1
|
Schwartzman JA, Lebreton F, Salamzade R, Shea T, Martin MJ, Schaufler K, Urhan A, Abeel T, Camargo ILBC, Sgardioli BF, Prichula J, Guedes Frazzon AP, Giribet G, Van Tyne D, Treinish G, Innis CJ, Wagenaar JA, Whipple RM, Manson AL, Earl AM, Gilmore MS. Global diversity of enterococci and description of 18 previously unknown species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310852121. [PMID: 38416678 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310852121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are gut microbes of most land animals. Likely appearing first in the guts of arthropods as they moved onto land, they diversified over hundreds of millions of years adapting to evolving hosts and host diets. Over 60 enterococcal species are now known. Two species, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, are common constituents of the human microbiome. They are also now leading causes of multidrug-resistant hospital-associated infection. The basis for host association of enterococcal species is unknown. To begin identifying traits that drive host association, we collected 886 enterococcal strains from widely diverse hosts, ecologies, and geographies. This identified 18 previously undescribed species expanding genus diversity by >25%. These species harbor diverse genes including toxins and systems for detoxification and resource acquisition. Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium were isolated from diverse hosts highlighting their generalist properties. Most other species showed a more restricted distribution indicative of specialized host association. The expanded species diversity permitted the Enterococcus genus phylogeny to be viewed with unprecedented resolution, allowing features to be identified that distinguish its four deeply rooted clades, and the entry of genes associated with range expansion such as B-vitamin biosynthesis and flagellar motility to be mapped to the phylogeny. This work provides an unprecedentedly broad and deep view of the genus Enterococcus, including insights into its evolution, potential new threats to human health, and where substantial additional enterococcal diversity is likely to be found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Schwartzman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Francois Lebreton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Rauf Salamzade
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Terrance Shea
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Melissa J Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Katharina Schaufler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Greifswald 17489, Germany
- Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Institute of Infection Medicine, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Aysun Urhan
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628XE, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Abeel
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628XE, The Netherlands
| | - Ilana L B C Camargo
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Microbiologia Moleculares, Departamento de Física e Ciências Interdisciplinares, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos - SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Bruna F Sgardioli
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Microbiologia Moleculares, Departamento de Física e Ciências Interdisciplinares, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos - SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Janira Prichula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre - RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Guedes Frazzon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - RS, 90010-150, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Giribet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Daria Van Tyne
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA 15213
| | | | - Charles J Innis
- New England Aquarium, Animal Health Department and Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, Boston, MA 02110
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CS, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan M Whipple
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Abigail L Manson
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Ashlee M Earl
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Michael S Gilmore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ienes-Lima J, Prichula J, Abadie M, Borges-Martins M, Frazzon APG. Anthropic Impact on the Critically Endangered Melanophryniscus admirabilis (Admirable Redbelly Toad): Evidence from the Presence of Multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:339. [PMID: 37695536 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanophryniscus admirabilis is a microendemic and critically endangered toad, known from a single population. This microendemic species inhabits a small fragment of the Atlantic Forest in South Brazil, an area significantly impacted by hydroelectric power plant projects, livestock farming, agricultural activities, biopiracy, and tourism. Given the exclusive and limited population of M. admirabilis, preserving and conserving this species is of utmost importance in Brazil. Research on this species primarily concentrates on its biology, ecology, and ecotoxicology. Currently, there is no knowledge about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria present in wild M. admirabilis, despite the potential for studying them to provide valuable insights into environmental pollution. To this end, Enterobacteriaceae species (n = 82) obtained from 15 wild M. admirabilis toads were subjected to the standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method to test their AMR. The results showed that Enterobacteriaceae species had the highest antibiotic resistance to IPM (45.1%), CIP (39%), NIT (32.5%), AMP (31.3%), TET (18.3%), and FOX (17%). Of the tested species, 18 (21.9%) species tested were susceptible, 40 (48.8%) were resistant to 1 or 2 different antibiotic classes, and 24 (29.3%) were classified as multidrug-resistant. Overall, our findings suggest that the incidence of AMR in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from wild M. admirabilis is high, indicating environmental stress caused by anthropic pollution in their habit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ienes-Lima
- Post-Graduation Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Janira Prichula
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Abadie
- Post-Graduation Program in Animal Biology, Department of Zoology, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Center for Research and Conservation of Reptiles and Amphibians, Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Márcio Borges-Martins
- Post-Graduation Program in Animal Biology, Department of Zoology, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Guedes Frazzon
- Post-Graduation Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ferreira Neto LC, Alves MS, Prichula J, Agnes G, de Oliveira TF, Trentin D, Merib J. An affordable and semiautomated approach as a novel strategy for the extraction of DNA using magnetic ionic liquids followed by real time-polymerase chain reaction. Anal Methods 2023. [PMID: 37475605 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00751k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
This technical note describes a novel and straightforward experimental strategy for the extraction/capture of DNA using magnetic ionic liquid (MIL) followed by real time-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. An affordable and low-cost magneto-based multiwell platform was first examined for capturing DNA allowing for simultaneous extractions that increased the analysis throughput of the experimental workflow. This configuration was composed of a series of neodymium rod magnets attached to a multiwell device in which a magneto-active extraction phase (MIL) was suspended for a single drop microextraction (SDME) approach. In this configuration, up to 32 extractions were able to be performed simultaneously, and DNA was successfully extracted from aqueous samples. Furthermore, as a proof-of-concept, this affordable and simple experimental strategy proved to be efficient for the extraction/capture of DNA from challenging samples such as whole blood without any pretreatment. This fact also consists of important feature compared to previous methodologies that required additional steps of sample preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Carlos Ferreira Neto
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Sarmento Leite St., Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Mônica Silva Alves
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Sarmento Leite St., Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Janira Prichula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Grasiela Agnes
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil.
| | - Tiago Franco de Oliveira
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Danielle Trentin
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Sarmento Leite St., Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Josias Merib
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Sarmento Leite St., Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schwartzman JA, Lebreton F, Salamzade R, Martin MJ, Schaufler K, Urhan A, Abeel T, Camargo IL, Sgardioli BF, Prichula J, Frazzon APG, Van Tyne D, Treinish G, Innis CJ, Wagenaar JA, Whipple RM, Manson AL, Earl AM, Gilmore MS. Global diversity of enterococci and description of 18 novel species. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.18.540996. [PMID: 37293047 PMCID: PMC10245769 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.18.540996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enterococci are commensal gut microbes of most land animals. They diversified over hundreds of millions of years adapting to evolving hosts and host diets. Of over 60 known enterococcal species, Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium uniquely emerged in the antibiotic era among leading causes of multidrug resistant hospital-associated infection. The basis for the association of particular enterococcal species with a host is largely unknown. To begin deciphering enterococcal species traits that drive host association, and to assess the pool of Enterococcus-adapted genes from which known facile gene exchangers such as E. faecalis and E. faecium may draw, we collected 886 enterococcal strains from nearly 1,000 specimens representing widely diverse hosts, ecologies and geographies. This provided data on the global occurrence and host associations of known species, identifying 18 new species in the process expanding genus diversity by >25%. The novel species harbor diverse genes associated with toxins, detoxification, and resource acquisition. E. faecalis and E. faecium were isolated from a wide diversity of hosts highlighting their generalist properties, whereas most other species exhibited more restricted distributions indicative of specialized host associations. The expanded species diversity permitted the Enterococcus genus phylogeny to be viewed with unprecedented resolution, allowing features to be identified that distinguish its four deeply rooted clades as well as genes associated with range expansion, such as B-vitamin biosynthesis and flagellar motility. Collectively, this work provides an unprecedentedly broad and deep view of the genus Enterococcus, potential threats to human health, and new insights into its evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Schwartzman
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Mass Eye and Ear, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,USA
- Department of Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Francois Lebreton
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Mass Eye and Ear, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,USA
- Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Rauf Salamzade
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Melissa J. Martin
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Mass Eye and Ear, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,USA
- Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Katharina Schaufler
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Mass Eye and Ear, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,USA
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Pharmacy, Greifswald, Germany
- Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Institute of Infection Medicine, Kiel, Germany
| | - Aysun Urhan
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Abeel
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ilana L.B.C Camargo
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Microbiologia Moleculares (LEMiMo), Departamento de Física e Ciências Interdisciplinares, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna F. Sgardioli
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Microbiologia Moleculares (LEMiMo), Departamento de Física e Ciências Interdisciplinares, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Janira Prichula
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Mass Eye and Ear, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,USA
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Guedes Frazzon
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Mass Eye and Ear, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daria Van Tyne
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Mass Eye and Ear, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ryan M. Whipple
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Mass Eye and Ear, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,USA
| | - Abigail L. Manson
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ashlee M. Earl
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael S. Gilmore
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology, Mass Eye and Ear, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Varela APM, Sant’Anna FH, dos Santos AV, Prichula J, Comerlato J, dos Santos GT, Wendland E. Genomic evidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection cases in southern Brazil. Arch Virol 2023; 168:19. [PMID: 36593369 PMCID: PMC9807423 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cases of reinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been reported worldwide. We investigated reinfection cases in a set of more than 30,000 samples, and the SARS-CoV-2 genomes from selected samples from four patients with at least two positive diagnoses with an interval ≥ 45 days between tests were sequenced and analyzed. Comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis confirmed three reinfection cases and suggested that the fourth one was caused by a virus of the same lineage. Viral sequencing is crucial for understanding the natural course of reinfections and for planning public health strategies for management of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Janira Prichula
- Department of Microbiology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Mass Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, USA
| | | | | | - Eliana Wendland
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento, PROADI-SUS, Porto Alegre, Brazil ,Department of Community Health, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Costa LFX, Kothe CI, Grassotti TT, Garske RP, Sandoval BN, Varela APM, Prichula J, Frazzon J, Mann MB, Thys RCS, Frazzon APG. Evolution of the spontaneous sourdoughs microbiota prepared with organic or conventional whole wheat flours from South Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20220091. [PMID: 36541979 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220220091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the composition and stability of bacteria and fungi communities during the propagation of sourdoughs prepared with organic or conventional whole wheat (Triticum aestivum) flours from South Brazil. Sourdoughs were prepared and samples were collected during different fermentation times (0 to 216 h). Total DNA of sourdough samples were extracted and the 16S rRNA gene and Internal Transcribed Spacer region were sequenced by MiSeq-Illumina. A total of 43 and 56 OTUs were identified and defined as core taxa in the bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. The analysis revealed increases in the relative abundances of the lactic acid (Pediococcus pentosaceus, Weissella hellenica and Limosilactobacillus pontis) and acetic acid bacteria (Gluconobacter frateurii and Acetobacter tropicalis) during the sourdough propagation. The filaments fungi, Alternaria tenuissima, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium petersiae and Microdochium seminicola remained more stable in organic than conventional during propagation cycles. After 216 h of fermentation, both sourdoughs were dominated by acid- and salt-tolerant yeast Issatchenkia orientalis (syn Pichia kudriavzevii, and Candida glycerinogenes). In conclusion, there were no significant differences in microbial communities among the sourdough samples. This study revealed that both flours contain autochthonous LAB, AAB, and yeasts with biotechnological applications in sourdough bread-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia F X Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Isabel Kothe
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tiela T Grassotti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Raquel P Garske
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Beatriz N Sandoval
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula M Varela
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Básicas, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Janira Prichula
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Básicas, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeverson Frazzon
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Michele B Mann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberta C S Thys
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula G Frazzon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ienes-Lima J, Prichula J, Abadie M, Borges-Martins M, Frazzon APG. First Report of Culturable Skin Bacteria in Melanophryniscus admirabilis (Admirable Redbelly Toad). Microb Ecol 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02069-7. [PMID: 35859070 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Melanophryniscus admirabilis is a small toad, critically endangered with a microendemic distribution in the Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil. The amphibian skin microbiome is considered one of the first lines of defense against pathogenic infections, such as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). The knowledge of skin amphibian microbiomes is important to numerous fields, including species conservation, detection, and quantification of environmental changes and stressors. In the present study, we investigated, for the first time, cultivable bacteria in the skin of wild M. admirabilis, and detected Bd fungus by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Skin swab samples were collected from 15 wild M. admirabilis, and the isolation of bacteria was performed by means of different culture strategies. A total of 62 bacterial isolates being Bacillus (n = 22; 34.48%), Citrobacter (n = 10; 16.13%), and Serratia (n = 12; 19.35%) were more frequently isolated genera. Interestingly, all skin samples tested were Bd negative. Some bacterial genera identified in our study might be acting in a synergic relationship and protecting them against the Bd fungus. In addition, these bacteria may play an essential role in maintaining this species in an environment modulated by anthropic actions. This first report of skin cultivable bacteria from M. admirabilis natural population improves our knowledge of skin amphibian microbiomes, contributing to a better understanding of their ecology and how this species has survived in an environment modulated by anthropic action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ienes-Lima
- Post-Graduation Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Janira Prichula
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Michelle Abadie
- Post-Graduation Program in Animal Biology, Department of Zoology, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Márcio Borges-Martins
- Post-Graduation Program in Animal Biology, Department of Zoology, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Guedes Frazzon
- Post-Graduation Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pivato AF, Miranda GM, Prichula J, Lima JEA, Ligabue RA, Seixas A, Trentin DS. Hydrocarbon-based plastics: Progress and perspectives on consumption and biodegradation by insect larvae. Chemosphere 2022; 293:133600. [PMID: 35031254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The obvious contrast between the remarkable durability and the high consumption of plastic products leads to the deposition of at least 100 million tons of plastics per year in nature. Since 2010, several studies have shown the potential of insect larvae to biodegrade different types of plastics, at higher rates than those reported for microorganisms. This review discusses a compilation of studies about the consumption and biodegradation of hydrocarbon-based plastics, particularly PE, PS, PP and PVC, by lepidopteran and coleopteran larvae. Insects of the Coleoptera order seem to have a better adaptation for PS biodegradation, while those of the Lepidoptera order can better biodegrade PE. Tenebrio molitor biomineralize PE and PS into CO2, and PVC into HCl; while Tenebrio obscurus and Zophobas atratus converts PE and PS into CO2, respectively. Plastic biodegradation by T. molitor has been shown to be dependent on microbiota, exception for PE. Similar PS and PE biodegradation profile has been shown for T. obscurus. PS, PP and PE biodegradation by Z. atratus is also reported to be microbial-dependent. For Galleria mellonella, microbial role on PE biodegradation is still controversial, but the PS metabolism was proved to be microbiota-independent. Advances in this field has stimulated new studies with other insect species, which need to be better explored. Uncovering and understanding the chemical processes behind the innate plastic biodegradation by insect larvae will open the perspective to new eco-friendly innovative biotechnological solutions for the challenge of plastic waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andressa F Pivato
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriela M Miranda
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Escola Politécnica, Laboratório de Organometálicos e Resinas, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Janira Prichula
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jeane E A Lima
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Escola Politécnica, Laboratório de Organometálicos e Resinas, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rosane A Ligabue
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Escola Politécnica, Laboratório de Organometálicos e Resinas, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Adriana Seixas
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Departamento de Farmacociências, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Danielle S Trentin
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Comerlato CB, Prichula J, Siqueira FM, Ritter AC, Varela APM, Mayer FQ, Brandelli A. Genomic analysis of Enterococcus durans LAB18S, a potential probiotic strain isolated from cheese. Genet Mol Biol 2022; 45:e20210201. [PMID: 35244137 PMCID: PMC8894896 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota exerts a fundamental role in human health and increased evidence supports the beneficial role of probiotic microorganisms in the maintenance of intestinal health. Enterococcus durans LAB18S was previously isolated from soft cheese and showed some desirable in vitro probiotic properties, for that reason its genome was sequenced and evaluated for genes that can be relevant for probiotic activity and are involved in selenium metabolism. Genome sequencing was performed using the Illumina MiSeq System. A variety of genes potentially associated with probiotic properties, including adhesion capability, viability at low pH, bile salt resistance, antimicrobial activity, and utilization of prebiotic fructooligosaccharides (FOS) were identified. The strain showed tolerance to acid pH and bile salts, exhibited antimicrobial activity and thrived on prebiotic oligosaccharides. Six genes involved in selenium metabolism were predicted. Analysis of the SECIS element showed twelve known selenoprotein candidates. E. durans LAB18S was the only food isolate showing absence of plasmids, virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, when compared with other 30 E. durans genomes. The results of this study provide evidence supporting the potential of E. durans LAB18S as alternative for probiotic formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janira Prichula
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Grassotti TT, Kothe CI, Prichula J, Mohellibi N, Mann MB, Wagner PGC, Campos FS, Campos AAS, Frazzon J, Frazzon APG. Fecal bacterial communities of wild black capuchin monkeys ( Sapajus nigritus) from the Atlantic Forest biome in Southern Brazil are divergent from those of other non-human primates. Curr Res Microb Sci 2021; 2:100048. [PMID: 34841339 PMCID: PMC8610302 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota are influenced by factors such as diet, habitat, and social contact, which directly affect the host's health. Studies related to gut microbiota in non-human primates are increasing worldwide. However, little remains known about the gut bacterial composition in wild Brazilian monkeys. Therefore, we studied the fecal microbiota composition of wild black capuchin monkey (Sapajus nigritus) (n=10) populations from two different Atlantic Forest biome fragments (five individuals per fragment) in south Brazil. The bacterial community was identified via the high-throughput sequencing and partial amplification of the 16S rRNA gene (V4 region) using an Ion Personal Genome Machine (PGMTM) System. In contrast to other studies involving monkey microbiota, which have generally reported the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes as predominant, black capuchin monkeys showed a high relative abundance of Proteobacteria ( χ ¯ = 80.54%), followed by Firmicutes ( χ ¯ = 12.14%), Actinobacteria ( χ ¯ = 4.60%), and Bacteriodetes ( χ ¯ = 1.31%). This observed particularity may have been influenced by anthropogenic actions related to the wild habitat and/or diet specific to the Brazilian biome's characteristics and/or monkey foraging behavior. Comparisons of species richness (Chao1) and diversity indices (Simpson and InvSimpson) showed no significant differences between the two groups of monkeys. Interestingly, PICRUSt2 analysis revealed that metabolic pathways present in the bacterial communities were associated with xenobiotic biodegradation and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, which may suggest positive effects on monkey health and conservation in this anthropogenic habitat. Infectious disease-associated microorganisms were also observed in the samples. The present study provides information about the bacterial population and metabolic functions present in fecal microbiota, which may contribute to a better understanding of the ecology and biology of black capuchin monkeys living in forest fragments within the Atlantic Forest biome in southern Brazil. Additionally, the present study demonstrates that the fecal bacterial communities of wild black capuchin monkeys in this area are divergent from those of other wild non-human primates.
Collapse
Key Words
- FROGS, Find Rapidly OTUs with Galaxy Solution
- FastQC, Fast Quality Control
- Fecal microbiota
- HTS, high-throughput sequencing
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- MultiQC, Multi Quality Control
- OTUs, Operational Taxonomic Units
- PGMTM, Personal Genome Machine
- PICRUSt2, Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved State
- Primate conservation
- Proteobacteria
- Robust capuchins
- SCS, Santa Cruz do Sul
- SSC, São Sebastião do Caí
- SSU, Small Subunit rRNA gene
- Wild south Brazilian primates
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiela Trapp Grassotti
- Post-Graduation Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Isabel Kothe
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Janira Prichula
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nacer Mohellibi
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Michele Bertoni Mann
- Post-Graduation Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Fabricio Souza Campos
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Campus de Gurupi, Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi, TO, Brazil; Federal University of Tocantins, Federal University of Tocantins, Palmas, TO, Brazil
| | | | - Jeverson Frazzon
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Microorganisms Laboratory, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Guedes Frazzon
- Post-Graduation Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology Department, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sant’Anna FH, Muterle Varela AP, Prichula J, Comerlato J, Comerlato CB, Roglio VS, Mendes Pereira GF, Moreno F, Seixas A, Wendland EM. Emergence of the novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage VUI-NP13L and massive spread of P.2 in South Brazil. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1431-1440. [PMID: 34184973 PMCID: PMC8284128 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1949948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed 340 whole genomes of SARS-CoV-2, which were sampled between April and November 2020 in 33 cities of Rio Grande do Sul, South Brazil. We demonstrated the circulation of two novel emergent lineages, VUI-NP13L and VUI-NP13L-like, and five major lineages that had already been assigned (B.1.1.33, B.1.1.28, P.2, B.1.91, B.1.195). P.2 and VUI-NP13L demonstrated a massive spread in October 2020. Constant and consistent genomic surveillance is crucial to identify newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Brazil and to guide decision making in the Brazilian Public Healthcare System.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Paula Muterle Varela
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Janira Prichula
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Flávia Moreno
- Department of Chronic Conditions and Sexually Transmitted Infections, Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Adriana Seixas
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eliana Márcia Wendland
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento, PROADI – SUS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Community Health, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Varela APM, Prichula J, Mayer FQ, Salvato RS, Sant'Anna FH, Gregianini TS, Martins LG, Seixas A, Veiga ABGD. SARS-CoV-2 introduction and lineage dynamics across three epidemic peaks in Southern Brazil: massive spread of P.1. Infect Genet Evol 2021; 96:105144. [PMID: 34798321 PMCID: PMC8595253 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 is paramount for understanding viral dynamics, contributing to disease control. This study analyzed SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, including the first reported case in each Regional Health Coordination and cases from three epidemic peaks. Ninety SARS-CoV-2 genomes from RS were sequenced and analyzed through comparison with SARS-CoV-2 datasets available in GISAID for phylogenetic inference and mutation analysis. Among the first reported cases, we found the following lineages: B.1 (33.3%), B.1.1.28 (26.7%), B.1.1 (13.3%), B.1.1.33 (10.0%), and A (6.7%), evidencing SARS-CoV-2 introduction by both international origin and community-driven transmission. We found predominance of B.1.1.33 (50.0%) and B.1.1.28 (35.0%) during the first epidemic peak (July-August 2020), emergence of P.2 (55.6%) in the second peak (November-December 2020), and massive spread of P.1 and related sequences (78.4%), such as P.1-like-II, P.1.1 and P.1.2 in the third peak (February-April, 2021). Eighteen novel mutation combinations were found among P.1 genomes, and 22 different spike mutations and/or deletions among P.1 and related sequences. This study shows the dispersion of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Southern Brazil and describes SARS-CoV-2 diversity during three epidemic peaks, highlighting the spread of P.1 and the high genetic diversity of currently circulating lineages. Genomic monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 is essential to guide health authorities' decisions to control COVID-19 in Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Muterle Varela
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Janira Prichula
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Centro de Pesquisa Em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada Do Conde, 6000, Sans Souci, 92990-000 Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Richard Steiner Salvato
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (LACEN/CEVS/SES-RS). Av. Ipiranga, 5400, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando Hayashi Sant'Anna
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento, PROADI - SUS, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 910 - Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Schäffer Gregianini
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (LACEN/CEVS/SES-RS). Av. Ipiranga, 5400, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Letícia Garay Martins
- Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - CEVS/SES-RS. Av. Ipiranga, 5400, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Adriana Seixas
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Gorini da Veiga
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Prichula J, Primon-Barros M, Luz RCZ, Castro ÍMS, Paim TGS, Tavares M, Ligabue-Braun R, d’Azevedo PA, Frazzon J, Frazzon APG, Seixas A, Gilmore MS. Genome Mining for Antimicrobial Compounds in Wild Marine Animals-Associated Enterococci. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:328. [PMID: 34204046 PMCID: PMC8229437 DOI: 10.3390/md19060328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
New ecosystems are being actively mined for new bioactive compounds. Because of the large amount of unexplored biodiversity, bacteria from marine environments are especially promising. Further, host-associated microbes are of special interest because of their low toxicity and compatibility with host health. Here, we identified and characterized biosynthetic gene clusters encoding antimicrobial compounds in host-associated enterococci recovered from fecal samples of wild marine animals remote from human-affected ecosystems. Putative biosynthetic gene clusters in the genomes of 22 Enterococcus strains of marine origin were predicted using antiSMASH5 and Bagel4 bioinformatic software. At least one gene cluster encoding a putative bioactive compound precursor was identified in each genome. Collectively, 73 putative antimicrobial compounds were identified, including 61 bacteriocins (83.56%), 10 terpenes (13.70%), and 2 (2.74%) related to putative nonribosomal peptides (NRPs). Two of the species studied, Enterococcus avium and Enterococcus mundtti, are rare causes of human disease and were found to lack any known pathogenic determinants but yet possessed bacteriocin biosynthetic genes, suggesting possible additional utility as probiotics. Wild marine animal-associated enterococci from human-remote ecosystems provide a potentially rich source for new antimicrobial compounds of therapeutic and industrial value and potential probiotic application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janira Prichula
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (J.P.); (M.P.-B.); (R.C.Z.L.); (Í.M.S.C.); (T.G.S.P.); (P.A.d.)
| | - Muriel Primon-Barros
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (J.P.); (M.P.-B.); (R.C.Z.L.); (Í.M.S.C.); (T.G.S.P.); (P.A.d.)
| | - Romeu C. Z. Luz
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (J.P.); (M.P.-B.); (R.C.Z.L.); (Í.M.S.C.); (T.G.S.P.); (P.A.d.)
| | - Ícaro M. S. Castro
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (J.P.); (M.P.-B.); (R.C.Z.L.); (Í.M.S.C.); (T.G.S.P.); (P.A.d.)
| | - Thiago G. S. Paim
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (J.P.); (M.P.-B.); (R.C.Z.L.); (Í.M.S.C.); (T.G.S.P.); (P.A.d.)
| | - Maurício Tavares
- Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CECLIMAR), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Campus Litoral Norte, Imbé 95625-000, RS, Brazil;
| | - Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun
- Department of Pharmacosciences, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (R.L.-B.); (A.S.)
| | - Pedro A. d’Azevedo
- Gram-Positive Cocci Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (J.P.); (M.P.-B.); (R.C.Z.L.); (Í.M.S.C.); (T.G.S.P.); (P.A.d.)
| | - Jeverson Frazzon
- Food Science Institute, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil;
| | - Ana P. G. Frazzon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil;
| | - Adriana Seixas
- Department of Pharmacosciences, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil; (R.L.-B.); (A.S.)
| | - Michael S. Gilmore
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Prichula J, Pereira RI, Wachholz GR, Cardoso LA, Tolfo NCC, Santestevan NA, Medeiros AW, Tavares M, Frazzon J, d'Azevedo PA, Frazzon APG. Corrigendum "Resistance to antimicrobial agents among enterococci isolated from fecal samples of wild marine species in the southern coast of Brazil" [Mar. Pollut. Bull. 105 (2016) 51-57]. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 141:655-656. [PMID: 30955780 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janira Prichula
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Rebeca Inhoque Pereira
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Raffo Wachholz
- Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Almansa Cardoso
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Neidimar Cezar Correa Tolfo
- Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Naiara Aguiar Santestevan
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Weber Medeiros
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Tavares
- Center for Coastal Studies, Limnology and Marine (CECLIMAR), Institute of Biosciences, UFRGS, Av. Tramandaí, 976, 95625-000 Imbé, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeverson Frazzon
- Food Science Institute, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Campus do Vale, Prédio 443. 212, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alves d'Azevedo
- Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Guedes Frazzon
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Huescas CGY, Pereira RI, Prichula J, Azevedo PA, Frazzon J, Frazzon APG. Frequency of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) in non-clinical Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium strains. BRAZ J BIOL 2018; 79:460-465. [PMID: 30304253 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.183375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fidelity of the genomes is defended by mechanism known as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) systems. Three Type II CRISPR systems (CRISPR1- cas, CRISPR2 and CRISPR3-cas) have been identified in enterococci isolates from clinical and environmental samples. The aim of this study was to observe the distribution of CRISPR1-cas, CRISPR2 and CRISPR3-cas in non-clinical strains of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates from food and fecal samples, including wild marine animals. The presence of CRISPRs was evaluated by PCR in 120 enterococci strains, 67 E. faecalis and 53 E. faecium. It is the first report of the presence of the CRISPRs system in E. faecalis and E. faecium strains isolated from wild marine animal fecal samples. The results showed that in non-clinical strains, the CRISPRs were more frequently detected in E. faecalis than in E. faecium. And the frequencies of CRISPR1-cas and CRISPR2 were higher (60%) in E. faecalis strains isolated from animal feces, compared to food samples. Both strains showed low frequencies of CRISPR3-cas (8.95% and 1.88%). In conclusion, the differences in the habitats of enterococcal species may be related with the results observe in distribution of CRISPRs systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C G Y Huescas
- Programa de Pós-graduacao em Microbiologia Agricola e do Ambiente, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Sarmento Leite, 500, sala 216, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - R I Pereira
- Laboraorio de Gram-positive, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Sarmento Leite, 245, sala 204, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - J Prichula
- Laboraorio de Gram-positive, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Sarmento Leite, 245, sala 204, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - P A Azevedo
- Laboraorio de Gram-positive, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Sarmento Leite, 245, sala 204, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - J Frazzon
- Instituto de Ciencias e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 443.212, Campus do Vale, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - A P G Frazzon
- Programa de Pós-graduacao em Microbiologia Agricola e do Ambiente, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Sarmento Leite, 500, sala 216, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Paim TGS, Pieta L, Prichula J, Sambrano GE, Soares R, Bello AD, Frazzon J, d'Azevedo PA. Draft Genome Sequence of Enterococcus faecalis Strain F165 Isolated from a Urinary Tract Infection. Genome Announc 2016; 4:e01084-16. [PMID: 27795252 PMCID: PMC5054323 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01084-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report here a draft genome sequence of Enterococcus faecalis strain F165 isolated from a urine specimen in South Brazil. The genome size was 3,049,734 bp, with a G+C content of 37.38%, and genes related to antimicrobial resistance and adherence were found in the strain. These findings are consistent with pathogenesis of E. faecalis species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago G S Paim
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiza Pieta
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Janira Prichula
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo E Sambrano
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renata Soares
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aline Dall Bello
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jeverson Frazzon
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pedro A d'Azevedo
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Prichula J, Pereira RI, Wachholz GR, Cardoso LA, Tolfo NCC, Santestevan NA, Medeiros AW, Tavares M, Frazzon J, d'Azevedo PA, Frazzon APG. Resistance to antimicrobial agents among enterococci isolated from fecal samples of wild marine species in the southern coast of Brazil. Mar Pollut Bull 2016; 105:51-57. [PMID: 26952995 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate species distribution, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and presence of resistance genes in enterococci isolated from fecal samples of wild marine species, including seabirds (n=12), sea turtles (n=8), and mammals (n=3) found alive or dead in southern coast of Brazil. Enterococci were classified based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, tested for antibiotic susceptibility, and the presence of tet(S), tet(M), tet(L), mrsC, and erm(B) genes by PCR. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were the most common species. Single (37.09%), double (25.80%), and multiple (16.12%) antibiotic resistance patterns were observed. Resistance to rifampicin occurred most frequently. The msrC, tet(M), and/or tet(L) genes were detected in 60.15%, 73.07%, and 23.07% of the resistant strains, respectively. In conclusion, the presence of antibiotic resistant strains in these species could be related to food web interactions and aquatic pollutants or linked to environmental resistome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janira Prichula
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Inhoque Pereira
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Raffo Wachholz
- Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Almansa Cardoso
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Neidimar Cezar Correa Tolfo
- Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Naiara Aguiar Santestevan
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Weber Medeiros
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Tavares
- Center for Coastal Studies, Limnology and Marine (CECLIMAR), Institute of Biosciences, UFRGS. Av. Tramandaí, 976, 95625-000, Imbé, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeverson Frazzon
- Food Science Institute, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500 - Campus do Vale - Prédio 443.212, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alves d'Azevedo
- Gram-positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Sarmento Leite 245, room 204, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Guedes Frazzon
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Sarmento Leite 500, room 158, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Santestevan NA, de Angelis Zvoboda D, Prichula J, Pereira RI, Wachholz GR, Cardoso LA, de Moura TM, Medeiros AW, de Amorin DB, Tavares M, d'Azevedo PA, Franco AC, Frazzon J, Frazzon APG. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor gene profiles of Enterococcus spp. isolates from wild Arctocephalus australis (South American fur seal) and Arctocephalus tropicalis (Subantarctic fur seal). World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1935-46. [PMID: 26347323 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci are natural inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tracts in humans and animals. Epidemiological data suggest that enterococci are important reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant genes that may be transmitted from other bacterial species The aim of this study was to investigate the species composition, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in enterococci recovered from fecal samples of wild Arctocephalus australis and A. tropicalis found dead along the South Coast of Brazil. From a total of 43 wild fur seals, eleven were selected for this study. Phenotypic and genotypic characterizations were used to classify Enterococcus species. Strains were tested for susceptibility to 10 antibiotics, presence of ace, gelE, asa, cylA, tet(L), tet(M) and erm(B) genes by PCR, and genetic variability using RAPD-PCR. Among the 50 enterococci isolated, 40% were Enterococcus faecalis, 40% E. hirae, 12% E. casseliflavus and 8 % other enterococcal species. Resistance profiles were observed to erythromycin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. The prevalence of virulence genes was ace (68%), gelE (54%), asa (22%) and cylA (4%). In erythromycin- and tetracycline strains, erm(B) and tet(M) were detected, respectively. The RAPD-PCR demonstrated a close phylogenetic relationship between the enterococci isolated from A. australis and A. tropicalis. In conclusion, different enterococcus species showing antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinates were isolated from fecal samples of fur seals. Antibiotic resistant strains in these animals could be related within food chain and aquatic pollutants or linked to environmental resistome, and demonstrates the potential importance of these animals as reservoirs and disseminators of such determinants in marine environmental.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Aguiar Santestevan
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Room 158, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Dejoara de Angelis Zvoboda
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Room 158, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Janira Prichula
- Gram Positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences Porto Alegre, Av. Sarmento Leite 245, Room 204, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Inhoque Pereira
- Gram Positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences Porto Alegre, Av. Sarmento Leite 245, Room 204, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Raffo Wachholz
- Gram Positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences Porto Alegre, Av. Sarmento Leite 245, Room 204, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Almansa Cardoso
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Room 158, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiane Martin de Moura
- Gram Positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences Porto Alegre, Av. Sarmento Leite 245, Room 204, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Weber Medeiros
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Room 158, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Derek Blaese de Amorin
- Center for Coastal Studies, Limnology and Marine (Ceclimar), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Tramandaí, 976, ZIP. 95625-000, Imbé, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Tavares
- Center for Coastal Studies, Limnology and Marine (Ceclimar), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Tramandaí, 976, ZIP. 95625-000, Imbé, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alves d'Azevedo
- Gram Positive Coccus Laboratory, Federal University of Health Sciences Porto Alegre, Av. Sarmento Leite 245, Room 204, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Franco
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Room 158, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeverson Frazzon
- Department of Food Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500 - Campus do Vale - Prédio 443.212, ZIP. 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Guedes Frazzon
- Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Room 158, ZIP. 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Prichula J, Zvoboda DDA, Pereira RI, Santestevan NA, Medeiros AW, Motta ADS, Alvesd´Azevedo P, Giordani AR, Frazzon APG. Perfil de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos e diversidade das espécies de enterococos isolados de leite cru de búfalas no Sul do Brasil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4322/rbcv.2014.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|