Drinking in the home: What does it entail for younger and older Finns?

INTRODUCTION

Studies about drinking in homes are scarce despite the growing importance of the phenomenon. We examined how often different age groups in Finland drink-overall or to intoxication-in their own homes without company beyond the family and in their own or other people's homes with other company, compared to other settings, and on what days and hours of the week this occurs.

METHODS

A general population survey carried out in 2016 with event-level data (n = 7124 occasions by 1955 respondents). Key measurements included location, drinking company, amount of alcohol drunk and time of the week.

RESULTS

Drinking occasions in which alcohol was drunk at home without visitors made up 74% of all occasions and 73% of all intoxication occasions among people aged 60-79 years and 25% and 5% among 15- to 29-year-olds, respectively. The share of 'with company' occasions in somebody's home varied less by age. Occasions with pre/post drinking in homes and drinking occasions lasting until late at night were seen most often among 15- to 29-year-olds.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The important aspects of home drinking vary greatly by age group and depending on what risk or type of consequence is considered. For older people and for chronic harm, the key aspect is drinking at home without company beyond the family. The more important aspect for younger people and acute harm is pre- and post-drinking in homes before or after going to bars or nightclubs, which results in long evenings with large amounts of alcohol consumed.

Domestication of drinking: a survey study of changes in types of drinking occasions during periods of increasing and decreasing alcohol consumption in the 2000s in Finland

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

In Finland, per-capita alcohol consumption increased in the early 2000s and decreased after 2007. Our aim was to determine how these changes originated from changes in drinking practices.

DESIGN

Repeated cross-sectional general-population surveys.

SETTING

Finland in 2000, 2008 and 2016.

PARTICIPANTS

Finnish residents aged 15-69 years (n = 6703, response rate 59-78%).

MEASUREMENTS

Event-level data on drinking occasions (n = 21 097). Types of drinking occasions (drinking practices) were identified with latent class analysis using occasion characteristics. The aggregated volume of consumption and intoxication occasions were decomposed into contributions from drinking practice classes and years.

FINDINGS

Nine drinking occasion types were identified: three at home without company other than family (51% of occasions in 2016), three socializing occasions in different places and with different company (33%) and three party occasion types (16%). Both the frequency of drinking occasion types and the occasion type-specific amounts of alcohol consumed contributed to aggregate-level changes in alcohol use. Drinking at home without external company (with family only; for men, also alone) contributed most to the increase in alcohol use before 2008. Big parties in homes and bars became less common in the 2000s, contributing most to the decline in drinking after 2008.

CONCLUSIONS

The rise in per-capita alcohol consumption in Finland in the early 2000s appears to have been linked mainly to an increase in lighter drinking occasions at home without external company. The fall in per-capita drinking after 2007 was linked mainly to a decrease in big parties in homes and in licensed premises. Changes in drinking frequency and the amounts of alcohol consumed per occasion changed in the same direction as alcohol affordability.

Non-Drinkers' Experiences of Drinking Occasions: A Population-Based Study of Social Consequences of Abstaining from Alcohol

BACKGROUND

People should be able to quit or moderate their drinking without negative social consequences, but studies have shown how nondrinkers often face pressure and negative reactions. As previous research has mostly focused on youth, we conducted a population-level study of the ways adult nondrinkers encounter their drinking companions on drinking occasions and what kinds of reactions they perceive from their social environments.

METHOD

The data were based on the Finnish Drinking Habits Survey (FDHS), a general population survey of Finns aged 15-79 collected in 2016 (N = 2,285; 330 nondrinkers; response rate 60%). Characteristics of drinking occasions where nondrinkers participate ("non-drinking occasions") were measured through self-reports of frequency, time, purpose, and social companion on those occasions. Nondrinkers' experiences of non-drinking occasions and reactions from the social environment were measured by question batteries on social consequences.

RESULTS

Compared with drinking occasions, non-drinking occasions occurred more often at family events at home than on late-night drinking occasions. Accordingly, nondrinkers reported relatively low levels of negative consequences, and the reported consequences were least frequent in the oldest age group. Nondrinkers reported mostly positive feedback from people around them, more often from family members than from peers. However, negative consequences were reported in all studied groups, most commonly among youth and former drinkers.

CONCLUSIONS

The study indicates that nondrinkers' social environments may be more supportive than what has been suggested previously, yet coping mechanisms are required especially from youth and former drinkers. The positive social experiences of being a nondrinker should guide the promotion of moderate and non-drinking.

How Are All Drinking Occasions, Intoxication Occasions, and All Alcohol Consumed Distributed Across Different Drinking Occasion Types? A Typology of Drinking Occasions in Finland

OBJECTIVE

To understand the contexts and characteristics of drinking occasions, we typologized drinking occasions and examined how different aspects of drinking vary in them and what part of population-level drinking and intoxication occasions each covers.

METHOD

A Finnish general population survey in 2016 (n = 2,285) with event-level data on drinking occasions (n = 6,697) was used. Occasion types were identified by latent class analysis. The characteristics of the drinking occasions were location, purpose, company, timing, duration, the amounts and beverages drunk, and estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC).

RESULTS

Eight drinking occasion classes were identified. The three most common ones were all light drinking occasions at home, with the company varying. Five of the eight types were about socializing with people beyond the family. The heaviest drinking occasion type, "big party nights," had an average eBAC of .12%, which seemed to be connected to the long duration of these occasions. The most important contributors to total population-level intoxication occasions were "big party nights" and "at home with the family" occasions (accounting for 30% and 20%, respectively). In terms of contributions to the population's total alcohol consumption, the order of these classes was reversed (19% and 26%, respectively). Drinking at home with no visitors covered 40% of all the alcohol drunk in Finland. Different types of occasions varied little in beverage type composition.

CONCLUSIONS

For acute harm, "big party nights" are important to consider because of the prevalence of intoxication, whereas for chronic harm, drinking at home without visitors is even more important to consider.

Change and continuity in Finnish drinking in the 21st century

Aim:

Alcohol consumption and policy in Finland have undergone a variety of changes in the two last decades. In several cases, trends in both consumption and policy have shifted direction when moving from the first decade of the 21st century to the second one. The aim of the overview is to summarise the trends.

Data:

The overview draws on results primarily from the cross-sectional Finnish Drinking Habits Survey (FDHS) in 2000, 2008 and 2016, and also from the whole series including altogether seven separate data collections carried out every eight years from 1968 to 2016 and mainly covering Finns aged 15–69 years. Response rates show a falling trend (78% in 2000, 74% in 2008 and 60% in 2016). The overview also makes use of data collected within the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD) and, for the elderly, the National FinSote study carried out by the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL).

Results:

After an all-time high of 12.7 litres of pure alcohol per capita 15 years and over in 2007, total consumption of alcohol had decreased by 21% by the year 2019. Underage drinking has decreased ever since the millennium shift. Older people’s drinking has continued increasing or levelled out. Along with reduced total consumption, heavy episodic drinking (HED) has also decreased, but the differences between manual and white-collar workers in HED have continued to grow. Drinking alcoholic beverages with meals has also declined since 2008. Liberal and restrictive alcohol policy measures have alternated.

Conclusions:

Finnish drinking culture seems to change at a slow pace; several typical drinking habits have remained unchanged.

Drinking patterns among Finns aged 60 years and over from the 1990s onwards

Aim:

To analyse prevalence and trends in older people’s (60+) alcohol use in Finland in 1993–2018.

Data and method:

Data on people aged 65+ were obtained from the Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Elderly study (HBHFE) for the years 1993–2011 and from its successor the National FinSote Survey for the years 2013–2018. Data for 60–64-year-olds and for the reference group (20–59-year-olds) were obtained from the Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population (HBHFA) study for the years 1993–2011 and from the FinSote study for the years 2013–2018. Four measures were chosen to describe prevalence and trends in drinking patterns in five-year age groups among men and women aged 60+: prevalence of current drinking, prevalence of frequent drinking, typical amounts of drinking and prevalence of heavy episodic drinking (HED).

Results:

Regarding prevalence of current drinking and frequent drinking, older women have been catching up with men, but older men still consume larger amounts of alcohol per occasion. The long-lasting increase in the prevalence of current drinkers continued in most older female age groups into the 2010s, settled in most older male and some female age groups, and shifted downwards in the oldest male age groups. In most older male and female age groups, the increasing trend in frequent drinking continued to the present. Data on typical amounts consumed and HED were only available for 2013–2018. In that period those measures remained rather stable.

Conclusion:

More detailed research on drinking patterns among people aged 60+ years is needed for two reasons: older people’s drinking is a new cultural phenomenon and alcohol-related social and health harms are increasing in older age groups.

Comparing older people’s drinking habits in four Nordic countries: Summary of the thematic issue

Aim:

The present article summarises status and trends in the 21st century in older people’s (60–79 years) drinking behaviour in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden and concludes this thematic issue. Each country provided a detailed report analysing four indicators of alcohol use: the prevalence of alcohol consumers, the prevalence of frequent use, typical amounts of use, and the prevalence of heavy episodic drinking (HED). The specific aim of this article is to compare the results of the country reports.

Findings:

Older people’s drinking became more common first in Denmark in the 1970s and then in the other countries by the 1980s. Since 2000 the picture is mixed. Denmark showed decreases in drinking frequency, typically consumed amounts and HED, while in Sweden upward trends were dominant regarding prevalence of consumers and frequency of drinking as well as HED. Finland and Norway displayed both stable indicators except for drinking frequency and proportion of women consumers where trends increased. In all four countries, the gender gap diminished with regard to prevalence and frequency of drinking, but remained stable in regard to consuming large amounts. In Norway the share of alcohol consumers among women aged 60–69 years exceeded the share among men. During the late 2010s, Denmark had the highest prevalence of alcohol consumers as well as the highest proportion drinking at a higher frequency. Next in ranking was Finland, followed by Sweden and Norway. This overall rank ordering was observed for both men and women.

Conclusion:

As the populations aged 60 years and older in the Nordic countries continue to grow, explanations for the drivers and consequences of changes in older people’s drinking will become an increasingly relevant topic for future research. Importantly, people aged 80 years and older should also be included as an integral part of that research.

Changes in prevalence and correlates of alcohol-use disorders in Finland in an 11-year follow-up

AIMS

This study aimed to examine changes in prevalence and correlates of alcohol-use disorders (AUD) between 2000 and 2011. We also explored the impact of using multiple imputation on prevalence estimates, to address survey nonresponse.

METHODS

The study used a Finnish nationally representative survey of adults aged 30 years and older in 2000 and in 2011. The Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI) was used to diagnose AUD in 6005 persons in 2000 (response rate 75%) and 4381 in 2011 (response rate 55%). Multiple imputation using sociodemographic, health, and registry-linked data on mental health hospitalizations was compared with weights to account for nonresponse.

RESULTS

Prevalence of 12-month AUD in Finland decreased from 4.6% (95% CI 4.0-5.1) in 2000 to 2.0% in 2011 (95% CI 1.6-2.4). Lifetime AUD prevalence decreased from 10.8% (95% CI 9.9-11.6) to 7.5% (CI 95% 6.8-8.3) from 2000 to 2011. The reduction was observed for people aged 30-64 years. At both time points, AUD prevalence was higher among individuals aged 30-64, men and those unmarried, widowed or divorced. The observed prevalence changes can be partly attributed to reporting and selection bias. The latter was addressed by multiple imputation.

CONCLUSIONS

Alcohol use disorders appear to have decreased in Finland from 2000 to 2011, especially for the 30-64 years age group. Males, younger adults and those unmarried, widowed or divorced had a higher risk of AUD.

Measurement of Prompt D^{0} Meson Azimuthal Anisotropy in Pb-Pb Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV

The prompt D^{0} meson azimuthal anisotropy coefficients, v_{2} and v_{3}, are measured at midrapidity (|y|<1.0) in Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV per nucleon pair with data collected by the CMS experiment. The measurement is performed in the transverse momentum (p_{T}) range of 1 to 40  GeV/c, for central and midcentral collisions. The v_{2} coefficient is found to be positive throughout the p_{T} range studied. The first measurement of the prompt D^{0} meson v_{3} coefficient is performed, and values up to 0.07 are observed for p_{T} around 4  GeV/c. Compared to measurements of charged particles, a similar p_{T} dependence, but smaller magnitude for p_{T}<6  GeV/c, is found for prompt D^{0} meson v_{2} and v_{3} coefficients. The results are consistent with the presence of collective motion of charm quarks at low p_{T} and a path length dependence of charm quark energy loss at high p_{T}, thereby providing new constraints on the theoretical description of the interactions between charm quarks and the quark-gluon plasma.

Measurement of associated Z + charm production in proton-proton collisions at s = 8 TeV

A study of the associated production of a Z boson and a charm quark jet ( Z + c ), and a comparison to production with a b quark jet ( Z + b ), in p p collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8TeV are presented. The analysis uses a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7fb - 1 , collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC. The Z boson candidates are identified through their decays into pairs of electrons or muons. Jets originating from heavy flavour quarks are identified using semileptonic decays of c or b flavoured hadrons and hadronic decays of charm hadrons. The measurements are performed in the kinematic region with two leptons withp T ℓ > 20 GeV ,| η ℓ | < 2.1 , 71 < m ℓ ℓ < 111 GeV , and heavy flavour jets withp T jet > 25 GeV and| η jet | < 2.5 . The Z + c production cross section is measured to be σ ( p p → Z + c + X ) B ( Z → ℓ + ℓ - ) = 8.8 ± 0.5 (stat) ± 0.6 (syst) pb . The ratio of the Z + c and Z + b production cross sections is measured to be σ ( p p → Z + c + X ) / σ ( p p → Z + b + X ) = 2.0 ± 0.2 (stat) ± 0.2 (syst) . The Z + c production cross section and the cross section ratio are also measured as a function of the transverse momentum of the Z boson and of the heavy flavour jet. The measurements are compared with theoretical predictions.

Suppression of Excited ϒ States Relative to the Ground State in Pb-Pb Collisions at sqrt[s]_{NN}=5.02 TeV

The relative yields of ϒ mesons produced in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV and reconstructed via the dimuon decay channel are measured using data collected by the CMS experiment. Double ratios are formed by comparing the yields of the excited states, ϒ(2S) and ϒ(3S), to the ground state, ϒ(1S), in both Pb-Pb and pp collisions at the same center-of-mass energy. The double ratios, [ϒ(nS)/ϒ(1S)]_{Pb-Pb}/[ϒ(nS)/ϒ(1S)]_{pp}, are measured to be 0.308±0.055(stat)±0.019(syst) for the ϒ(2S) and less than 0.26 at 95% confidence level for the ϒ(3S). No significant ϒ(3S) signal is found in the Pb-Pb data. The double ratios are studied as a function of collision centrality, as well as ϒ transverse momentum and rapidity. No significant dependencies are observed.

Study of dijet events with a large rapidity gap between the two leading jets in pp collisions at s = 7 TeV

Events with no charged particles produced between the two leading jets are studied in proton-proton collisions ats = 7 TeV . The jets were required to have transverse momentump T jet > 40 GeV and pseudorapidity1.5 < | η jet | < 4.7 , and to have values of η jet with opposite signs. The data used for this study were collected with the CMS detector during low-luminosity running at the LHC, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 8pb - 1 . Events with no charged particles withp T > 0.2 GeV in the interval - 1 < η < 1 between the jets are observed in excess of calculations that assume no color-singlet exchange. The fraction of events with such a rapidity gap, amounting to 0.5-1% of the selected dijet sample, is measured as a function of the p T of the second-leading jet and of the rapidity separation between the jets. The data are compared to previous measurements at the Tevatron, and to perturbative quantum chromodynamics calculations based on the Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov evolution equations, including different models of the non-perturbative gap survival probability.

Observation of Correlated Azimuthal Anisotropy Fourier Harmonics in pp and p+Pb Collisions at the LHC

The azimuthal anisotropy Fourier coefficients (v_{n}) in 8.16 TeV p+Pb data are extracted via long-range two-particle correlations as a function of the event multiplicity and compared to corresponding results in pp and PbPb collisions. Using a four-particle cumulant technique, v_{n} correlations are measured for the first time in pp and p+Pb collisions. The v_{2} and v_{4} coefficients are found to be positively correlated in all collision systems. For high-multiplicity p+Pb collisions, an anticorrelation of v_{2} and v_{3} is observed, with a similar correlation strength as in PbPb data at the same multiplicity. The new correlation results strengthen the case for a common origin of the collectivity seen in p+Pb and PbPb collisions in the measured multiplicity range.

Measurements of the p p → Z Z production cross section and the Z → 4 ℓ branching fraction, and constraints on anomalous triple gauge couplings at s = 13 TeV

Four-lepton production in proton-proton collisions, p p → ( Z / γ ∗ ) ( Z / γ ∗ ) → 4 ℓ , where ℓ = e or μ , is studied at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35.9fb - 1 . The ZZ production cross section, σ ( p p → Z Z ) = 17.2 ± 0.5 (stat) ± 0.7 (syst) ± 0.4 (theo) ± 0.4 (lumi) pb , measured using events with two opposite-sign, same-flavor lepton pairs produced in the mass region 60 < m ℓ + ℓ - < 120 GeV , is consistent with standard model predictions. Differential cross sections are measured and are well described by the theoretical predictions. The Z boson branching fraction to four leptons is measured to be B ( Z → 4 ℓ ) = 4 . 83 - 0.22 + 0.23 ( s t a t ) - 0.29 + 0.32 ( s y s t ) ± 0.08 ( t h e o ) ± 0.12 ( l u m i ) × 10 - 6 for events with a four-lepton invariant mass in the range 80 < m 4 ℓ < 100 GeV and a dilepton massm ℓ ℓ > 4 GeV for all opposite-sign, same-flavor lepton pairs. The results agree with standard model predictions. The invariant mass distribution of the four-lepton system is used to set limits on anomalous ZZZ and ZZ γ couplings at 95% confidence level: - 0.0012 < f 4 Z < 0.0010 , - 0.0010 < f 5 Z < 0.0013 , - 0.0012 < f 4 γ < 0.0013 , - 0.0012 < f 5 γ < 0.0013 .

Measurements of the p p → Z Z production cross section and the Z → 4 ℓ branching fraction, and constraints on anomalous triple gauge couplings at s = 13 TeV

Four-lepton production in proton-proton collisions, p p → ( Z / γ ∗ ) ( Z / γ ∗ ) → 4 ℓ , where ℓ = e or μ , is studied at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb - 1 . The ZZ production cross section, σ ( p p → Z Z ) = 17.2 ± 0.5 (stat) ± 0.7 (syst) ± 0.4 (theo) ± 0.4 (lumi) pb , measured using events with two opposite-sign, same-flavor lepton pairs produced in the mass region 60 < m ℓ + ℓ - < 120 GeV , is consistent with standard model predictions. Differential cross sections are measured and are well described by the theoretical predictions. The Z boson branching fraction to four leptons is measured to be B ( Z → 4 ℓ ) = 4 . 83 - 0.22 + 0.23 ( s t a t ) - 0.29 + 0.32 ( s y s t ) ± 0.08 ( t h e o ) ± 0.12 ( l u m i ) × 10 - 6 for events with a four-lepton invariant mass in the range 80 < m 4 ℓ < 100 GeV and a dilepton mass m ℓ ℓ > 4 GeV for all opposite-sign, same-flavor lepton pairs. The results agree with standard model predictions. The invariant mass distribution of the four-lepton system is used to set limits on anomalous ZZZ and ZZ γ couplings at 95% confidence level: - 0.0012 < f 4 Z < 0.0010 , - 0.0010 < f 5 Z < 0.0013 , - 0.0012 < f 4 γ < 0.0013 , - 0.0012 < f 5 γ < 0.0013 .

Search for dark matter produced in association with heavy-flavor quark pairs in proton-proton collisions at s = 13 TeV

A search is presented for an excess of events with heavy-flavor quark pairs ( t t ¯ and b b ¯ ) and a large imbalance in transverse momentum in data from proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV . The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 2.2fb - 1 collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC. No deviations are observed with respect to standard model predictions. The results are used in the first interpretation of dark matter production in t t ¯ and b b ¯ final states in a simplified model. This analysis is also the first to perform a statistical combination of searches for dark matter produced with different heavy-flavor final states. The combination provides exclusions that are stronger than those achieved with individual heavy-flavor final states.

Search for Evidence of the Type-III Seesaw Mechanism in Multilepton Final States in Proton-Proton Collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV

A search for a signal consistent with the type-III seesaw mechanism in events with three or more electrons or muons is presented. The data sample consists of proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s]=13  TeV collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2016 and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35.9  fb^{-1}. Selection criteria based on the number of leptons and the invariant mass of oppositely charged lepton pairs are used to distinguish the signal from the standard model background. The observations are consistent with the expectations from standard model processes. The results are used to place limits on the production of heavy fermions of the type-III seesaw model as a function of the branching ratio to each lepton flavor. In the scenario of equal branching fractions to each lepton flavor, heavy fermions with masses below 840 GeV are excluded. This is the most sensitive probe to date of the type-III seesaw mechanism.

Measurements of the associated production of a Z boson and b jets in pp collisions at s = 8 TeV

Measurements of the associated production of a Z boson with at least one jet originating from a b quark in proton-proton collisions ats = 8 TeV are presented. Differential cross sections are measured with data collected by the CMS experiment corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.8fb - 1 . Z bosons are reconstructed through their decays to electrons and muons. Cross sections are measured as a function of observables characterizing the kinematics of the b jet and the Z boson. Ratios of differential cross sections for the associated production with at least one b jet to the associated production with any jet are also presented. The production of a Z boson with at least two b jets is investigated, and differential cross sections are measured for the dijet system. Results are compared to theoretical predictions, testing two different flavour schemes for the choice of initial-state partons.

Measurement of the triple-differential dijet cross section in proton-proton collisions at s = 8 TeV and constraints on parton distribution functions

A measurement is presented of the triple-differential dijet cross section at a centre-of-mass energy of 8TeV using 19.7fb -1 of data collected with the CMS detector in proton-proton collisions at the LHC. The cross section is measured as a function of the average transverse momentum, half the rapidity separation, and the boost of the two leading jets in the event. The cross section is corrected for detector effects and compared to calculations in perturbative quantum chromodynamics at next-to-leading order accuracy, complemented with electroweak and nonperturbative corrections. New constraints on parton distribution functions are obtained and the inferred value of the strong coupling constant isα S ( M Z ) = 0.1199 ± 0.0015 ( exp ) - 0.0020 + 0.0031 ( theo ) , where M Z is the mass of the Z boson.

Search for new phenomena with the M T 2 variable in the all-hadronic final state produced in proton-proton collisions at s = 13 TeV

A search for new phenomena is performed using events with jets and significant transverse momentum imbalance, as inferred through the M T 2 variable. The results are based on a sample of proton-proton collisions collected in 2016 at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV with the CMS detector and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9fb -1 . No excess event yield is observed above the predicted standard model background, and the results are interpreted as exclusion limits at 95% confidence level on the masses of predicted particles in a variety of simplified models of R-parity conserving supersymmetry. Depending on the details of the model, 95% confidence level lower limits on the gluino (light-flavor squark) masses are placed up to 2025 (1550)GeV . Mass limits as high as 1070 (1175)GeV are set on the masses of top (bottom) squarks. Information is provided to enable re-interpretation of these results, including model-independent limits on the number of non-standard model events for a set of simplified, inclusive search regions.

Measurement of the B^{±} Meson Nuclear Modification Factor in Pb-Pb Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV

The differential production cross sections of B^{±} mesons are measured via the exclusive decay channels B^{±}→J/ψK^{±}→μ^{+}μ^{-}K^{±} as a function of transverse momentum in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02  TeV per nucleon pair with the CMS detector at the LHC. The pp(Pb-Pb) data set used for this analysis corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 28.0  pb^{-1} (351  μb^{-1}). The measurement is performed in the B^{±} meson transverse momentum range of 7 to 50  GeV/c, in the rapidity interval |y|<2.4. In this kinematic range, a strong suppression of the production cross section by about a factor of 2 is observed in the Pb-Pb system in comparison to the expectation from pp reference data. These results are found to be roughly compatible with theoretical calculations incorporating beauty quark diffusion and energy loss in a quark-gluon plasma.

Search for Supersymmetry in pp Collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV in the Single-Lepton Final State Using the Sum of Masses of Large-Radius Jets

Results are reported from a search for supersymmetric particles in proton-proton collisions in the final state with a single lepton, multiple jets, including at least one b-tagged jet, and large missing transverse momentum. The search uses a sample of proton-proton collision data at sqrt[s]=13  TeV recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9  fb^{-1}. The observed event yields in the signal regions are consistent with those expected from standard model backgrounds. The results are interpreted in the context of simplified models of supersymmetry involving gluino pair production, with gluino decay into either on- or off-mass-shell top squarks. Assuming that the top squarks decay into a top quark plus a stable, weakly interacting neutralino, scenarios with gluino masses up to about 1.9 TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level for neutralino masses up to about 1 TeV.

Search for Charged Higgs Bosons Produced via Vector Boson Fusion and Decaying into a Pair of W and Z Bosons Using pp Collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV

A search for charged Higgs bosons produced via vector boson fusion and decaying into W and Z bosons using proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s]=13  TeV is presented. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 15.2  fb^{-1} collected with the CMS detector in 2015 and 2016. The event selection requires three leptons (electrons or muons), two jets with large pseudorapidity separation and high dijet mass, and missing transverse momentum. The observation agrees with the standard model prediction. Limits on the vector boson fusion production cross section times branching fraction for new charged physical states are reported as a function of mass from 200 to 2000 GeV and interpreted in the context of Higgs triplet models.

Search for heavy resonances that decay into a vector boson and a Higgs boson in hadronic final states at s = 13 TeV

A search for heavy resonances with masses above 1TeV , decaying to final states containing a vector boson and a Higgs boson, is presented. The search considers hadronic decays of the vector boson, and Higgs boson decays to b quarks. The decay products are highly boosted, and each collimated pair of quarks is reconstructed as a single, massive jet. The analysis is performed using a data sample collected in 2016 by the CMS experiment at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV , corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9fb - 1 . The data are consistent with the background expectation and are used to place limits on the parameters of a theoretical model with a heavy vector triplet. In the benchmark scenario with mass-degenerate W ' andZ ' bosons decaying predominantly to pairs of standard model bosons, for the first time heavy resonances for masses as high as 3.3TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level, setting the most stringent constraints to date on such states decaying into a vector boson and a Higgs boson.

Search for Low Mass Vector Resonances Decaying to Quark-Antiquark Pairs in Proton-Proton Collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV

A search is reported for a narrow vector resonance decaying to quark-antiquark pairs in proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s]=13  TeV, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 2.7   fb^{-1}. The vector resonance is produced at large transverse momenta, with its decay products merged into a single jet. The resulting signature is a peak over background in the distribution of the invariant mass of the jet. The results are interpreted in the framework of a leptophobic vector resonance and no evidence is found for such particles in the mass range of 100-300 GeV. Upper limits at 95% confidence level on the production cross section are presented in a region of mass-coupling phase space previously unexplored at the LHC. The region below 140 GeV has not been explored by any previous experiments.

Search for physics beyond the standard model in events with two leptons of same sign, missing transverse momentum, and jets in proton-proton collisions at s = 13 TeV

A data sample of events from proton-proton collisions with two isolated same-sign leptons, missing transverse momentum, and jets is studied in a search for signatures of new physics phenomena by the CMS Collaboration at the LHC. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9fb - 1 , and a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV . The properties of the events are consistent with expectations from standard model processes, and no excess yield is observed. Exclusion limits at 95% confidence level are set on cross sections for the pair production of gluinos, squarks, and same-sign top quarks, as well as top-quark associated production of a heavy scalar or pseudoscalar boson decaying to top quarks, and on the standard model production of events with four top quarks. The observed lower mass limits are as high as 1500GeV for gluinos, 830GeV for bottom squarks. The excluded mass range for heavy (pseudo)scalar bosons is 350-360 (350-410)GeV . Additionally, model-independent limits in several topological regions are provided, allowing for further interpretations of the results.

Study of Jet Quenching with Z+jet Correlations in Pb-Pb and pp Collisions at sqrt[s]_{NN}=5.02 TeV

The production of jets in association with Z bosons, reconstructed via the μ^{+}μ^{-} and e^{+}e^{-} decay channels, is studied in pp and, for the first time, in Pb-Pb collisions. Both data samples were collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. The Pb-Pb collisions were analyzed in the 0%-30% centrality range. The back-to-back azimuthal alignment was studied in both pp and Pb-Pb collisions for Z bosons with transverse momentum p_{T}^{Z}>60  GeV/c and a recoiling jet with p_{T}^{jet}>30  GeV/c. The p_{T} imbalance x_{jZ}=p_{T}^{jet}/p_{T}^{Z}, as well as the average number of jet partners per Z, R_{jZ}, was studied in intervals of p_{T}^{Z}. The R_{jZ} is found to be smaller in Pb-Pb than in pp collisions, which suggests that in Pb-Pb collisions a larger fraction of partons associated with the Z bosons fall below the 30  GeV/c p_{T}^{jet} threshold because they lose energy.

Measurement of the jet mass in highly boosted [Formula: see text] events from pp collisions at [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]

The first measurement of the jet mass [Formula: see text] of top quark jets produced in [Formula: see text] events from pp collisions at [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] is reported for the jet with the largest transverse momentum [Formula: see text] in highly boosted hadronic top quark decays. The data sample, collected with the CMS detector, corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 19.7[Formula: see text]. The measurement is performed in the lepton+jets channel in which the products of the semileptonic decay [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is an electron or muon, are used to select [Formula: see text] events with large Lorentz boosts. The products of the fully hadronic decay [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] are reconstructed using a single Cambridge-Aachen jet with distance parameter [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]. The [Formula: see text] cross section as a function of [Formula: see text] is unfolded at the particle level and is used to test the modelling of highly boosted top quark production. The peak position of the [Formula: see text] distribution is sensitive to the top quark mass [Formula: see text], and the data are used to extract a value of [Formula: see text] to assess this sensitivity.

Measurement of double-differential cross sections for top quark pair production in pp collisions at [Formula: see text][Formula: see text] and impact on parton distribution functions

Normalized double-differential cross sections for top quark pair ([Formula: see text]) production are measured in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8[Formula: see text] with the CMS experiment at the LHC. The analyzed data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.7[Formula: see text]. The measurement is performed in the dilepton [Formula: see text] final state. The [Formula: see text] cross section is determined as a function of various pairs of observables characterizing the kinematics of the top quark and [Formula: see text] system. The data are compared to calculations using perturbative quantum chromodynamics at next-to-leading and approximate next-to-next-to-leading orders. They are also compared to predictions of Monte Carlo event generators that complement fixed-order computations with parton showers, hadronization, and multiple-parton interactions. Overall agreement is observed with the predictions, which is improved when the latest global sets of proton parton distribution functions are used. The inclusion of the measured [Formula: see text] cross sections in a fit of parametrized parton distribution functions is shown to have significant impact on the gluon distribution.

Measurement of the top quark mass using single top quark events in proton-proton collisions at [Formula: see text] TeV

A measurement of the top quark mass is reported in events containing a single top quark produced via the electroweak t channel. The analysis is performed using data from proton-proton collisions collected with the CMS detector at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb[Formula: see text]. Top quark candidates are reconstructed from their decay to a [Formula: see text] boson and a b quark, with the [Formula: see text] boson decaying leptonically to a muon and a neutrino. The final state signature and kinematic properties of single top quark events in the t channel are used to enhance the purity of the sample, suppressing the contribution from top quark pair production. A fit to the invariant mass distribution of reconstructed top quark candidates yields a value of the top quark mass of [Formula: see text]. This result is in agreement with the current world average, and represents the first measurement of the top quark mass in event topologies not dominated by top quark pair production, therefore contributing to future averages with partially uncorrelated systematic uncertainties and a largely uncorrelated statistical uncertainty.

Searches for pair production of third-generation squarks in [Formula: see text][Formula: see text] pp collisions

Searches are presented for direct production of top or bottom squark pairs in proton-proton collisions at the CERN LHC. Two searches, based on complementary techniques, are performed in all-jet final states that are characterized by a significant imbalance in transverse momentum. An additional search requires the presence of a charged lepton isolated from other activity in the event. The data were collected in 2015 at a centre-of-mass energy of 13[Formula: see text] with the CMS detector and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 2.3[Formula: see text]. No statistically significant excess of events is found beyond the expected contribution from standard model processes. Exclusion limits are set in the context of simplified models of top or bottom squark pair production. Models with top and bottom squark masses up to 830 and 890[Formula: see text], respectively, are probed for light neutralinos. For models with top squark masses of 675[Formula: see text], neutralino masses up to 260[Formula: see text] are excluded at 95% confidence level.

A search for new phenomena in pp collisions at [Formula: see text] in final states with missing transverse momentum and at least one jet using the [Formula: see text] variable

A search for new phenomena is performed in final states containing one or more jets and an imbalance in transverse momentum in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13[Formula: see text]. The analysed data sample, recorded with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC, corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 2.3[Formula: see text]. Several kinematic variables are employed to suppress the dominant background, multijet production, as well as to discriminate between other standard model and new physics processes. The search provides sensitivity to a broad range of new-physics models that yield a stable weakly interacting massive particle. The number of observed candidate events is found to agree with the expected contributions from standard model processes, and the result is interpreted in the mass parameter space of fourteen simplified supersymmetric models that assume the pair production of gluinos or squarks and a range of decay modes. For models that assume gluino pair production, masses up to 1575 and 975[Formula: see text] are excluded for gluinos and neutralinos, respectively. For models involving the pair production of top squarks and compressed mass spectra, top squark masses up to 400[Formula: see text] are excluded.

Measurement of prompt and nonprompt [Formula: see text] production in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] collisions at [Formula: see text]

This paper reports the measurement of [Formula: see text] meson production in proton-proton ([Formula: see text]) and proton-lead ([Formula: see text]) collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of [Formula: see text] by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The data samples used in the analysis correspond to integrated luminosities of 28[Formula: see text] and 35[Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] collisions, respectively. Prompt and nonprompt [Formula: see text] mesons, the latter produced in the decay of [Formula: see text] hadrons, are measured in their dimuon decay channels. Differential cross sections are measured in the transverse momentum range of [Formula: see text], and center-of-mass rapidity ranges of [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) and [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]). The nuclear modification factor, [Formula: see text], is measured as a function of both [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Small modifications to the [Formula: see text] cross sections are observed in [Formula: see text] relative to [Formula: see text] collisions. The ratio of [Formula: see text] production cross sections in [Formula: see text]-going and Pb-going directions, [Formula: see text], studied as functions of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], shows a significant decrease for increasing transverse energy deposited at large pseudorapidities. These results, which cover a wide kinematic range, provide new insight on the role of cold nuclear matter effects on prompt and nonprompt [Formula: see text] production.

Relative Modification of Prompt ψ(2S) and J/ψ Yields from pp to PbPb Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV

The relative modification of the prompt ψ(2S) and J/ψ yields from pp to PbPb collisions, at the center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair, is presented. The analysis is based on pp and PbPb data samples collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2015, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 28.0  pb^{-1} and 464  μb^{-1}, respectively. The double ratio of measured yields of prompt charmonia reconstructed through their decays into muon pairs, (N_{ψ(2S)}/N_{J/ψ})_{PbPb}/(N_{ψ(2S)}/N_{J/ψ})_{pp}, is determined as a function of PbPb collision centrality and charmonium transverse momentum p_{T}, in two kinematic intervals: |y|<1.6 covering 6.5<p_{T}<30  GeV/c and 1.6<|y|<2.4 covering 3<p_{T}<30  GeV/c. The centrality-integrated double ratios are 0.36±0.08(stat)±0.05(syst) in the first interval and 0.24±0.22(stat)±0.09(syst) in the second. The double ratio is lower than unity in all the measured bins, suggesting that the ψ(2S) yield is more suppressed than the J/ψ yield in the explored phase space.

Suppression and azimuthal anisotropy of prompt and nonprompt [Formula: see text] production in PbPb collisions at [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]

The nuclear modification factor [Formula: see text] and the azimuthal anisotropy coefficient [Formula: see text] of prompt and nonprompt (i.e. those from decays of b hadrons) [Formula: see text] mesons, measured from PbPb and pp collisions at [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] at the LHC, are reported. The results are presented in several event centrality intervals and several kinematic regions, for transverse momenta [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and rapidity [Formula: see text], extending down to [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] in the [Formula: see text] range. The [Formula: see text] of prompt [Formula: see text] is found to be nonzero, but with no strong dependence on centrality, rapidity, or [Formula: see text] over the full kinematic range studied. The measured [Formula: see text] of nonprompt [Formula: see text] is consistent with zero. The [Formula: see text] of prompt [Formula: see text] exhibits a suppression that increases from peripheral to central collisions but does not vary strongly as a function of either y or [Formula: see text] in the fiducial range. The nonprompt [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] shows a suppression which becomes stronger as rapidity or [Formula: see text] increases. The [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] of open and hidden charm, and of open charm and beauty, are compared.

Measurement of the WZ production cross section in pp collisions at [Formula: see text] and 8[Formula: see text] and search for anomalous triple gauge couplings at [Formula: see text]

The WZ production cross section is measured by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in proton-proton collision data samples corresponding to integrated luminosities of 4.9[Formula: see text] collected at [Formula: see text], and 19.6[Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text]. The measurements are performed using the fully-leptonic WZ decay modes with electrons and muons in the final state. The measured cross sections for [Formula: see text] are [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]. Differential cross sections with respect to the [Formula: see text] boson [Formula: see text], the leading jet [Formula: see text], and the number of jets are obtained using the [Formula: see text] data. The results are consistent with standard model predictions and constraints on anomalous triple gauge couplings are obtained.

Observation of Charge-Dependent Azimuthal Correlations in p-Pb Collisions and Its Implication for the Search for the Chiral Magnetic Effect

Charge-dependent azimuthal particle correlations with respect to the second-order event plane in p-Pb and PbPb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV have been studied with the CMS experiment at the LHC. The measurement is performed with a three-particle correlation technique, using two particles with the same or opposite charge within the pseudorapidity range |η|<2.4, and a third particle measured in the hadron forward calorimeters (4.4<|η|<5). The observed differences between the same and opposite sign correlations, as functions of multiplicity and η gap between the two charged particles, are of similar magnitude in p-Pb and PbPb collisions at the same multiplicities. These results pose a challenge for the interpretation of charge-dependent azimuthal correlations in heavy ion collisions in terms of the chiral magnetic effect.

Measurement of the [Formula: see text] production cross section using events in the [Formula: see text] final state in pp collisions at [Formula: see text]

The cross section of top quark-antiquark pair production in proton-proton collisions at [Formula: see text] is measured by the CMS experiment at the LHC, using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.2[Formula: see text]. The measurement is performed by analyzing events in which the final state includes one electron, one muon, and two or more jets, at least one of which is identified as originating from hadronization of a b quark. The measured cross section is [Formula: see text], in agreement with the expectation from the standard model.

Measurement of the production cross section of a W boson in association with two b jets in pp collisions at [Formula: see text]

The production cross section of a W boson in association with two b jets is measured using a sample of proton-proton collisions at [Formula: see text] collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 19.8[Formula: see text]. The W bosons are reconstructed via their leptonic decays, [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text]. The fiducial region studied contains exactly one lepton with transverse momentum [Formula: see text] and pseudorapidity [Formula: see text], with exactly two b jets with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and no other jets with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The cross section is measured to be [Formula: see text]+[Formula: see text], in agreement with standard model predictions.

Search for Dark Matter and Supersymmetry with a Compressed Mass Spectrum in the Vector Boson Fusion Topology in Proton-Proton Collisions at sqrt[s]=8 TeV

A first search for pair production of dark matter candidates through vector boson fusion in proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s]=8  TeV is performed with the CMS detector. The vector boson fusion topology enhances missing transverse momentum, providing a way to probe supersymmetry, even in the case of a compressed mass spectrum. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 18.5  fb^{-1}, recorded by the CMS experiment. The observed dijet mass spectrum is consistent with the standard model expectation. In an effective field theory, dark matter masses are explored as a function of contact interaction strength. The most stringent limit on bottom squark production with mass below 315 GeV is also reported, assuming a 5 GeV mass difference with respect to the lightest neutralino.

Measurements of the [Formula: see text] production cross section in lepton+jets final states in pp collisions at 8 [Formula: see text] and ratio of 8 to 7 [Formula: see text] cross sections

A measurement of the top quark pair production ([Formula: see text]) cross section in proton-proton collisions at the centre-of-mass energy of 8[Formula: see text] is presented using data collected with the CMS detector at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.6[Formula: see text]. This analysis is performed in the [Formula: see text] decay channels with one isolated, high transverse momentum electron or muon and at least four jets, at least one of which is required to be identified as originating from hadronization of a b quark. The calibration of the jet energy scale and the efficiency of b jet identification are determined from data. The measured [Formula: see text] cross section is [Formula: see text]. This measurement is compared with an analysis of 7[Formula: see text] data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.0[Formula: see text], to determine the ratio of 8[Formula: see text] to 7[Formula: see text] cross sections, which is found to be [Formula: see text]. The measurements are in agreement with QCD predictions up to next-to-next-to-leading order.

Predictors of Persistence of Risky Drinking in Adults: An 11-Year Follow-Up Study

AIM

To examine the long-term predictors of persistence of risky drinking in a baseline group of risky drinkers in whom alcohol use disorder had not been diagnosed.

METHODS

The data was derived from a representative sample of the Finnish adult population aged 30 years or more, surveyed at 2 time points in the years 2000 (n = 5,726) and 2011 (n = 3,848, 67.2% of the baseline sample). Risky drinking was defined using BSQF-measurement (for men, 21 standard UK drinks or more per week; for women 14+ drinks) and not having alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence. The sample of risky drinkers in baseline comprised 642 persons, of whom 380 (59.2%) people provided follow-up data. Multivariable logistic regression models were estimated to identify determinants of persistence of risky drinking.

RESULTS

The rate for persistence of risky drinking was 48.7%. Persistence was predicted by daily smoking, low physical activity, and male gender, whereas higher age and later onset of drinking predicted cessation of risky drinking. Daily smoking remained an independent predictor after adjusting for other risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS

Health behaviour predicts the persistence of risky drinking in a study population of adults aged 30 and over. These factors should be taken into account when assessing the long-term prognosis on risky drinking.

Measurement of dijet azimuthal decorrelation in pp collisions at [Formula: see text]

A measurement of the decorrelation of azimuthal angles between the two jets with the largest transverse momenta is presented for seven regions of leading jet transverse momentum up to 2.2[Formula: see text]. The analysis is based on the proton-proton collision data collected with the CMS experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of 8[Formula: see text] corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7[Formula: see text]. The dijet azimuthal decorrelation is caused by the radiation of additional jets and probes the dynamics of multijet production. The results are compared to fixed-order predictions of perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and to simulations using Monte Carlo event generators that include parton showers, hadronization, and multiparton interactions. Event generators with only two outgoing high transverse momentum partons fail to describe the measurement, even when supplemented with next-to-leading-order QCD corrections and parton showers. Much better agreement is achieved when at least three outgoing partons are complemented through either next-to-leading-order predictions or parton showers. This observation emphasizes the need to improve predictions for multijet production.

Decreasing adolescent drinking: Is there evidence of a continuation into future adult cohorts? APC analysis of adolescent drinking in Finland, 1983–2013

Aims: Unlike adults, abstaining has increased and regular use of alcohol has decreased among 12–16-year-olds over the past two decades. The paper studies whether these developments will be continued as the adolescent cohorts come of age. Methods: The Adolescent Health and Lifestyle Survey is a nationally representative monitoring system of the health habits of 12-, 14-, 16-, and 18-year-old Finns, conducted biannually between 1981 and 2013. The prevalence of alcohol use and drunkenness were measured for each 5-year cohort born in 1967–1995. Age-by-cohort trajectories and hierarchical age–period–cohort (APC) modeling were used to assess effects of age, period, and birth cohort. Results: Cohorts differentiate for underage drinking, but not at the age of 18. The younger cohorts postpone their drinking debut compared with older cohorts and thus age profiles are steeper than before. The most recent cohorts born in the 1990s, and the oldest cohorts born in 1967–71, have the highest prevalence in abstinence but drinking has been more prevalent for cohorts born in 1973–1989. APC modeling confirms significant cohort effects, but no significant decrease in drinking or drunkenness at the age of 18 years. Some of the changes can also be attributed to period effects. Conclusions: Despite the decrease in underage drinking in Finland, 18-year-olds continue to drink similarly from cohort to another. Postponing the onset of drinking has a preventive effect on alcohol-related harms, but a reduction in drinking among adult cohorts is not evident in the future.