics reveals significant cysteine reduction induced by chronic ethanol consumption. Redox Biol 2023; 64:102792. [PMID: 37390786 PMCID: PMC10331594 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the U.S., alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) impacts millions of people and is a major healthcare burden. While the pathology of ALD is unmistakable, the molecular mechanisms underlying ethanol hepatotoxicity are not fully understood. Hepatic ethanol metabolism is intimately linked with alterations in extracellular and intracellular metabolic processes, specifically oxidation/reduction reactions. The xenobiotic detoxification of ethanol leads to significant disruptions in glycolysis, β-oxidation, and the TCA cycle, as well as oxidative stress. Perturbation of these regulatory networks impacts the redox status of critical regulatory protein thiols throughout the cell. Integrating these key concepts, our goal was to apply a cutting-edge approach toward understanding mechanisms of ethanol metabolism in disrupting hepatic thiol redox signaling. Utilizing a chronic murine model of ALD, we applied a cysteine targeted click chemistry enrichment coupled with quantitative nano HPLC-MS/MS to assess the thiol redox proteome. Our strategy reveals that ethanol metabolism largely reduces the cysteine proteome, with 593 cysteine residues significantly reduced and 8 significantly oxidized cysteines. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis demonstrates that ethanol metabolism reduces specific cysteines throughout ethanol metabolism (Adh1, Cat, Aldh2), antioxidant pathways (Prx1, Mgst1, Gsr), as well as many other biochemical pathways. Interestingly, a sequence motif analysis of reduced cysteines showed a correlation for hydrophilic, charged amino acids lysine or glutamic acid nearby. Further research is needed to determine how a reduced cysteine proteome impacts individual protein activity across these protein targets and pathways. Additionally, understanding how a complex array of cysteine-targeted post-translational modifications (e.g., S-NO, S-GSH, S-OH) are integrated to regulate redox signaling and control throughout the cell is key to the development of redox-centric therapeutic agents targeted to ameliorate the progression of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Harris
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Courtney D McGinnis
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Cole R Michel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - John O Marentette
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Richard Reisdorph
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kristofer S Fritz
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Stem AD, Rogers KL, Roede JR, Roncal-Jimenez CA, Johnson RJ, Brown JM. Sugarcane ash and sugarcane ash-derived silica nanoparticles alter cellular metabolism in human proximal tubular kidney cells. Environ Pollut 2023:121951. [PMID: 37301454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multiple epidemics of chronic kidney disease of an unknown etiology (CKDu) have emerged in agricultural communities around the world. Many factors have been posited as potential contributors, but a primary cause has yet to be identified and the disease is considered likely multifactorial. Sugarcane workers are largely impacted by disease leading to the hypothesis that exposure to sugarcane ash produced during the burning and harvest of sugarcane could contribute to CKDu. Estimated exposure levels of particles under 10 μm (PM10) have been found to be exceptionally high during this process, exceeding 100 μg/m3 during sugarcane cutting and averaging ∼1800 μg/m3 during pre-harvest burns. Sugarcane stalks consist of ∼80% amorphous silica and generate nano-sized silica particles (∼200 nm) following burning. A human proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) cell line was subjected to treatments ranging in concentration from 0.025 μg/mL to 25 μg/mL of sugarcane ash, desilicated sugarcane ash, sugarcane ash-derived silica nanoparticles (SAD SiNPs) or manufactured pristine 200 nm silica nanoparticles. The combination of heat stress and sugarcane ash exposure on PCT cell responses was also assessed. Following 6-48 h of exposure, mitochondrial activity and viability were found to be significantly reduced when exposed to SAD SiNPs at concentrations 2.5 μg/mL or higher. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and pH changes suggested significant alteration to cellular metabolism across treatments as early as 6 h following exposure. SAD SiNPs were found to inhibit mitochondrial function, reduce ATP generation, increase reliance on glycolysis, and reduce glycolytic reserve. Metabolomic analysis revealed several cellular energetics pathways (e.g., fatty acid metabolism, glycolysis, and TCA cycle) are significantly altered across ash-based treatments. Heat stress did not influence these responses. Such changes indicate that exposure to sugarcane ash and its derivatives can promote mitochondrial dysfunction and disrupt metabolic activity of human PCT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur D Stem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Keegan L Rogers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carlos A Roncal-Jimenez
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jared M Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Prutton KM, Marentette JO, Maclean KN, Roede JR. Characterization of mitochondrial and metabolic alterations induced by trisomy 21 during neural differentiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 196:11-21. [PMID: 36638900 PMCID: PMC9898228 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellular redox state directs differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) by energy metabolism control and ROS generation. As oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been extensively reported in Down syndrome (DS), we evaluated mitochondrial phenotypes and energy metabolism during neural differentiation of DS iPSCs to neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Our results indicate early maturation of mitochondrial networks and elevated NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) expression in DS iPSCs. DS cells also fail to transition from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation during differentiation. Specifically, DS NPCs show an increased energetic demand that is limited in their mitochondrial and glycolytic response to mitochondrial distress. Additionally, DS iPSC and NPC non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption was significantly impacted by NOX inhibition. Together, these data build upon previous evidence of accelerated neural differentiation in DS that correlates with cellular redox state. We demonstrate the potential for mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial ROS sources to impact differentiation timing in the context of DS, which could contribute to developmental deficits in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra M Prutton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John O Marentette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth N Maclean
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, USA.
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6
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Elajaili H, Hernandez-Lagunas L, Harris P, Sparagna GC, Jonscher R, Ohlstrom D, Sucharov CC, Bowler RP, Suliman H, Fritz KS, Roede JR, Nozik ES. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) R213G variant reduces mitochondrial ROS and preserves mitochondrial function in bleomycin-induced lung injury: EC-SOD R213G variant and intracellular redox regulation. Adv Redox Res 2022; 5:100035. [PMID: 38273965 PMCID: PMC10810244 DOI: 10.1016/j.arres.2022.100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is highly expressed in the lung and vasculature. A common human single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the matrix binding region of EC-SOD leads to a single amino acid substitution, R213G, and alters EC-SOD tissue binding affinity. The change in tissue binding affinity redistributes EC-SOD from tissue to extracellular fluids. Mice (R213G mice) expressing a knock-in of this EC-SOD SNP exhibit elevated plasma and reduced lung EC-SOD content and activity and are protected against bleomycin-induced lung injury and inflammation. It is unknown how the redistribution of EC-SOD alters site-specific redox-regulated molecules relevant for protection. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the change in the local EC-SOD content would influence not only the extracellular redox microenvironment where EC-SOD is localized but also protect the intracellular redox status of the lung. Mice were treated with bleomycin and harvested 7 days post-treatment. Superoxide levels, measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), were lower in plasma and Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells in R213G mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice, while lung cellular superoxide levels in R213G mice were not elevated post-bleomycin compared to WT mice despite low lung EC-SOD levels. Lung glutathione redox potential (EhGSSG), determined by HPLC and fluorescence, was more oxidized in WT compared to R213G mice. In R213G mice, lung mitochondrial oxidative stress was reduced shown by mitochondrial superoxide level measured by EPR in lung and the resistance to bleomycin-induced cardiolipin oxidation. Bleomycin treatment suppressed mitochondrial respiration in WT mice. Mitochondrial function was impaired at baseline in R213G mice but did not exhibit further suppression in respiration post-bleomycin. Collectively, the results indicate that R213G variant preserves intracellular redox state and protects mitochondrial function in the setting of bleomycin-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Elajaili
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura Hernandez-Lagunas
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter Harris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Genevieve C. Sparagna
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Raleigh Jonscher
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Denis Ohlstrom
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Carmen C. Sucharov
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Hagir Suliman
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kristofer S. Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James R. Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eva S. Nozik
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Prutton KM, Marentette JO, Leifheit BA, Esquer H, LaBarbera DV, Anderson CC, Maclean KN, Roede JR. Oxidative stress as a candidate mechanism for accelerated neuroectodermal differentiation due to trisomy 21. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 186:32-42. [PMID: 35537597 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquity of cognitive deficits and early onset Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome (DS) has focused much DS iPSC-based research on neuron degeneration and regeneration. Despite reports of elevated oxidative stress in DS brains, few studies assess the impact of this oxidative burden on iPSC differentiation. Here, we evaluate cellular specific redox differences in DS and euploid iPSCs and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) during critical intermediate stages of differentiation. Despite successful generation of NPCs, our results indicate accelerated neuroectodermal differentiation of DS iPSCs compared to isogenic, euploid controls. Specifically, DS embryoid bodies (EBs) and neural rosettes prematurely develop with distinct morphological differences from controls. Additionally, we observed developmental stage-specific alterations in mitochondrial superoxide production and SOD1/2 abundance, coupled with modulations in thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and peroxiredoxin isoforms. Disruption of intracellular redox state and its associated signaling has the potential to disrupt cellular differentiation and development in DS lending to DS-specific phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra M Prutton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - John O Marentette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brice A Leifheit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Hector Esquer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Daniel V LaBarbera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Colin C Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kenneth N Maclean
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Mendoza RP, Anderson CC, Fudge DH, Roede JR, Brown JM. Metabolic Consequences of IgE- and Non-IgE-Mediated Mast Cell Degranulation. J Immunol 2021; 207:2637-2648. [PMID: 34732470 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are important effector cells in the immune system and undergo activation (i.e., degranulation) by two major mechanisms: IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated mechanisms. Although IgE-mediated degranulation is well researched, the cellular mechanisms of non-IgE-mediated mast cell activation are poorly understood despite the potential to induce similar pathophysiological effects. To better understand non-IgE mast cell degranulation, we characterized and compared cellular metabolic shifts across several mechanisms of degranulation (allergen-induced [IgE-mediated], 20 nm of silver nanoparticle-mediated [non-IgE], and compound 48/80-mediated [non-IgE]) in murine bone marrow-derived mast cells. All treatments differentially impacted mitochondrial activity and glucose uptake, suggesting diverging metabolic pathways between IgE- and non-IgE-mediated degranulation. Non-IgE treatments depleted mast cells' glycolytic reserve, and compound 48/80 further inhibited the ability to maximize mitochondrial respiration. This cellular reprogramming may be indicative of a stress response with non-IgE treatments. Neither of these outcomes occurred with IgE-mediated degranulation, hinting at a separate programmed response. Fuel flexibility between the three primary mitochondrial nutrient sources was also eliminated in activated cells and this was most significant in non-IgE-mediated degranulation. Lastly, metabolomics analysis of bone marrow-derived mast cells following degranulation was used to compare general metabolite profiles related to energetic pathways. IgE-mediated degranulation upregulated metabolite concentrations for the TCA cycle and glycolysis compared with other treatments. In conclusion, mast cell metabolism varies significantly between IgE- and non-IgE-mediated degranulation suggesting novel cell regulatory mechanisms are potentially driving unexplored pathways of mast cell degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Mendoza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Colin C Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Dylan H Fudge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Jared M Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Anderson CC, Marentette JO, Prutton KM, Rauniyar AK, Reisz JA, D'Alessandro A, Maclean KN, Saba LM, Roede JR. Trisomy 21 results in modest impacts on mitochondrial function and central carbon metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:201-212. [PMID: 34129926 PMCID: PMC8355208 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. Mechanistically, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are reported to be etiological factors for many of the DS-related comorbidities and have previously been reported in a number of in vitro and in vivo models of DS. The purpose of this study was to test for the presence of mitochondrial dysfunction in fibroblast cells obtained via skin biopsy from individuals with DS, and to assess the impact of trisomy 21 on central carbon metabolism. Using extracellular flux assays in matched dermal fibroblasts from euploid and DS individuals, we found that basal mitochondrial dysfunction is quite mild. Stressing the cells with a cocktail of mitochondrial stressors revealed a significant mitochondrial deficit in DS cells compared to euploid controls. Evaluation of extracellular acidification rate did not reveal a baseline abnormality in glycolysis; however, metabolomic assessments utilizing isotopically labeled glucose and glutamine revealed altered central carbon metabolism in DS cells. Specifically, we observed greater glucose dependency, uptake and flux into the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway in DS fibroblasts. Furthermore, using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) we found that mitochondrial function in DS iPSCs was similar to the previously published studies employing fetal cells. Together, these data indicate that aberrant central carbon metabolism is a candidate mechanism for stress-related mitochondrial dysfunction in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
| | - John O Marentette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
| | - Kendra M Prutton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Abhishek K Rauniyar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
| | - Julie A Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, USA
| | | | - Kenneth N Maclean
- Department of Pediatrics, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura M Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Maclean KN, Jiang H, Phinney WN, Mclagan BM, Roede JR, Stabler SP. Derangement of hepatic polyamine, folate, and methionine cycle metabolism in cystathionine beta-synthase-deficient homocystinuria in the presence and absence of treatment: Possible implications for pathogenesis. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 132:128-138. [PMID: 33483253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine beta-synthase deficient homocystinuria (HCU) is a life-threatening disorder of sulfur metabolism. Our knowledge of the metabolic changes induced in HCU are based almost exclusively on data derived from plasma. In the present study, we present a comprehensive analysis on the effects of HCU upon the hepatic metabolites and enzyme expression levels of the methionine-folate cycles in a mouse model of HCU. HCU induced a 10-fold increase in hepatic total homocysteine and in contrast to plasma, this metabolite was only lowered by approximately 20% by betaine treatment indicating that this toxic metabolite remains unacceptably elevated. Hepatic methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, N-acetlymethionine, N-formylmethionine, methionine sulfoxide, S-methylcysteine, serine, N-acetylserine, taurocyamine and N-acetyltaurine levels were also significantly increased by HCU while cysteine, N-acetylcysteine and hypotaurine were all significantly decreased. In terms of polyamine metabolism, HCU significantly decreased spermine and spermidine levels while increasing 5'-methylthioadenosine. Betaine treatment restored normal spermine and spermidine levels but further increased 5'-methylthioadenosine. HCU induced a 2-fold induction in expression of both S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Induction of this latter enzyme was accompanied by a 10-fold accumulation of its product, 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate, with the potential to significantly perturb one‑carbon metabolism. Expression of the cytoplasmic isoform of serine hydroxymethyltransferase was unaffected by HCU but the mitochondrial isoform was repressed indicating differential regulation of one‑carbon metabolism in different sub-cellular compartments. All HCU-induced changes in enzyme expression were completely reversed by either betaine or taurine treatment. Collectively, our data show significant alterations of polyamine, folate and methionine cycle metabolism in HCU hepatic tissues that in some cases, differ significantly from those observed in plasma, and have the potential to contribute to multiple aspects of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth N Maclean
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Hua Jiang
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Whitney N Phinney
- Medicine and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bailey M Mclagan
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sally P Stabler
- Medicine and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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11
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Marentette JO, Anderson CC, Prutton KM, Jennings EQ, Rauniyar AK, Galligan JJ, Roede JR. Trisomy 21 impairs PGE2 production in dermal fibroblasts. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 153:106524. [PMID: 33418267 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The triplication of human chromosome 21 results in Down syndrome (DS), the most common genetic form of intellectual disability. This aneuploid condition also results in an enhanced risk of a spectrum of comorbid conditions, such as leukemia, early onset Alzheimer's disease, and diabetes. Individuals with DS also display an increased incidence of wound healing complications and resistance to solid tumor development. Due to this unique phenotype and the involvement of eicosanoids in key comorbidities like poor healing and tumor development, we hypothesized that cells from DS individuals would display altered eicosanoid production. Using age- and sex-matched dermal fibroblasts we interrogated this hypothesis. Briefly, assessment of over 90 metabolites derived from cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cytochrome p450 systems revealed a possible deficiency in the COX system. Basal gene expression and Western blotting experiments showed significantly decreased gene expression of COX1 and 2, and COX2 protein abundance in DS fibroblasts compared to euploid controls. Further, using two different stressors, scratch wound or LPS, we found that DS fibroblasts could not upregulate COX2 abundance and prostaglandin E2 production. Together, these findings show that dermal fibroblasts from DS individuals have a deficient COX2 response, which may contribute to wound healing complications and tumor resistance in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Marentette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Colin C Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kendra M Prutton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Erin Q Jennings
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Abhishek K Rauniyar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - James J Galligan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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12
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Anderson CC, Marentette JO, Rauniyar AK, Prutton KM, Khatri M, Matheson C, Reisz JA, Reigan P, D'Alessandro A, Roede JR. Maneb alters central carbon metabolism and thiol redox status in a toxicant model of Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:65-76. [PMID: 33279619 PMCID: PMC7889696 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The dithiocarbamate fungicide maneb (MB) has attracted interest due to increasing concern of the negative health effects of pesticides, as well as its association with Parkinson's disease (PD). Our laboratory has previously reported distinct phenotypic changes of neuroblastoma cells exposed to acute, sub-toxic levels of MB, including decreased mitochondrial respiration, altered lactate dynamics, and metabolic stress. In this study, we aimed to further define the specific molecular mechanisms of MB toxicity through the comparison of several thiol-containing compounds and their effects on cellular energy metabolism and thiol redox nodes. Extracellular flux analyses and stable isotope labeled tracer metabolomics were employed to evaluate alterations in energy metabolism of SK-N-AS human neuroblastoma cells after acute exposure of an array of compounds, including dithiocarbamates (maneb, nabam, zineb) and other thiol-containing small molecules (glutathione, N-acetylcysteine). These studies revealed MB and its methylated form (MeDTC) as unique toxicants with significant alterations to mitochondrial respiration, proliferation, and glycolysis. We observed MB to significantly impact cellular thiol redox status by oxidizing cellular glutathione and altering the thiol redox status of peroxiredoxin 3 (Prx3, mitochondrial) after acute exposure. Redox Western blotting revealed a MB-specific modification of cellular Prx3, strengthening the argument that MB can preferentially target mitochondrial enzymes containing reactive cysteine thiols. Further, stable isotope tracer metabolomics confirmed our energetics assessments, and demonstrated that MB exposure results in acute derangement of central carbon metabolism. Specifically, we observed shunting of cellular glucose into the pentose-phosphate pathway and reduction of TCA intermediates derived from glucose and glutamine. Also, we report novel lactate utilization for TCA enrichment and glutathione synthesis after MB exposure. In summary, our results further confirm that MB exerts its toxic effects via thiol modification, and significantly transforms central carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - John O Marentette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Abhishek K Rauniyar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kendra M Prutton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Meera Khatri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Chris Matheson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Julie A Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Philip Reigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Bok R, Guerra DD, Lorca RA, Wennersten SA, Harris PS, Rauniyar AK, Stabler SP, MacLean KN, Roede JR, Brown LD, Hurt KJ. Cystathionine γ-lyase promotes estrogen-stimulated uterine artery blood flow via glutathione homeostasis. Redox Biol 2020; 40:101827. [PMID: 33485059 PMCID: PMC7823052 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, estrogen (E2) stimulates uterine artery blood flow (UBF) by enhancing nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation. Cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) promotes vascular NO signaling by producing hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and by maintaining the ratio of reduced-to-oxidized intracellular glutathione (GSH/GSSG) through l-cysteine production. Because redox homeostasis can influence NO signaling, we hypothesized that CSE mediates E2 stimulation of UBF by modulating local intracellular cysteine metabolism and GSH/GSSG levels to promote redox homeostasis. Using non-pregnant ovariectomized WT and CSE-null (CSE KO) mice, we performed micro-ultrasound of mouse uterine and renal arteries to assess changes in blood flow upon exogenous E2 stimulation. We quantified serum and uterine artery NO metabolites (NOx), serum amino acids, and uterine and renal artery GSH/GSSG. WT and CSE KO mice exhibited similar baseline uterine and renal blood flow. Unlike WT, CSE KO mice did not exhibit expected E2 stimulation of UBF. Renal blood flow was E2-insensitive for both genotypes. While serum and uterine artery NOx were similar between genotypes at baseline, E2 decreased NOx in CSE KO serum. Cysteine was also lower in CSE KO serum, while citrulline and homocysteine levels were elevated. E2 and CSE deletion additively decreased GSH/GSSG in uterine arteries. In contrast, renal artery GSH/GSSG was insensitive to E2 or CSE deletion. Together, these findings suggest that CSE maintenance of uterine artery GSH/GSSG facilitates nitrergic signaling in uterine arteries and is required for normal E2 stimulation of UBF. These data have implications for pregnancy pathophysiology and the selective hormone responses of specific vascular beds. CSE-null mice exhibit abnormal estrogen augmentation of uterine artery blood flow. Estrogen lowers uterine artery nitric oxide metabolites in CSE null mice. CSE loss and estrogen additively impair uterine artery glutathione homeostasis. Neither CSE loss nor estrogen influences renal artery blood flow or glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Bok
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Damian D Guerra
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 2301 S. 3rd Street, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Ramón A Lorca
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sara A Wennersten
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Peter S Harris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Abhishek K Rauniyar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sally P Stabler
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kenneth N MacLean
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Laura D Brown
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Perinatal Research Center, 13243 E. 23rd Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - K Joseph Hurt
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Mendoza RP, Anderson CC, Roede JR, Brown JM. Potential role of thioredoxin-interacting protein in non-IgE mast cell degranulation. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.148.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Non-IgE mediated pathways of mast cell degranulation result in similar pathological outcomes as IgE mediated degranulation without prior IgE sensitization thereby making it difficult to identify causative agents and develop therapeutics for patients. We have demonstrated that 20 nm silver nanoparticles (AgNP) induce non-IgE mast cell degranulation through an unknown mechanism. However, we have established that this non-IgE response is strain dependent with C57BL/6 bone marrow derived mast cells (BMMCs) being high responders and LP/J BMMCs being low responders. Further, RNA sequencing of high-responder and low-responder BMMCs demonstrated a significant increase in thioredoxin-interacting protein (txnip) in the low-responders after AgNP mediated degranulation. We explored this protein to determine its regulatory potential in non-IgE mast cell degranulation. At 1hr following exposure to AgNP, txnip mRNA levels increased in LP/J but not C57BL/6 which confirmed RNAseq results. Txnip protein levels were similarly decreased in BMMCs from both strains at 1hr; however, there was an increase in the low-responder BMMCs at six hours post-exposure that did not occur in the high-responder BMMCs. siRNA knockdown of txnip resulted in increased BMMC degranulation by AgNP. Txnip is strongly involved in cellular metabolism. Seahorse XfP results demonstrated a lower energy and glycolytically focused phenotype in low-responders compared to high-responders. C57BL/6 have significantly lowered glycolytic capacity after AgNP-mediated degranulation not present in LP/J. Our data suggests that txnip plays a role in non-IgE mediated mast cell degranulation and may modulate cellular metabolism.
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15
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Anderson CC, Khatri M, Roede JR. Time-dependent simvastatin administration enhances doxorubicin toxicity in neuroblastoma. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:520-528. [PMID: 32368502 PMCID: PMC7184108 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins have a primary indication for the reduction and management of hypercholesterolemia; however, evidence shows that statins have the ability to increase the toxicity of chemotherapeutics within cancer cells by inducing anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic, and anti-angiogenic effects. More recently, lipophilic statins have shown complex interaction with energy metabolism, specifically acute mitochondrial dysfunction and delayed inhibition of glycolysis. With the goal to demonstrate that statin-mediated enhancement of chemotherapeutics is time-dependent, we hypothesized that the lipophilic statin simvastatin, in conjunction with variable co-exposure of doxorubicin or cisplatin, will enhance the toxicity of these drugs in neuroblastoma. Utilizing human SK-N-AS neuroblastoma cells, we assessed cell proliferation, necrosis, caspase activation, and overall apoptosis of these cells. After determining the toxicity of simvastatin at 48 h post-treatment, 10μM was chosen as the intervention concentration. We found that significant cell death resulted from 1.0μM dose of doxorubicin with 24 h pre-treatment of simvastatin. On the other hand, simvastatin enhancement of cisplatin toxicity was only observed in the co-exposure model. As doxorubicin has strict dosage limits due to its primary off-target toxicity in cardiac muscle, we further compared the effects of this drug combination on rat H9C2 cardiomyoblasts. We found that simvastatin did not enhance doxorubicin toxicity in this cell line. We conclude that simvastatin provides time-dependent sensitization of neuroblastoma cells to doxorubicin toxicity, and our results provide strong argument for the consideration of simvastatin as an adjuvant in doxorubicin-based chemotherapy programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Meera Khatri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
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GALLIGAN JAMES, Gaffney DO, Jennings EQ, Anderson CC, Marentette JO, Shi T, Oxvig AMS, Streeter MD, Johannsen M, Spiegel DA, Chapman E, Roede JR. Non‐Enzymatic Lysine Lactoylation of Glycolytic Enzymes. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.02010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Persaud I, Raghavendra AJ, Paruthi A, Alsaleh NB, Minarchick VC, Roede JR, Podila R, Brown JM. Defect-induced electronic states amplify the cellular toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:145-161. [PMID: 31553248 PMCID: PMC7036006 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1668067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are used in numerous applications, including sunscreens, cosmetics, textiles, and electrical devices. Increased consumer and occupational exposure to ZnO NPs potentially poses a risk for toxicity. While many studies have examined the toxicity of ZnO NPs, little is known regarding the toxicological impact of inherent defects arising from batch-to-batch variations. It was hypothesized that the presence of varying chemical defects in ZnO NPs will contribute to cellular toxicity in rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs). Pristine and defected ZnO NPs (oxidized, reduced, and annealed) were prepared and assessed three major cellular outcomes; cytotoxicity/apoptosis, reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ZnO NPs chemical defects were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and photoluminescence. Increased toxicity was observed in defected ZnO NPs compared to the pristine NPs as measured by cell viability, ER stress, and glutathione redox potential. It was determined that ZnO NPs induced ER stress through the PERK pathway. Taken together, these results demonstrate a previously unrecognized contribution of chemical defects to the toxicity of ZnO NPs, which should be considered in the risk assessment of engineered nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indushekhar Persaud
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Achyut J. Raghavendra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Clemson Nanomaterials Center and COMSET, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Archini Paruthi
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, IN
| | - Nasser B. Alsaleh
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Valerie C. Minarchick
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - James R. Roede
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Podila
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Clemson Nanomaterials Center and COMSET, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Jared M. Brown
- Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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18
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Kuzyk CL, Anderson CC, Roede JR. Simvastatin Induces Delayed Apoptosis Through Disruption of Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Impairment in Neuroblastoma Cells. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 13:563-572. [PMID: 31917509 PMCID: PMC7214657 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin, a commonly used cholesterol-lowering drug, inhibits the mevalonate pathway involved in the synthesis of the mitochondrial electron carrier coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), as well as other bioenergetics substrates. The purpose of this study was to investigate simvastatin exposure on mitochondrial respiration, metabolic fuel preferences, and glucose utilization. We hypothesized that simvastatin at a noncytotoxic dose will impair energy metabolism in human neuroblastoma cells. SK-N-AS cells were exposed at acute and chronic time points and evaluated in a Seahorse XF analyzer, revealing decreased mitochondrial and glycolytic parameters. Flow cytometry showed a significant induction of apoptosis in simvastatin-treated cells at 48 hours. Finally, multiple techniques were used to show that simvastatin-mediated impairment of bioenergetics is more complex than CoQ10 depletion or hampered glucose uptake. Therefore, the data reported here represent a biphasic hit to mitochondria followed by reduction in glucose and glutamine metabolism in neuroblastoma; adding mechanism to potential pleotropic effects of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Kuzyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Colin C Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Aivazidis S, Jain A, Rauniyar AK, Anderson CC, Marentette JO, Orlicky DJ, Fritz KS, Harris PS, Siegel D, Maclean KN, Roede JR. SNARE proteins rescue impaired autophagic flux in Down syndrome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223254. [PMID: 31714914 PMCID: PMC6850524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a chromosomal disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 (Ts21). Unbalanced karyotypes can lead to dysfunction of the proteostasis network (PN) and disrupted proteostasis is mechanistically associated with multiple DS comorbidities. Autophagy is a critical component of the PN that has not previously been investigated in DS. Based on our previous observations of PN disruption in DS, we investigated possible dysfunction of the autophagic machinery in human DS fibroblasts and other DS cell models. Following induction of autophagy by serum starvation, DS fibroblasts displayed impaired autophagic flux indicated by autophagolysosome accumulation and elevated p62, NBR1, and LC3-II abundance, compared to age- and sex-matched, euploid (CTL) fibroblasts. While lysosomal physiology was unaffected in both groups after serum starvation, we observed decreased basal abundance of the Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor Attachment protein Receptor (SNARE) family members syntaxin 17 (STX17) and Vesicle Associated Membrane Protein 8 (VAMP8) indicating that decreased autophagic flux in DS is due at least in part to a possible impairment of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. This conclusion was further supported by the observation that over-expression of either STX17 or VAMP8 in DS fibroblasts restored autophagic degradation and reversed p62 accumulation. Collectively, our results indicate that impaired autophagic clearance is a characteristic of DS cells that can be reversed by enhancement of SNARE protein expression and provides further evidence that PN disruption represents a candidate mechanism for multiple aspects of pathogenesis in DS and a possible future target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Aivazidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Abhilasha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Abhishek K. Rauniyar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Colin C. Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - John O. Marentette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - David J. Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Kristofer S. Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Harris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - David Siegel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Kenneth N. Maclean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- The Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - James R. Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- The Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Anderson CC, Aivazidis S, Kuzyk CL, Jain A, Roede JR. Acute Maneb Exposure Significantly Alters Both Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Function in Neuroblastoma Cells. Toxicol Sci 2019; 165:61-73. [PMID: 29767788 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pesticides paraquat (PQ) and maneb (MB) have been described as environmental risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD), with mechanisms associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species generation. A combined exposure of PQ and MB in murine models and neuroblastoma cells has been utilized to further advance understanding of the PD phenotype. MB acts as a redox modulator through alkylation of protein thiols and has been previously characterized to inhibit complex III of the electron transport chain and uncouple the mitochondrial proton gradient. The purpose of this study was to analyze ATP-linked respiration and glycolysis in human neuroblastoma cells utilizing the Seahorse extracellular flux platform. Employing an acute, subtoxic exposure of MB, this investigation revealed a MB-mediated decrease in mitochondrial oxygen consumption at baseline and maximal respiration, with inhibition of ATP synthesis and coupling efficiency. Additionally, MB-treated cells showed an increase in nonmitochondrial respiration and proton leak. Further investigation into mitochondrial fuel flex revealed an elimination of fuel flexibility across all 3 major substrates, with a decrease in pyruvate capacity as well as glutamine dependency. Analyses of glycolytic function showed a substantial decrease in glycolytic acidification caused by lactic acid export. This inhibition of glycolytic parameters was also observed after titrating the MB dose as low as 6 μM, and appears to be dependent on the dithiocarbamate functional group, with manganese possibly potentiating the effect. Further studies into cellular ATP and NAD levels revealed a drastic decrease in cells treated with MB. In summary, MB significantly impacted both aerobic and anaerobic energy production; therefore, further characterization of MB's effect on cellular energetics may provide insight into the specificity of PD to dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Stefanos Aivazidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Crystal L Kuzyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Abhilasha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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Mendoza RP, Anderson CC, Roede JR, Brown JM. Comparing mast cell immunometabolism shifts induced by IgE mediated and non-IgE mediated degranulation. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.54.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Mast cells are immune effector cells with the ability to immediately release an array of pre-formed mediators in response to various stimuli, a process termed degranulation. Degranulation is generally divided into two categories: IgE mediated and non-IgE mediated. Non-IgE mast cell degranulation occurs in response to various environmental agents without prior IgE sensitization often making it difficult to identify the causative agent in patients. To better understand non-IgE mast cell degranulation, we characterized and compared metabolic shifts in response to both mechanisms of degranulation (IgE vs non-IgE) in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) grown from C57BL/6 mice. Compound 48/80 and silver nanoparticles were used to trigger non-IgE degranulation. To explore metabolic changes in BMMCs, we used Seahorse XF technology to measure: 1) respiratory mitochondrial metabolism, 2) anaerobic glycolytic metabolism, and 3) performed a phenotype stress test to define metabolic pathways. The mito stress test revealed a decrease in respiration for both mechanisms of degranulation but was consistently lower for non-IgE triggers. Secondly, we observed an increase in glycolysis from both mechanisms which was more prominent in non-IgE degranulation. However, there was a complete depletion of glycolytic reserve with non-IgE degranulation that did not occur with IgE mediated degranulation. The cell phenotype test revealed that BMMCs shift towards glycolysis when activated via a non-IgE pathway more prominently than via an IgE-pathway. In conclusion, mast cell metabolism varies significantly between IgE and non-IgE degranulation with an apparent shift towards glycolytic dependence for non-IgE activated mast cells.
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Park YH, Kong T, Roede JR, Jones DP, Lee K. A biplot correlation range for group-wise metabolite selection in mass spectrometry. BioData Min 2019; 12:4. [PMID: 30740145 PMCID: PMC6360680 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-019-0191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Analytic methods are available to acquire extensive metabolic information in a cost-effective manner for personalized medicine, yet disease risk and diagnosis mostly rely upon individual biomarkers based on statistical principles of false discovery rate and correlation. Due to functional redundancies and multiple layers of regulation in complex biologic systems, individual biomarkers, while useful, are inherently limited in disease characterization. Data reduction and discriminant analysis tools such as principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares (PLS), or orthogonal PLS (O-PLS) provide approaches to separate the metabolic phenotypes, but do not offer a statistical basis for selection of group-wise metabolites as contributors to metabolic phenotypes. Methods We present a dimensionality-reduction based approach termed ‘biplot correlation range (BCR)’ that uses biplot correlation analysis with direct orthogonal signal correction and PLS to provide the group-wise selection of metabolic markers contributing to metabolic phenotypes. Results Using a simulated multiple-layer system that often arises in complex biologic systems, we show the feasibility and superiority of the proposed approach in comparison of existing approaches based on false discovery rate and correlation. To demonstrate the proposed method in a real-life dataset, we used LC-MS based metabolomics to determine spectrum of metabolites present in liver mitochondria from wild-type (WT) mice and thioredoxin-2 transgenic (TG) mice. We select discriminatory variables in terms of increased score in the direction of class identity using BCR. The results show that BCR provides means to identify metabolites contributing to class separation in a manner that a statistical method by false discovery rate or statistical total correlation spectroscopy can hardly find in complex data analysis for predictive health and personalized medicine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13040-019-0191-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngja H Park
- 1College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019 South Korea
| | - Taewoon Kong
- 2Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - James R Roede
- 3Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80045 USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.,5Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Kichun Lee
- 6Department of Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
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Abstract
Disruption in redox signaling and control of cellular processes has emerged as a key player in many pathologies including neurodegeneration. As protein aggregations are a common hallmark of several neuronal pathologies, a firm understanding of the interplay between redox signaling, oxidative and free radical stress, and proteinopathies is required to sort out the complex mechanisms in these diseases. Fortunately, models of toxicant-induced neurodegeneration can be utilized to evaluate and report mechanistic alterations in the proteostasis network (PN). The epidemiological links between environmental toxicants and neurological disease gives further credence into characterizing the toxicant-mediated PN disruptions observed in these conditions. Reviewed here are examples of mechanistic interaction between oxidative or free radical stress and PN alterations. Additionally, investigations into toxicant-mediated PN disruptions, specifically focusing on environmental metals and pesticides, are discussed. Finally, we emphasize the need to distinguish whether the presence of protein aggregations are contributory to phenotypes related to neurodegeneration, or if they are a byproduct of PN deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Aivazidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Colin C Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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Petersen DR, Orlicky DJ, Roede JR, Shearn CT. Aberrant expression of redox regulatory proteins in patients with concomitant primary Sclerosing cholangitis/inflammatory bowel disease. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 105:32-36. [PMID: 29852184 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) is a severe cholestatic liver disease characterized by progressive peri-biliary tract inflammation, elevated oxidative stress and hepatocellular injury. A hallmark of PSC patients is the concurrent diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease occurring in approximately 70%-80% of PSC patients (PSC/IBD). We previously reported dysregulation of key anti-oxidant pathways in PSC/IBD. The objective of this study was to expand previous data by examining the abundance of thioredoxins (Trx) in PSC/IBD. METHODS Using hepatic tissue and whole cell extracts isolated from age-matched healthy humans and patients diagnosed with end stage PSC/IBD, the protein abundance of thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1), and their downstream substrates peroxiredoxins was assessed. RESULTS Western blot analyses of thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin abundance revealed significant increases in abundance of Trx1 and TrxR1 whereas expression of thioredoxin-interacting protein was significantly decreased in PSC/IBD. Concurrently, abundance of cytosolic peroxiredoxins was not significantly impacted. The abundance of mitochondrial Trx2, along with peroxiredoxins 3, 5 and 6 were significantly decreased by concurrent PSC/IBD. Histological staining of Trx1/TrxR1 revealed elevated nuclear Trx1 and TrxR1 staining within cholangiocytes as well as an overall periportal increase in expression in PSC/IBD. An examination of additional anti-oxidant responses reveal suppression of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and heme oxygenase (HO-1) whereas expression of the protein chaperone glucose regulated protein 78 increased suggesting elevated cellular stress in PSC/IBD. CONCLUSIONS Results herein suggest that in addition to severe dysregulation of anti-oxidant responses, cholestasis impacts both cytosolic/nuclear (Trx1) as well as mitochondrial (Trx2) redox signaling and control pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Petersen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, United States
| | - David J Orlicky
- Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, United States
| | - Colin T Shearn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, United States.
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Maclean KN, Jiang H, Aivazidis S, Kim E, Shearn CT, Harris PS, Petersen DR, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Roede JR. Taurine treatment prevents derangement of the hepatic γ-glutamyl cycle and methylglyoxal metabolism in a mouse model of classical homocystinuria: regulatory crosstalk between thiol and sulfinic acid metabolism. FASEB J 2018; 32:1265-1280. [PMID: 29101223 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700586r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase-deficient homocystinuria (HCU) is a poorly understood, life-threatening inborn error of sulfur metabolism. Analysis of hepatic glutathione (GSH) metabolism in a mouse model of HCU demonstrated significant depletion of cysteine, GSH, and GSH disulfide independent of the block in trans-sulfuration compared with wild-type controls. HCU induced the expression of the catalytic and regulatory subunits of γ-glutamyl ligase, GSH synthase (GS), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase 1, 5-oxoprolinase (OPLAH), and the GSH-dependent methylglyoxal detoxification enzyme, glyoxalase-1. Multiple components of the transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant-response regulatory axis were induced without any detectable activation of Nrf2. Metabolomic analysis revealed the accumulation of multiple γ-glutamyl amino acids and that plasma ophthalmate levels could serve as a noninvasive marker for hepatic redox stress. Neither cysteine, nor betaine treatment was able to reverse the observed enzyme inductions. Taurine treatment normalized the expression levels of γ-glutamyl ligase C/M, GS, OPLAH, and glyoxalase-1, and reversed HCU-induced deficits in protein glutathionylation by acting to double GSH levels relative to controls. Collectively, our data indicate that the perturbation of the γ-glutamyl cycle could contribute to multiple sequelae in HCU and that taurine has significant therapeutic potential for both HCU and other diseases for which GSH depletion is a critical pathogenic factor.-Maclean, K. N., Jiang, H., Aivazidis, S., Kim, E., Shearn, C. T., Harris, P. S., Petersen, D. R., Allen, R. H., Stabler, S. P., Roede, J. R. Taurine treatment prevents derangement of the hepatic γ-glutamyl cycle and methylglyoxal metabolism in a mouse model of classical homocystinuria: regulatory crosstalk between thiol and sulfinic acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth N Maclean
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stefanos Aivazidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eugene Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Colin T Shearn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Peter S Harris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Dennis R Petersen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert H Allen
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sally P Stabler
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Shearn CT, Saba LM, Roede JR, Orlicky DJ, Shearn AH, Petersen DR. Differential carbonylation of proteins in end-stage human fatty and nonfatty NASH. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:280-290. [PMID: 28988798 PMCID: PMC5704928 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the liver, a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is oxidative stress leading to the accumulation of highly reactive electrophilic α/β unsaturated aldehydes. The objective of this study was to determine if significant differences were evident when evaluating carbonylation in human end-stage fatty nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (fNASH) compared to end-stage nonfatty NASH (nfNASH). METHODS Using hepatic tissue obtained from healthy humans and patients diagnosed with end stage nfNASH or fNASH, overall carbonylation was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and LC-MS/MS followed by bioinformatics. RESULTS Picrosirius red staining revealed extensive fibrosis in both fNASH and nfNASH which corresponded with increased reactive aldehyde staining. Although significantly elevated when compared to normal hepatic tissue, no significant differences in overall carbonylation and fibrosis were evident when comparing fNASH with nfNASH. Examining proteins that are critical for anti-oxidant defense revealed elevated expression of thioredoxin, thioredoxin interacting protein, glutathione S-transferase p1 and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in human NASH. As important, using immunohistochemistry, significant colocalization of the aforementioned proteins occurred in cytokeratin 7 positive cells indicating that they are part of the ductular reaction. Expression of catalase and Hsp70 decreased in both groups when compared to normal human liver. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed a total of 778 carbonylated proteins. Of these, 194 were common to all groups, 124 unique to tissue prepared from healthy individuals, 357 proteins exclusive to NASH, 124 proteins distinct to samples from patients with fNASH and 178 unique to nfNASH. Using functional enrichment analysis of hepatic carbonylated proteins revealed a propensity for increased carbonylation of proteins regulating cholesterol and Huntington's disease related pathways occurred in nfNASH. Examining fNASH, increased carbonylation was evident in proteins regulating Rho cytoskeletal pathways, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling and chemokine/cytokine inflammatory pathways. Using LC-MS/MS analysis and trypsin digests, sites of carbonylation were identified on peptides isolated from vimentin, endoplasmin and serum albumin in nfNASH and fNASH respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that cellular factors regulating mechanisms of protein carbonylation may be different depending on pathological diagnosis of NASH. Furthermore these studies are the first to use LC-MS/MS analysis of carbonylated proteins in human NAFLD and explore possible mechanistic links with end stage cirrhosis due to fatty liver disease and the generation of reactive aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T Shearn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
| | - Laura M Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Alisabeth H Shearn
- Alpine Achievement Systems, Inc., 9635 Maroon Circle, Suite 120, Englewood, CO 80112, United States
| | - Dennis R Petersen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
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Roede JR. Comment on: Extra-virgin olive oil ameliorates cognition and neuropathology of the 3xTg mice: role of autophagy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:762. [PMID: 29046885 PMCID: PMC5634343 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Colorado Aurora Colorado
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Assiri MA, Roy SR, Harris PS, Ali H, Liang Y, Shearn CT, Orlicky DJ, Roede JR, Hirschey MD, Backos DS, Fritz KS. Chronic Ethanol Metabolism Inhibits Hepatic Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase via Lysine Acetylation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1705-1714. [PMID: 28804911 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic ethanol (EtOH) consumption is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. Oxidative stress is a known consequence of EtOH metabolism and is thought to contribute significantly to alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Therefore, elucidating pathways leading to sustained oxidative stress and downstream redox imbalances may reveal how EtOH consumption leads to ALD. Recent studies suggest that EtOH metabolism impacts mitochondrial antioxidant processes through a number of proteomic alterations, including hyperacetylation of key antioxidant proteins. METHODS To elucidate mechanisms of EtOH-induced hepatic oxidative stress, we investigate a role for protein hyperacetylation in modulating mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) structure and function in a 6-week Lieber-DeCarli murine model of EtOH consumption. Our experimental approach includes immunoblotting immunohistochemistry (IHC), activity assays, mass spectrometry, and in silico modeling. RESULTS We found that EtOH metabolism significantly increased the acetylation of SOD2 at 2 functionally relevant lysine sites, K68 and K122, resulting in a 40% decrease in enzyme activity while overall SOD2 abundance was unchanged. In vitro studies also reveal which lysine residues are more susceptible to acetylation. IHC analysis demonstrates that SOD2 hyperacetylation occurs near zone 3 within the liver, which is the main EtOH-metabolizing region of the liver. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the findings presented in this study support a role for EtOH-induced lysine acetylation as an adverse posttranslational modification within the mitochondria that directly impacts SOD2 charge state and activity. Last, the data presented here indicate that protein hyperacetylation may be a major factor contributing to an imbalance in hepatic redox homeostasis due to chronic EtOH metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Assiri
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Samantha R Roy
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter S Harris
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Hadi Ali
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yongliang Liang
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Colin T Shearn
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James R Roede
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Matthew D Hirschey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Donald S Backos
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kristofer S Fritz
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Aivazidis S, Coughlan CM, Rauniyar AK, Jiang H, Liggett LA, Maclean KN, Roede JR. The burden of trisomy 21 disrupts the proteostasis network in Down syndrome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176307. [PMID: 28430800 PMCID: PMC5400264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Abnormalities in chromosome number have the potential to lead to disruption of the proteostasis network (PN) and accumulation of misfolded proteins. DS individuals suffer from several comorbidities, and we hypothesized that disruption of proteostasis could contribute to the observed pathology and decreased cell viability in DS. Our results confirm the presence of a disrupted PN in DS, as several of its elements, including the unfolded protein response, chaperone system, and proteasomal degradation exhibited significant alterations compared to euploid controls in both cell and mouse models. Additionally, when cell models were treated with compounds that promote disrupted proteostasis, we observed diminished levels of cell viability in DS compared to controls. Collectively our findings provide a cellular-level characterization of PN dysfunction in DS and an improved understanding of the potential pathogenic mechanisms contributing to disrupted cellular physiology in DS. Lastly, this study highlights the future potential of designing therapeutic strategies that mitigate protein quality control dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Aivazidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- The Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Abhishek K. Rauniyar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Hua Jiang
- The Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - L. Alexander Liggett
- The Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Kenneth N. Maclean
- The Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - James R. Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Harris PS, Roy SR, Coughlan C, Orlicky DJ, Liang Y, Shearn CT, Roede JR, Fritz KS. Chronic ethanol consumption induces mitochondrial protein acetylation and oxidative stress in the kidney. Redox Biol 2015; 6:33-40. [PMID: 26177469 PMCID: PMC4511634 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present the novel findings that chronic ethanol consumption induces mitochondrial protein hyperacetylation in the kidney and correlates with significantly increased renal oxidative stress. A major proteomic footprint of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is an increase in hepatic mitochondrial protein acetylation. Protein hyperacetylation has been shown to alter enzymatic function of numerous proteins and plays a role in regulating metabolic processes. Renal mitochondrial targets of hyperacetylation include numerous metabolic and antioxidant pathways, such as lipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and amino acid metabolism, as well as glutathione and thioredoxin pathways. Disruption of protein lysine acetylation has the potential to impair renal function through metabolic dysregulation and decreased antioxidant capacity. Due to a significant elevation in ethanol-mediated renal oxidative stress, we highlight the acetylation of superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxins, glutathione reductase, and glutathione transferase enzymes. Since oxidative stress is a known factor in ethanol-induced nephrotoxicity, we examined biochemical markers of protein hyperacetylation and oxidative stress. Our results demonstrate increased protein acetylation concurrent with depleted glutathione, altered Cys redox potential, and the presence of 4-HNE protein modifications in our 6-week model of early-stage alcoholic nephrotoxicity. These findings support the hypothesis that ethanol metabolism causes an influx of mitochondrial metabolic substrate, resulting in mitochondrial protein hyperacetylation with the potential to impact mitochondrial metabolic and antioxidant processes. Chronic ethanol metabolism induces mitochondrial protein hyperacetylation in the kidney. Ethanol-induced hyperacetylation occurs on metabolic and antioxidant proteins. The onset of renal oxidative stress correlates with mitochondrial protein hyperacetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Harris
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Samantha R Roy
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christina Coughlan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yongliang Liang
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Colin T Shearn
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristofer S Fritz
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Lin Z, Roede JR, He C, Jones DP, Filipov NM. Short-term oral atrazine exposure alters the plasma metabolome of male C57BL/6 mice and disrupts α-linolenate, tryptophan, tyrosine and other major metabolic pathways. Toxicology 2014; 326:130-41. [PMID: 25445803 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Overexposure to the commonly used herbicide atrazine (ATR) affects several organ systems, including the brain. Previously, we demonstrated that short-term oral ATR exposure causes behavioral deficits and dopaminergic and serotonergic dysfunction in the brains of mice. Using adult male C57BL/6 mice, the present study aimed to investigate effects of a 10-day oral ATR exposure (0, 5, 25, 125, or 250mg/kg) on the mouse plasma metabolome and to determine metabolic pathways affected by ATR that may be reflective of ATR's effects on the brain and useful to identify peripheral biomarkers of neurotoxicity. Four hours after the last dosing on day 10, plasma was collected and analyzed with high-performance, dual chromatography-Fourier-transform mass spectrometry that was followed by biostatistical and bioinformatic analyses. ATR exposure (≥5mg/kg) significantly altered plasma metabolite profile and resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the number of metabolites with ion intensities significantly different from the control group. Pathway analyses revealed that ATR exposure strongly correlated with and disrupted multiple metabolic pathways. Tyrosine, tryptophan, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid metabolic pathways were among the affected pathways, with α-linolenic acid metabolism being affected to the greatest extent. Observed effects of ATR on plasma tyrosine and tryptophan metabolism may be reflective of the previously reported perturbations of brain dopamine and serotonin homeostasis, respectively. ATR-caused alterations in the plasma profile of α-linolenic acid metabolism are a potential novel and sensitive plasma biomarker of ATR effect and plasma metabolomics could be used to better assess the risks, including to the brain, associated with ATR overexposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoumeng Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - James R Roede
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Chunla He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Nikolay M Filipov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Roede JR, Uppal K, Park Y, Tran V, Jones DP. Transcriptome-metabolome wide association study (TMWAS) of maneb and paraquat neurotoxicity reveals network level interactions in toxicologic mechanism. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:435-444. [PMID: 27722094 PMCID: PMC5053767 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of the herbicide paraquat (PQ) and fungicide maneb (MB) has been linked to Parkinson's disease. Previous studies show that this involves an additive toxicity with at least two different mechanisms. However, detailed understanding of mixtures is often difficult to elucidate because of the multiple ways by which toxic agents can interact. In the present study, we used a combination of transcriptomics and metabolomics to investigate mechanisms of toxicity of PQ and MB in a neuroblastoma cell line. Conditions were studied with concentrations of PQ and MB that each individually caused 20% cell death and together caused 50% cell death. Transcriptomic and metabolomic samples were collected at time points prior to significant cell death. Statistical and bioinformatic methods were applied to the resulting 30,869 transcripts and 1358 metabolites. Results showed that MB significantly changed more transcripts and metabolites than PQ, and combined PQ + MB impacted more than MB alone. Transcriptome-metabolome-wide association study (TMWAS) showed that significantly changed transcripts and metabolites mapped to two network substructures, one associating with significant effects of MB and the other included features significantly associated with PQ + MB. The latter contained 4 clusters of genes and associated metabolites, with one containing genes for two cation transporters and a cation transporter regulatory protein also recognized as a pro-apoptotic protein. Other clusters included stress response genes and transporters linked to cytoprotective mechanisms. MB also had a significant network structure linked to cell proliferation. Together, the results show that the toxicologic mechanism of the combined neurotoxicity of PQ and MB involves network level interactions and that TMWAS provides an effective approach to investigate such complex mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Roede
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Karan Uppal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Youngja Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - ViLinh Tran
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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Abstract
Maneb (MB) is a manganese-containing ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate fungicide that is implicated as an environmental risk factor for Parkinson's disease, especially in combination with paraquat (PQ). Dithiocarbamates inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenases, but the relationship of this to the combined toxicity of MB + PQ is unclear because PQ is an oxidant and MB activates Nrf2 and increases cellular GSH without apparent oxidative stress. The present research investigated the direct reactivity of MB with protein thiols using recombinant thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) as a model protein. The results show that MB causes stoichiometric loss of protein thiols, reversibly dimerizes the protein and inhibits its enzymatic activity. MB reacted at similar rates with low-molecular weight, thiol-containing chemicals. Together, the data suggest that MB can potentiate neurotoxicity of multiple agents by disrupting protein thiol functions in a manner analogous to that caused by oxidative stress, but without GSH depletion. Maneb adducts free thiols. Maneb can modify protein bound thiols. Maneb adduction can result in protein cross-linking. Slow rate of reaction with thiols may act as a cellular sink for maneb.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Roede
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Go YM, Roede JR, Orr M, Liang Y, Jones DP. Integrated redox proteomics and metabolomics of mitochondria to identify mechanisms of cd toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2014; 139:59-73. [PMID: 24496640 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) exposure contributes to human diseases affecting liver, kidney, lung, and other organ systems, but mechanisms underlying the pleotropic nature of these toxicities are poorly understood. Cd accumulates in humans from dietary, environmental (including cigarette smoke), and occupational sources, and has a twenty-year biologic half-life. Our previous mouse and cell studies showed that environmental low-dose Cd exposure altered protein redox states resulting in stimulation of inflammatory signaling and disruption of the actin cytoskeleton system, suggesting that Cd could impact multiple mechanisms of disease. In the current study, we investigated the effects of acute Cd exposure on the redox proteome and metabolome of mouse liver mitochondria to gain insight into associated toxicological mechanisms and functions. We analyzed redox states of liver mitochondrial proteins by redox proteomics using isotope coded affinity tag (ICAT) combined mass spectrometry. Redox ICAT identified 2687 cysteine-containing peptides (peptidyl Cys) of which 1667 peptidyl Cys (657 proteins) were detected in both control and Cd-exposed samples. Of these, 46% (1247 peptidyl Cys, 547 proteins) were oxidized by Cd more than 1.5-fold relative to controls. Bioinformatics analysis using MetaCore software showed that Cd affected 86 pathways, including 24 Cys in proteins functioning in branched chain amino acid (BCAA) and 14 Cys in proteins functioning in fatty acid (acylcarnitine/carnitine) metabolism. Consistently, high-resolution metabolomics data showed that Cd treatment altered levels of BCAA and carnitine metabolites. Together, these results show that mitochondrial protein redox and metabolites are targets in Cd-induced hepatotoxicity. The results further indicate that redox proteomics and metabolomics can be used in an integrated systems approach to investigate complex disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Go YM, Uppal K, Walker DI, Tran V, Dury L, Strobel FH, Baubichon-Cortay H, Pennell KD, Roede JR, Jones DP. Mitochondrial metabolomics using high-resolution Fourier-transform mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1198:43-73. [PMID: 25270922 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1258-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution Fourier-transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) provides important advantages in studies of metabolism because more than half of common intermediary metabolites can be measured in 10 min with minimal pre-detector separation and without ion dissociation. This capability allows unprecedented opportunity to study complex metabolic systems, such as mitochondria. Analysis of mouse liver mitochondria using FTMS with liquid chromatography shows that sex and genotypic differences in mitochondrial metabolism can be readily distinguished. Additionally, differences in mitochondrial function are readily measured, and many of the mitochondria-related metabolites are also measurable in plasma. Thus, application of high-resolution mass spectrometry provides an approach for integrated studies of complex metabolic processes of mitochondrial function and dysfunction in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Roede JR, Uppal K, Park Y, Lee K, Tran V, Walker D, Strobel FH, Rhodes SL, Ritz B, Jones DP. Serum metabolomics of slow vs. rapid motor progression Parkinson's disease: a pilot study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77629. [PMID: 24167579 PMCID: PMC3805572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) is highly variable, indicating that differences between slow and rapid progression forms could provide valuable information for improved early detection and management. Unfortunately, this represents a complex problem due to the heterogeneous nature of humans in regards to demographic characteristics, genetics, diet, environmental exposures and health behaviors. In this pilot study, we employed high resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling to investigate the metabolic signatures of slow versus rapidly progressing PD present in human serum. Archival serum samples from PD patients obtained within 3 years of disease onset were analyzed via dual chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, with data extraction by xMSanalyzer and used to predict rapid or slow motor progression of these patients during follow-up. Statistical analyses, such as false discovery rate analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis, yielded a list of statistically significant metabolic features and further investigation revealed potential biomarkers. In particular, N8-acetyl spermidine was found to be significantly elevated in the rapid progressors compared to both control subjects and slow progressors. Our exploratory data indicate that a fast motor progression disease phenotype can be distinguished early in disease using high resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling and that altered polyamine metabolism may be a predictive marker of rapidly progressing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Roede
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Karan Uppal
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Youngja Park
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong City, Korea
| | - Kichun Lee
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vilinh Tran
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Douglas Walker
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Frederick H. Strobel
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shannon L. Rhodes
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Go YM, Roede JR, Walker DI, Duong DM, Seyfried NT, Orr M, Liang Y, Pennell KD, Jones DP. Selective targeting of the cysteine proteome by thioredoxin and glutathione redox systems. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3285-96. [PMID: 23946468 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) and GSH are the major thiol antioxidants protecting cells from oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity. Redox states of Trx and GSH have been used as indicators of oxidative stress. Accumulating studies suggest that Trx and GSH redox systems regulate cell signaling and metabolic pathways differently and independently during diverse stressful conditions. In the current study, we used a mass spectrometry-based redox proteomics approach to test responses of the cysteine (Cys) proteome to selective disruption of the Trx- and GSH-dependent systems. Auranofin (ARF) was used to inhibit Trx reductase without detectable oxidation of the GSH/GSSG couple, and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) was used to deplete GSH without detectable oxidation of Trx1. Results for 606 Cys-containing peptides (peptidyl Cys) showed that 36% were oxidized more than 1.3-fold by ARF, whereas BSO-induced oxidation of peptidyl Cys was only 10%. Mean fold oxidation of these peptides was also higher by ARF than BSO treatment. Analysis of potential functional pathways showed that ARF oxidized peptides associated with glycolysis, cytoskeleton remodeling, translation and cell adhesion. Of 60 peptidyl Cys oxidized due to depletion of GSH, 41 were also oxidized by ARF and included proteins of translation and cell adhesion but not glycolysis or cytoskeletal remodeling. Studies to test functional correlates showed that pyruvate kinase activity and lactate levels were decreased with ARF but not BSO, confirming the effects on glycolysis-associated proteins are sensitive to oxidation by ARF. These data show that the Trx system regulates a broader range of proteins than the GSH system, support distinct function of Trx and GSH in cellular redox control, and show for the first time in mammalian cells selective targeting peptidyl Cys and biological pathways due to deficient function of the Trx system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
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Roede JR, Uppal K, Liang Y, Promislow DEL, Wachtman LM, Jones DP. Characterization of plasma thiol redox potential in a common marmoset model of aging. Redox Biol 2013; 1:387-93. [PMID: 24024176 PMCID: PMC3757708 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its short lifespan, ease of use and age-related pathologies that mirror those observed in humans, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is poised to become a standard nonhuman primate model of aging. Blood and extracellular fluid possess two major thiol-dependent redox nodes involving cysteine (Cys), cystine (CySS), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG). Alteration in these plasma redox nodes significantly affects cellular physiology, and oxidation of the plasma Cys/CySS redox potential (EhCySS) is associated with aging and disease risk in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine age-related changes in plasma redox metabolites and corresponding redox potentials (Eh) to further validate the marmoset as a nonhuman primate model of aging. We measured plasma thiol redox states in marmosets and used existing human data with multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) to model the relationships between age and redox metabolites. A classification accuracy of 70.2% and an AUC of 0.703 were achieved using the MARS model built from the marmoset redox data to classify the human samples as young or old. These results show that common marmosets provide a useful model for thiol redox biology of aging. Characterization of the Common Marmoset as a model for aging research. Plasma thiol redox measurements in marmosets ranging in age from 2–16 years. Similar to humans, marmosets exhibit age-related alterations in plasma thiol redox metabolites. Marmoset redox data can be used to classify humans as young or old.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Roede
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abstract
Mitochondrial energy metabolism depends upon high-flux and low-flux electron transfer pathways. The former provide the energy to support chemiosmotic coupling for oxidative phosphorylation. The latter provide mechanisms for signaling and control of mitochondrial functions. Few practical methods are available to measure rates of individual mitochondrial electron transfer reactions; however, a number of approaches are available to measure steady-state redox potentials (E (h)) of donor/acceptor couples, and these can be used to gain insight into rate-controlling reactions as well as mitochondrial bioenergetics. Redox changes within the respiratory electron transfer pathway are quantified by optical spectroscopy and measurement of changes in autofluorescence. Low-flux pathways involving thiol/disulfide redox couples are measured by redox western blot and mass spectrometry-based redox proteomics. Together, the approaches provide the opportunity to develop integrated systems biology descriptions of mitochondrial redox signaling and control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Roede
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Liang Y, Roede JR, Dikalov S, Miller NG, Dudley SC, Quyyumi A, Jones DP. Determination of ebselen-sensitive reactive oxygen metabolites (ebROM) in human serum based upon N,N'-diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine oxidation. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 414:1-6. [PMID: 22687643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress occurs through free radical- and non-radical-mediated oxidative mechanisms, but these are poorly discriminated by most assays. A convenient assay for oxidants in human serum is based upon the Fe(2+)-dependent decomposition of peroxides to oxidize N,N'-diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (DEPPD) to a stable radical cation which can be measured spectrophotometrically. METHODS We investigated modification of the DEPPD oxidation assay to discriminate color formation due to non-radical oxidants, including hydroperoxides and endoperoxides, which are sensitive to ebselen. RESULTS Use of serum, which has been pretreated with ebselen as a reference, provides a quantitative assay for non-radical, reactive oxidant species in serum, including hydroperoxides, endoperoxides and epoxides. In a set of 35 human serum samples, non-radical oxidants largely accounted for DEPPD oxidation in 86% of the samples while the remaining 14% had considerable contribution from other redox-active chemicals. CONCLUSIONS The simple modification in which ebselen-pretreated sample is used as a reference provides means to quantify non-radical oxidants in human serum. Application of this approach could enhance understanding of the contribution of different types of oxidative stress to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Liang
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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Abstract
Mitochondrial phenotype is complex and difficult to define at the level of individual cell types. Newer metabolic profiling methods provide information on dozens of metabolic pathways from a relatively small sample. This pilot study used “top-down” metabolic profiling to determine the spectrum of metabolites present in liver mitochondria. High resolution mass spectral analyses and multivariate statistical tests provided global metabolic information about mitochondria and showed that liver mitochondria possess a significant phenotype based on gender and genotype. The data also show that mitochondria contain a large number of unidentified chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Roede
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Youngja Park
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shuzhao Li
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Frederick H. Strobel
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Orlicky DJ, Roede JR, Bales E, Greenwood C, Greenberg A, Petersen D, McManaman JL. Chronic ethanol consumption in mice alters hepatocyte lipid droplet properties. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:1020-33. [PMID: 21535024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatosteatosis is a common pathological feature of impaired hepatic metabolism following chronic alcohol consumption. Although often benign and reversible, it is widely believed that steatosis is a risk factor for development of advanced liver pathologies, including steatohepatitis and fibrosis. The hepatocyte alterations accompanying the initiation of steatosis are not yet clearly defined. METHODS Induction of hepatosteatosis by chronic ethanol consumption was investigated using the Lieber-DeCarli (LD) high fat diet model. Effects were assessed by immunohistochemistry and blood and tissue enzymatic assays. Cell culture models were employed for mechanistic studies. RESULTS Pair feeding mice ethanol (LD-Et) or isocaloric control (LD-Co) diets for 6 weeks progressively increased hepatocyte triglyceride accumulation in morphological, biochemical, and zonally distinct cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLD). The LD-Et diet induced zone 2-specific triglyceride accumulation in large CLD coated with perilipin, adipophilin (ADPH), and TIP47. In LD-Co-fed mice, CLD were significantly smaller than those in LD-Et-fed mice and lacked perilipin. A direct role of perilipin in formation of large CLD was further suggested by cell culture studies showing that perilipin-coated CLD were significantly larger than those coated with ADPH or TIP47. LD-Co- and LD-Et-fed animals also differed in hepatic metabolic stress responses. In LD-Et but not LD-Co-fed mice, inductions were observed in the following: microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system [cytochrome P-4502E1 (CYP2E1)], hypoxia response pathway (hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, HIF1α), endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway (calreticulin), and synthesis of lipid peroxidation products [4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)]. CYP2E1 and HIF1 α immunostaining localized to zone 3 and did not correlate with accumulation of large CLD. In contrast, calreticulin and 4-HNE immunostaining closely correlated with large CLD accumulation. Importantly, 4-HNE staining significantly colocalized with ADPH and perilipin on the CLD surface. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that ethanol contributes to macrosteatosis by both altering CLD protein composition and inducing lipid peroxide adduction of CLD-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Fritz KS, Galligan JJ, Smathers RL, Roede JR, Shearn CT, Reigan P, Petersen DR. 4-Hydroxynonenal inhibits SIRT3 via thiol-specific modification. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:651-62. [PMID: 21449565 DOI: 10.1021/tx100355a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is an endogenous product of lipid peroxidation known to play a role in cellular signaling through protein modification and is a major precursor for protein carbonyl adducts found in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). In the present study, a greater than 2-fold increase in protein carbonylation of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial class III histone deacetylase, is reported in liver mitochondrial extracts of ethanol-consuming mice. The consequence of this in vivo carbonylation on SIRT3 deacetylase activity is unknown. Interestingly, mitochondrial protein hyperacetylation was observed in a time-dependent increase in a model of chronic ethanol consumption; however, the underlying mechanisms for this remain unknown. Tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify and characterize the in vitro covalent modification of rSIRT3 by 4-HNE at Cys(280), a critical zinc-binding residue, and the resulting inhibition of rSIRT3 activity via pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of 4-HNE. Computational-based molecular modeling simulations indicate that 4-HNE modification alters the conformation of the zinc-binding domain inducing minor changes within the active site, resulting in the allosteric inhibition of SIRT3 activity. These conformational data are supported by the calculated binding energies derived from molecular docking studies suggesting the substrate peptide of acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (AceCS2-K(ac)) and display a greater affinity for native SIRT3 as compared with the 4-HNE adducted protein. The results of this study characterize altered mitochondrial protein acetylation in a mouse model of chronic ethanol ingestion and thiol-specific allosteric inhibition of rSIRT3 resulting from 4-HNE adduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristofer S Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program in Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, USA
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Abstract
Epidemiological and in vivo studies have demonstrated that exposure to the pesticides paraquat (PQ) and maneb (MB) increase the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD) and cause dopaminergic cell loss, respectively. PQ is a well-recognized cause of oxidative toxicity; therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if MB potentiates oxidative stress caused by PQ, thus providing a mechanism for enhanced neurotoxicity by the combination. The results show that PQ alone at a moderately toxic dose (20-30% cell death in 24 h) caused increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, oxidation of mitochondrial thioredoxin-2 and peroxiredoxin-3, lesser oxidation of cytoplasmic thioredoxin-1 and peroxiredoxin-1, and no oxidation of cellular GSH/GSSG. In contrast, MB alone at a similar toxic dose resulted in no ROS generation, no oxidation of thioredoxin and peroxiredoxin, and an increase in cellular GSH after 24 h. Together, MB increased GSH and inhibited ROS production and thioredoxin/peroxiredoxin oxidation observed with PQ alone, yet resulted in more extensive (> 50%) cell death. MB treatment resulted in increased abundance of nuclear Nrf2 and mRNA for phase II enzymes under the control of Nrf2, indicating activation of cell protective responses. The results show that MB potentiation of PQ neurotoxicity does not occur by enhancing oxidative stress and suggests that increased toxicity occurs by a combination of divergent mechanisms, perhaps involving alkylation by MB and oxidation by PQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Roede
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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45
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Galligan JJ, Fritz KS, Tipney H, Smathers RL, Roede JR, Shearn CT, Hunter LE, Petersen DR. Profiling impaired hepatic endoplasmic reticulum glycosylation as a consequence of ethanol ingestion. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:1837-47. [PMID: 21319786 DOI: 10.1021/pr101101s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Alterations in protein folding occur in numerous disease states, including ALD. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the primary site of post-translational modifications (PTM) within the cell. Glycosylation, the most abundant PTM, affects protein stability, structure, localization, and activity. Decreases in hepatic glycosylation machinery have been observed in rodent models of ALD, but specific protein targets have not been identified. Utilizing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, glycoproteins were identified in hepatic microsomal fractions from control and ethanol-fed mice. This study reports for the first time a global decrease in ER glycosylation. Additionally, the identification of 30 glycoproteins within this fraction elucidates pathway-specific alterations in ALD impaired glycosylation. Among the identified proteins, triacylglycerol hydrolase (TGH) is positively affected by glycosylation, showing increased activity following the addition of sugar moieties. Impaired TGH activity is associated with increased cellular storage of lipids and provides a potential mechanism for the observed pathologies associated with ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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46
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Backos DS, Fritz KS, Roede JR, Petersen DR, Franklin CC. Posttranslational modification and regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase by the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:14-26. [PMID: 20970495 PMCID: PMC3014730 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.10.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) is a lipid peroxidation product formed during oxidative stress that can alter protein function via adduction of nucleophilic amino acid residues. 4-HNE detoxification occurs mainly via glutathione (GSH) conjugation and transporter-mediated efflux. This results in a net loss of cellular GSH, and restoration of GSH homeostasis requires de novo GSH biosynthesis. The rate-limiting step in GSH biosynthesis is catalyzed by glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), a heterodimeric holoenzyme composed of a catalytic (GCLC) and a modulatory (GCLM) subunit. The relative levels of the GCL subunits are a major determinant of cellular GSH biosynthetic capacity and 4-HNE induces the expression of both GCL subunits. In this study, we demonstrate that 4-HNE can alter GCL holoenzyme formation and activity via direct posttranslational modification of the GCL subunits in vitro. 4-HNE directly modified Cys553 of GCLC and Cys35 of GCLM in vitro, which significantly increased monomeric GCLC enzymatic activity, but reduced GCL holoenzyme activity and formation of the GCL holoenzyme complex. In silico molecular modeling studies also indicate these residues are likely to be functionally relevant. Within a cellular context, this novel posttranslational regulation of GCL activity could significantly affect cellular GSH homeostasis and GSH-dependent detoxification during periods of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald S. Backos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program in Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kristofer S. Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program in Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - James R. Roede
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Dennis R. Petersen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program in Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Christopher C. Franklin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program in Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
- to whom correspondence should be addressed: University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, C238-P15, Research-2, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Room 3009, Aurora, CO 80045, Phone: 303-724-6124, FAX: 303-724-7266,
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47
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a global term used in the context of "unhealthy" mitochondria. In practical terms, mitochondria are extremely complex and highly adaptive in structure, chemical and enzymatic composition, subcellular distribution and functional interaction with other components of cells. Consequently, altered mitochondrial properties that are used in experimental studies as measures of mitochondrial dysfunction often provide little or no distinction between adaptive and maladaptive changes. This is especially a problem in terms of generation of oxidant species by mitochondria, wherein increased generation of superoxide anion radical (O(2*)(-)) or hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is often considered synonymously with mitochondrial dysfunction. However, these oxidative species are signaling molecules in normal physiology so that a change in production or abundance is not a good criterion for mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we consider generation of reactive electrophiles and consequent modification of mitochondrial proteins as a means to define mitochondrial dysfunction. Accumulated evidence indicates that 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) modification of proteins reflects mitochondrial dysfunction and provides an operational criterion for experimental definition of mitochondrial dysfunction. Improved means to detect and quantify mitochondrial HNE-protein adduct formation could allow its use for environmental healthrisk assessment. Furthermore, application of improved mass spectrometry-based proteomic methods will lead to further understanding of the critical targets contributing to disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Roede
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Roede JR, Carbone DL, Doorn JA, Kirichenko OV, Reigan P, Petersen DR. In vitro and in silico characterization of peroxiredoxin 6 modified by 4-hydroxynonenal and 4-oxononenal. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 21:2289-99. [PMID: 19548352 DOI: 10.1021/tx800244u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRX6) belongs to the 1-Cys class of peroxiredoxins and is recognized as an important antioxidant protein in tissues such as cardiac muscle, skin, and lung. Preliminary in vivo proteomic data have revealed that PRX6 is adducted by 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) in the livers of rats chronically fed an ethanol-containing diet. The goals of this study were to evaluate the in vitro effect of aldehyde adduction on PRX6 peroxidase activity, identify specific sites of aldehyde modification using mass spectrometry, and predict conformational changes due to adduction using molecular modeling. PRX6 was found to be resistant to inactivation via aldehyde modification; however, Western blots of adducted protein revealed that both 4HNE and 4-oxononenal (4ONE) caused extensive cross-linking, resulting in high molecular mass species. Tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-LC-MS/MS) analysis demonstrated multiple sites of modification, but adduction of the active site Cys47 was not observed. Molecular modeling simulations indicated that adduction at Cys91 results in a change in protein active site conformation, which potentially restricts access of 4-HNE to Cys47. The Cys91-Lys209 cross-linked adducts could provide the conformational changes required to inactivate the protein by either restricting access to electrophiles or preventing important amino acid interactions within the catalytic triad.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Campus Box C238, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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Roede JR, Orlicky DJ, Fisher AB, Petersen DR. Overexpression of peroxiredoxin 6 does not prevent ethanol-mediated oxidative stress and may play a role in hepatic lipid accumulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 330:79-88. [PMID: 19386791 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.152983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in the etiology of many diseases, including alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Peroxiredoxin 6 is a cytosolic peroxidase that has been demonstrated to protect various tissues, such as skin, lung, and cardiac muscle, against acute oxidative insults. Consequently, peroxiredoxin 6 was hypothesized to also protect the liver from oxidative stress generated during the process of chronic ethanol ingestion. To test this, wild-type peroxiredoxin 6 knockout mice (KO), and transgenic peroxiredoxin 6 overexpressing mice (TG) were fed an ethanol-containing diet. Various biomarkers of ALD were assessed, along with the effects of chronic ethanol consumption on the antioxidant defenses. After 9 weeks of ethanol consumption, all backgrounds exhibited elevations of plasma alanine aminotransferase activity, hepatosteatosis, CYP2E1 induction, and lipid peroxidation; however, hepatic triglyceride accumulation seemed to be exacerbated in ethanol-fed TG mice. Differences in antioxidant protein expression and activity in response to chronic ethanol consumption were also observed. Examples include significant inductions of catalase and glutathione transferase activity in ethanol-fed KO and TG mice, along with elevated levels of glutathione peroxidase activity. These alterations in antioxidant defenses could be attributed to either compensatory responses due to the genetic manipulations or ethanol-mediated responses. In conclusion, both ethanol-fed KO and ethanol-fed TG mice developed early stage ALD and peroxiredoxin 6 may play a role in ethanol-mediated hepatic lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Roede JR, Stewart BJ, Petersen DR. Decreased expression of peroxiredoxin 6 in a mouse model of ethanol consumption. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:1551-8. [PMID: 18852041 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease is multifactorial and oxidative stress is believed to play an intimate role in the initiation and progression of this pathology. The goals of this study were to investigate the effect of chronic ethanol treatment on inducing hepatic oxidative stress and peroxiredoxin 6 expression. After 9 weeks of treatment with an ethanol-containing diet, significant increases in serum ALT activity, liver to body weight ratio, liver triglycerides, CYP2E1 protein expression, and CYP2E1 activity were observed. Chronic ethanol feeding resulted in oxidative stress as evidenced by decreases in hepatic glutathione content and increased deposition of 4-hydroxynonenal and 4-oxononenal protein adducts. In addition, novel findings of decreased PRX6 protein and mRNA and increased levels of carbonylated PRX6 protein were observed in the ethanol-treated animals compared to the pair-fed controls. Lastly, NF-kappaB activity was found to be significantly increased in the ethanol-treated animals. Concurrent with the increase in NF-kappaB activity, decreases in both MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were also observed in the ethanol-treated animals compared to the pair-fed controls. Together, these data demonstrate that chronic ethanol treatment results in oxidative stress, implicating NF-kappaB activation as an integral mechanism in the negative regulation of PRX6 gene expression in the mouse liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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