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Sivori M, Dempsey B, Chettouh Z, Boismoreau F, Ayerdi M, Eymael A, Baulande S, Lameiras S, Coulpier F, Delattre O, Rohrer H, Mirabeau O, Brunet JF. The pelvic organs receive no parasympathetic innervation. eLife 2024; 12:RP91576. [PMID: 38488657 PMCID: PMC10942786 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The pelvic organs (bladder, rectum, and sex organs) have been represented for a century as receiving autonomic innervation from two pathways - lumbar sympathetic and sacral parasympathetic - by way of a shared relay, the pelvic ganglion, conceived as an assemblage of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we find that the mouse pelvic ganglion is made of four classes of neurons, distinct from both sympathetic and parasympathetic ones, albeit with a kinship to the former, but not the latter, through a complex genetic signature. We also show that spinal lumbar preganglionic neurons synapse in the pelvic ganglion onto equal numbers of noradrenergic and cholinergic cells, both of which therefore serve as sympathetic relays. Thus, the pelvic viscera receive no innervation from parasympathetic or typical sympathetic neurons, but instead from a divergent tail end of the sympathetic chains, in charge of its idiosyncratic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Sivori
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Bowen Dempsey
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie ParkSydneyAustralia
| | - Zoubida Chettouh
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Franck Boismoreau
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Maïlys Ayerdi
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Annaliese Eymael
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie ParkSydneyAustralia
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Institut Curie, PSL University, ICGex Next-Generation Sequencing PlatformParisFrance
| | - Sonia Lameiras
- Institut Curie, PSL University, ICGex Next-Generation Sequencing PlatformParisFrance
| | - Fanny Coulpier
- GenomiqueENS, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Département de biologie, École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSLParisFrance
- Inserm U955, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research (IMRB)CreteilFrance
| | - Olivier Delattre
- Institut Curie, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Diversity and Plasticity of Childhood Tumors LabParisFrance
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Dr. Senckenberg Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Olivier Mirabeau
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
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2
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Vermeiren S, Cabochette P, Dannawi M, Desiderio S, San José AS, Achouri Y, Kricha S, Sitte M, Salinas-Riester G, Vanhollebeke B, Brunet JF, Bellefroid EJ. Prdm12 represses the expression of the visceral neuron determinants Phox2a/b in developing somatosensory ganglia. iScience 2023; 26:108364. [PMID: 38025786 PMCID: PMC10663820 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prdm12 is a transcriptional regulator essential for the emergence of the somatic nociceptive lineage during sensory neurogenesis. The exact mechanisms by which Prdm12 promotes nociceptor development remain, however, poorly understood. Here, we report that the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia hypoplasia induced by the loss of Prdm12 involves Bax-dependent apoptosis and that it is accompanied by the ectopic expression of the visceral sensory neuron determinants Phox2a and Phox2b, which is, however, not sufficient to impose a complete fate switch in surviving somatosensory neurons. Mechanistically, our data reveal that Prdm12 is required from somatosensory neural precursors to early post-mitotic differentiating nociceptive neurons to repress Phox2a/b and that its repressive function is context dependent. Together, these findings reveal that besides its essential role in nociceptor survival during development, Prdm12 also promotes nociceptor fate via an additional mechanism, by preventing precursors from engaging into an alternate Phox2 driven visceral neuronal type differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vermeiren
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Pauline Cabochette
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Maya Dannawi
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Simon Desiderio
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Alba Sabaté San José
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Younes Achouri
- Transgenesis Platform, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Duve, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sadia Kricha
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Maren Sitte
- NGS Integrative Genomics, Department of Human Genetics at the University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas-Riester
- NGS Integrative Genomics, Department of Human Genetics at the University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benoit Vanhollebeke
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1024, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eric J. Bellefroid
- Department of Molecular Biology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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3
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Lowenstein ED, Ruffault PL, Misios A, Osman KL, Li H, Greenberg RS, Thompson R, Song K, Dietrich S, Li X, Vladimirov N, Woehler A, Brunet JF, Zampieri N, Kühn R, Liberles SD, Jia S, Lewin GR, Rajewsky N, Lever TE, Birchmeier C. Prox2 and Runx3 vagal sensory neurons regulate esophageal motility. Neuron 2023; 111:2184-2200.e7. [PMID: 37192624 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vagal sensory neurons monitor mechanical and chemical stimuli in the gastrointestinal tract. Major efforts are underway to assign physiological functions to the many distinct subtypes of vagal sensory neurons. Here, we use genetically guided anatomical tracing, optogenetics, and electrophysiology to identify and characterize vagal sensory neuron subtypes expressing Prox2 and Runx3 in mice. We show that three of these neuronal subtypes innervate the esophagus and stomach in regionalized patterns, where they form intraganglionic laminar endings. Electrophysiological analysis revealed that they are low-threshold mechanoreceptors but possess different adaptation properties. Lastly, genetic ablation of Prox2 and Runx3 neurons demonstrated their essential roles for esophageal peristalsis in freely behaving mice. Our work defines the identity and function of the vagal neurons that provide mechanosensory feedback from the esophagus to the brain and could lead to better understanding and treatment of esophageal motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah D Lowenstein
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, CharitéUniversitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre-Louis Ruffault
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aristotelis Misios
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, CharitéUniversitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kate L Osman
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Huimin Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rachel S Greenberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca Thompson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kun Song
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Dietrich
- Development and Function of Neural Circuits, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xun Li
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikita Vladimirov
- Systems Biology Imaging, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew Woehler
- Systems Biology Imaging, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Niccolò Zampieri
- Development and Function of Neural Circuits, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Kühn
- Genome Engineering & Disease Models, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shiqi Jia
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gary R Lewin
- Molecular Physiology of Somatic Sensation, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Rajewsky
- Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Teresa E Lever
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, CharitéUniversitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Mitropoulou G, Gijs PJ, Koutsokera A, Sauty A, Blanchon S, Csajka C, Brunet JF, Resch G, Guery B, Von Garnier C. [Phage therapy for respiratory infections]. Rev Med Suisse 2022; 18:2150-2156. [PMID: 36382975 DOI: 10.53738/revmed.2022.18.804.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The crisis of antibiotic resistance represents a global public health challenge, affecting particularly patients with respiratory infections. The use of (bacterio)phages for the treatment of bacterial infections (phage therapy) seems safe but its effectiveness has not yet been proven by controlled clinical trials. Nevertheless, phage therapy is regaining interest, encouraged by published cases treated successfully with personalized phage combinations as well as significant advances at a preclinical level. Standardized approaches in phage production and treatment administration, as well as future translational studies, are needed to improve our understanding and explore the potential of phage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Mitropoulou
- Service de pneumologie, Département de médecine, Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois et Université de Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne
| | - Pieter-Jan Gijs
- Service de pneumologie, Département de médecine, Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois et Université de Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne
| | - Angela Koutsokera
- Service de pneumologie, Département de médecine, Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois et Université de Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne
| | - Alain Sauty
- Service de pneumologie, Département de médecine, Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois et Université de Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne
- Service de pneumologie, Réseau hospitalier neuchâtelois, 2000 Neuchâtel
| | - Sylvain Blanchon
- Unité de pneumologie et mucoviscidose pédiatrique, Service de pédiatrie, Département femme-mère-enfant, Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois et Université de Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne
| | - Chantal Csajka
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation en sciences pharmaceutiques cliniques, Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois, 1011 Lausanne
- Institut des sciences pharmaceutiques de Suisse occidentale, Université de Lausanne, Université de Genève, 1205 Genève
- Sciences pharmaceutiques cliniques, Université de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Centre de production cellulaire, Département des centres interdisciplinaires, Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois, 1011 Lausanne
| | - Grégory Resch
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation en sciences pharmaceutiques cliniques, Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois, 1011 Lausanne
- Institut des sciences pharmaceutiques de Suisse occidentale, Université de Lausanne, Université de Genève, 1205 Genève
| | - Benoit Guery
- Service des maladies infectieuses, Département de médecine, Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois et Université de Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne
| | - Christophe Von Garnier
- Service de pneumologie, Département de médecine, Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois et Université de Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne
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5
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Ben Amar D, Thoinet K, Villalard B, Imbaud O, Costechareyre C, Jarrosson L, Reynaud F, Novion Ducassou J, Couté Y, Brunet JF, Combaret V, Corradini N, Delloye-Bourgeois C, Castellani V. Environmental cues from neural crest derivatives act as metastatic triggers in an embryonic neuroblastoma model. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2549. [PMID: 35538114 PMCID: PMC9091272 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic malignant transformation is concomitant to organogenesis, often affecting multipotent and migratory progenitors. While lineage relationships between malignant cells and their physiological counterparts are extensively investigated, the contribution of exogenous embryonic signals is not fully known. Neuroblastoma (NB) is a childhood malignancy of the peripheral nervous system arising from the embryonic trunk neural crest (NC) and characterized by heterogeneous and interconvertible tumor cell identities. Here, using experimental models mimicking the embryonic context coupled to proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, we show that signals released by embryonic sympathetic ganglia, including Olfactomedin-1, induce NB cells to shift from a noradrenergic to mesenchymal identity, and to activate a gene program promoting NB metastatic onset and dissemination. From this gene program, we extract a core signature specifically shared by metastatic cancers with NC origin. This reveals non-cell autonomous embryonic contributions regulating the plasticity of NB identities and setting pro-dissemination gene programs common to NC-derived cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dounia Ben Amar
- University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MeLiS, CNRS UMR5284, INSERM U1314, NeuroMyoGene Institute, 69008, Lyon, France, 8 avenue Rockefeller
| | - Karine Thoinet
- University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MeLiS, CNRS UMR5284, INSERM U1314, NeuroMyoGene Institute, 69008, Lyon, France, 8 avenue Rockefeller
| | - Benjamin Villalard
- University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MeLiS, CNRS UMR5284, INSERM U1314, NeuroMyoGene Institute, 69008, Lyon, France, 8 avenue Rockefeller
| | - Olivier Imbaud
- University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MeLiS, CNRS UMR5284, INSERM U1314, NeuroMyoGene Institute, 69008, Lyon, France, 8 avenue Rockefeller
| | | | | | - Florie Reynaud
- University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MeLiS, CNRS UMR5284, INSERM U1314, NeuroMyoGene Institute, 69008, Lyon, France, 8 avenue Rockefeller
| | - Julia Novion Ducassou
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UMR BioSanté U1292, CNRS, CEA, FR2048 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- University Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UMR BioSanté U1292, CNRS, CEA, FR2048 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Combaret
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Léon Bérard Centre, Lyon, France
| | - Nadège Corradini
- Departments of Oncology and Clinical Research, Centre Léon Berard and Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Lyon, France
| | - Céline Delloye-Bourgeois
- University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MeLiS, CNRS UMR5284, INSERM U1314, NeuroMyoGene Institute, 69008, Lyon, France, 8 avenue Rockefeller.
| | - Valérie Castellani
- University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MeLiS, CNRS UMR5284, INSERM U1314, NeuroMyoGene Institute, 69008, Lyon, France, 8 avenue Rockefeller.
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6
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Bâlon P, Boissard G, Cailleau C, Belbeze S, Hubé D, Vincq C, Brunet JF, Lion F, Zornig C, Coftier A, Ollivier P. Relating mercury occurrence in soil gases at establishments hosting children to historical mercury-using activities in Paris, France. Sci Total Environ 2022; 814:152388. [PMID: 34915003 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Volatile pollutants from former industrial sites can degrade the buildings' indoor air quality that were built after the industrial activities. Since 2010, environmental assessments have been conducted in French establishments hosting sensitive populations identified as being on or near potentially contaminated former industrial sites. These projects are based on historical studies traditionally carried out as part of managing contaminated sites, to determine which substances should be analyzed. They pinpoint former activities likely to have stored or used pollutants. We show that the historical information collected is not effective in targeting sites with increased probability of mercury being present in soil gases. Environmental history has demonstrated the existence of large-scale artisanal contamination, both prior to and concomitant with the industrial era. Classic historical studies would not take into account artisanal activities, which are less documented than industrial activities. We carried out additional research for three schools located in three different Parisian districts. Although information on activities which could have emitted mercury was relatively imprecise (in terms of location, type and duration of activities) and uncertainties exist about the completeness of the archival documents available, our investigations identified several mercury-using activities that had not been identified during the classic historical study. However, we have shown that the number of activities identified does not provide information on how mercury has affected soil gas. Consequently, although a more extensive historical research improves knowledge about the presence of potential mercury-using activities, our study shows that a systematic analysis of mercury as part of the assessment of establishments hosting sensitive populations remains relevant. This approach should be applied to other cities around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Bâlon
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM - French Geological Survey), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009 - 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | - Geoffrey Boissard
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM - French Geological Survey), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009 - 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Claire Cailleau
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM - French Geological Survey), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009 - 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Stéphane Belbeze
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM - French Geological Survey), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009 - 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Daniel Hubé
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM - French Geological Survey), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009 - 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Christian Vincq
- Ministère de la Transition Ecologique (MTE - French Ministry for the Ecological Transition), Tour Sequoia, 92055 La Défense CEDEX, France
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM - French Geological Survey), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009 - 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Fabien Lion
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM - French Geological Survey), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009 - 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Clément Zornig
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM - French Geological Survey), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009 - 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Aline Coftier
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM - French Geological Survey), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009 - 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Patrick Ollivier
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM - French Geological Survey), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 36009 - 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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7
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Brunet JF, McNeil J, Jaeger Hintze L, Doucet É, Forest G. Interindividual differences in energy intake after sleep restriction: The role of personality and implicit attitudes toward food. Appetite 2021; 169:105844. [PMID: 34896388 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Sleep restriction (SR) often leads to an increase in energy intake (EI). However, large variability in EI after SR is often observed, which suggests that individual characteristics may affect food intake. The objective of this study was to explore the influence of characteristics generally associated with risk-taking (sensitivity to reward and personality traits: impulsiveness, sensation seeking) and implicit attitudes toward food on EI after sleep loss. 17 subjects completed the NEO-PI-3, an Implicit Association Test measuring implicit attitudes towards healthy and unhealthy foods, and the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire. 24h Ad libitum EI was assessed following a habitual sleep night, a 50% SR with an advanced wake time, and a 50% SR with a delayed bedtime. Changes in EI between each SR condition and the control condition (ΔEI) were calculated for each subject. Despite no changes in overall EI between sleep conditions, results showed large interindividual variations (-669 to +899 kcal) across SR conditions. Regression modeling showed that a lower sensation seeking and higher favorable implicit attitudes towards unhealthy food were significantly associated with increased ΔEI in the advanced wake time condition. For the delayed bedtime, lower sensation seeking was associated with increased ΔEI while controlling for age, sex, REM sleep, and implicit attitudes. These results suggest that certain personality traits and implicit attitudes toward food are associated with changes in EI after sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Brunet
- Laboratoire Du Sommeil, Département de Psychoéducation et de Psychologie, Université Du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, J8X 3X7, Canada
| | - Jessica McNeil
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, T2S 3C3, Canada
| | - Luzia Jaeger Hintze
- Behavioral and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Éric Doucet
- Behavioral and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Geneviève Forest
- Laboratoire Du Sommeil, Département de Psychoéducation et de Psychologie, Université Du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, J8X 3X7, Canada.
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8
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Dempsey B, Sungeelee S, Bokiniec P, Chettouh Z, Diem S, Autran S, Harrell ER, Poulet JFA, Birchmeier C, Carey H, Genovesio A, McMullan S, Goridis C, Fortin G, Brunet JF. A medullary centre for lapping in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6307. [PMID: 34728601 PMCID: PMC8563905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that orofacial movements for feeding can be triggered, coordinated, and often rhythmically organized at the level of the brainstem, without input from higher centers. We uncover two nuclei that can organize the movements for ingesting fluids in mice. These neuronal groups, IRtPhox2b and Peri5Atoh1, are marked by expression of the pan-autonomic homeobox gene Phox2b and are located, respectively, in the intermediate reticular formation of the medulla and around the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. They are premotor to all jaw-opening and tongue muscles. Stimulation of either, in awake animals, opens the jaw, while IRtPhox2b alone also protracts the tongue. Moreover, stationary stimulation of IRtPhox2b entrains a rhythmic alternation of tongue protraction and retraction, synchronized with jaw opening and closing, that mimics lapping. Finally, fiber photometric recordings show that IRtPhox2b is active during volitional lapping. Our study identifies one of the subcortical nuclei underpinning a stereotyped feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Dempsey
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Selvee Sungeelee
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Phillip Bokiniec
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), and Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zoubida Chettouh
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Diem
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences NeuroPSI, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sandra Autran
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences NeuroPSI, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Evan R Harrell
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM, Institut de l'Audition, Paris, France
| | - James F A Poulet
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), and Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, and Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harry Carey
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Auguste Genovesio
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Simon McMullan
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Christo Goridis
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Fortin
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
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9
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Chemali M, Laurent A, Scaletta C, Waselle L, Simon JP, Michetti M, Brunet JF, Flahaut M, Hirt-Burri N, Raffoul W, Applegate LA, de Buys Roessingh AS, Abdel-Sayed P. Burn Center Organization and Cellular Therapy Integration: Managing Risks and Costs. J Burn Care Res 2021; 42:911-924. [PMID: 33970273 PMCID: PMC8483250 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The complex management of severe burn victims requires an integrative collaboration of multidisciplinary specialists in order to ensure quality and excellence in healthcare. This multidisciplinary care has quickly led to the integration of cell therapies in clinical care of burn patients. Specific advances in cellular therapy together with medical care have allowed for rapid treatment, shorter residence in hospitals and intensive care units, shorter durations of mechanical ventilation, lower complications and surgery interventions, and decreasing mortality rates. However, naturally fluctuating patient admission rates increase pressure toward optimized resource utilization. Besides, European translational developments of cellular therapies currently face potentially jeopardizing challenges on the policy front. The aim of the present work is to provide key considerations in burn care with focus on architectural and organizational aspects of burn centers, management of cellular therapy products, and guidelines in evolving restrictive regulations relative to standardized cell therapies. Thus, based on our experience, we present herein integrated management of risks and costs for preserving and optimizing clinical care and cellular therapies for patients in dire need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Chemali
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Interdisciplinary Centers, Lausanne Burn Center, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexis Laurent
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Scaletta
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Waselle
- Department of Interdisciplinary Centers, Cell Production Center, Service of Pharmacy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeanne-Pascale Simon
- DIrectorate Department, Unit of Legal Affairs, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Michetti
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Department of Interdisciplinary Centers, Cell Production Center, Service of Pharmacy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marjorie Flahaut
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Hirt-Burri
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wassim Raffoul
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Interdisciplinary Centers, Lausanne Burn Center, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lee Ann Applegate
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Interdisciplinary Centers, Lausanne Burn Center, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Oxford Suzhou Center for Advanced Research, Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Oxford University, Suzhou, PR China
- Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony S de Buys Roessingh
- Department of Interdisciplinary Centers, Lausanne Burn Center, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Women-Mother-Child Department, Children and Adolescent Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Abdel-Sayed
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Chemali M, Laurent A, Scaletta C, Waselle L, Simon JP, Michetti M, Brunet JF, Flahaut M, Hirt-Burri N, Raffoul W, Applegate LA, de Buys Roessingh AS, Abdel-Sayed P. Corrigendum to: Burn Center Organization and Cellular Therapy Integration: Managing Risks and Costs. J Burn Care Res 2021; 42:1064. [PMID: 34337651 PMCID: PMC8483249 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irab130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Chemali
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Interdisciplinary Centers, Lausanne Burn Center, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexis Laurent
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Scaletta
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Waselle
- Department of Interdisciplinary Centers, Cell Production Center, Service of Pharmacy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeanne-Pascale Simon
- Directorate Department, Unit of Legal Affairs, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Michetti
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Department of Interdisciplinary Centers, Cell Production Center, Service of Pharmacy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marjorie Flahaut
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Hirt-Burri
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wassim Raffoul
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lee Ann Applegate
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Oxford Suzhou Center for Advanced Research, Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Oxford University, Suzhou, PR China.,Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony S de Buys Roessingh
- Department of Interdisciplinary Centers, Lausanne Burn Center, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.,Women-Mother-Child Department, Children and Adolescent Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Abdel-Sayed
- Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery Service, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Borgognon S, Cottet J, Badoud S, Bloch J, Brunet JF, Rouiller EM. Cortical Projection From the Premotor or Primary Motor Cortex to the Subthalamic Nucleus in Intact and Parkinsonian Adult Macaque Monkeys: A Pilot Tracing Study. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:528993. [PMID: 33192334 PMCID: PMC7649525 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.528993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides the main cortical inputs to the basal ganglia, via the corticostriatal projection, there is another input via the corticosubthalamic projection (CSTP), terminating in the subthalamic nucleus (STN). The present study investigated and compared the CSTPs originating from the premotor cortex (PM) or the primary motor cortex (M1) in two groups of adult macaque monkeys. The first group includes six intact monkeys, whereas the second group was made up of four monkeys subjected to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) intoxication producing Parkinson’s disease (PD)-like symptoms and subsequently treated with an autologous neural cell ecosystem (ANCE) therapy. The CSTPs were labeled with the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA), injected either in PM or in M1. BDA-labeled axonal terminal boutons in STN were charted, counted, and then normalized based on the number of labeled corticospinal axons in each monkey. In intact monkeys, the CSTP from PM was denser than that originating from M1. In two PD monkeys, the CSTP originating from PM or M1 were substantially increased, as compared to intact monkeys. In one other PD monkey, there was no obvious change, whereas the last PD monkey showed a decrease of the CSTP originating from M1. Interestingly, the linear relationship between CSTP density and PD symptoms yielded a possible dependence of the CSTP re-organization with the severity of the MPTP lesion. The higher the PD symptoms, the larger the CSTP densities, irrespective of the origin (from both M1 or PM). Plasticity of the CSTP in PD monkeys may be related to PD itself and/or to the ANCE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Borgognon
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, Fribourg Cognition Center, Platform of Translational Neurosciences (PTN), Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Cottet
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, Fribourg Cognition Center, Platform of Translational Neurosciences (PTN), Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Simon Badoud
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, Fribourg Cognition Center, Platform of Translational Neurosciences (PTN), Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyne Bloch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Cell Production Center (CPC), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric M Rouiller
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, Fribourg Cognition Center, Platform of Translational Neurosciences (PTN), Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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12
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Brunet JF, McNeil J, Doucet É, Forest G. The association between REM sleep and decision-making: Supporting evidences. Physiol Behav 2020; 225:113109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Abstract
It has been known for more than a century that, in adult vertebrates, the maintenance of taste buds depends on their afferent nerves. However, the initial formation of taste buds is proposed to be nerve-independent in amphibians, and evidence to the contrary in mammals has been endlessly debated, mostly due to indirect and incomplete means to impede innervation during the protracted perinatal period of taste bud differentiation. Here, by genetically ablating, in mice, all somatic (i.e. touch) or visceral (i.e. taste) neurons for the oral cavity, we show that the latter but not the former are absolutely required for the proper formation of their target organs, the taste buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Fan
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
- School of Life ScienceEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zoubida Chettouh
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - G Giacomo Consalez
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Università Vita-Salute San RaffaeleMilanoItaly
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), Inserm, CNRS, École normale supérieure, PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
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14
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Borgognon S, Cottet J, Moret V, Chatagny P, Carrara L, Fregosi M, Bloch J, Brunet JF, Rouiller EM, Badoud S. Fine Manual Dexterity Assessment After Autologous Neural Cell Ecosystem (ANCE) Transplantation in a Non-human Primate Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2019; 33:553-567. [PMID: 31170868 DOI: 10.1177/1545968319850133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Autologous neural cell ecosystem (ANCE) transplantation improves motor recovery in MPTP monkeys. These motor symptoms were assessed using semi-quantitative clinical rating scales, widely used in many studies. However, limitations in terms of sensitivity, combined with relatively subjective assessment of their different items, make inter-study comparisons difficult to achieve. Objective. The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of MPTP intoxication in macaque monkeys on manual dexterity and assess whether ANCE can contribute to functional recovery. Methods. Four animals were trained to perform 2 manual dexterity tasks. After reaching a motor performance plateau, the animals were subjected to an MPTP lesion. After the occurrence of a spontaneous functional recovery plateau, all 4 animals were subjected to ANCE transplantation. Results. Two of 4 animals underwent a full spontaneous recovery before the ANCE transplantation, whereas the 2 other animals (symptomatic) presented moderate to severe Parkinson's disease (PD)-like symptoms affecting manual dexterity. The time to grasp small objects using the precision grip increased in these 2 animals. After ANCE transplantation, the 2 symptomatic animals underwent a significant functional recovery, reflected by a decrease in time to execute the different tasks, as compared with the post-lesion phase. Conclusions. Manual dexterity is affected in symptomatic MPTP monkeys. The 2 manual dexterity tasks reported here as pilot are pertinent to quantify PD symptoms and reliably assess a treatment in MPTP monkeys, such as the present ANCE transplantation, to be confirmed in a larger cohort of animals before future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jocelyne Bloch
- 2 Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Levy J, Facchinetti P, Jan C, Achour M, Bouvier C, Brunet JF, Delzescaux T, Giuliano F. Tridimensional mapping of Phox2b expressing neurons in the brainstem of adult Macaca fascicularis and identification of the retrotrapezoid nucleus. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2875-2884. [PMID: 31071232 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chemosensitivity is a key mechanism for the regulation of breathing in vertebrates. The retrotrapezoid nucleus is a crucial hub for respiratory chemoreception within the brainstem. It integrates chemosensory information that are both peripheral from the carotid bodies (via the nucleus of the solitary tract) and central through the direct sensing of extracellular protons. To date, the location of a genetically defined RTN has only been ascertained in rodents. We first demonstrated that Phox2b, a key determinant for the development of the visceral nervous system and branchiomotor nuclei in the brainstem including the RTN, had a similar distribution in the brainstem of adult macaques compared to adult rats. Second, based on previous description of a specific molecular signature for the RTN in rats, and on an innovative technique for duplex in situ hybridization, we identified parafacial neurons which coexpressed Phox2b and ppGal mRNAs. They were located ventrally to the nucleus of the facial nerve and extended from the caudal part of the nucleus of the superior olive to the rostral tip of the inferior olive. Using the previously described blockface technique, deformations were corrected to allow the proper alignment and stacking of digitized sections, hence providing for the first time a 3D reconstruction of the macaque brainstem, Phox2b distribution and the primate retrotrapezoid nucleus. This description should help bridging the gap between rodents and humans for the description of key respiratory structures in the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Levy
- INSERM UMR1179-Handicap Neuromusculaire, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.,Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation-APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France.,Fondation Garches-APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Patricia Facchinetti
- INSERM UMR1179-Handicap Neuromusculaire, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Caroline Jan
- Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen)-Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS-CEA UMR9199-Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mélyna Achour
- INSERM UMR1179-Handicap Neuromusculaire, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Clément Bouvier
- Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen)-Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,NEOXIA, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Delzescaux
- Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen)-Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,CNRS-CEA UMR9199-Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - François Giuliano
- INSERM UMR1179-Handicap Neuromusculaire, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.,Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation-APHP, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
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16
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Fregosi M, Contestabile A, Badoud S, Borgognon S, Cottet J, Brunet JF, Bloch J, Schwab ME, Rouiller EM. Corticotectal Projections From the Premotor or Primary Motor Cortex After Cortical Lesion or Parkinsonian Symptoms in Adult Macaque Monkeys: A Pilot Tracing Study. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:50. [PMID: 31191260 PMCID: PMC6540615 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The corticotectal projections, together with the corticobulbar (corticoreticular) projections, work in parallel with the corticospinal tract (CST) to influence motoneurons in the spinal cord both directly and indirectly via the brainstem descending pathways. The tectospinal tract (TST) originates in the deep layers of the superior colliculus. In the present study, we analyzed the corticotectal projections from two motor cortical areas, namely the premotor cortex (PM) and the primary motor cortex (M1) in eight macaque monkeys subjected to either a cortical lesion of the hand area in M1 (n = 4) or Parkinson's disease-like symptoms PD (n = 4). A subgroup of monkeys with cortical lesion was subjected to anti-Nogo-A antibody treatment whereas all PD monkeys were transplanted with Autologous Neural Cell Ecosystems (ANCEs). The anterograde tracer BDA was used to label the axonal boutons both en passant and terminaux in the ipsilateral superior colliculus. Individual axonal boutons were charted in the different layers of the superior colliculus. In intact animals, we previously observed that corticotectal projections were denser when originating from PM than from M1. In the present M1 lesioned monkeys, as compared to intact ones the corticotectal projection originating from PM was decreased when treated with anti-Nogo-A antibody but not in untreated monkeys. In PD-like symptoms' monkeys, on the other hand, there was no consistent change affecting the corticotectal projection as compared to intact monkeys. The present pilot study overall suggests that the corticotectal projection is less affected by M1 lesion or PD symptoms than the corticoreticular projection previously reported in the same animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Fregosi
- Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Fribourg Cognition Center, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Platform of Translational Neurosciences, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Contestabile
- Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Fribourg Cognition Center, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Platform of Translational Neurosciences, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Simon Badoud
- Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Fribourg Cognition Center, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Platform of Translational Neurosciences, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Simon Borgognon
- Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Fribourg Cognition Center, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Platform of Translational Neurosciences, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Cottet
- Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Fribourg Cognition Center, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Platform of Translational Neurosciences, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Cell Production Center (CPC), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyne Bloch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin E. Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eric M. Rouiller
- Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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17
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Bourgon V, Brunet JF, McNeil J, Doucet E, Forest G. 0114 The Association Between Body Fat Percentage and the Feeling of Satiety After A Meal Following Sleep Loss in Young Healthy Individuals. Sleep 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz067.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica McNeil
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Eric Doucet
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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18
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Brunet JF, McNeil J, Doucet E, Forest G. 0215 The Importance of REM Sleep in Risk-taking Behavior: A Direct Link. Sleep 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz067.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica McNeil
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Eric Doucet
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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19
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Gaudreault P, Brunet JF, Godin R, Michaud F, Green-Demers I, Forest G. 0801 Changes in Sleep Habits as a Function of Age in Late Adolescence. Sleep 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz067.799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roxanne Godin
- Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada
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20
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Fregosi M, Contestabile A, Badoud S, Borgognon S, Cottet J, Brunet JF, Bloch J, Schwab ME, Rouiller EM. Changes of motor corticobulbar projections following different lesion types affecting the central nervous system in adult macaque monkeys. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:2050-2070. [PMID: 30019432 PMCID: PMC6175012 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Functional recovery from central nervous system injury is likely to be partly due to a rearrangement of neural circuits. In this context, the corticobulbar (corticoreticular) motor projections onto different nuclei of the ponto-medullary reticular formation (PMRF) were investigated in 13 adult macaque monkeys after either, primary motor cortex injury (MCI) in the hand area, or spinal cord injury (SCI) or Parkinson's disease-like lesions of the nigro-striatal dopaminergic system (PD). A subgroup of animals in both MCI and SCI groups was treated with neurite growth promoting anti-Nogo-A antibodies, whereas all PD animals were treated with autologous neural cell ecosystems (ANCE). The anterograde tracer BDA was injected either in the premotor cortex (PM) or in the primary motor cortex (M1) to label and quantify corticobulbar axonal boutons terminaux and en passant in PMRF. As compared to intact animals, after MCI the density of corticobulbar projections from PM was strongly reduced but maintained their laterality dominance (ipsilateral), both in the presence or absence of anti-Nogo-A antibody treatment. In contrast, the density of corticobulbar projections from M1 was increased following opposite hemi-section of the cervical cord (at C7 level) and anti-Nogo-A antibody treatment, with maintenance of contralateral laterality bias. In PD monkeys, the density of corticobulbar projections from PM was strongly reduced, as well as that from M1, but to a lesser extent. In conclusion, the densities of corticobulbar projections from PM or M1 were affected in a variable manner, depending on the type of lesion/pathology and the treatment aimed to enhance functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Fregosi
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Fribourg Cognition Center, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Platform of Translational Neurosciences, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Contestabile
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Fribourg Cognition Center, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Platform of Translational Neurosciences, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Simon Badoud
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Fribourg Cognition Center, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Platform of Translational Neurosciences, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Simon Borgognon
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Fribourg Cognition Center, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Platform of Translational Neurosciences, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Cottet
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Fribourg Cognition Center, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Platform of Translational Neurosciences, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Cell production center (CPC), Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyne Bloch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin E Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric M Rouiller
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Fribourg Cognition Center, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Platform of Translational Neurosciences, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Swiss Primate Competence Center for Research (SPCCR), Fribourg, Switzerland
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21
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Espinosa-Medina I, Jevans B, Boismoreau F, Chettouh Z, Enomoto H, Müller T, Birchmeier C, Burns AJ, Brunet JF. Dual origin of enteric neurons in vagal Schwann cell precursors and the sympathetic neural crest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11980-11985. [PMID: 29078343 PMCID: PMC5692562 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710308114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the enteric nervous system derives from the "vagal" neural crest, lying at the level of somites 1-7, which invades the digestive tract rostro-caudally from the foregut to the hindgut. Little is known about the initial phase of this colonization, which brings enteric precursors into the foregut. Here we show that the "vagal crest" subsumes two populations of enteric precursors with contrasted origins, initial modes of migration, and destinations. Crest cells adjacent to somites 1 and 2 produce Schwann cell precursors that colonize the vagus nerve, which in turn guides them into the esophagus and stomach. Crest cells adjacent to somites 3-7 belong to the crest streams contributing to sympathetic chains: they migrate ventrally, seed the sympathetic chains, and colonize the entire digestive tract thence. Accordingly, enteric ganglia, like sympathetic ones, are atrophic when deprived of signaling through the tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB3, while half of the esophageal ganglia require, like parasympathetic ones, the nerve-associated form of the ErbB3 ligand, Neuregulin-1. These dependencies might bear relevance to Hirschsprung disease, with which alleles of Neuregulin-1 are associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Espinosa-Medina
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ben Jevans
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, WC1N 1EH London, United Kingdom
| | - Franck Boismoreau
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Zoubida Chettouh
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hideki Enomoto
- Laboratory for Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 650-0017 Kobe City, Japan
| | - Thomas Müller
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz-Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz-Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alan J Burns
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, WC1N 1EH London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;
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Espinosa-Medina I, Saha O, Boismoreau F, Brunet JF. The "sacral parasympathetic": ontogeny and anatomy of a myth. Clin Auton Res 2017; 28:13-21. [PMID: 29103139 PMCID: PMC5805809 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-017-0478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We recently defined genetic traits that distinguish sympathetic from parasympathetic neurons, both preganglionic and ganglionic (Espinosa-Medina et al., Science 354:893–897, 2016). By this set of criteria, we found that the sacral autonomic outflow is sympathetic, not parasympathetic as has been thought for more than a century. Proposing such a belated shift in perspective begs the question why the new criterion (cell types defined by their genetic make-up and dependencies) should be favored over the anatomical, physiological and pharmacological considerations of long ago that inspired the “parasympathetic” classification. After a brief reminder of the former, we expound the weaknesses of the latter and argue that the novel genetic definition helps integrating neglected anatomical and physiological observations and clearing the path for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Espinosa-Medina
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Orthis Saha
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Franck Boismoreau
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), INSERM, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 75005, Paris, France.
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23
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Hirt L, Price M, Mastour N, Brunet JF, Barrière G, Friscourt F, Badaut J. Increase of aquaporin 9 expression in astrocytes participates in astrogliosis. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:194-206. [PMID: 28419510 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Here we assess the potential functional role of increased aquaporin 9 (APQ9) in astrocytes. Increased AQP9 expression was achieved in primary astrocyte cultures by transfection of a plasmid-containing green fluorescent protein fused to either wild-type or mutated human AQP9. Increased AQP9 expression and phosphorylation at Ser222 were associated with a significant change in astrocyte morphology, mainly with a higher number of processes. Similar phenotypic changes are observed in astrogliosis processes after injury. In parallel, we observed that in vivo, thrombin preconditioning before ischemic stroke induced an early increase in AQP9 expression in the male mouse brain. This increased AQP9 expression was also associated with astrocyte morphological changes, especially in the white matter tract. Astrocyte reactivity is debated as being either beneficial or deleterious. As thrombin preconditioning leads to a decrease in lesion size after stroke, our data suggest that the early increase in AQP9 concomitant with astrocyte reactivity leads to a beneficial effect. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Hirt
- Neurology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Price
- Neurology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nabil Mastour
- Neurosurgery Research Group, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Neurosurgery Research Group, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5287, INCIA, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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24
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McNeil J, Doucet É, Brunet JF, Hintze LJ, Chaumont I, Langlois É, Maitland R, Riopel A, Forest G. The effects of sleep restriction and altered sleep timing on energy intake and energy expenditure. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:157-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Badoud S, Borgognon S, Cottet J, Chatagny P, Moret V, Fregosi M, Kaeser M, Fortis E, Schmidlin E, Bloch J, Brunet JF, Rouiller EM. Effects of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesion on motor habit and performance assessed with manual grasping and control of force in macaque monkeys. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1193-1206. [PMID: 27394722 PMCID: PMC5368204 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the context of an autologous adult neural cell ecosystem (ANCE) transplantation study, four intact adult female macaque monkeys underwent a unilateral biopsy of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) to provide the cellular material needed to obtain the ANCE. Monkeys were previously trained to perform quantitative motor (manual dexterity) tasks, namely, the “modified-Brinkman board” task and the “reach and grasp drawer” task. The aim of the present study was to extend preliminary data on the role of the prefrontal cortex in motor habit and test the hypothesis that dlPFC contributes to predict the grip force required when a precise level of force to be generated is known beforehand. As expected for a small dlPFC biopsy, neither the motor performance (score) nor the spatiotemporal motor sequences were affected in the “modified-Brinkman board” task, whereas significant changes (mainly decreases) in the maximal grip force (force applied on the drawer knob) were observed in the “reach and grasp drawer” task. The present data in the macaque monkey related to the prediction of grip force are well in line with the previous fMRI data reported for human subjects. Moreover, the ANCE transplantation strategy (in the case of stroke or Parkinson’s disease) based on biopsy in dlPFC does not generate unwanted motor consequences, at least as far as motor habit and motor performance are concerned in the context of a sequential grasping a small objects, which does not require the development of significant force levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Badoud
- Laboratory for sensorimotor and Multisensory Integration, Research Cluster Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Fribourg Cognition Center, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - S Borgognon
- Laboratory for sensorimotor and Multisensory Integration, Research Cluster Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Fribourg Cognition Center, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - J Cottet
- Laboratory for sensorimotor and Multisensory Integration, Research Cluster Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Fribourg Cognition Center, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - P Chatagny
- Laboratory for sensorimotor and Multisensory Integration, Research Cluster Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Fribourg Cognition Center, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - V Moret
- Laboratory for sensorimotor and Multisensory Integration, Research Cluster Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Fribourg Cognition Center, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - M Fregosi
- Laboratory for sensorimotor and Multisensory Integration, Research Cluster Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Fribourg Cognition Center, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - M Kaeser
- Laboratory for sensorimotor and Multisensory Integration, Research Cluster Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Fribourg Cognition Center, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - E Fortis
- Laboratory for sensorimotor and Multisensory Integration, Research Cluster Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Fribourg Cognition Center, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - E Schmidlin
- Laboratory for sensorimotor and Multisensory Integration, Research Cluster Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Fribourg Cognition Center, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - J Bloch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J F Brunet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E M Rouiller
- Laboratory for sensorimotor and Multisensory Integration, Research Cluster Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Fribourg Cognition Center, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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26
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Cottet J, Badoud S, Borgognon S, Chatagny P, Fregosi M, Moret V, Bloch J, Brunet JF, Rouiller E. Adult neural progenitor cells auto transplantation in a non-human primate model of Parkinson’s disease: A pre-clinical study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.10.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Ruffault PL, D'Autréaux F, Hayes JA, Nomaksteinsky M, Autran S, Fujiyama T, Hoshino M, Hägglund M, Kiehn O, Brunet JF, Fortin G, Goridis C. The retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons expressing Atoh1 and Phox2b are essential for the respiratory response to CO₂. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25866925 PMCID: PMC4429526 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining constant CO2 and H+ concentrations in the arterial blood is critical for life. The principal mechanism through which this is achieved in mammals is the respiratory chemoreflex whose circuitry is still elusive. A candidate element of this circuitry is the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), a collection of neurons at the ventral medullary surface that are activated by increased CO2 or low pH and project to the respiratory rhythm generator. Here, we use intersectional genetic strategies to lesion the RTN neurons defined by Atoh1 and Phox2b expression and to block or activate their synaptic output. Photostimulation of these neurons entrains the respiratory rhythm. Conversely, abrogating expression of Atoh1 or Phox2b or glutamatergic transmission in these cells curtails the phrenic nerve response to low pH in embryonic preparations and abolishes the respiratory chemoreflex in behaving animals. Thus, the RTN neurons expressing Atoh1 and Phox2b are a necessary component of the chemoreflex circuitry. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07051.001 An adult at rest will typically breathe in and out up to 20 times per minute, inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide in a process that, for the most part, occurs automatically. While we can choose to override this process and exert voluntary control over our breathing, we cannot suppress it indefinitely. Attempting to do so will ultimately trigger a reflex that forces us to start breathing again. This reflex is mostly a response to the rise of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood, which lowers the pH of the blood. This rise in CO2 is toxic and triggers an increase in breathing so that the excess CO2 is exhaled. The majority of the sensors that detect CO2 are in the brainstem, which is at the junction of the brain and the spinal cord. However, the precise location of these sensors is not clear. Ruffault et al. now argue that the sensors are in a region called the ‘retrotrapezoid nucleus’, and that they can be identified by the presence of two proteins, Atoh1 and Phox2b. In the brains of foetal mice, Ruffault et al. recorded cells in the retrotrapezoid nucleus and found that they fired in a rhythmic pattern, as would be expected for cells that control breathing. Moreover, the firing rate of these cells increased when the pH was lowered. Ruffault et al. then created genetically modified mice with mutations in genes for Atoh1 or Phox2b. The retrotrapezoid nucleus was either absent or abnormal in these mutant mice. Moreover, new-born pups with these mutations were not able to increase their breathing when the level of CO2 in their blood rose. These results shed light on the respiratory distress experienced by patients with a rare disorder called congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) that is caused by mutations in Phox2b. More commonly, unstable or irregular breathing is seen in human infants that are born prematurely, and sometimes in infants born at full term. In the light of the new findings by Ruffault et al., it is possible that abnormal development or immaturity of the retrotrapezoid nucleus is the cause. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07051.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis Ruffault
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, UMR 9197, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fabien D'Autréaux
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, France
| | - John A Hayes
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, UMR 9197, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marc Nomaksteinsky
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Autran
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, UMR 9197, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tomoyuki Fujiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin Hägglund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole Kiehn
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Fortin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, UMR 9197, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christo Goridis
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, France
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Trang H, Brunet JF, Rohrer H, Gallego J, Amiel J, Bachetti T, Fischbeck KH, Similowski T, Straus C, Ceccherini I, Weese-Mayer DE, Frerick M, Bieganowska K, Middleton L, Morandi F, Ottonello G. Proceedings of the fourth international conference on central hypoventilation. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:194. [PMID: 25928806 PMCID: PMC4268904 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Central hypoventilation syndromes (CHS) are rare diseases of central autonomic respiratory control associated with autonomous nervous dysfunction. Severe central hypoventilation is the hallmark and the most life-threatening feature. CHS is a group of not-fully defined disorders. Congenital CHS (CCHS) (ORPHA661) is clinically and genetically well-characterized, with the disease-causing gene identified in 2003. CCHS presents at birth in most cases, and associated with Hirschsprung's disease (ORPHA99803) and neural crest tumours in 20% and 5% of cases, respectively. The incidence of CCHS is estimated to be 1 of 200,000 live births in France, yet remains unknown for the rest of the world. In contrast, late-onset CHS includes a group of not yet fully delineated diseases. Overlap with CCHS is likely, as a subset of patients harbours PHOX2B mutations. Another subset of patients present with associated hypothalamic dysfunction. The number of these patients is unknown (less than 60 cases reported worldwide). Treatment of CHS is palliative using advanced techniques of ventilation support during lifetime. Research is ongoing to better understand physiopathological mechanisms and identify potential treatment pathways.The Fourth International Conference on Central Hypoventilation was organised in Warsaw, Poland, April 13-15, 2012, under the patronage of the European Agency for Health and Consumers and Public Health European Agency of European Community. The conference provided a state-of-the-art update of knowledge on all the genetic, molecular, cellular, and clinical aspects of these rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Trang
- French Centre of Reference for Central Hypoventilation, Robert Debré University Hospital, EA 7334 REMES Paris-Diderot University, 48 boulevard Serurier, 75019, Paris, France.
| | | | - Hermann Rohrer
- Research Group Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Neurochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Jorge Gallego
- Inserm U676, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- French Centre of Reference for Central Hypoventilation, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris, France.
| | | | - Kenneth H Fischbeck
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Missouri, USA.
| | - Thomas Similowski
- French Centre of Reference for Central Hypoventilation, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Pierre et Maris Curie University, Paris, France.
| | - Christian Straus
- French Centre of Reference for Central Hypoventilation, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Pierre et Maris Curie University, Paris, France.
| | - Isabella Ceccherini
- Laboratorio di Genetica Molecolare, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.
| | - Debra E Weese-Mayer
- Autonomic Medicine in Paediatrics (CAMP), Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Bloch J, Brunet JF, McEntire CRS, Redmond DE. Primate adult brain cell autotransplantation produces behavioral and biological recovery in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonian St. Kitts monkeys. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:2729-40. [PMID: 24610674 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The potential for "replacement cells" to restore function in Parkinson's disease has been widely reported over the past 3 decades, rejuvenating the central nervous system rather than just relieving symptoms. Most such experiments have used fetal or embryonic sources that may induce immunological rejection and generate ethical concerns. Autologous sources, in which the cells to be implanted are derived from recipients' own cells after reprogramming to stem cells, direct genetic modifications, or epigenetic modifications in culture, could eliminate many of these problems. In a previous study on autologous brain cell transplantation, we demonstrated that adult monkey brain cells, obtained from cortical biopsies and kept in culture for 7 weeks, exhibited potential as a method of brain repair after low doses of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) caused dopaminergic cell death. The present study exposed monkeys to higher MPTP doses to produce significant parkinsonism and behavioral impairments. Cerebral cortical cells were biopsied from the animals, held in culture for 7 weeks to create an autologous neural cell "ecosystem" and reimplanted bilaterally into the striatum of the same six donor monkeys. These cells expressed neuroectodermal and progenitor markers such as nestin, doublecortin, GFAP, neurofilament, and vimentin. Five to six months after reimplantation, histological analysis with the dye PKH67 and unbiased stereology showed that reimplanted cells survived, migrated bilaterally throughout the striatum, and seemed to exert a neurorestorative effect. More tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons and significant behavioral improvement followed reimplantation of cultured autologous neural cells as a result of unknown trophic factors released by the grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyne Bloch
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Hirsch MR, d'Autréaux F, Dymecki SM, Brunet JF, Goridis C. A Phox2b::FLPo transgenic mouse line suitable for intersectional genetics. Genesis 2013; 51:506-14. [PMID: 23592597 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Phox2b is a transcription factor expressed in the central and peripheral neurons that control cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive functions and essential for their development. Several populations known or suspected to regulate visceral functions express Phox2b in the developing hindbrain. Extensive cell migration and lack of suitable markers have greatly hampered studying their development. Reasoning that intersectional fate mapping may help to overcome these impediments, we have generated a BAC transgenic mouse line, P2b::FLPo, which expresses codon-optimized FLP recombinase in Phox2b expressing cells. By partnering the P2b::FLPo with the FLP-responsive RC::Fela allele, we show that FLP recombination switches on lineage tracers in the cells that express or have expressed Phox2b, permanently marking them for study across development. Taking advantage of the dual-recombinase feature of RC::Fela, we further show that the P2b::FLPo transgene can be partnered with Lbx1(Cre) as Cre driver to generate triple transgenics in which neurons having a history of both Phox2b and Lbx1 expression are specifically labeled. Hence, the P2b::FLPo line when partnered with a suitable Cre driver provides a tool for tracking and accessing genetically subsets of Phox2b-expressing neuronal populations, which has not been possible by Cre-mediated recombination alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Rose Hirsch
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, 75005, Paris, France
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Nomaksteinsky M, Kassabov S, Chettouh Z, Stoeklé HC, Bonnaud L, Fortin G, Kandel ER, Brunet JF. Ancient origin of somatic and visceral neurons. BMC Biol 2013; 11:53. [PMID: 23631531 PMCID: PMC3660236 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A key to understanding the evolution of the nervous system on a large phylogenetic scale is the identification of homologous neuronal types. Here, we focus this search on the sensory and motor neurons of bilaterians, exploiting their well-defined molecular signatures in vertebrates. Sensorimotor circuits in vertebrates are of two types: somatic (that sense the environment and respond by shaping bodily motions) and visceral (that sense the interior milieu and respond by regulating vital functions). These circuits differ by a small set of largely dedicated transcriptional determinants: Brn3 is expressed in many somatic sensory neurons, first and second order (among which mechanoreceptors are uniquely marked by the Brn3+/Islet1+/Drgx+ signature), somatic motoneurons uniquely co-express Lhx3/4 and Mnx1, while the vast majority of neurons, sensory and motor, involved in respiration, blood circulation or digestion are molecularly defined by their expression and dependence on the pan-visceral determinant Phox2b. Results We explore the status of the sensorimotor transcriptional code of vertebrates in mollusks, a lophotrochozoa clade that provides a rich repertoire of physiologically identified neurons. In the gastropods Lymnaea stagnalis and Aplysia californica, we show that homologues of Brn3, Drgx, Islet1, Mnx1, Lhx3/4 and Phox2b differentially mark neurons with mechanoreceptive, locomotory and cardiorespiratory functions. Moreover, in the cephalopod Sepia officinalis, we show that Phox2 marks the stellate ganglion (in line with the respiratory — that is, visceral— ancestral role of the mantle, its target organ), while the anterior pedal ganglion, which controls the prehensile and locomotory arms, expresses Mnx. Conclusions Despite considerable divergence in overall neural architecture, a molecular underpinning for the functional allocation of neurons to interactions with the environment or to homeostasis was inherited from the urbilaterian ancestor by contemporary protostomes and deuterostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Nomaksteinsky
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure-IBENS, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, France
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Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor Phox2b controls the formation of the sensory-motor reflex circuits of the viscera in vertebrates. Among Phox2b-dependent structures characterized in rodents is the nucleus of the solitary tract, the first relay for visceral sensory input, including taste. Here we show that Phox2b is expressed throughout the primary taste centers of two cyprinid fish, Danio rerio and Carassius auratus, i.e., in their vagal, glossopharyngeal, and facial lobes, providing the first molecular evidence for their homology with the nucleus of the solitary tract of mammals and suggesting that a single ancestral Phox2b-positive neuronal type evolved to give rise to both fish and mammalian structures. In zebrafish larvae, the distribution of Phox2b²⁺ neurons, combined with the expression pattern of Olig4 (a homologue of Olig3, determinant of the nucleus of the solitary tract in mice), reveals that the superficial position and sheet-like architecture of the viscerosensory column in cyprinid fish, ideally suited for the somatotopic representation of oropharyngeal and bodily surfaces, arise by radial migration from a dorsal progenitor domain, in contrast to the tangential migration observed in amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Coppola
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure, Paris F-75005, France
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Badaut J, Brunet JF, Guérin C, Regli L, Pellerin L. Alteration of glucose metabolism in cultured astrocytes after AQP9-small interference RNA application. Brain Res 2012; 1473:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Nagashimada M, Ohta H, Li C, Nakao K, Uesaka T, Brunet JF, Amiel J, Trochet D, Wakayama T, Enomoto H. Autonomic neurocristopathy-associated mutations in PHOX2B dysregulate Sox10 expression. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3145-58. [PMID: 22922260 DOI: 10.1172/jci63401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common forms of neurocristopathy in the autonomic nervous system are Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), resulting in congenital loss of enteric ganglia, and neuroblastoma (NB), childhood tumors originating from the sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla. The risk for these diseases dramatically increases in patients with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) harboring a nonpolyalanine repeat expansion mutation of the Paired-like homeobox 2b (PHOX2B) gene, but the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis remains unknown. We found that introducing nonpolyalanine repeat expansion mutation of the PHOX2B into the mouse Phox2b locus recapitulates the clinical features of the CCHS associated with HSCR and NB. In mutant embryos, enteric and sympathetic ganglion progenitors showed sustained sex-determining region Y (SRY) box10 (Sox10) expression, with impaired proliferation and biased differentiation toward the glial lineage. Nonpolyalanine repeat expansion mutation of PHOX2B reduced transactivation of wild-type PHOX2B on its known target, dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), in a dominant-negative fashion. Moreover, the introduced mutation converted the transcriptional effect of PHOX2B on a Sox10 enhancer from repression to transactivation. Collectively, these data reveal that nonpolyalanine repeat expansion mutation of PHOX2B is both a dominant-negative and gain-of-function mutation. Our results also demonstrate that Sox10 regulation by PHOX2B is pivotal for the development and pathogenesis of the autonomic ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Nagashimada
- Laboratory for Neuronal Differentiation and Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
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35
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Bashir S, Kaeser M, Wyss A, Hamadjida A, Liu Y, Bloch J, Brunet JF, Belhaj-Saif A, Rouiller EM. Short-term effects of unilateral lesion of the primary motor cortex (M1) on ipsilesional hand dexterity in adult macaque monkeys. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 217:63-79. [PMID: 21597965 PMCID: PMC3249543 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0327-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although the arrangement of the corticospinal projection in primates is consistent with a more prominent role of the ipsilateral motor cortex on proximal muscles, rather than on distal muscles involved in manual dexterity, the role played by the primary motor cortex on the control of manual dexterity for the ipsilateral hand remains a matter a debate, either in the normal function or after a lesion. We, therefore, tested the impact of permanent unilateral motor cortex lesion on the manual dexterity of the ipsilateral hand in 11 macaque monkeys, within a time window of 60 days post-lesion. For comparison, unilateral reversible pharmacological inactivation of the motor cortex was produced in an additional monkey. Manual dexterity was assessed quantitatively based on three motor parameters derived from two reach and grasp manual tasks. In contrast to the expected dramatic, complete deficit of manual dexterity of the contralesional hand that persists for several weeks, the impact on the manual dexterity of the ipsilesional hand was generally moderate (but statistically significant) and, when present, lasted less than 20 days. Out of the 11 monkeys, only 3 showed a deficit of the ipsilesional hand for 2 of the 3 motor parameters, and 4 animals had a deficit for only one motor parameter. Four monkeys did not show any deficit. The reversible inactivation experiment yielded results consistent with the permanent lesion data. In conclusion, the primary motor cortex exerts a modest role on ipsilateral manual dexterity, most likely in the form of indirect hand postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Bashir
- Department of Medicine and Program in Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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36
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Kaeser M, Brunet JF, Wyss A, Belhaj-Saif A, Liu Y, Hamadjida A, Rouiller EM, Bloch J. Autologous Adult Cortical Cell Transplantation Enhances Functional Recovery Following Unilateral Lesion of Motor Cortex in Primates: A Pilot Study. Neurosurgery 2011; 68:1405-16; discussion 1416-7. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e31820c02c0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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37
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Bloch J, Kaeser M, Sadeghi Y, Rouiller EM, Redmond DE, Brunet JF. Doublecortin-positive cells in the adult primate cerebral cortex and possible role in brain plasticity and development. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:775-89. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Coppola E, d'Autréaux F, Rijli FM, Brunet JF. Ongoing roles of Phox2 homeodomain transcription factors during neuronal differentiation. Development 2010; 137:4211-20. [PMID: 21068058 DOI: 10.1242/dev.056747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional determinants of neuronal identity often stay expressed after their downstream genetic program is launched. Whether this maintenance of expression plays a role is for the most part unknown. Here, we address this question for the paralogous paired-like homeobox genes Phox2a and Phox2b, which specify several classes of visceral neurons at the progenitor stage in the central and peripheral nervous systems. By temporally controlled inactivation of Phox2b, we find that the gene, which is required in ventral neural progenitors of the hindbrain for the production of branchio-visceral motoneuronal precursors, is also required in these post-mitotic precursors to maintain their molecular signature - including downstream transcription factors - and allow their tangential migration and the histogenesis of the corresponding nuclei. Similarly, maintenance of noradrenergic differentiation during embryogenesis requires ongoing expression of Phox2b in sympathetic ganglia, and of Phox2a in the main noradrenergic center, the locus coeruleus. These data illustrate cases where the neuronal differentiation program does not unfold as a transcriptional `cascade' whereby downstream events are irreversibly triggered by an upstream regulator, but instead require continuous transcriptional input from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Coppola
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Paris, France
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39
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Goridis C, Dubreuil V, Thoby-Brisson M, Fortin G, Brunet JF. Phox2b, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and the control of respiration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 21:814-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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40
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Goridis C, Brunet JF. Central chemoreception: lessons from mouse and human genetics. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 173:312-21. [PMID: 20307691 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The response to increased P(CO(2)) in the brain is an essential drive to breathe and required for CO(2) and pH homeostasis in the blood, but where and how CO(2) is sensed are still contentious issues. Here, we review evidence from mouse and human genetics that argue for the crucial role in CO(2) chemosensitivity of a limited set of central neurons that express the Phox2b transcription factor and are disabled by Phox2b mutations. A common trait of different Phox2b mutations that impair CO(2) responsiveness in the embryo and respiration in neonates is the depletion of Phox2b-expressing neurons in the retrotrapezoid nucleus, providing genetic evidence for their importance for proper breathing and central chemosensitivity at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christo Goridis
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Paris, France.
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41
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Arciénega II, Brunet JF, Bloch J, Badaut J. Cell locations for AQP1, AQP4 and 9 in the non-human primate brain. Neuroscience 2010; 167:1103-14. [PMID: 20226845 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The presence of three water channels (aquaporins, AQP), AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9 were observed in normal brain and several rodent models of brain pathologies. Little is known about AQP distribution in the primate brain and its knowledge will be useful for future testing of drugs aimed at preventing brain edema formation. We studied the expression and cellular distribution of AQP1, 4 and 9 in the non-human primate brain. The distribution of AQP4 in the non-human primate brain was observed in perivascular astrocytes, comparable to the observation made in the rodent brain. In contrast with rodent, primate AQP1 is expressed in the processes and perivascular endfeet of a subtype of astrocytes mainly located in the white matter and the glia limitans, possibly involved in water homeostasis. AQP1 was also observed in neurons innervating the pial blood vessels, suggesting a possible role in cerebral blood flow regulation. As described in rodent, AQP9 mRNA and protein were detected in astrocytes and in catecholaminergic neurons. However additional locations were observed for AQP9 in populations of neurons located in several cortical areas of primate brains. This report describes a detailed study of AQP1, 4 and 9 distributions in the non-human primate brain, which adds to the data already published in rodent brains. This relevant species differences have to be considered carefully to assess potential drugs acting on AQPs non-human primate models before entering human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Arciénega
- Neurosurgery Research Group, Lausanne Hospital University (CHUV), Pavillon 3, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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42
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Kaeser M, Wyss AF, Bashir S, Hamadjida A, Liu Y, Bloch J, Brunet JF, Belhaj-Saif A, Rouiller EM. Effects of Unilateral Motor Cortex Lesion on Ipsilesional Hand's Reach and Grasp Performance in Monkeys: Relationship With Recovery in the Contralesional Hand. J Neurophysiol 2010; 103:1630-45. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00459.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Manual dexterity, a prerogative of primates, is under the control of the corticospinal (CS) tract. Because 90–95% of CS axons decussate, it is assumed that this control is exerted essentially on the contralateral hand. Consistently, unilateral lesion of the hand representation in the motor cortex is followed by a complete loss of dexterity of the contralesional hand. During the months following lesion, spontaneous recovery of manual dexterity takes place to a highly variable extent across subjects, although largely incomplete. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that after a significant postlesion period, manual performance in the ipsilesional hand is correlated with the extent of functional recovery in the contralesional hand. To this aim, ten adult macaque monkeys were subjected to permanent unilateral motor cortex lesion. Monkeys' manual performance was assessed for each hand during several months postlesion, using our standard behavioral test (modified Brinkman board task) that provides a quantitative measure of reach and grasp ability. The ipsilesional hand's performance was found to be significantly enhanced over the long term (100–300 days postlesion) in six of ten monkeys, with the six exhibiting the best, though incomplete, recovery of the contralesional hand. There was a statistically significant correlation ( r = 0.932; P < 0.001) between performance in the ipsilesional hand after significant postlesion period and the extent of recovery of the contralesional hand. This observation is interpreted in terms of different possible mechanisms of recovery, dependent on the recruitment of motor areas in the lesioned and/or intact hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Kaeser
- Unit of Physiology and Program in Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg; and
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Clinic, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander F. Wyss
- Unit of Physiology and Program in Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg; and
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Unit of Physiology and Program in Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg; and
| | - Adjia Hamadjida
- Unit of Physiology and Program in Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg; and
| | - Yu Liu
- Unit of Physiology and Program in Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg; and
| | - Jocelyne Bloch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Clinic, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Clinic, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Abderaouf Belhaj-Saif
- Unit of Physiology and Program in Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg; and
| | - Eric M. Rouiller
- Unit of Physiology and Program in Neurosciences, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg; and
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Abstract
Glycogen is a hallmark of mature astrocytes, but its emergence during astrocytic differentiation is unclear. Differentiation of E14 mouse neurospheres into astrocytes was induced with fetal bovine serum (FBS), Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), or Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF). Cytochemical and enzymatic analyses showed that glycogen is present in FBS- or LIF- but not in CNTF-differentiated astrocytes. Glycogenolysis was induced in FBS- and LIF-differentiated astrocytes but glycogen resynthesis was observed only with FBS. Protein targeting to glycogen mRNA expression appeared with glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100beta in FBS and LIF conditions but not with CNTF. These results show that glycogen metabolism constitutes a useful marker of astrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Brunet
- Neurosurgery Research Group, CHUV-FBM-UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Albert JD, Lambotte JC, Brunet JF, Chalès G. [Painful knee: choosing the right imaging test]. Rev Prat 2009; 59:1233-1238. [PMID: 19961077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of non-traumatic knee complaints relies on history taking and clinical examination, joint fluid analysis and imaging tests. This paper aims at reminding the benefits of conventional radiography and clarifying the role of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging based on illustrated case reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-David Albert
- Service de rhumatologie, département d'imagerie médicale, CHU Hôpital Sud, 35203 Rennes.
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Abstract
In the last few years, elucidation of the architecture of breathing control centres has reached the cellular level. This has been facilitated by increasing knowledge of the molecular signatures of various classes of hindbrain neurons. Here, we review the advances achieved by studying the homeodomain factor Phox2b, a transcriptional determinant of neuronal identity in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Evidence from human genetics, neurophysiology and mouse reverse genetics converges to implicate a small population of Phox2b-dependent neurons, located in the retrotrapezoid nucleus, in the detection of CO(2), which is a paramount source of the 'drive to breathe'. Moreover, the same and other studies suggest that an overlapping or identical neuronal population, the parafacial respiratory group, might contribute to the respiratory rhythm at least in some circumstances, such as for the initiation of breathing following birth. Together with the previously established Phox2b dependency of other respiratory neurons (which we review briefly here), our new data highlight a key role of this transcription factor in setting up the circuits for breathing automaticity.
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Amiel J, Dubreuil V, Ramanantsoa N, Fortin G, Gallego J, Brunet JF, Goridis C. PHOX2B in respiratory control: Lessons from congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and its mouse models. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009; 168:125-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Trochet D, Mathieu Y, Pontual LD, Savarirayan R, Munnich A, Brunet JF, Lyonnet S, Goridis C, Amiel J. In Vitro studies of non poly alanine PHOX2B mutations argue against a loss-of-function mechanism for congenital central hypoventilation. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:E421-31. [PMID: 19058226 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of autonomic dysfunctions, i.e. Central Hypoventilation Syndromes, Hirschsprung disease and Tumours of the Sympathetic Nervous System have been ascribed to heterozygous PHOX2B mutations in man. The PHOX2B mutations reported include polyalanine expansions in a 20 alanines tract, missense, frameshift mutations and nonsense mutation. Some genotype/phenotype correlations have been drawn, but the molecular mechanism(s) underlying them remain(s) unclear. So far, loss-of-function, gain-of-function and dominant negative effects have been proposed as disease-causing mechanisms for polyalanine expansions. Indeed, mutant with an expanded polyalanine tract result in decreased transactivation of known target genes and protein misfolding leading to oligomerisation in vitro for all expansions and to cytoplasmic protein aggregation for longer expansions. We extended the molecular studies to other non-polyalanine expansion mutations and show that most PHOX2B protein mutants oligomerize even in the absence of the normal 20 alanines tract. Conversely, a premature stop codon mutation in a CHS patient leads to the production of an N-terminally truncated protein by re-initiation of translation that does not form oligomers. Therefore, PHOX2B misfolding is not the only mechanism leading to dysfunction of the ventilatory autonomic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Trochet
- INSERM U781 et Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
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48
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Abstract
Autologous brain cell transplantation might be useful for repairing lesions and restoring function of the central nervous system. We have demonstrated that adult monkey brain cells, obtained from cortical biopsy and kept in culture for a few weeks, exhibit neural progenitor characteristics that make them useful for brain repair. Following MPTP treatment, primates were dopamine depleted but asymptomatic. Autologous cultured cells were reimplanted into the right caudate nucleus of the donor monkey. Four months after reimplantation, histological analysis by stereology and TH immunolabeling showed that the reimplanted cells successfully survived, bilaterally migrated in the whole striatum, and seemed to have a neuroprotection effect over time. These results may add a new strategy to the field of brain neuroprotection or regeneration and could possibly lead to future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Brunet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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49
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Hirt L, Ternon B, Price M, Mastour N, Brunet JF, Badaut J. Protective role of early aquaporin 4 induction against postischemic edema formation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29:423-33. [PMID: 18985050 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a water channel involved in water movements across the cell membrane and is spatially organized on the cell surface in orthogonal array particles (OAPs). Its role in edema formation or resolution after stroke onset has been studied mainly at late time points. We have shown recently that its expression is rapidly induced after ischemia coinciding in time with an early swelling of the ischemic hemisphere. There are two isoforms of AQP4: AQP4-M1 and AQP4-M23. The ratio of these isoforms influences the size of the OAPs but the functional impact is not known. The role of the early induction of AQP4 is not yet known. Thrombin preconditioning in mice provides a useful model to study endogenous protective mechanisms. Using this model, we provide evidence for the first time that the early induction of AQP4 may contribute to limit the formation of edema and that the AQP4-M1 isoform is predominantly induced in the ischemic tissue at this time point. Although it prevents edema formation, the early induction of the AQP4 expression does not prevent the blood-brain barrier disruption, suggesting an effect limited to the prevention of edema formation possibly by removing of water from the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Hirt
- Neurology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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50
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Iankova I, Chavey C, Clapé C, Colomer C, Guérineau NC, Grillet N, Brunet JF, Annicotte JS, Fajas L. Regulator of G protein signaling-4 controls fatty acid and glucose homeostasis. Endocrinology 2008; 149:5706-12. [PMID: 18635652 PMCID: PMC2605582 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Circulating free fatty acids are a reflection of the balance between lipogenesis and lipolysis that takes place mainly in adipose tissue. We found that mice deficient for regulator of G protein signaling (RGS)-4 have increased circulating catecholamines, and increased free fatty acids. Consequently, RGS4-/- mice have increased concentration of circulating free fatty acids; abnormally accumulate fatty acids in liver, resulting in liver steatosis; and show a higher degree of glucose intolerance and decreased insulin secretion in pancreas. We show in this study that RGS4 controls adipose tissue lipolysis through regulation of the secretion of catecholamines by adrenal glands. RGS4 controls the balance between adipose tissue lipolysis and lipogenesis, secondary to its role in the regulation of catecholamine secretion by adrenal glands. RGS4 therefore could be a good target for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Iankova
- Métabolisme et cancer
INSERM : U834Université Montpellier ICentre de recherche Inserm
60, rue de navacelles
34090 MONTPELLIER,FR
- IRCM, Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Montpellier
INSERM : U896Université Montpellier IFR
| | - Carine Chavey
- Métabolisme et cancer
INSERM : U834Université Montpellier ICentre de recherche Inserm
60, rue de navacelles
34090 MONTPELLIER,FR
- IRCM, Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Montpellier
INSERM : U896Université Montpellier IFR
| | - Cyrielle Clapé
- Métabolisme et cancer
INSERM : U834Université Montpellier ICentre de recherche Inserm
60, rue de navacelles
34090 MONTPELLIER,FR
- IRCM, Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Montpellier
INSERM : U896Université Montpellier IFR
| | - Claude Colomer
- IGF, Institut de génomique fonctionnelle
CNRS : UMR5203INSERM : U661Université Montpellier IUniversité Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc141, Rue de la Cardonille
34094 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
| | - Nathalie C. Guérineau
- IGF, Institut de génomique fonctionnelle
CNRS : UMR5203INSERM : U661Université Montpellier IUniversité Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc141, Rue de la Cardonille
34094 MONTPELLIER CEDEX 5,FR
| | - Nicolas Grillet
- DESN, Développement et évolution du système nerveux
CNRS : UMR8542Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris46 Rue d'Ulm
75230 PARIS CEDEX 05,FR
- TSRI, The Scripps Research institute
The Scripps Research Institute10550 N Torrey Pines Rd
La Jolla, CA 92037,US
| | - Jean-François Brunet
- DESN, Développement et évolution du système nerveux
CNRS : UMR8542Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris46 Rue d'Ulm
75230 PARIS CEDEX 05,FR
| | - Jean-Sébastien Annicotte
- Métabolisme et cancer
INSERM : U834Université Montpellier ICentre de recherche Inserm
60, rue de navacelles
34090 MONTPELLIER,FR
- IRCM, Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Montpellier
INSERM : U896Université Montpellier IFR
| | - Lluis Fajas
- Métabolisme et cancer
INSERM : U834Université Montpellier ICentre de recherche Inserm
60, rue de navacelles
34090 MONTPELLIER,FR
- IRCM, Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Montpellier
INSERM : U896Université Montpellier IFR
- CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve
CHRU MontpellierHôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, F-34295 Montpellier,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Lluis Fajas
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