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Russell SJ, Beck RW, Damiano ER, El-Khatib FH, Ruedy KJ, Balliro CA, Li Z, Calhoun P, Wadwa RP, Buckingham B, Zhou K, Daniels M, Raskin P, White PC, Lynch J, Pettus J, Hirsch IB, Goland R, Buse JB, Kruger D, Mauras N, Muir A, McGill JB, Cogen F, Weissberg-Benchell J, Sherwood JS, Castellanos LE, Hillard MA, Tuffaha M, Putman MS, Sands MY, Forlenza G, Slover R, Messer LH, Cobry E, Shah VN, Polsky S, Lal R, Ekhlaspour L, Hughes MS, Basina M, Hatipoglu B, Olansky L, Bhangoo A, Forghani N, Kashmiri H, Sutton F, Choudhary A, Penn J, Jafri R, Rayas M, Escaname E, Kerr C, Favela-Prezas R, Boeder S, Trikudanathan S, Williams KM, Leibel N, Kirkman MS, Bergamo K, Klein KR, Dostou JM, Machineni S, Young LA, Diner JC, Bhan A, Jones JK, Benson M, Bird K, Englert K, Permuy J, Cossen K, Felner E, Salam M, Silverstein JM, Adamson S, Cedeno A, Meighan S, Dauber A. Multicenter, Randomized Trial of a Bionic Pancreas in Type 1 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:1161-1172. [PMID: 36170500 PMCID: PMC10028490 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2205225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently available semiautomated insulin-delivery systems require individualized insulin regimens for the initialization of therapy and meal doses based on carbohydrate counting for routine operation. In contrast, the bionic pancreas is initialized only on the basis of body weight, makes all dose decisions and delivers insulin autonomously, and uses meal announcements without carbohydrate counting. METHODS In this 13-week, multicenter, randomized trial, we randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio persons at least 6 years of age with type 1 diabetes either to receive bionic pancreas treatment with insulin aspart or insulin lispro or to receive standard care (defined as any insulin-delivery method with unblinded, real-time continuous glucose monitoring). The primary outcome was the glycated hemoglobin level at 13 weeks. The key secondary outcome was the percentage of time that the glucose level as assessed by continuous glucose monitoring was below 54 mg per deciliter; the prespecified noninferiority limit for this outcome was 1 percentage point. Safety was also assessed. RESULTS A total of 219 participants 6 to 79 years of age were assigned to the bionic-pancreas group, and 107 to the standard-care group. The glycated hemoglobin level decreased from 7.9% to 7.3% in the bionic-pancreas group and did not change (was at 7.7% at both time points) in the standard-care group (mean adjusted difference at 13 weeks, -0.5 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.6 to -0.3; P<0.001). The percentage of time that the glucose level as assessed by continuous glucose monitoring was below 54 mg per deciliter did not differ significantly between the two groups (13-week adjusted difference, 0.0 percentage points; 95% CI, -0.1 to 0.04; P<0.001 for noninferiority). The rate of severe hypoglycemia was 17.7 events per 100 participant-years in the bionic-pancreas group and 10.8 events per 100 participant-years in the standard-care group (P = 0.39). No episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis occurred in either group. CONCLUSIONS In this 13-week, randomized trial involving adults and children with type 1 diabetes, use of a bionic pancreas was associated with a greater reduction than standard care in the glycated hemoglobin level. (Funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04200313.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Russell
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Roy W Beck
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Edward R Damiano
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Firas H El-Khatib
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Katrina J Ruedy
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Courtney A Balliro
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Zoey Li
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Peter Calhoun
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - R Paul Wadwa
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Bruce Buckingham
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Keren Zhou
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Mark Daniels
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Philip Raskin
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Perrin C White
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Jane Lynch
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Jeremy Pettus
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Irl B Hirsch
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Robin Goland
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - John B Buse
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Davida Kruger
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Nelly Mauras
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Andrew Muir
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Janet B McGill
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Fran Cogen
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Jill Weissberg-Benchell
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Jordan S Sherwood
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Luz E Castellanos
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Mallory A Hillard
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Marwa Tuffaha
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Melissa S Putman
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Mollie Y Sands
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Gregory Forlenza
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Robert Slover
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Laurel H Messer
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Erin Cobry
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Viral N Shah
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Sarit Polsky
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Rayhan Lal
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Laya Ekhlaspour
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Michael S Hughes
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Marina Basina
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Betul Hatipoglu
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Leann Olansky
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Amrit Bhangoo
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Nikta Forghani
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Himala Kashmiri
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Francoise Sutton
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Abha Choudhary
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Jimmy Penn
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Rabab Jafri
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Maria Rayas
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Elia Escaname
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Catherine Kerr
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Ruby Favela-Prezas
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Schafer Boeder
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Subbulaxmi Trikudanathan
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Kristen M Williams
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Natasha Leibel
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - M Sue Kirkman
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Kate Bergamo
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Klara R Klein
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Jean M Dostou
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Sriram Machineni
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Laura A Young
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Jamie C Diner
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Arti Bhan
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - J Kimberly Jones
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Matthew Benson
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Keisha Bird
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Kimberly Englert
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Joe Permuy
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Kristina Cossen
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Eric Felner
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Maamoun Salam
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Julie M Silverstein
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Samantha Adamson
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Andrea Cedeno
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Seema Meighan
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
| | - Andrew Dauber
- The authors' affiliations are as follows: the Diabetes Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (S.J.R., C.A.B., J.S.S., L.E.C., M.A.H., M.T., M.S.P., M.Y.S.), and Boston University (E.R.D.), Boston, and Beta Bionics, Concord (E.R.D., F.H.E.-K.) - all in Massachusetts; the Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa (R.W.B., K.J.R., Z.L., P.C.), and Nemours Children's Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville (N.M., M. Benson, K. Bird, K.E., J. Permuy) - both in Florida; the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (R.P.W., G.F., R.S., L.H.M., E.C., V.N.S., S.P.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto (B.B., R.L., L.E., M.S.H., M. Basina), Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange (M.D., A. Bhangoo, N.F., H.K., F.S.), and the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J. Pettus, S.B.) - all in California; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (K.Z., B.H., L.O.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (P.R., P.C.W., A. Choudhary, J. Penn), and University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (J.L., R.J., M.R., E.E., C.K., R.F.-P.); the University of Washington, Seattle (I.B.H., S.T.); the Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York (R.G., K.M.W., N.L.); the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (J.B.B., M.S.K., K. Bergamo, K.R.K., J.M.D., S. Machineni, L.A.Y., J.C.D.); the Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (D.K., A. Bhan, J.K.J.); Emory University, Atlanta (A.M., K.C., E.F.); Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis (J.B.M., M.S., J.M.S., S.A., A. Cedeno); Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC (F.C., S. Meighan, A.D.); and the Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago (J.W.-B.)
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Doria A, Galecki AT, Spino C, Pop-Busui R, Cherney DZ, Lingvay I, Parsa A, Rossing P, Sigal RJ, Afkarian M, Aronson R, Caramori ML, Crandall JP, de Boer IH, Elliott TG, Goldfine AB, Haw JS, Hirsch IB, Karger AB, Maahs DM, McGill JB, Molitch ME, Perkins BA, Polsky S, Pragnell M, Robiner WN, Rosas SE, Senior P, Tuttle KR, Umpierrez GE, Wallia A, Weinstock RS, Wu C, Mauer M. Serum Urate Lowering with Allopurinol and Kidney Function in Type 1 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:2493-2503. [PMID: 32579810 PMCID: PMC7375708 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1916624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher serum urate levels are associated with an increased risk of diabetic kidney disease. Lowering of the serum urate level with allopurinol may slow the decrease in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in persons with type 1 diabetes and early-to-moderate diabetic kidney disease. METHODS In a double-blind trial, we randomly assigned participants with type 1 diabetes, a serum urate level of at least 4.5 mg per deciliter, an estimated GFR of 40.0 to 99.9 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area, and evidence of diabetic kidney disease to receive allopurinol or placebo. The primary outcome was the baseline-adjusted GFR, as measured with iohexol, after 3 years plus a 2-month washout period. Secondary outcomes included the decrease in the iohexol-based GFR per year and the urinary albumin excretion rate after washout. Safety was also assessed. RESULTS A total of 267 patients were assigned to receive allopurinol and 263 to receive placebo. The mean age was 51.1 years, the mean duration of diabetes 34.6 years, and the mean glycated hemoglobin level 8.2%. The mean baseline iohexol-based GFR was 68.7 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 in the allopurinol group and 67.3 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 in the placebo group. During the intervention period, the mean serum urate level decreased from 6.1 to 3.9 mg per deciliter with allopurinol and remained at 6.1 mg per deciliter with placebo. After washout, the between-group difference in the mean iohexol-based GFR was 0.001 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.9 to 1.9; P = 0.99). The mean decrease in the iohexol-based GFR was -3.0 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 per year with allopurinol and -2.5 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 per year with placebo (between-group difference, -0.6 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 per year; 95% CI, -1.5 to 0.4). The mean urinary albumin excretion rate after washout was 40% (95% CI, 0 to 80) higher with allopurinol than with placebo. The frequency of serious adverse events was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence of clinically meaningful benefits of serum urate reduction with allopurinol on kidney outcomes among patients with type 1 diabetes and early-to-moderate diabetic kidney disease. (Funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and others; PERL ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02017171.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Doria
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Andrzej T Galecki
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Cathie Spino
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Rodica Pop-Busui
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - David Z Cherney
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Ildiko Lingvay
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Afshin Parsa
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Peter Rossing
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Maryam Afkarian
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Ronnie Aronson
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - M Luiza Caramori
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Jill P Crandall
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Ian H de Boer
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Thomas G Elliott
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Allison B Goldfine
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - J Sonya Haw
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Irl B Hirsch
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Amy B Karger
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - David M Maahs
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Janet B McGill
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Mark E Molitch
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Bruce A Perkins
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Sarit Polsky
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Marlon Pragnell
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - William N Robiner
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Sylvia E Rosas
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Peter Senior
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Katherine R Tuttle
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Guillermo E Umpierrez
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Amisha Wallia
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Ruth S Weinstock
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Chunyi Wu
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
| | - Michael Mauer
- From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston (A.D., A.B.G., S.E.R.); the Division of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology (A.T.G., C.W.), the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health (A.T.G., C.S.), Statistical Analysis of Biomedical and Educational Research (SABER) (C.S.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (R.P.-B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Departments of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology and Toxicology (D.Z.C.) and the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (B.A.P.), University of Toronto, the Division of Nephrology, University Health Network (D.Z.C.), LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (R.A.), and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System (B.A.P.), Toronto, the Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences, and Community Health Sciences, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB (R.J.S.), BCDiabetes, Vancouver (T.G.E.), and the Division of Endocrinology, University of Alberta, Edmonton (P.S.) - all in Canada; the Departments of Medicine and Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.L.); the Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD (A.P.); Steno Diabetes Center, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen (P.R.); the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis (M.A.), and the Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto (D.M.M.) - both in California; the Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics (M.L.C., W.N.R.. M.M.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (A.B.K.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Endocrinology and Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (J.P.C.), and JDRF (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) (M.P.), New York; the Department of Medicine (I.H.B., I.B.H.) and the Nephrology Division (K.R.T.), University of Washington, and the Institute of Translational Health Sciences, Kidney Research Institute (K.R.T.), Seattle, and Providence Health Care, Spokane (K.R.T.) - both in Washington; the Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta (J.S.H., G.E.U.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (J.B.M.); the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (M.E.M., A.W.); the Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora (S.P.); and the Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (R.S.W.)
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