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Schusterbauer V, Fischer JE, Gangl S, Schenzle L, Rinnofner C, Geier M, Sailer C, Glieder A, Thallinger GG. Whole Genome Sequencing Analysis of Effects of CRISPR/Cas9 in Komagataella phaffii: A Budding Yeast in Distress. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8100992. [PMID: 36294556 PMCID: PMC9605565 DOI: 10.3390/jof8100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The industrially important non-conventional yeast Komagataella phaffii suffers from low rates of homologous recombination, making site specific genetic engineering tedious. Therefore, genome editing using CRISPR/Cas represents a simple and efficient alternative. To characterize on- and off-target mutations caused by CRISPR/Cas9 followed by non-homologous end joining repair, we chose a diverse set of CRISPR/Cas targets and conducted whole genome sequencing on 146 CRISPR/Cas9 engineered single colonies. We compared the outcomes of single target CRISPR transformations to double target experiments. Furthermore, we examined the extent of possible large deletions by targeting a large genomic region, which is likely to be non-essential. The analysis of on-target mutations showed an unexpectedly high number of large deletions and chromosomal rearrangements at the CRISPR target loci. We also observed an increase of on-target structural variants in double target experiments as compared to single target experiments. Targeting of two loci within a putatively non-essential region led to a truncation of chromosome 3 at the target locus in multiple cases, causing the deletion of 20 genes and several ribosomal DNA repeats. The identified de novo off-target mutations were rare and randomly distributed, with no apparent connection to unspecific CRISPR/Cas9 off-target binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Schusterbauer
- bisy GmbH, Wuenschendorf 292, 8200 Hofstaetten, Austria
- Institute of Biomedical Imaging, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Sarah Gangl
- bisy GmbH, Wuenschendorf 292, 8200 Hofstaetten, Austria
| | - Lisa Schenzle
- bisy GmbH, Wuenschendorf 292, 8200 Hofstaetten, Austria
| | | | - Martina Geier
- bisy GmbH, Wuenschendorf 292, 8200 Hofstaetten, Austria
| | - Christian Sailer
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anton Glieder
- bisy GmbH, Wuenschendorf 292, 8200 Hofstaetten, Austria
| | - Gerhard G. Thallinger
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
- OMICS Center Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Stiftingtalstraße 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-873-5343
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Schluefter C, Albrecht M, Fischer JE, Georg S, Hoffmann K. Using retrospective process analysis to identify lessons learned from a community health initiative. Eur J Public Health 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz186.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
As the WHO-Health-in-all-Policies-concept suggests many of the health-related aspects of the social, physical and economic environments can be modified within the community setting. In reality, developing and implementing population-based health initiatives is often challenging for both communities and researchers. To guide future efforts of community health initiatives, we systematically analyzed challenges we encountered and the lessons learned.
We systematically reviewed daily logbooks, meeting minutes and press releases about the initiative to identify successes, unexpected challenges and barriers in its implementation. Comments from two reflective workshops held in the partner community identified additional areas of knowledge. Retrospective content analysis of these sources uncovered emerging process-related themes.
Success was evident in a high degree of citizen participation in initiative-related forums. Challenges included a greater need to a) develop a common vision before starting initiative activities, b) establish an effective collaboration between community residents and our team, c) create more transparent lines of communication, foster trust and better manage community expectations. Establishing a project office in the community for regular updates, trust building and partnering with a professional communication agency were key steps that helped turn some challenges into successes. Barriers identified were missing resources both within the community and our team, a limited time period and limited possibilities of reach into all systems within the community (e.g. kindergartens).
The use of the method of retrospective process analysis helped to uncover detailed insights into the operational implementation process of a community health initiative. These insights serve as a transfer of practical knowledge, which intends to enable researchers and practioneers within communities to plan and conduct their community health initiatives to large success.
Key messages
Analyzing the process of health initiatives retrospectively uncovers detailed insights into implementation processes and helps to understand successes, challenges and barriers of the initiative. Insights into the implementation process of health initiatives function as guidance to other researchers and practioneers to support future efforts in the field of community health.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schluefter
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Univeristy of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Albrecht
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Univeristy of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - J E Fischer
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Univeristy of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - S Georg
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Univeristy of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - K Hoffmann
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Univeristy of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Fischer JE, Glieder A. Current advances in engineering tools for Pichia pastoris. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 59:175-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Vogl T, Sturmberger L, Fauland PC, Hyden P, Fischer JE, Schmid C, Thallinger GG, Geier M, Glieder A. Methanol independent induction in
Pichia pastoris
by simple derepressed overexpression of single transcription factors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1037-1050. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyNAWI GrazGraz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
| | | | - Pia C. Fauland
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyNAWI GrazGraz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
| | - Patrick Hyden
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyNAWI GrazGraz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
| | - Jasmin E. Fischer
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyNAWI GrazGraz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
| | - Christian Schmid
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyNAWI GrazGraz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
| | - Gerhard G. Thallinger
- Institute of Computational BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
- OMICS Center GrazBioTechMed GrazGrazAustria
| | - Martina Geier
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH)GrazAustria
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyNAWI GrazGraz University of TechnologyGrazAustria
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Weninger A, Fischer JE, Raschmanová H, Kniely C, Vogl T, Glieder A. Expanding the CRISPR/Cas9 toolkit for Pichia pastoris with efficient donor integration and alternative resistance markers. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:3183-3198. [PMID: 29091307 PMCID: PMC5887973 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Komagataella phaffii (syn. Pichia pastoris) is one of the most commonly used host systems for recombinant protein expression. Achieving targeted genetic modifications had been hindered by low frequencies of homologous recombination (HR). Recently, a CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system has been implemented for P. pastoris enabling gene knockouts based on indels (insertion, deletions) via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) at near 100% efficiency. However, specifically integrating homologous donor cassettes via HR for replacement studies had proven difficult resulting at most in ∼20% correct integration using CRISPR/Cas9. Here, we demonstrate the CRISPR/Cas9 mediated integration of markerless donor cassettes at efficiencies approaching 100% using a ku70 deletion strain. The Ku70p is involved in NHEJ repair and lack of the protein appears to favor repair via HR near exclusively. While the absolute number of transformants in the Δku70 strain is reduced, virtually all surviving transformants showed correct integration. In the wildtype strain, markerless donor cassette integration was also improved up to 25-fold by placing an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) on the donor cassette. Alternative strategies for improving donor cassette integration using a Cas9 nickase variant or reducing off targeting associated toxicity using a high fidelity Cas9 variant were so far not successful in our hands in P. pastoris. Furthermore we provide Cas9/gRNA expression plasmids with a Geneticin resistance marker which proved to be versatile tools for marker recycling. The reported CRSIPR-Cas9 tools can be applied for modifying existing production strains and also pave the way for markerless whole genome modification studies in P. pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Weninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Hana Raschmanová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Kniely
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.,Bisy e.U., Wetzawinkel, Hofstätten/Raab, Austria
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Portela RM, Vogl T, Kniely C, Fischer JE, Oliveira R, Glieder A. Synthetic Core Promoters as Universal Parts for Fine-Tuning Expression in Different Yeast Species. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:471-484. [PMID: 27973777 PMCID: PMC5359585 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering experiments frequently require the fine-tuning of gene expression to balance and optimize protein levels of regulators or metabolic enzymes. A key concept of synthetic biology is the development of modular parts that can be used in different contexts. Here, we have applied a computational multifactor design approach to generate de novo synthetic core promoters and 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) for yeast cells. In contrast to upstream cis-regulatory modules (CRMs), core promoters are typically not subject to specific regulation, making them ideal engineering targets for gene expression fine-tuning. 112 synthetic core promoter sequences were designed on the basis of the sequence/function relationship of natural core promoters, nucleosome occupancy and the presence of short motifs. The synthetic core promoters were fused to the Pichia pastoris AOX1 CRM, and the resulting activity spanned more than a 200-fold range (0.3% to 70.6% of the wild type AOX1 level). The top-ten synthetic core promoters with highest activity were fused to six additional CRMs (three in P. pastoris and three in Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Inducible CRM constructs showed significantly higher activity than constitutive CRMs, reaching up to 176% of natural core promoters. Comparing the activity of the same synthetic core promoters fused to different CRMs revealed high correlations only for CRMs within the same organism. These data suggest that modularity is maintained to some extent but only within the same organism. Due to the conserved role of eukaryotic core promoters, this rational design concept may be transferred to other organisms as a generic engineering tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui M.
C. Portela
- REQUIMTE/LAQV,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute
for Molecular Biotechnology, NAWI Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Kniely
- Institute
for Molecular Biotechnology, NAWI Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jasmin E. Fischer
- Institute
for Molecular Biotechnology, NAWI Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rui Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute
for Molecular Biotechnology, NAWI Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse 14/2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Loerbroks A, Cho SI, Dollard M, Zou J, Fischer JE, Jiang Y, Angerer P, Herr R, Li J. Associations between work stress and suicidal ideation: pooled findings from six cross-sectional studies. Gesundheitswesen 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1586558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Brandes V, Terris DD, Fischer C, Loerbroks A, Jarczok MN, Ottowitz G, Titscher G, Fischer JE, Thayer JF. Rezeptive Musiktherapie als adjuvante oder alternative Behandlungsoption bei peripartaler Depression. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1566542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Koenig J, Windham BG, Ferrucci L, Sonntag D, Fischer JE, Thayer JF, Jarczok MN. Association Strength of Three Adiposity Measures with Autonomic Nervous System Function in Apparently Healthy Employees. J Nutr Health Aging 2015; 19:879-82. [PMID: 26482688 PMCID: PMC6121712 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-015-0508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association of different measures of central (abdominal) and overall adiposity with autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, indexed by heart rate variability (HRV), in apparently healthy human adults. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS Cross-sectional data of 8,538 participants (20% female, age: 41 ± 11 years, body mass index (BMI): 24 ± 4 kg/m2, waist circumference (WC): 91 ± 12 cm, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR): 0.45 ± 0.08) were available for analysis. RESULTS All measures of adiposity were inversely correlated with vagally-mediated HRV indexed by RMSSD (all p<0.001). Strongest associations were found with WC and RMSSD (r = -0.29). Associations were stronger in males (WC r = -0.32) than in females (WC r = -0.23). Partial correlations revealed the same pattern for RMSSD (WC all pcc = -0.12 p<0.001; WC male pcc = -0.14 p<0.001; WC female pcc = -0.06 p<0.05). Correlation strength of BMI and WHtR with RMSSD were similar and significantly weaker compared to WC (p < .001) in unadjusted analysis. Overall, nonparametric Kendall's τb led to the same conclusions. CONCLUSION The present data supports previous findings, that HRV is related to measures of adiposity in healthy individuals. In line with previous research, we found that WC is more strongly related to measures of HRV, indicating that WC best captures adiposity related risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Koenig
- J. Koenig, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,
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10
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Standley CJ, Sorrell EM, Kornblet S, Vaught A, Fischer JE, Katz R. Public health. Linking funds to actions for global health emergencies. Science 2015; 348:762-3. [PMID: 25977540 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa5521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C J Standley
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - E M Sorrell
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - S Kornblet
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - A Vaught
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - J E Fischer
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - R Katz
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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Jarczok MN, Koenig J, Mauss D, Fischer JE, Thayer JF. Lower heart rate variability predicts increased level of C-reactive protein 4 years later in healthy, nonsmoking adults. J Intern Med 2014; 276:667-71. [PMID: 25141771 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) have been implicated in a number of conditions including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Consistent with the inflammatory reflex termed the 'cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway', numerous cross-sectional studies have demonstrated negative associations between vmHRV and inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP). The only prospective study, however, showed the opposite: higher CRP at baseline predicted higher high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) at follow-up. Thus, additional studies are needed to examine the prospective association between vmHRV and CRP. METHODS Healthy employees participated in a voluntary on-site health assessment. Blood samples and ambulatory heart rate recordings were obtained, and night-time HF-HRV was calculated. Useable heart rate data were available in 2007 for 106 nonsmoking employees (9% women; age 44.4 ± 8 years), all of whom returned for an identical follow-up health assessment in 2011. Bootstrapped (500 replications) bivariate (r) and partial Pearson's correlations (ppc) adjusting for sex, age and body mass index at baseline (2007) were calculated. RESULTS Zero-order correlations indicated that higher HF-HRV was associated with lower levels of CRP at both time-points (2007: r = -0.19, P < 0.05; 2011: r = -0.34, P < 0.001). After adjustment, HF-HRV remained a significant predictor of CRP (ppc = -0.20, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In this study, we have provided in vivo support for the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in humans. Cardiac vagal modulation at baseline predicts level of CRP 4 years later. Our findings have important implications for the role of vmHRV as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Interventions targeted at vmHRV might be useful in the prevention of diseases associated with elevated systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Jarczok
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Hoffmann K, Bosle C, Mauss D, Fischer JE, Jarczok MN. Occupational determinants identify groups of non-utilizers of Health Prevention Programs - Results from the Mannheim Industrial Cohort Study (MICS). Eur J Public Health 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku151.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Schmidt B, Herr R, Sonntag D, Steffes S, Wondratschek V, Schneider M, Fischer JE. Associations of technological work demands with burnout and depressive symptoms – findings from two cross-sectional studies. Gesundheitswesen 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1387009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Schmidt B, Loerbroks A, Herr R, Jarczok MN, Bosch JA, Fischer JE. Associations between supportive leadership and employees' self-rated health in a German industrial cohort. Gesundheitswesen 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1354109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jarczok MN, Kleber M, Loerbroks A, Herr R, Hoffmann K, Schmidt B, Fischer JE, Benyamini Y, Thayer J. Mechanismen selbstbewerteter Gesundheit: Zum Zusammenhang der Aktivität des Autonomen Nervensystems mit selbstbewerteter Gesundheit und häufig verwendeten Biomarkern. Gesundheitswesen 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1354214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jarczok MN, Li J, Hoffmann K, Mauss D, Fischer JE, Koenig J, Schmidt B, Thayer JF. Vagal tone mediates the association between work stress and glycemic status: results from the Mannheim Industrial Cohort Study (MICS). Gesundheitswesen 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1354090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Jarczok M, Fischer JE, De Bock F. Rauchen bis kurz vor Bekanntwerden einer Schwangerschaft: Beeinträchtigung der Fitness im Kindergartenalter? Gesundheitswesen 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1322035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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De Bock F, Breitenstein L, Fischer JE. Effekt einer Ernährungsintervention mit Elterneinbezug auf das Ernährungsverhalten und die Körpermaße von Kindergartenkindern. Gesundheitswesen 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1283431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate aspects of practice ownership including debt on graduation, the time period between graduation and acquiring practice ownership and small business skills. METHODS A mail survey of 400 dentists with practice ownership, in New South Wales (NSW) and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), addressed demographics, setting up practice, technology and business management. Most respondents were male and nearly half had 20 years of practice ownership. RESULTS Dentists agreed with the need to be taught small business management skills. Average debt on graduation was AUD$18 000 and the figure was higher for post 1995 graduates. On average, it took five years to acquire some form of practice ownership, but nearly half acquired ownership within three years. Few favoured opening a new practice. Staff were the most frequently nominated contributors to a successful practice, with fees, profit and parking noted least frequently. CONCLUSIONS There was no question that these experienced dentists thought small business skills should be taught to the dental fraternity. Given the significance of staff to a successful practice, dentists may need to learn more about advanced human resource management including professional development and performance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Fischer
- Graduate College of Management, Southern Cross University, Coolangatta, Queensland
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Weiss M, Dullenkopf A, Fischer JE, Keller C, Gerber AC. Prospective randomized controlled multi-centre trial of cuffed or uncuffed endotracheal tubes in small children. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103:867-73. [PMID: 19887533 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aep290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of cuffed tracheal tubes (TTs) in small children is still controversial. The aim of this study was to compare post-extubation morbidity and TT exchange rates when using cuffed vs uncuffed tubes in small children. METHODS Patients aged from birth to 5 yr requiring general anaesthesia with TT intubation were included in 24 European paediatric anaesthesia centres. Patients were prospectively randomized into a cuffed TT group (Microcuff PET) and an uncuffed TT group (Mallinckrodt, Portex, Rüsch, Sheridan). Endpoints were incidence of post-extubation stridor and the number of TT exchanges to find an appropriate-sized tube. For cuffed TTs, minimal cuff pressure required to seal the airway was noted; maximal cuff pressure was limited at 20 cm H(2)O with a pressure release valve. Data are mean (SD). RESULTS A total of 2246 children were studied (1119/1127 cuffed/uncuffed). The age was 1.93 (1.48) yr in the cuffed and 1.87 (1.45) yr in the uncuffed groups. Post-extubation stridor was noted in 4.4% of patients with cuffed and in 4.7% with uncuffed TTs (P=0.543). TT exchange rate was 2.1% in the cuffed and 30.8% in the uncuffed groups (P<0.0001). Minimal cuff pressure required to seal the trachea was 10.6 (4.3) cm H(2)O. CONCLUSIONS The use of cuffed TTs in small children provides a reliably sealed airway at cuff pressures of <or=20 cm H(2)O, reduces the need for TT exchanges, and does not increase the risk for post-extubation stridor compared with uncuffed TTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weiss
- Department of Anaesthesia, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Borovicka J, Schönegg R, Hell M, Kradolfer D, Bauerfeind P, Dorta G, Netzer P, Binek J, Meyenberger C, Fischer JE, Spieler P. Is there an advantage to be gained from adding digital image cytometry of brush cytology to a standard biopsy protocol in patients with Barrett's esophagus? Endoscopy 2009; 41:409-14. [PMID: 19418394 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1214641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS The current gold standard in Barrett's esophagus monitoring consists of four-quadrant biopsies every 1-2 cm in accordance with the Seattle protocol. Adding brush cytology processed by digital image cytometry (DICM) may further increase the detection of patients with Barrett's esophagus who are at risk of neoplasia. The aim of the present study was to assess the additional diagnostic value and accuracy of DICM when added to the standard histological analysis in a cross-sectional multicenter study of patients with Barrett's esophagus in Switzerland. METHODS One hundred sixty-four patients with Barrett's esophagus underwent 239 endoscopies with biopsy and brush cytology. DICM was carried out on 239 cytology specimens. Measures of the test accuracy of DICM (relative risk, sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios) were obtained by dichotomizing the histopathology results (high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma vs. all others) and DICM results (aneuploidy/intermediate pattern vs. diploidy). RESULTS DICM revealed diploidy in 83% of 239 endoscopies, an intermediate pattern in 8.8%, and aneuploidy in 8.4%. An intermediate DICM result carried a relative risk (RR) of 12 and aneuploidy a RR of 27 for high-grade dysplasia/adenocarcinoma. Adding DICM to the standard biopsy protocol, a pathological cytometry result (aneuploid or intermediate) was found in 25 of 239 endoscopies (11%; 18 patients) with low-risk histology (no high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma). During follow-up of 14 of these 18 patients, histological deterioration was seen in 3 (21%). CONCLUSION DICM from brush cytology may add important information to a standard biopsy protocol by identifying a subgroup of BE-patients with high-risk cellular abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Borovicka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital, St Gall, Switzerland.
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Thayer JF, Fischer JE. Heart rate variability, overnight urinary norepinephrine and C-reactive protein: evidence for the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in healthy human adults. J Intern Med 2009; 265:439-47. [PMID: 19019182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.02023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES C-reactive protein (CRP) has been identified as an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in population-based studies. Recent advances have suggested a prominent role for the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the regulation of inflammation. However, no in vivo human studies have examined indices of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity simultaneously in relationship to inflammatory markers in apparently healthy adults. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the immunomodulatory effects of the ANS. METHODS AND RESULTS The study population comprised 611 apparently healthy employees of an airplane manufacturing plant in southern Germany. Urinary NE was positively associated with white blood cell count (WBC) in the total sample. We found an inverse association between indices of vagally mediated heart rate variability and plasma levels of (CRP), which was significantly larger in females than in males after controlling for relevant covariates including NE. Similar results were found using the percentage of interbeat interval differences >50 ms and WBC. CONCLUSIONS We report here for the first time, in a large sample of healthy human adults, evidence supporting the hypothesis of a clinically relevant cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway after controlling for sympathetic nervous system activity. This suggests an important role for the vagal control of systemic inflammatory activity in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Thayer
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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von Känel R, Preckel D, Kudielka BM, Fischer JE. Responsiveness and habituation of soluble ICAM-1 to acute psychosocial stress in men: determinants and effect of stress-hemoconcentration. Physiol Res 2006; 56:627-639. [PMID: 17184150 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.931037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the psychophysiology of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in 25 apparently healthy middle-aged men who underwent an acute psychosocial stressor three times with one week apart. Measures of the biological stress response were obtained at week one and three. The magnitude of the sICAM-1 stress response showed no habituation between individual visits. At week one, cognitive stress appraisal independently predicted integrated sICAM-1 area under the curve (AUC) between rest, immediately post-stress, and 45 min and 105 min post-stress (beta=0.67, p=0.012, deltaR(2)=0.41). Diastolic blood pressure AUC (beta=-0.45, p=0.048, deltaR(2)=0.21) and heart rate AUC (beta=0.44, p=0.055, deltaR(2)=0.21) were independent predictors of sICAM-1 AUC at week three. Adjustment for hemoconcentration yielded a decrease in sICAM-1 levels from rest to post-stress (p<0.001). Stress responsiveness of plasma sICAM-1 was predicted by stress perception and hemodynamic reactivity and affected by stress-hemoconcentration but unrelated to cortisol reactivity and not readily adapting to repeated stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- R von Känel
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital/Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Fischer
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Abstract
Formation of enteric fistulas frequently complicates the open abdomen in patients who have sustained traumatic injury. The post-traumatic subset of patients with enterocutaneous fistula enjoy better than average recovery. To optimize this recovery, a systematic management approach is required. Patients must first be stabilized with nutritional support, control of sepsis, and special wound management systems to prevent further deterioration of the abdominal wall. Investigation of the origin, course, and characteristics of the fistula provides information about its likelihood to close without operation. Definitive operative therapy may be necessary to resolve the fistula and close the abdominal wall. Finally, healing support includes nutritional support and physical and occupational therapies to restore patients to pre-injury states.
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Abstract
The current-bias (I-V) characteristics at various temperatures, T, of focused-ion-beam (FIB)-deposited Pt contacts on GaN nanowires evolves from low-resistance ohmic (linear I-V) to rectifying as the diameter increases, and both exhibit strongly nonmetallic T-dependence. The small-diameter (66 nm) T-dependent resistance is explained by two-dimensional variable range hopping with a small characteristic energy, ensuring low resistance at 300 K. For large diameters (184 nm), back-to-back Schottky barriers explain the nonlinear I-V at all T values and permit an estimate of doping concentration from the bias-dependent barrier height. Both behaviors can be understood by accounting for the role of FIB-induced amorphization of GaN underneath the contact, as confirmed by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6272, USA
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Needham I, Abderhalden C, Halfens RJG, Dassen T, Haug HJ, Fischer JE. The effect of a training course in aggression management on mental health nurses' perceptions of aggression: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud 2004; 42:649-55. [PMID: 15982464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2004.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2004] [Revised: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nurses' attitudes towards patient aggression may influence their behaviour towards patients. Thus, their enhanced capacity to cope with aggressive patients may nurture more positive attitudes and alleviate adverse feelings emanating from patient aggression. This cluster randomised controlled trial conducted on six psychiatric wards tested the hypotheses that a 5 day training course in aggression management would positively influence the following outcome measures: Nurses' perception and tolerance towards patient aggression and resultant adverse feelings. A repeated measures design was employed to monitor change. No effect was found. The short time frame between the training course and the follow up measurement or non-responsiveness of the measurement instruments may explain this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Needham
- Head of Research Unit, University of Applied Science, Route des Cliniques 15, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Needham I, Abderhalden C, Meer R, Dassen T, Haug HJ, Halfens RJG, Fischer JE. The effectiveness of two interventions in the management of patient violence in acute mental inpatient settings: report on a pilot study. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2004; 11:595-601. [PMID: 15450028 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2004.00767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Systematic risk assessment and training courses have been suggested as interventions to deal with patient violence in psychiatric institutions. A dual centre prospective feasibility study was conducted on two Swiss psychiatric admission wards to test the hypothesis that such interventions will reduce the frequency and severity of violent events and coercion. A systematic aggression risk assessment, in combination with a standardized training course in aggression management was administered and the frequency and severity of aggressive incidents and the frequency of coercive measures were registered. The incidence rates of aggressive incidents and attacks showed no significant reduction from the baseline through risk prediction and staff training, but the drop in coercive measures was highly significant. A 'ward effect' was detected with one ward showing a decline in attacks with unchanged incidence rates of coercion and the other ward showing the opposite. The severity of the incidents remained unchanged whilst the subjective severity declined after the training course. We conclude that a systematic risk assessment and a training course may assist in reducing the incidence rate of coercive measures on psychiatric acute admission wards. Further testing of the interventions is necessary to measure the effect of the training alone and to counteract 'ward effects'.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Needham
- University Berne Psychiatric Services, Berne, Switzerland.
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Wirtz PH, von Känel R, Rohleder N, Fischer JE. Monocyte proinflammatory cytokine release is higher and glucocorticoid sensitivity is lower in middle aged men than in women independent of cardiovascular risk factors. Heart 2004; 90:853-8. [PMID: 15253951 PMCID: PMC1768364 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2002.003426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether stimulated monocyte cytokine release and its inhibition by glucocorticoids differs between men and women. DESIGN In vitro monocyte interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) release after lipopolysaccharide stimulation were assessed with and without co-incubation with increasing doses of dexamethasone and hydrocortisone separately. Glucocorticoid sensitivity was defined as the amount of a particular glucocorticoid required to inhibit lipopolysaccharide stimulated monocyte cytokine release by 50%. The established cardiovascular risk factors of age, body mass index, number of cigarettes smoked daily, low density cholesterol to high density cholesterol ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and haemoglobin A1c were used as covariates. SETTING Aircraft manufacturing plant in southern Germany. PATIENTS 269 middle aged male and 36 middle aged female employees. RESULTS Release of monocyte IL-6 and TNFalpha (each p = 0.001) was higher in samples from men than in those from women. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide stimulated IL-6 and TNFalpha release by either glucocorticoid was less pronounced in samples from men than in those from women (IL-6: dexamethasone p = 0.033, hydrocortisone p = 0.029; TNFalpha: dexamethasone p < 0.001, hydrocortisone p = 0.089). CONCLUSIONS The finding suggests that proinflammatory activity of circulating monocytes is higher in men than in women independent of cardiovascular risk factors, thereby providing one explanation for the relatively greater coronary risk in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Wirtz
- Institute of Clinical Psychology II, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abderhalden C, Needham I, Miserez B, Almvik R, Dassen T, Haug HJ, Fischer JE. Predicting inpatient violence in acute psychiatric wards using the Brøset-Violence-Checklist: a multicentre prospective cohort study. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2004; 11:422-7. [PMID: 15255916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2004.00733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Norwegian Brøset-Violence-Checklist (BVC) is one of the few instruments that is suitable for short-term prediction of violence of psychiatric inpatients by nursing staff in routine care. The instrument assesses the presence or absence of six behaviours or states frequently observed before a violent incident. We conducted a study to elucidate whether the predictive properties of the BVC are retained in other psychiatric settings than the original north-Norwegian validation dataset. During their admission period, 219 consecutive patients admitted to six acute psychiatric wards were assessed as to the risk for attack using a German version of the BVC (BVC-G). Data on preventive measures were concurrently collected. Aggressive incidents were registered using an instrument equivalent to the Staff Observation of Aggression Scale (SOAS-R). Fourteen attacks towards staff were observed with incident severity ranging from 5 to 18 of a possible 22 points. BVC-G sensitivity was 64.3%, the specificity 93.9%, the positive predictive value 11.1%, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.88. In some false positive cases intense preventive measures had been implemented. The predictive accuracy of the BVC-G proved consistent with the Norwegian original.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Abderhalden
- Nursing and Social Educatio Research Unit, University Berne Psychiatric Services, Bolligenstrasse, CH-300 Bern 60, Switzerland.
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Needham I, Abderhalden C, Dassen T, Haug HJ, Fischer JE. The perception of aggression by nurses: psychometric scale testing and derivation of a short instrument. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2004; 11:36-42. [PMID: 14723637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2004.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Patient aggression is a serious problem in psychiatric nursing. Nurses' attitudes towards aggression have been identified as mediating the choice of nursing interventions. To date, investigations are lacking which elucidate the stability of one of the few scales for measuring the attitude of aggression. This study aimed to investigate the test-retest stability of the Perception of Aggression Scale and to derive a shortened version. In order to test the reliability of the Perception of Aggression Scale items, three groups of psychiatric nurses were requested to fill in the Perception of Aggression Scale twice (30 student nurses after 4 days, 32 qualified nurses after 14 days and 36 qualified nurses after 70 days). We derived the shortened version from an independent data set obtained from 729 psychiatry nurses using principal component analysis, aiming to maximize parsimony and Cronbach's alpha. Amongst competing short versions, we selected those with the highest reliability at 70 or 14 day retest. A scale using 12 of the original 32 items was derived yielding alphas of r = 0.69 and r = 0.67 for the two POAS factors with retest reliabilities of r = 0.76 and r = 0.77. The shortened scale offers a practical and viable alternative to the longer version.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Needham
- School of Nursing, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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32
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Abstract
Klassische Risikofaktoren wie Rauchen, erhöhter Blutdruck oder Cholesterinspiegel erklären nur einen Teil der Varianz des kardiovaskulären Risikos. Arbeitsbedingte psychosoziale Belastungen wie etwa hoher Termindruck, geringer Entscheidungsspielraum, ungünstiges Betriebsklima bestehen oft über lange Zeit. Arbeitsbedingte Belastungen könnten über die biologische Stressreaktion direkt biologische Risikofaktoren wie etwa Blutdruck verändern oder aber indirekt über eine Modifikation des Gesundheitsverhaltens. Epidemiologische Untersuchungen legen eine Assoziation zwischen berufsbedingten Belastungen und dem Risiko kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen nahe. Das allgemeine Stressmodell von Allostase und allostatischer Last unterscheidet die nützliche akute Anpassungsreaktion zur Vorbereitung auf Kampf oder Flucht (Allostase) und die biologischen Folgen wiederholter oder fehlregulierter Anpassungsreaktionen (allostatische Last). Das Modell erlaubt, sowohl die Wirkung arbeitsbedingter psychosozialer Belastungen auf die primäre Stressreaktion zu untersuchen (Abnahme des vagalen Tonus, Aktivierung von Symphatikus und Cortisolsekretion) als auch die von der Anpassungsreaktion regulierten biologischen Prozesse. Erste Longitudinalstudien zeigen einen Zusammenhang zwischen hoher allostatischer Last und ungünstigem Outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Fischer
- Institut für Verhaltenswissenschaft, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich.
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Xiong Q, Gupta R, Adu KW, Dickey EC, Lian GD, Tham D, Fischer JE, Eklund PC. Raman spectroscopy and structure of crystalline gallium phosphide nanowires. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2003; 3:335-339. [PMID: 14598449 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2003.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Gallium phosphide nanowires with a most probable diameter of approximately 20.0 nm and more than 10 microns in length have been synthesized by pulsed laser vaporization of a heated GaP/5% Au target. The morphology and microstructure of GaP nanowires have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Twins have been observed along the crystalline nanowires, which have a growth direction of [111]. Raman scattering shows a 4 cm-1 downshift of the longitudinal optical phonon peak in the nanowire with respect to the bulk; the transverse optical phonon frequency and line width are, however, the same as in the bulk. The quantum confinement model first proposed by Richter et al. cannot explain the observed behavior of the Raman modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihua Xiong
- Department of Physics, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Largo RH, Fischer JE, Rousson V. Neuromotor development from kindergarten age to adolescence: developmental course and variability. Swiss Med Wkly 2003; 133:193-9. [PMID: 12811675 DOI: 2003/13/smw-09883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal course of neuromotor development is described from 5 to 18 years of age. The data have been collected by use of the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment, a standardized testing procedure in which distinct motor tasks are judged with regard to timed performance and movement quality (associated movements of the contralateral and ipsilateral extremity, face, head and body). In the Zurich Growth and Development Studies, norms for these motor tasks have been established in 662 children and adolescents from middle class families. Neuromotor development is not a phenotypic entity, but evolves from motor functions of different complexity. With regard to timed performance and movement quality developmental course, gender differences and laterality vary considerably over age and among motor tasks. Thus, for a reliable assessment of the neuronotor developmental status in children, a standardized test instrument, well-trained examiners and normative data are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Largo
- Department of Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
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Largo RH, Fischer JE, Rousson V. Neuromotor development from kindergarten age to adolescence: developmental course and variability. Swiss Med Wkly 2003; 133:193-9. [PMID: 12811675 DOI: 10.4414/smw.2003.09883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal course of neuromotor development is described from 5 to 18 years of age. The data have been collected by use of the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment, a standardized testing procedure in which distinct motor tasks are judged with regard to timed performance and movement quality (associated movements of the contralateral and ipsilateral extremity, face, head and body). In the Zurich Growth and Development Studies, norms for these motor tasks have been established in 662 children and adolescents from middle class families. Neuromotor development is not a phenotypic entity, but evolves from motor functions of different complexity. With regard to timed performance and movement quality developmental course, gender differences and laterality vary considerably over age and among motor tasks. Thus, for a reliable assessment of the neuronotor developmental status in children, a standardized test instrument, well-trained examiners and normative data are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Largo
- Department of Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
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Vavro J, Llaguno MC, Fischer JE, Ramesh S, Saini RK, Ericson LM, Davis VA, Hauge RH, Pasquali M, Smalley RE. Thermoelectric power of p-doped single-wall carbon nanotubes and the role of phonon drag. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:065503. [PMID: 12633300 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.065503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We measured thermoelectric power S of bulk single-wall carbon nanotube materials p doped with acids. In contrast to oxygen-exposed or degassed samples, S is very small at the lowest temperatures, increases superlinearly above a characteristic and sample-dependent T, and then levels off. We attribute this unusual behavior to 1D phonon drag, in which the depression of the Fermi energy cuts off electron-phonon scattering at temperatures below a characteristic T0. This idea is supported by a model calculation in which the low temperature behavior of phonon drag is specifically related to the one-dimensional character of the electronic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vavro
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272, USA
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Haggenmuller R, Zhou W, Fischer JE, Winey KI. Production and characterization of polymer nanocomposites with highly aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2003; 3:105-110. [PMID: 12908237 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2003.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the production and characterization of polymer nanocomposites with single-walled carbon nanotubes having improved mechanical properties and exceptional nanotube alignment. High-pressure carbon monoxide nanotubes (HiPco) were efficiently distributed in polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE) with a twin-screw compounder. Nanotube concentrations were 1, 5, 10, and 20 wt% in PE composites and 0.7 wt% in PS composites. PE composites were melt-spun into fibers to achieve highly aligned nanotubes. Polarized Raman spectroscopy shows that the degree of alignment increases with decreasing fiber diameter and decreases with increasing nanotube loading. The orientation distribution function of a 1 wt% HiPco/PE composite had a full width at half-maximum of approximately 5 degrees. The elastic modulus increases up to 450% relative to PE fibers for 20 wt% nanotube loading at an intermediate fiber diameter of 100 microns.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Haggenmuller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Coercive measures in psychiatry,although in many cases effective in violence management and injury reduction, have been criticised from a consumerist point of view. METHOD A questionnaire regarding coercive facilities and procedures was dispatched to the charge nurses of 86 acute psychiatric admission wards in German speaking Switzerland covering a catchment area of 75% of the Swiss population. RESULTS 95% of all wards responded rendering the survey representative. The majority of wards have seclusion rooms and 55% of charge nurses perceive seclusion facilities as adequate. Two to twenty staff members are involved in overwhelming dangerous patients and some discontent is expressed at the haphazard fashion in which such events occur. Almost 70% of the wards use a form for reporting, 42 % of wards keep statistics on violent incidents and 17% of wards have access to these data. Of all wards 84% register injections against patients' will, 83% seclusion, and 78% mechanical restraint and a minority of wards register the coercive administration of oral medication, forced nutrition, threats of coercive measures in case of pharmacological non-compliance. DISCUSSION Isolation, the coercive administration of medicine and restraint techniques are sensitive forms of treatment. Deficits reported by the charge nurses point to the need for enhanced facilities and improved forms of coercion management such as training in the use of mechanical restraints and the overwhelming of dangerous patients. CONCLUSION The data show considerable differences in the facilities, the use, and the recording of coercive measures in the area under scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Needham
- Kantonale Psychiatric Hospital, CH-9500 Wil, Switzerland.
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Needham I, Abderhalden C, Dassen T, Haug HJ, Fischer JE. Coercive procedures and facilities in Swiss psychiatry. Swiss Med Wkly 2002; 132:253-8. [PMID: 12148079 DOI: 10.4414/smw.2002.09926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coercive measures in psychiatry,although in many cases effective in violence management and injury reduction, have been criticised from a consumerist point of view. METHOD A questionnaire regarding coercive facilities and procedures was dispatched to the charge nurses of 86 acute psychiatric admission wards in German speaking Switzerland covering a catchment area of 75% of the Swiss population. RESULTS 95% of all wards responded rendering the survey representative. The majority of wards have seclusion rooms and 55% of charge nurses perceive seclusion facilities as adequate. Two to twenty staff members are involved in overwhelming dangerous patients and some discontent is expressed at the haphazard fashion in which such events occur. Almost 70% of the wards use a form for reporting, 42 % of wards keep statistics on violent incidents and 17% of wards have access to these data. Of all wards 84% register injections against patients' will, 83% seclusion, and 78% mechanical restraint and a minority of wards register the coercive administration of oral medication, forced nutrition, threats of coercive measures in case of pharmacological non-compliance. DISCUSSION Isolation, the coercive administration of medicine and restraint techniques are sensitive forms of treatment. Deficits reported by the charge nurses point to the need for enhanced facilities and improved forms of coercion management such as training in the use of mechanical restraints and the overwhelming of dangerous patients. CONCLUSION The data show considerable differences in the facilities, the use, and the recording of coercive measures in the area under scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Needham
- Kantonale Psychiatric Hospital, CH-9500 Wil, Switzerland.
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Stern LE, Nussbaum MS, Quinlan JG, Fischer JE. Long-term evaluation of extended thymectomy with anterior mediastinal dissection for myasthenia gravis. Surgery 2001; 130:774-8; discussion 778-80. [PMID: 11602911 DOI: 10.1067/msy.2001.116674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymectomy for the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG) is well established. The extent of resection, however, remains a source for debate. Outcomes for newer surgical techniques need to be compared to more extensive procedures. METHODS A retrospective review was done of 64 consecutive patients who underwent transsternal thymectomy with extended anterior mediastinal dissection for MG between 1979 and 2000 and who were operated on by a single surgeon. RESULTS Fifty-six patient charts were available, providing 58 operative procedures. Three patients had died of unrelated causes. The mean age of symptom onset was 36.0 +/- 2.5 years, with a mean duration of 3.3 +/- 0.5 years until surgery was undertaken. The mean length of follow-up was 6.8 +/- 0.8 years. Operative procedures were associated with a 10.3% major morbidity rate and no mortality. Drug-free remission was achieved in 50.0% of the patients, and symptoms were absent or improved in 76.8% of the patients. Patients followed up long-term (>10 years) achieved the greatest remission rate (71.4%) and symptomatic improvement (85.7%). After thymectomy, the mean dosages of prednisone and Mestinon decreased by 69.3% and 58.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Extended thymectomy provides excellent overall symptom improvement, which is enhanced over time. This review provides a basis for long-term comparison with other less invasive and perhaps less extensive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Stern
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0558, USA
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Fischer JE. Current status of the National Practitioner Data Bank. Bull Am Coll Surg 2001; 86:20-4, 47. [PMID: 17387971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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Weiss M, Hartmann K, Fischer JE, Gerber AC. Use of angulated video-intubation laryngoscope in children undergoing manual in-line neck stabilization. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87:453-8. [PMID: 11517131 DOI: 10.1093/bja/87.3.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal views obtained during direct laryngoscopy with and without manual in-line neck stabilization (MILNS) and during video-assisted intubation with MILNS using the angulated video-intubation laryngoscope were assessed in 100 paediatric patients (aged 0.25-17.3 yr). Visualization of the larynx (Cormack and Lehane score) as well as time taken for video-assisted tracheal intubation by six nurses and four resident anaesthetists not experienced in the technique were recorded. Cormack and Lehane scores were significantly worse during direct laryngoscopy when MILNS was applied. Video-assisted visualization of the larynx during MILNS produced scores, which were as good or better than those observed during direct laryngoscopy alone. Intubation times ranged from 19-75 s (mean 35 (SD 13.4); median 32).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weiss
- Department of Anaesthesia , University Children's Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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McCarter FD, James JH, Luchette FA, Wang L, Friend LA, King JK, Evans JM, George MA, Fischer JE. Adrenergic blockade reduces skeletal muscle glycolysis and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity during hemorrhage. J Surg Res 2001; 99:235-44. [PMID: 11469892 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that hyperlactatemia in shock may reflect accelerated aerobic glycolysis linked to activity of the Na(+), K(+)-ATPase rather than hypoxia. Epinephrine stimulates glycolysis in resting muscle largely by stimulating Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity. This study evaluates the effects of hemorrhagic shock, with and without combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade, on lactate production, glycogenolysis, Na(+)-K(+) pump activity, and high-energy phosphates in rat skeletal muscle. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats in four treatment groups were studied: unhemorrhaged control not receiving blockers (CN), controls receiving blockers (CB), shocked animals not receiving blockers (SN), and shocked rats receiving blockers (SB). Shocked rats (SN and SB) were bled to a MAP of 40 mm Hg, maintained for 60 min. Blocker groups (CB and SB) received propranolol and phenoxybenzamine. Arterial blood was drawn for plasma lactate, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and gas analysis. Lactate, glycogen, glucose 6-phosphate, ATP, phosphocreatine, and intracellular Na(+) and K(+) were determined in extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles. For comparison, muscles were exposed to epinephrine and/or ouabain in vitro. RESULTS With the exception of P(a)CO(2), HCO(3), and base excess in the SN group, no significant differences in arterial blood gas parameters were noted. Adrenergic blockade significantly reduced plasma lactate concentration. In shocked rats, adrenergic blockade significantly reduced muscle lactate and glucose 6-phosphate accumulation. Intracellular Na(+):K(+) ratio was decreased in SN rats, implying increased Na(+)-K(+) pump activity. Adrenergic blockade raised the intracellular Na(+):K(+) ratio in shocked animals, implying decreased pump activity. Epinephrine exposure in vitro stimulated muscle lactate production, raised glucose 6-phosphate content, and significantly reduced soleus phosphocreatine stores. CONCLUSIONS Neither hypoxia nor defective oxidative metabolism appeared responsible for increased glycolysis during hemorrhagic shock. Adrenergic blockade concurrently reduced plasma lactate, muscle levels of lactate and glucose 6-phosphate, and muscle Na(+)-K(+) pump activity during shock. Rapid skeletal muscle aerobic glycolysis in response to increased plasma epinephrine levels may be an important contributor to increased glycolysis in muscle and increased plasma lactate during hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D McCarter
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Fischer JE. What we can and can't do: one surgeon's perspective. Bull Am Coll Surg 2001; 86:19-23. [PMID: 17387979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Fischer
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood sampling from arterial lines is a frequent event in anesthesia and critical care. To avoid clot formation, both the stopcock outlet and the cannula must be flushed after sampling. We investigated in a bench experiment whether fluid flow through the cannula is affected by the sequence of flushing procedures. METHODS Continuity of fluid delivery from a vascular cannula was gravimetrically determined using two different flushing techniques with either a syringe pump flush system or a bag flush system. The procedures comprised first flushing the stopcock towards the cannula and then towards the stopcock sampling outlet or the reverse order. Experiments were repeated in triplicate and two sets for each flushing system at hydrostatic pressures of 37 mm Hg and 74 mm Hg. RESULTS The main finding of the study was that flushing the stopcock towards the outlet after flushing the cannula resulted in considerable retrograde aspiration volumes and zero flow times, in particular in combination with syringe pump flush systems. At a hydrostatic pressure of 74 mm Hg, the observed zero flow time at the cannula tip amounted to (mean+/-SD) 0.1+/-0.01 min with the bag flush system and 7.7+/-0.5 min with the syringe pump flush system. The related retrograde aspiration volumes were 2.2+/-0.7 microl with the bag system and 30.0+/-2.0 microl with the syringe pump system. No backflow was recorded when the stopcock was first flushed to ambient pressure and then afterwards towards the cannula. CONCLUSION Opening a flush system to ambient pressure affects the continuity of fluid delivery, particularly when using syringe pump flush systems. After blood sampling, the stopcock outlet should be flushed first followed by cannula flushing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weiss
- Research Group, Department of Intensive Care and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Koller M, Grütter R, Peltenburg M, Fischer JE, Steurer J. Use of the Internet by medical doctors in Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly 2001; 131:251-4. [PMID: 11420822 DOI: 10.4414/smw.2001.09719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY To investigate the utilisation of the Internet by primary care physicians for medical purposes during their daily practice, and to clarify the reasons for use or non-use of this technology. METHODS Cross-sectional postal survey in German-speaking Switzerland employing a purpose-designed pre-validated 69-item questionnaire. A random sample of 2009 primary care physicians participated in the investigation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number of primary care physicians with access to the Internet; reasons for using the Internet during consultations; sources of information in solving medical problems arising from concurrent patient care. RESULTS 55% of the physicians returned the completed questionnaire. 75% of respondents reported access to the Internet. Only 7% use the Internet during patient consultations. The main reasons for not using the Internet were time pressure and concerns about potential negative interaction with physician-patient communication. To solve patient-specific problems arising during daily practice, 59% of the practitioners consult text-books or colleagues. Only 14% of respondents report regularly finding useful information on the Internet. Internet users assess information quality by checking on authorship, institution, publishing company, or whether the information is sponsored by a third party with a potential conflict of interest. CONCLUSIONS Access to the Internet is widespread amongst German-speaking Swiss primary care physicians. Only a small minority use the Internet for information retrieval during consultation hours. Electronic information systems need to be tailored to the needs of primary care physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koller
- Horten-Zentrum, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY To investigate the utilisation of the Internet by primary care physicians for medical purposes during their daily practice, and to clarify the reasons for use or non-use of this technology. METHODS Cross-sectional postal survey in German-speaking Switzerland employing a purpose-designed pre-validated 69-item questionnaire. A random sample of 2009 primary care physicians participated in the investigation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number of primary care physicians with access to the Internet; reasons for using the Internet during consultations; sources of information in solving medical problems arising from concurrent patient care. RESULTS 55% of the physicians returned the completed questionnaire. 75% of respondents reported access to the Internet. Only 7% use the Internet during patient consultations. The main reasons for not using the Internet were time pressure and concerns about potential negative interaction with physician-patient communication. To solve patient-specific problems arising during daily practice, 59% of the practitioners consult text-books or colleagues. Only 14% of respondents report regularly finding useful information on the Internet. Internet users assess information quality by checking on authorship, institution, publishing company, or whether the information is sponsored by a third party with a potential conflict of interest. CONCLUSIONS Access to the Internet is widespread amongst German-speaking Swiss primary care physicians. Only a small minority use the Internet for information retrieval during consultation hours. Electronic information systems need to be tailored to the needs of primary care physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koller
- Horten-Zentrum, Zurich, Switzerland
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Shaikh KA, Fischer JE, Steurer J, Bachmann LM. [Tests and criteria in diagnosis of chronic hypotension--a systematic review]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2001; 90:613-26. [PMID: 11372259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of hypotensive circulatory disorders is based on a variety of criteria and classifications. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of published definitions and diagnostic criteria for hypotensive disorders. Searches for relevant papers were undertaken in Medline, Winspirs version (January 1966 to December 1999) and in textbooks of internal medicine. References of all identified articles were also searched. Publications in English, French, German and Italian were included. In 47 articles, 56 different reference were made to definitions and diagnostic criteria for hypotension. At present there is no uniform definition of hypotension and there are no clear, standardized criteria on which to base a diagnosis. Basically, one distinguishes between two schools of thought. The Anglo-American literature describes hypotensive disorders in terms of orthostatic dysregulation in the presence of an underlying primary condition, whereas the German-speaking countries use mixed approaches. On the one hand, the questionable pathological value of essential/primary hypotension is discussed; on the other hand, tests for orthostatic circulatory function, like the Schellong test, appear to have become established. Neither resting blood pressure limits nor a drop in blood pressure during orthostatic challenge can be used to diagnose hypotension. The orthostatic test is a better diagnostic tool than resting blood pressure. Hypotension is probably difficult to classify in simple terms because it is usually a symptom of numerous disorders hallmarked by a variety of pathophysiological mechanisms. Hypotension should indeed be understood as a secondary symptom of a primary disease. Accordingly, the primary aim of diagnostic efforts should be to uncover the underlying condition. The studies included were of insufficient methodological quality. Moreover, the heterogeneity among the individual studies made pooled analysis impossible. This systematic review revealed a marked lack of studies with valid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Shaikh
- Horten-Zentrum für praxisorientierte Forschung und Wissenstransfer, Bolleystrasse 40, 8091 Zürich
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Fischer JE. Current status of medicine in the USA: a personal perspective. J R Coll Surg Edinb 2001; 46:71-5. [PMID: 11329746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Fischer
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Bethesda Avenue, PO Box 670558, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0558, USA
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