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Sheehan M, Pesavento PA, Campion F, Lynch J, McGettrick S, Toland B, Kennedy A. First reported case in an Irish flock of MCF- like systemic necrotizing vasculitis in sheep associated with ovine herpesvirus 2. Ir Vet J 2024; 77:7. [PMID: 38702747 PMCID: PMC11069233 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-024-00269-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is the causative agent of sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). As sheep are the adapted host for OvHV-2, it is generally presumed that infection is not associated with disease in this species. However, a recent case review combined in-situ hybridisation, PCR and histopathology and correlated the viral distribution with systemic necrotizing vasculitis and concluded OvHV-2 was the likely agent responsible for sporadic, MCF-like vascular disease in sheep. CASE PRESENTATION Using similar methods this case study reports on the findings of the first reported cases in an Irish Flock of MCF- like systemic necrotizing vasculitis in sheep associated with OvHV-2. Sheep A, a 16-month-old Texel-cross hogget displayed signs of ill- thrift, Sheep B, a nine-month-old Belclare-cross lamb, was found dead having displayed no obvious symptoms. Both cases occurred on the same farm, however the animals were not related. Lymphohistiocytic vasculitis of various tissues was the predominant histopathological finding in both animals. CONCLUSION By combining histopathology, PCR and in-situ hybridisation results, MCF- like systemic necrotizing vasculitis associated with OvHV-2 has been diagnosed for the first time in an Irish flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maresa Sheehan
- Kilkenny Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Kilkenny, Ireland.
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Francis Campion
- Teagasc, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Mellows Campus, Athenry, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - John Lynch
- Archersfield Veterinary Clinic, Archersfield House, Kilkenny, Co. Kilkenny, Ireland
| | - Shane McGettrick
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Brian Toland
- Kilkenny Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Kilkenny, Ireland
| | - Aideen Kennedy
- Kilkenny Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Kilkenny, Ireland
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2
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Powell M, Pilkington R, Varney B, Havard A, Lynch J, Dobbins T, Oei JL, Ahmed T, Falster K. The burden of prenatal and early life maternal substance use among children at risk of maltreatment: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Rev 2024; 43:823-847. [PMID: 38548385 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
ISSUES Although maternal substance use is a known risk factor for child maltreatment, evidence on the scale of substance use is needed to inform prevention responses. This systematic review synthesised prevalence estimates of maternal substance use during pregnancy and early life among children at risk of maltreatment. Ovid, Pubmed, CINAHL, PsychInfo and ProQuest databases were searched. We included observational studies that sampled children at risk of maltreatment in high-income countries and reported information on maternal substance use during pregnancy and/or the child's first year of life. We extracted study characteristics and data to calculate prevalence, assessed risk of bias and conducted a narrative synthesis; there were insufficient comparable populations or outcomes to quantitatively synthesise results. KEY FINDINGS Thirty five of 14,084 titles were included. Fifteen studies had adequately sized and representative samples to estimate prevalence. Maternal substance use prevalence ranged from 2.4% to 40.6%. Maternal substance use was highest among infants referred to child protection at birth (40.6%) and children in out-of-home care (10.4% to 37.2%). Prevalence was higher when studies defined substance use more broadly and when maternal substance use was ascertained from both child and mother records. IMPLICATIONS Supportive, coordinated responses to maternal substance use are needed from health and child protection services, spanning alcohol and other drug treatment, antenatal and postnatal care. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal and early life maternal substance use is common among child maltreatment populations, particularly among younger children and those with more serious maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Powell
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Bianca Varney
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alys Havard
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - John Lynch
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Ju Lee Oei
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Royal Hospital for Women, New South Wales Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tasnia Ahmed
- School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Abdul Rahim R, Pilkington R, D'Onise K, Montgomerie A, Lynch J. Counting culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) children in Australian health research: Does it matter how we count? Aust N Z J Public Health 2024; 48:100129. [PMID: 38429223 DOI: 10.1016/j.anzjph.2024.100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe how culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) children are identified and enumerated in routine data collections and in child health research in Australia. METHODS Descriptive analysis, where different definitions of CALD were applied to the 2021 Australian Census to measure the size of the CALD population of Australian children aged 0 to 17 years. Narrative review of the Australian child health literature to examine how CALD children were defined. RESULTS Applying various definitions to the 2021 Census, the estimated proportion of CALD children aged 0 to 17 ranged from 6.3% to 43%. The most commonly applied CALD indicators were language background other than English and being born overseas. CONCLUSIONS There is no consensus on how CALD is defined in Australian child health research. Application of different CALD indicators can generate up to seven-fold differences in estimates of who counts as being a CALD child. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH If we are to advance health and well-being equity for CALD children, we need a more consistent approach to understanding which children are counted as CALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razlyn Abdul Rahim
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Rhiannon Pilkington
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Katina D'Onise
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alicia Montgomerie
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John Lynch
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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4
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Su Y, Carter JL, Li X, Fukuda Y, Gray A, Lynch J, Edwards H, Ma J, Schreiner P, Polin L, Kushner J, Dzinic SH, Buck SA, Pruett-Miller SM, Hege-Hurrish K, Robinson C, Qiao X, Liu S, Wu S, Wang G, Li J, Allen JE, Prabhu VV, Schimmer AD, Joshi D, Kalhor-Monfared S, Watson IDG, Marcellus R, Isaac MB, Al-Awar R, Taub JW, Lin H, Schuetz JD, Ge Y. The Imipridone ONC213 Targets α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase to Induce Mitochondrial Stress and Suppress Oxidative Phosphorylation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Res 2024; 84:1084-1100. [PMID: 38266099 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-2659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Eradication of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is therapeutically challenging; many patients succumb to AML despite initially responding to conventional treatments. Here, we showed that the imipridone ONC213 elicits potent antileukemia activity in a subset of AML cell lines and primary patient samples, particularly in leukemia stem cells, while producing negligible toxicity in normal hematopoietic cells. ONC213 suppressed mitochondrial respiration and elevated α-ketoglutarate by suppressing α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (αKGDH) activity. Deletion of OGDH, which encodes αKGDH, suppressed AML fitness and impaired oxidative phosphorylation, highlighting the key role for αKGDH inhibition in ONC213-induced death. ONC213 treatment induced a unique mitochondrial stress response and suppressed de novo protein synthesis in AML cells. Additionally, ONC213 reduced the translation of MCL1, which contributed to ONC213-induced apoptosis. Importantly, a patient-derived xenograft from a relapsed AML patient was sensitive to ONC213 in vivo. Collectively, these findings support further development of ONC213 for treating AML. SIGNIFICANCE In AML cells, ONC213 suppresses αKGDH, which induces a unique mitochondrial stress response, and reduces MCL1 to decrease oxidative phosphorylation and elicit potent antileukemia activity. See related commentary by Boët and Sarry, p. 950.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Su
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jenna L Carter
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
- MD/PhD Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Xinyu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fukuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ashley Gray
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Holly Edwards
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jun Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Patrick Schreiner
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Lisa Polin
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Juiwanna Kushner
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sijana H Dzinic
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Steven A Buck
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Katie Hege-Hurrish
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Camenzind Robinson
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Shared Imaging Resource, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Xinan Qiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Guan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | | | - Aaron D Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dhananjay Joshi
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shiva Kalhor-Monfared
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iain D G Watson
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Marcellus
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Methvin B Isaac
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rima Al-Awar
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey W Taub
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - John D Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yubin Ge
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
- MD/PhD Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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Gose T, Rasouli A, Dehghani-Ghahnaviyeh S, Wen PC, Wang Y, Lynch J, Fukuda Y, Shafi T, Ford RC, Tajkhorshid E, Schuetz JD. Tumor-acquired somatic mutation affects conformation to abolish ABCG2-mediated drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 73:101066. [PMID: 38387283 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2024.101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
ABCG2 is an important ATP-binding cassette transporter impacting the absorption and distribution of over 200 chemical toxins and drugs. ABCG2 also reduces the cellular accumulation of diverse chemotherapeutic agents. Acquired somatic mutations in the phylogenetically conserved amino acids of ABCG2 might provide unique insights into its molecular mechanisms of transport. Here, we identify a tumor-derived somatic mutation (Q393K) that occurs in a highly conserved amino acid across mammalian species. This ABCG2 mutant seems incapable of providing ABCG2-mediated drug resistance. This was perplexing because it is localized properly and retained interaction with substrates and nucleotides. Using a conformationally sensitive antibody, we show that this mutant appears "locked" in a non-functional conformation. Structural modeling and molecular dynamics simulations based on ABCG2 cryo-EM structures suggested that the Q393K interacts with the E446 to create a strong salt bridge. The salt bridge is proposed to stabilize the inward-facing conformation, resulting in an impaired transporter that lacks the flexibility to readily change conformation, thereby disrupting the necessary communication between substrate binding and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Gose
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ali Rasouli
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Visualization, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sepehr Dehghani-Ghahnaviyeh
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Visualization, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Po-Chao Wen
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Visualization, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John Lynch
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yu Fukuda
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Talha Shafi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Robert C Ford
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group, NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Visualization, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John D Schuetz
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Liew JW, Jarraya M, Guermazi A, Lynch J, Felson D, Nevitt M, Lewis CE, Torner J, Roemer FW, Crema MD, Wang N, Becce F, Rabasa G, Pascart T, Neogi T. Intra-Articular Mineralization on Computerized Tomography of the Knee and Risk of Cartilage Damage: The Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024. [PMID: 38369918 DOI: 10.1002/art.42832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intra-articular (IA) mineralization may contribute to osteoarthritis (OA) structural progression. We studied the association of IA mineralization on knee computed tomography (CT) with cartilage damage worsening on knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with a focus on location- and tissue-specific effects. METHODS Participants from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study with knee CT and MRI scans were included. Presence of IA mineralization on CT was defined as a Boston University Calcium Knee Score >0 anywhere in the knee. Cartilage worsening on MRI was defined as any increase in the MRI OA Knee Score, including incident damage. We evaluated the association of whole-knee, compartment-specific (ie, medial or lateral), and subregion-specific (ie, location-matched) IA mineralization at baseline with cartilage worsening at two years' follow-up in the corresponding locations using binomial regression with generalized estimating equations, adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS We included 1,673 participants (mean age 60 years, 56% female, mean BMI 29). Nine percent had any IA mineralization in the knee, and 47.4% had any cartilage worsening on follow-up. Mineralization of any tissue in the knee, regardless of location, was not associated with MRI cartilage worsening. However, cartilage mineralization was associated with 1.39 (95% confidence interval 1.04-1.88) times higher risk of cartilage worsening in the same compartment, with similar results in subregion-specific analysis. CONCLUSION CT-detected IA mineralization in the cartilage was associated with higher risk of MRI cartilage worsening in the same compartment and subregion over two years. These findings suggest potential localized, tissue-specific effects of IA mineralization on cartilage pathology in knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Jarraya
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Frank W Roemer
- Universitätsklinikum Erlangen & Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany, and Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michel D Crema
- Institut d'Imagerie du Sport, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Na Wang
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fabio Becce
- Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Tristan Pascart
- Lille Catholic Hospitals and University of Lille, Lomme, France
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7
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Jordon MW, Buffet JC, Dungait JA, Galdos M, Garnett T, Lee MR, Lynch J, Röös E, Searchinger TD, Smith P, Godfray HCJ. A restatement of the natural science evidence base concerning grassland management, grazing livestock and soil carbon storage. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232669. [PMID: 38264781 PMCID: PMC10806435 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Approximately a third of all annual greenhouse gas emissions globally are directly or indirectly associated with the food system, and over a half of these are linked to livestock production. In temperate oceanic regions, such as the UK, most meat and dairy is produced in extensive systems based on pasture. There is much interest in the extent to which such grassland may be able to sequester and store more carbon to partially or completely mitigate other greenhouse gas emissions in the system. However, answering this question is difficult due to context-specificity and a complex and sometimes inconsistent evidence base. This paper describes a project that set out to summarize the natural science evidence base relevant to grassland management, grazing livestock and soil carbon storage potential in as policy-neutral terms as possible. It is based on expert appraisal of a systematically assembled evidence base, followed by a wide stakeholders engagement. A series of evidence statements (in the appendix of this paper) are listed and categorized according to the nature of the underlying information, and an annotated bibliography is provided in the electronic supplementary material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Jordon
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
| | - Jean-Charles Buffet
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
| | - Jennifer A. J. Dungait
- School of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stoker Road, Exeter EX4 4PY, UK
- Carbon Management Centre, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Peter Wilson Building, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Marcelo V. Galdos
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Tara Garnett
- TABLE, Environment Change Institute, University of Oxford, 3 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | | | - John Lynch
- Nature-Based Solutions Initiative, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Elin Röös
- Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Ulls hus, Almas allé 8, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - Timothy D. Searchinger
- School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, 318 Robertson Hall, NJ 08544-1013, USA
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - H. Charles J. Godfray
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
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8
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Mittinty MN, Lynch J. Risk ratio regression-simple concept yet complex computation. Int J Epidemiol 2023; 52:1991-1992. [PMID: 37244649 PMCID: PMC10749776 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyad077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Murthy N Mittinty
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John Lynch
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Abstract
Perinatal mental health is a vital component of public mental health. The perinatal period represents the time in a woman's life when she is at the highest risk of developing new-onset psychiatric disorders or relapse of an existing mental illness. Optimisation of maternal mental health in the perinatal period is associated with both short- and long-term benefits not only for the mother, but also for her infant and family. However, perinatal mental health service provision remains variable across the world. At present in Northern Ireland, 80% of women do not have access to specialist community perinatal mental health services, and without access to a mother and baby unit, mothers who require a psychiatric admission in the postnatal period are separated from their baby. However, following successful campaigns, funding for development of specialist perinatal mental health community teams has recently been approved. In this article, we discuss the importance of perinatal mental health from a public health perspective and explore challenges and opportunities in the ongoing journey of specialist service development in Northern Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mongan
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Lynch
- Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - J Anderson
- Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Antrim, Northern Ireland
| | - L Robinson
- Independent Researcher, Northern Ireland
| | - C Mulholland
- Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Antrim, Northern Ireland
- School of Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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10
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Liew JW, Jarraya M, Guermazi A, Lynch J, Wang N, Rabasa G, Jafarzadeh SR, Nevitt M, Torner J, Lewis CE, Felson DT, Neogi T. Relation of Intra-Articular Mineralization to Knee Pain in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Longitudinal Analysis in the MOST Study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:2161-2168. [PMID: 37410792 PMCID: PMC10770289 DOI: 10.1002/art.42649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intra-articular (IA) calcium crystal deposition is common in knee osteoarthritis (OA), but of unclear significance. It is possible that low-grade, crystal-related inflammation may contribute to knee pain. We examined the longitudinal relation of computed tomography (CT)-detected IA mineralization to the development of knee pain. METHODS We used data from the National Institutes of Health-funded longitudinal Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study. Participants had knee radiographs and bilateral knee CTs at baseline, and pain assessments every 8 months for 2 years. CT images were scored using the Boston University Calcium Knee Score. We longitudinally examined the relation of CT-detected IA mineralization to the risk of frequent knee pain (FKP), intermittent or constant knee pain worsening, and pain severity worsening using generalized linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS We included 2,093 participants (mean age 61 years, 57% women, mean body mass index 28.8 kg/m2 ). Overall, 10.2% of knees had IA mineralization. The presence of any IA mineralization in the cartilage was associated with 2.0 times higher odds of having FKP (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.38-2.78) and 1.86 times more frequent intermittent or constant pain (95% CI 1.20-2.78), with similar results seen for the presence of any IA mineralization in the meniscus or joint capsule. A higher burden of IA mineralization anywhere within the knee was associated with a higher odds of all pain outcomes (odds ratio ranged from 2.14 to 2.21). CONCLUSION CT-detected IA mineralization was associated with risk of having more frequent, persistent, and worsening knee pain over 2 years. Targeting IA mineralization may have therapeutic potential for pain improvement in knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean W. Liew
- Section of Rheumatology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Mohamed Jarraya
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ali Guermazi
- Radiology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - John Lynch
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Na Wang
- School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | | | - S. Reza Jafarzadeh
- Section of Rheumatology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Michael Nevitt
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Cora E. Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - David T. Felson
- Section of Rheumatology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Tuhina Neogi
- Section of Rheumatology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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11
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Banham D, Karnon J, Brown A, Roder D, Lynch J. The fraction of life years lost after diagnosis (FLYLAD): a person-centred measure of cancer burden. Popul Health Metr 2023; 21:14. [PMID: 37704992 PMCID: PMC10500871 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-023-00314-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer control initiatives are informed by quantifying the capacity to reduce cancer burden through effective interventions. Burden measures using health administrative data are a sustainable way to support monitoring and evaluating of outcomes among patients and populations. The Fraction of Life Years Lost After Diagnosis (FLYLAD) is one such burden measure. We use data on Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal South Australians from 1990 to 2010 to show how FLYLAD quantifies disparities in cancer burden: between populations; between sub-population cohorts where stage at diagnosis is available; and when follow-up is constrained to 24-months after diagnosis. METHOD FLYLADcancer is the fraction of years of life expectancy lost due to cancer (YLLcancer) to life expectancy years at risk at time of cancer diagnosis (LYAR) for each person. The Global Burden of Disease standard life table provides referent life expectancies. FLYLADcancer was estimated for the population of cancer cases diagnosed in South Australia from 1990 to 2010. Cancer stage at diagnosis was also available for cancers diagnosed in Aboriginal people and a cohort of non-Aboriginal people matched by sex, year of birth, primary cancer site and year of diagnosis. RESULTS Cancers diagnoses (N = 144,891) included 777 among Aboriginal people. Cancer burden described by FLYLADcancer was higher among Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal (0.55, 95% CIs 0.52-0.59 versus 0.39, 95% CIs 0.39-0.40). Diagnoses at younger ages among Aboriginal people, 7 year higher LYAR (31.0, 95% CIs 30.0-32.0 versus 24.1, 95% CIs 24.1-24.2) and higher premature cancer mortality (YLLcancer = 16.3, 95% CIs 15.1-17.5 versus YLLcancer = 8.2, 95% CIs 8.2-8.3) influenced this. Disparities in cancer burden between the matched Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal cohorts manifested 24-months after diagnosis with FLYLADcancer 0.44, 95% CIs 0.40-0.47 and 0.28, 95% CIs 0.25-0.31 respectively. CONCLUSION FLYLAD described disproportionately higher cancer burden among Aboriginal people in comparisons involving: all people diagnosed with cancer; the matched cohorts; and, within groups diagnosed with same staged disease. The extent of disparities were evident 24-months after diagnosis. This is evidence of Aboriginal peoples' substantial capacity to benefit from cancer control initiatives, particularly those leading to earlier detection and treatment of cancers. FLYLAD's use of readily available, person-level administrative records can help evaluate health care initiatives addressing this need.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Banham
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
- Wardliparingga Aboriginal Health Research, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
| | - Jonathan Karnon
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Alex Brown
- Wardliparingga Aboriginal Health Research, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - David Roder
- School of Health Sciences, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - John Lynch
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
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12
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Goddard J, Montgomerie A, Gialamas A, Haag D, Anderson J, Lynch J. Excess Hospital Burden Among Young People in Contact With Homelessness Services in South Australia: A Prospective Linked Data Study. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:519-526. [PMID: 37330707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Youth homelessness remains an ongoing public health issue worldwide. We aimed to describe the burden of emergency department (ED) presentations and hospitalizations among a South Australian population of young people in contact with specialist homelessness services (SHS). METHODS This whole-of-population study used de-identified, linked administrative data from the Better Evidence Better Outcomes Linked Data (BEBOLD) platform on all individuals born between 1996 and 1998 (N = 57,509). The Homelessness2Home data collection was used to identify 2,269 young people in contact with SHS at ages 16-17 years. We followed these 57,509 individuals to age 18-19 years and compared ED presentations and hospital separations related to mental health, self-harm, drug and alcohol, injury, oral health, respiratory conditions, diabetes, pregnancy, and potentially preventable hospitalizations between those in contact and not in contact with SHS. RESULTS Four percent of young people had contact with SHS at ages 16-17 years. Young people who had contact with SHS were 2 and 3 times more likely to have presented to an ED and hospital respectively, compared to those who did not contact SHS. This accounted for 13% of all ED presentations and 16% of all hospitalizations in this age group. Excess burden causes included mental health, self-harm, drug and alcohol, diabetes, and pregnancy. On average, young people in contact with SHS experienced an increased length of stay in ED (+0.6 hours) and hospital (+0.7 days) per presentation, and were more likely to not wait for treatment in ED and to self-discharge from hospital. DISCUSSION The 4% of young people who contacted SHS at ages 16-17 years accounted for 13% and 16% of all ED presentations and hospitalizations respectively at age 18-19 years. Prioritizing access to stable housing and primary health-care services for adolescents in contact with SHS in Australia could improve health outcomes and reduce health-care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Goddard
- BetterStart Health and Development Research Group, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Alicia Montgomerie
- BetterStart Health and Development Research Group, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Angela Gialamas
- BetterStart Health and Development Research Group, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dandara Haag
- BetterStart Health and Development Research Group, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jemma Anderson
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of General and Adolescent Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John Lynch
- BetterStart Health and Development Research Group, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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13
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Gose T, Aitken HM, Wang Y, Lynch J, Rampersaud E, Fukuda Y, Wills M, Baril SA, Ford RC, Shelat A, Mara MLO, Schuetz JD. The net electrostatic potential and hydration of ABCG2 affect substrate transport. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5035. [PMID: 37596258 PMCID: PMC10439158 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
ABCG2 is a medically important ATP-binding cassette transporter with crucial roles in the absorption and distribution of chemically-diverse toxins and drugs, reducing the cellular accumulation of chemotherapeutic drugs to facilitate multidrug resistance in cancer. ABCG2's capacity to transport both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds is not well understood. Here we assess the molecular basis for substrate discrimination by the binding pocket. Substitution of a phylogenetically-conserved polar residue, N436, to alanine in the binding pocket of human ABCG2 permits only hydrophobic substrate transport, revealing the unique role of N436 as a discriminator. Molecular dynamics simulations show that this alanine substitution alters the electrostatic potential of the binding pocket favoring hydration of the transport pore. This change affects the contact with substrates and inhibitors, abrogating hydrophilic compound transport while retaining the transport of hydrophobic compounds. The N436 residue is also required for optimal transport inhibition of ABCG2, as many inhibitors are functionally impaired by this ABCG2 mutation. Overall, these findings have biomedical implications, broadly extending our understanding of substrate and inhibitor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Gose
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Heather M Aitken
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Australia, Cnr College Rd & Cooper Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - John Lynch
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Evadnie Rampersaud
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yu Fukuda
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Medb Wills
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Stefanie A Baril
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Robert C Ford
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Anang Shelat
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Megan L O' Mara
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Australia, Cnr College Rd & Cooper Rd, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - John D Schuetz
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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14
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McAuliffe GA, Lynch J, Cain M, Buckingham S, Rees RM, Collins AL, Allen M, Pierrehumbert R, Lee MRF, Takahashi T. Are single global warming potential impact assessments adequate for carbon footprints of agri-food systems? Environ Res Lett 2023; 18:084014. [PMID: 37469672 PMCID: PMC10353732 DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ace204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of agri-food climate-based sustainability analyses use global warming potential (GWP100) as an impact assessment, usually in isolation; however, in recent years, discussions have criticised the 'across-the-board' application of GWP100 in Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs), particularly of food systems which generate large amounts of methane (CH4) and considered whether reporting additional and/or alternative metrics may be more applicable to certain circumstances or research questions (e.g. Global Temperature Change Potential (GTP)). This paper reports a largescale sensitivity analysis using a pasture-based beef production system (a high producer of CH4 emissions) as an exemplar to compare various climatatic impact assessments: CO2-equivalents using GWP100 and GTP100, and 'CO2-warming-equivalents' using 'GWP Star', or GWP*. The inventory for this system was compiled using data from the UK Research and Innovation National Capability, the North Wyke Farm Platform, in Devon, SW England. LCAs can have an important bearing on: (i) policymakers' decisions; (ii) farmer management decisions; (iii) consumers' purchasing habits; and (iv) wider perceptions of whether certain activities can be considered 'sustainable' or not; it is, therefore, the responsibility of LCA practitioners and scientists to ensure that subjective decisions are tested as robustly as possible through appropriate sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. We demonstrate herein that the choice of climate impact assessment has dramatic effects on interpretation, with GWP100 and GTP100 producing substantially different results due to their different treatments of CH4 in the context of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalents. Given its dynamic nature and previously proven strong correspondence with climate models, out of the three assessments covered, GWP* provides the most complete coverage of the temporal evolution of temperature change for different greenhouse gas emissions. We extend previous discussions on the limitations of static emission metrics and encourage LCA practitioners to consider due care and attention where additional information or dynamic approaches may prove superior, scientifically speaking, particularly in cases of decision support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A McAuliffe
- Net Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB, United Kingdom
| | - John Lynch
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Cain
- Cranfield University, Cranfield Environment Centre, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Buckingham
- Scotland’s Rural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M Rees
- Scotland’s Rural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian L Collins
- Net Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB, United Kingdom
| | - Myles Allen
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael R F Lee
- Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, United Kingdom
| | - Taro Takahashi
- Net Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB, United Kingdom
- University of Bristol, Bristol Veterinary School, Langford, Somerset BS40 5DU, United Kingdom
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, AFBI, Large Park, Hillsborough, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT26 6DR, United Kingdom
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15
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Scarborough P, Clark M, Cobiac L, Papier K, Knuppel A, Lynch J, Harrington R, Key T, Springmann M. Vegans, vegetarians, fish-eaters and meat-eaters in the UK show discrepant environmental impacts. Nat Food 2023:10.1038/s43016-023-00795-w. [PMID: 37474804 PMCID: PMC10365988 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-023-00795-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Modelled dietary scenarios often fail to reflect true dietary practice and do not account for variation in the environmental burden of food due to sourcing and production methods. Here we link dietary data from a sample of 55,504 vegans, vegetarians, fish-eaters and meat-eaters with food-level data on greenhouse gas emissions, land use, water use, eutrophication risk and potential biodiversity loss from a review of 570 life-cycle assessments covering more than 38,000 farms in 119 countries. Our results include the variation in food production and sourcing that is observed in the review of life-cycle assessments. All environmental indicators showed a positive association with amounts of animal-based food consumed. Dietary impacts of vegans were 25.1% (95% uncertainty interval, 15.1-37.0%) of high meat-eaters (≥100 g total meat consumed per day) for greenhouse gas emissions, 25.1% (7.1-44.5%) for land use, 46.4% (21.0-81.0%) for water use, 27.0% (19.4-40.4%) for eutrophication and 34.3% (12.0-65.3%) for biodiversity. At least 30% differences were found between low and high meat-eaters for most indicators. Despite substantial variation due to where and how food is produced, the relationship between environmental impact and animal-based food consumption is clear and should prompt the reduction of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Scarborough
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, UK.
- NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre at Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | - Michael Clark
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Linda Cobiac
- Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Keren Papier
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - John Lynch
- Nature-based Solutions Initiative, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Harrington
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre at Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Lynch J, Wang Y, Li Y, Kavdia K, Fukuda Y, Ranjit S, Robinson CG, Grace CR, Xia Y, Peng J, Schuetz JD. A PPIX-binding probe facilitates discovery of PPIX-induced cell death modulation by peroxiredoxin. Commun Biol 2023; 6:673. [PMID: 37355765 PMCID: PMC10290680 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
While heme synthesis requires the formation of a potentially lethal intermediate, protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), surprisingly little is known about the mechanism of its toxicity, aside from its phototoxicity. The cellular protein interactions of PPIX might provide insight into modulators of PPIX-induced cell death. Here we report the development of PPB, a biotin-conjugated, PPIX-probe that captures proteins capable of interacting with PPIX. Quantitative proteomics in a diverse panel of mammalian cell lines reveal a high degree of concordance for PPB-interacting proteins identified for each cell line. Most differences are quantitative, despite marked differences in PPIX formation and sensitivity. Pathway and quantitative difference analysis indicate that iron and heme metabolism proteins are prominent among PPB-bound proteins in fibroblasts, which undergo PPIX-mediated death determined to occur through ferroptosis. PPB proteomic data (available at PRIDE ProteomeXchange # PXD042631) reveal that redox proteins from PRDX family of glutathione peroxidases interact with PPIX. Targeted gene knockdown of the mitochondrial PRDX3, but not PRDX1 or 2, enhance PPIX-induced death in fibroblasts, an effect blocked by the radical-trapping antioxidant, ferrostatin-1. Increased PPIX formation and death was also observed in a T-lymphoblastoid ferrochelatase-deficient leukemia cell line, suggesting that PPIX elevation might serve as a potential strategy for killing certain leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yuxin Li
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Kanisha Kavdia
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yu Fukuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sabina Ranjit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Camenzind G Robinson
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Christy R Grace
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Youlin Xia
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - John D Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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17
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Suel E, Muller E, Bennett JE, Blakely T, Doyle Y, Lynch J, Mackenbach JD, Middel A, Mizdrak A, Nathvani R, Brauer M, Ezzati M. Do poverty and wealth look the same the world over? A comparative study of 12 cities from five high-income countries using street images. EPJ Data Sci 2023; 12:19. [PMID: 37293269 PMCID: PMC10245348 DOI: 10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization and inequalities are two of the major policy themes of our time, intersecting in large cities where social and economic inequalities are particularly pronounced. Large scale street-level images are a source of city-wide visual information and allow for comparative analyses of multiple cities. Computer vision methods based on deep learning applied to street images have been shown to successfully measure inequalities in socioeconomic and environmental features, yet existing work has been within specific geographies and have not looked at how visual environments compare across different cities and countries. In this study, we aim to apply existing methods to understand whether, and to what extent, poor and wealthy groups live in visually similar neighborhoods across cities and countries. We present novel insights on similarity of neighborhoods using street-level images and deep learning methods. We analyzed 7.2 million images from 12 cities in five high-income countries, home to more than 85 million people: Auckland (New Zealand), Sydney (Australia), Toronto and Vancouver (Canada), Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Washington D.C. (United States of America), and London (United Kingdom). Visual features associated with neighborhood disadvantage are more distinct and unique to each city than those associated with affluence. For example, from what is visible from street images, high density poor neighborhoods located near the city center (e.g., in London) are visually distinct from poor suburban neighborhoods characterized by lower density and lower accessibility (e.g., in Atlanta). This suggests that differences between two cities is also driven by historical factors, policies, and local geography. Our results also have implications for image-based measures of inequality in cities especially when trained on data from cities that are visually distinct from target cities. We showed that these are more prone to errors for disadvantaged areas especially when transferring across cities, suggesting more attention needs to be paid to improving methods for capturing heterogeneity in poor environment across cities around the world. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00394-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Suel
- Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis (CASA), University College London, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Center for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Emily Muller
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Center for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James E. Bennett
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Center for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tony Blakely
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - John Lynch
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Bristol Medical School Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Joreintje D. Mackenbach
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC–Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ariane Middel
- School of Arts, Media and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Anja Mizdrak
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ricky Nathvani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Center for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Majid Ezzati
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Center for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Del Prado A, Lynch J, Liu S, Ridoutt B, Pardo G, Mitloehner F. Animal board invited review: Opportunities and challenges in using GWP* to report the impact of ruminant livestock on global temperature change. Animal 2023; 17:100790. [PMID: 37099893 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruminant livestock is a large contributor of CH4 emissions globally. Assessing how this CH4 and other greenhouse gases (GHG) from livestock contribute to anthropogenic climate change is key to understanding their role in achieving any temperature targets. The climate impacts of livestock, as well as other sectors or products/services, are generally expressed as CO2-equivalents using 100-year Global Warming Potentials (GWP100). However, the GWP100 cannot be used to translate emission pathways of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) emissions to their temperature outcomes. A key limitation of handling long- and short-lived gases in the same manner is revealed in the context of any potential temperature stabilisation goals: to achieve this outcome, emissions of long-lived gases must decline to net-zero, but this is not the case for SLCPs. A recent alternative metric, GWP* (so-called 'GWP-star'), has been proposed to overcome these concerns. GWP* allows for simple appraisals of warming over time for emission series of different GHGs that may not be obvious if using pulse-emission metrics (i.e. GWP100). In this article, we explore some of the strengths and limitations of GWP* for reporting the contribution of ruminant livestock systems to global temperature change. A number of case studies are used to illustrate the potential use of the GWP* metric to, for example, understand the current contribution of different ruminant livestock production systems to global warming, appraise how different production systems or mitigations compare (having a temporal element), and seeing how possible emission pathways driven by changes in production, emissions intensity and gas composition show different impacts over time. We suggest that for some contexts, particularly if trying to directly infer contributions to additional warming, GWP* or similar approaches can provide important insight that would not be gained from conventional GWP100 reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Del Prado
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Edificio Sede N° 1, Planta 1ª, Parque Científico de UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Basque Foundation for Science (Ikerbasque), Bilbao, Spain.
| | - J Lynch
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - S Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - B Ridoutt
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Clayton South, Victoria, Australia; University of the Free State, Department of Agricultural Economics, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - G Pardo
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Edificio Sede N° 1, Planta 1ª, Parque Científico de UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - F Mitloehner
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Blumling A, McGowan M, Prows C, Childers-Buschle K, Martin L, Lynch J, Dufendach K, Lipstein E, Kovacic MB, Brinkman B, Myers M. Engaging Adolescents and Young Adults in Decisions About Return of Genomic Research Results: a mixed-methods longitudinal clinical trial protocol. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2819191. [PMID: 37162875 PMCID: PMC10168476 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2819191/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Background To protect minors' future autonomy, professional organizations have historically discouraged returning predictive adult-onset genetic test results and carrier status to children. Recent clinical guidance diverges from this norm, suggesting that when minors have genomic sequencing performed for clinical purposes, parents and children should have the opportunity to learn secondary findings, including for some adult-onset conditions. While parents can currently opt in or out of receiving their child's secondary findings, the American Society of Human Genetics Workgroup on Pediatric Genetic and Genomic Testing suggests including adolescents in the decision-making process. However, it is not clear what factors young people consider when given the opportunity to learn genetic findings for themselves. We are examining adolescents', young adults', and parents' (if applicable) decisions about learning genomic information for the adolescent. Methods We are enrolling assenting (ages 13-17) adolescents and consenting (ages 18-21) young adults in a prospective genomic screening study to assess the choices they make about receiving individual genomic results. Participants use an online tool to indicate whether they want to learn their personal genetic risk for specific preventable, treatable, and adult-onset conditions, as well as carrier status for autosomal recessive conditions. We are examining 1) how choices differ between adolescent and young adult cohorts (as well as between adolescents/young adults and parents) and 2) decisional conflict and stability across study timepoints. Results are returned based on participants' choices. Qualitative interviews with a subset of participants explore decisional stability, adolescent/young adult engagement with parents in decision-making, and the impact of learning pathogenic/likely pathogenic and carrier results. Discussion This study explores decision making and decision stability between adolescents and parents (where applicable), as well as the ethical implications and impact of return of clinical-grade genetic research results to adolescents and young adults. The results of this study will contribute empirical evidence to support best practices and guidance on engaging young people in genetic research studies and clinical care that offer return of results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lisa Martin
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
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Joseph GB, McCulloch CE, Nevitt MC, Lynch J, Lane NE, Link TM. Effects of Weight Change on Knee and Hip Radiographic Measurements and Pain Over Four Years: Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2023; 75:860-868. [PMID: 35245415 PMCID: PMC9440955 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of weight loss and weight gain on hip and knee radiographic changes, pain, and joint replacement over 4 years. METHODS Participants (n = 2,752) from the Osteoarthritis Initiative were classified as those with weight gain (more than 5% gain), weight loss (more than -5% loss), or as controls (-3% to 3% change) over 4 years. Generalized estimating equations (adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index) were used to assess the relationship between the weight-change group and 4-year changes in knee radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) (Kellgren/Lawrence [K/L] grade), hip OA (Croft summary grade), joint space narrowing (JSN), and joint pain. RESULTS For radiographic knee OA, weight loss was associated with significantly lower odds of K/L grade worsening over 4 years (odds ratio [OR] 0.69 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.53-0.91], P = 0.009), and weight gain was significantly associated with higher odds of medial knee JSN (OR 1.29 [95% CI 1.01-1.64], P = 0.038) compared to controls. For knee pain, weight loss was significantly associated with knee pain resolution over 4 years (OR 1.40 [95% CI 1.06-1.86], P = 0.019) while weight gain was associated with knee pain development (OR 1.34 [95% CI 1.08-1.67], P = 0.009) compared to controls. For all hip outcomes, no significant associations (P > 0.05) were found with weight-change groups. The associations between the weight-change group and total hip or total knee replacement were not significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION This large, longitudinal study (n = 2,752 with 4-year follow-up) suggests that weight loss may protect against, and weight gain may exacerbate, radiographic and symptomatic knee OA, while weight change (at a 5% threshold) does not have significant effects on hip OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabby B. Joseph
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Charles E. McCulloch
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Michael C. Nevitt
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - John Lynch
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Nancy E. Lane
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis
| | - Thomas M. Link
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
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Abdul Rahim R, Pilkington R, Procter AM, Montgomerie A, Mittinty MN, D'Onise K, Lynch J. Child protection contact among children of culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds: A South Australian linked data study. J Paediatr Child Health 2023; 59:644-652. [PMID: 36744551 PMCID: PMC10946611 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To describe the cumulative incidence of child protection (CP) system contact, maltreatment type, source of reports to age 7 years, and socio-demographic characteristics for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) Australian children. METHODS We used CP, education, health, and birth registrations data for children followed from birth up to age 7 from the South Australian Better Evidence, Better Outcomes, Linked Data (SA BEBOLD) platform. PARTICIPANTS SA born children enrolled in their first year of school from 2009 to 2015 (n = 76 563). CALD defined as non-Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander, spoken language other than English, Indigenous or Sign, or had at least one parent born in a non-English speaking country. OUTCOMES MEASURES For CALD and non-CALD children, we estimated the cumulative incidence (risk) of CP contacts up to age 7, relative risk and risk differences for all levels of CP contact from notification to out-of-home care (OOHC), primary maltreatment type, reporter type, and socio-economic characteristics. Sensitivity analyses explored different population selection criteria and CALD definitions. RESULTS By age 7, 11.2% of CALD children had 'screened-in' notifications compared to 18.8% of non-CALD (risk difference [RD] 7.6 percentage points (95% confidence interval: 6.9-8.3)), and 0.6% of CALD children experienced OOHC compared to 2.2% of non-CALD (RD 1.6 percentage points (95% confidence interval: 1.3-1.8)). Emotional abuse was the most common substantiated maltreatment type for CALD and neglect for non-CALD. Among both groups, the most common reporter sources were police and education sector. Socio-economic characteristics were broadly similar. Sensitivity analyses results were consistent with primary analyses. CONCLUSION By age 7, CALD children had lower risk of contact with all levels of CP. Estimates based on primary and sensitivity analyses suggested CALD children were 5-9 percentage points less likely to have a report screened-in, and from 1.0 to 1.7 percentage points less likely to have experienced OOHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razlyn Abdul Rahim
- School of Public HealthThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Rhiannon Pilkington
- School of Public HealthThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Robinson Research InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Alexandra M Procter
- School of Public HealthThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Robinson Research InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Alicia Montgomerie
- School of Public HealthThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Robinson Research InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Murthy N Mittinty
- School of Public HealthThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Katina D'Onise
- School of Public HealthThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Prevention and Population HealthWellbeing SAAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - John Lynch
- School of Public HealthThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Robinson Research InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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Bierman-Chow S, Holland SM, Hsu AP, Palmer C, Lynch J, Mina Y, Joo (Sophie) Cho H. Clinical, Imaging, and Laboratory Findings in Patients With GATA2 Deficiency Presenting With Early-Onset Ischemic Stroke. Neurology 2023; 100:338-341. [PMID: 36357187 PMCID: PMC9969925 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to characterize the clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings of 10 patients with GATA2 deficiency who presented with early-onset ischemic stroke. METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted on a 127-patient cohort enrolled in the Natural History Study of GATA2 Deficiency and Related Disorders protocol at NIH between 2013 and 2021. All patients had a genetically confirmed GATA2 deficiency. Patients were included if they had evidence of an ischemic stroke through clinical evaluation and neuroimaging. Stroke diagnosis was confirmed through brain magnetic resonance imaging and/or CT. RESULTS Ten patients between the ages of 15 and 38 years (4 males and 6 females) were identified with at least one ischemic stroke while 6 patients experienced recurrent strokes (7.9% overall, 10/127). Stroke etiology varied and included small vessel (n = 4), large vessel (n = 1), cardioembolic (n = 1), and undetermined (n = 4). Nine patients had lupus anticoagulant, and 2 patients had a history of recurrent deep vein thrombosis. DISCUSSION We describe the clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings of 10 patients with GATA2 deficiency younger than 40 years who suffered one or more ischemic strokes , suggesting a link between GATA2 deficiency and stroke. This report emphasizes the need for further research to understand this unique vulnerability within this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaia Bierman-Chow
- From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (S.B.-C., J.L., Y.M., H.J.(S.)C.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (S.M.H., A.P.H.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; National Institutes of Health Bethesda (C.P.), Maryland; and Sackler Faculty of Medicine (Y.M.), Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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Joseph GB, McCulloch CE, Nevitt MC, Lynch J, Lane NE, Pedoia V, Majumdar S, Link TM. The effect of interactions between BMI and sustained depressive symptoms on knee osteoarthritis over 4 years: data from the osteoarthritis initiative. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:27. [PMID: 36631863 PMCID: PMC9835266 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the compound effects of BMI and sustained depressive symptoms on changes in knee structure, cartilage composition, and knee pain over 4 years using statistical interaction analyses. METHODS One thousand eight hundred forty-four individuals from the Osteoarthritis Initiative Database were analyzed at baseline and 4-year follow-up. Individuals were categorized according to their BMI and presence of depressive symptoms (based on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (threshold≥16)) at baseline and 4-year follow-up. 3 T MRI was used to quantify knee cartilage T2 over 4 years, while radiographs were used to assess joint space narrowing (JSN). Mixed effects models examined the effect of BMI-depressive symptoms interactions on outcomes of cartilage T2, JSN, and knee pain over 4-years. RESULTS The BMI-depressive symptoms interaction was significantly associated with knee pain (p < 0.001) changes over 4 years, but not with changes in cartilage T2 (p = 0.27). In women, the BMI-depressive symptoms interaction was significantly associated with JSN (p = 0.01). In a group-based analysis, participants with obesity and depression had significantly greater 4-year changes in knee pain (coeff.(obesity + depression vs. no_obesity + no_depression) = 4.09, 95%CI = 3.60-4.58, p < 0.001), JSN (coeff. = 0.60, 95%CI = 0.44-0.77, p < 0.001), and cartilage T2 (coeff. = 1.09, 95%CI = 0.68-1.49, p < 0.001) than participants without depression and normal BMI. CONCLUSIONS The compound effects of obesity and depression have greater impact on knee pain and JSN progression compared to what would be expected based on their individual effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabby B. Joseph
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Charles E. McCulloch
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Michael C. Nevitt
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - John Lynch
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Nancy E. Lane
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Rheumatology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Valentina Pedoia
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Sharmila Majumdar
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Thomas M. Link
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St, Suite 350, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
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Ramezanpour S, Kanthawang T, Lynch J, McCulloch CE, Nevitt MC, Link TM, Joseph GB. Impact of Sustained Synovitis on Knee Joint Structural Degeneration: 4-Year MRI Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. J Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 57:153-164. [PMID: 35561016 PMCID: PMC9653513 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synovial inflammation is a risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA). But to date, there is limited information on how inflammation impacts progression of knee OA. PURPOSE To investigate how sustained synovitis, assessed with semi-quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scores, impacts progression of knee degenerative changes over 4 years. STUDY TYPE Retrospective cohort study. SUBJECTS In 249 participants (N = 132 women [53%]), from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) two definitions for synovitis were used resulting in two groups of participants with sustained synovitis at baseline, 2-year, and 4-year follow-up (N = 80 and N = 132), and two groups without synovitis at all three time points (N = 81 and N = 47). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3 T intermediate-weighted (IW) turbo spin-echo (TSE) sequence and three-dimensional (3D) dual-echo steady-state (DESS) sequence. ASSESSMENT Synovitis was scored semi-quantitatively using the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Osteoarthritis Score (ACLOAS), MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS), and synovial proliferation score (SPS). Two MRI-based definitions of synovitis were used: (i) score ≥2 based on cumulative score of MOAKS and ACLOAS, and (ii) score ≥3 based on the cumulative score of ACLOAS, MOAKS, and SPS. Changes in structural abnormalities from baseline to year 4 measured using the whole-organ MRI score (WORMS) were defined as outcomes. STATISTICAL TESTS Linear regression models were used to compare the differences in longitudinal changes in WORMS scores between participants with and without sustained synovitis for each definition of sustained synovitis. A P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Significantly higher rates of progression were found in participants with synovitis for patellar (Beta coeff. = 0.29) and medial tibial cartilage abnormalities (Beta coeff. = 0.29) for definition (i). For definition (ii), patellar (Beta coeff. = 0.36) and medial femoral cartilage (Beta coeff. = 0.30) abnormalities demonstrated significant differences. DATA CONCLUSION Greater progression of structural degenerative disease was observed in individuals with sustained synovitis compared to those without sustained synovitis, suggesting that sustained synovitis is associated with progressive OA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ramezanpour
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Thanat Kanthawang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - John Lynch
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Charles E. McCulloch
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Michael C. Nevitt
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Thomas M. Link
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Gabby B. Joseph
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
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Mittinty MN, Lynch J. Reflection on modern methods: risk ratio regression-simple concept yet complex computation. Int J Epidemiol 2022; 52:309-314. [PMID: 36416437 PMCID: PMC9908057 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyac220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk ratio (RR) is the ratio of the outcome among the exposed to risk of the outcome among the unexposed. This is a simple concept, which makes one wonder why it has not gained the same popularity as the odds ratio. Using logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio is quite common in epidemiology and interpreting the odds ratio as a risk ratio, under the assumption that the outcome is rare, is also common. On one hand, estimating the odds ratio is simple but interpreting it is hard. On the other, estimating the risk ratio is challenging but its interpretation is straightforward. Issues with estimating risk ratio still remain after four decades. These issues include convergence of the algorithm, the choice of regression specification (e.g. log-binomial, Poisson) and many more. Various new computational methods are available which help overcome the issue of convergence and provide doubly robust estimates of RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murthy N Mittinty
- Corresponding author. School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia. E-mail:
| | - John Lynch
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Potter C, Pechey R, Clark M, Frie K, Bateman PA, Cook B, Stewart C, Piernas C, Lynch J, Rayner M, Poore J, Jebb SA. Effects of environmental impact labels on the sustainability of food purchases: Two randomised controlled trials in an experimental online supermarket. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272800. [PMID: 36327277 PMCID: PMC9632881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing consumers with product-specific environmental impact information for food products (ecolabels) may promote more sustainable purchasing, needed to meet global environmental targets. Two UK studies investigated the effectiveness of different ecolabels using an experimental online supermarket platform. Study 1 (N = 1051 participants) compared three labels against control (no label), while Study 2 (N = 4979) tested four designs against control. Study 1 found significant reductions in the environmental impact score (EIS) for all labels compared to control (labels presented: values for four environmental indicators [-3.9 percentiles, 95%CIs: -5.2,-2.6]; a composite score [taking values from A to E; -3.9, 95%CIs: -5.2,-2.5]; or both together [-3.2, 95%CIs: -4.5,-1.9]). Study 2 showed significant reductions in EIS compared to control for A-E labels [-2.3, 95%CIs: -3.0,-1.5], coloured globes with A-E scores [-3.2, 95%CIs:-3.9,-2.4], and red globes highlighting ’worse’ products [-3.2, 95%CIs:-3.9,-2.5]. There was no evidence that green globes highlighting ’better’ products were effective [-0.5, 95%CIs:-1.3,0.2]. Providing ecolabels is a promising intervention to promote the selection of more sustainable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Potter
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Pechey
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael Clark
- Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food and Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Geography & Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Smith School of Enterprise and Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Frie
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Bateman
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Cook
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Stewart
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Piernas
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Lynch
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Rayner
- Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food and Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Poore
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Geography & Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susan A. Jebb
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Nugent K, O'Neill B, Brennan V, Lynch J, Higgins M, Dunne M, Skourou C. Quantification of organ motion in male and female patients undergoing long course radiotherapy for rectal cancer in the supine position. Adv Radiat Oncol 2022; 8:101109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2022.101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Abstract
Observational studies aiming to estimate causal effects often rely on conceptual frameworks that are unfamiliar to many researchers and practitioners. We provide a clear, structured overview of key concepts and terms, intended as a starting point for readers unfamiliar with the causal inference literature. First, we introduce theoretical frameworks underlying causal effect estimation methods: the counterfactual theory of causation, the potential outcomes framework, structural equations and directed acyclic graphs. Second, we define the most common causal effect estimands, and the issues of effect measure modification, interaction and mediation (direct and indirect effects). Third, we define the assumptions required to estimate causal effects: exchangeability, positivity, consistency and non-interference. Fourth, we define and explain biases that arise when attempting to estimate causal effects, including confounding, collider bias, selection bias and measurement bias. Finally, we describe common methods and study designs for causal effect estimation, including covariate adjustment, G-methods and natural experiment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Igelström
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter Craig
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jim Lewsey
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Lynch
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anna Pearce
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Montgomerie A, Pilkington R, Lynch J. Using linked administrative data to move from an individual unit to family units: An example from child protection policy to better inform family focused interventions. Int J Popul Data Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.23889/ijpds.v7i3.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo describe turning an incident based child protection system contacts and data (e.g. number of notifications) into child specific experiences and then into patterns of family experiences with child protection (CP) to inform family focused interventions and policy.
ApproachData was drawn from Better Evidence Better Outcomes Linked Data (BEBOLD), a whole-of-population linked de-identified administrative data platform for all children in South Australia born from 1991-2016 (n~500,000) as well as their families and carers. Data linked included birth registrations, perinatal statistics, child protection services, family health services, education, justice, hospitalisation, and welfare payments. Families have been defined in BEBOLD based on mother-child relationships identified via birth registrations. The mother is the index family member, and all children registered with the same mother are grouped into one family. We analysed family experiences of the child protection system over ten years from 2006 to the end of 2016 and described their sociodemographic characteristics.
ResultsAlmost 1 in 4 families had contact with CP 10 years after the birth of their first child. Two-thirds of families in contact with CP had one or two children, but larger families are more likely to have contact (57.1% of families with five or more children compared to 21.9% for families with one child). Of the families that had CP contact, 56.5% had contact when they only had one child, 32.9% first had contact after birth of their second child, and 9% had contact had birth of third child. Families with only one child at first CP contact had a generally higher risk profile across a range of characteristics at birth than families who first had contact with two, or three or more children.
ConclusionUnderstanding CP contact for family units more closely reflects how services seek to address CP risk by working with families. Describing how families interact with CP and identifying families at high risk of CP involvement can inform how agencies design and deliver services to target the most vulnerable families.
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Malvaso C, Magann M, Santiago P, Montgomerie A, Pilkington R, Delfabbro P, Lynch J. Early Versus Late Contact with the Youth Justice System: Differences in Characteristics Measured at Birth, Child Protection System Contact and Adolescent Mental Health Outcomes. Int J Popul Data Sci 2022. [PMCID: PMC9644927 DOI: 10.23889/ijpds.v7i3.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Procter A, Chittleborough C, Pilkington R, Lynch J. Intergenerational welfare and contact with the child protection system. Int J Popul Data Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.23889/ijpds.v7i3.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesSocioeconomic disadvantage and poverty are considered important drivers of child maltreatment, particularly child neglect. We examine the prevalence, cumulative incidence, and notification rate of child protection (CP) contact among children who experienced intergenerational welfare contact (IWC) compared to families with other types of welfare contact (WC).
ApproachA whole-population linked administrative data study of children in South Australia born 1991-1995 (n=94,358), followed from birth up to age 20 years and their parent/s (n=143,814). The study used de-identified data from the Better Evidence Better Outcomes Linked Data (BEBOLD) platform including data from Australian Government Centrelink (welfare payments), birth registration, perinatal birth records, and child protection records. Children were classified as: No WC, parent only WC, child only WC, or IWC. Child protection contact prevalence, rates, and cumulative incidence were estimated by age, level of contact (reported notifications, screened-in reports, investigations, substantiations and out-of-home care), and WC group.
ResultsUsing Australian Government Centrelink data, WC was defined as parent/s receiving a means-tested welfare payment (low-income, unemployment, disability or caring) when children were aged 11-15, or children receiving payment at ages 16-20. IWC was WC occurring in both parent and child generations. Children who experienced IWC accounted for 84.7% of all CP notifications at ages 0-17 years and had the highest prevalence of CP contact (37.3%, n=12,286), compared to children experiencing parent only WC (16.1%), child only WC (11.6%), and no WC (4.7%). This trend was consistent across all levels of CP contact. Children who experienced IWC had higher notification rates at every age compared to all other WC types.
Conclusions and RelevanceChildren experiencing IWC represent a third of the population aged 11-20, yet account for 84.7% of all child protection notifications. Our study shows that children who experience IWC have higher personal (cumulative incidence and prevalence) and societal (notification rates) child protection costs than their counterfactual (parent only WC).
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Procter A, Chittleborough C, Pilkington R, Pearson O, Montgomerie A, Lynch J. The hospital burden of intergenerational contact with the welfare system: A whole-of-population liked data study. Int J Popul Data Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.23889/ijpds.v7i3.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesIntergenerational welfare contact (IWC) is a policy issue due to personal and social costs of ‘entrenched disadvantage’ across generations, yet few studies have quantified the burden of IWC on health. We examine the proportion of children who experienced IWC and other welfare contact (WC) types; and estimate cause-specific hospital burden.
ApproachA whole-of-population linked administrative data study of children in South Australia born 1991-1995 (n=94,358), followed from birth up to age 20 years and their parent/s (n=143,814). The study used de-identified data from the Better Evidence Better Outcomes Linked Data platform including data from Australian Government Centrelink (welfare payments), birth registration, perinatal birth records, and inpatient hospitalisations. Children were classified as: No WC, parent only WC, child only WC, or IWC. Cause-specific hospitalisation rates and cumulative incidence were estimated by age and WC group.
ResultsUsing Australian Government Centrelink data, WC was defined as parent/s receiving a means-tested welfare payment (low-income, unemployment, disability or caring) when children were aged 11-15, or children receiving payment at ages 16-20. IWC was WC occurring in both parent and child generations. IWC affected 34.9% of children, who had the highest hospitalisation rate (133.5 per 1,000 person-years) compared to no WC (46.1 per 1,000 person-years), parent WC (75.0 per 1,000 person-years), and child only WC (87.6 per 1,000 person-years). Of all IWC children, 43.0% experienced at least one hospitalisation between 11-20 years, frequently related to injury, mental health, and pregnancy.
Conclusions and RelevanceChildren experiencing IWC represent a third of the population aged 11-20. Compared to children with parent-only WC, IWC children had 78% higher hospitalisation rates from age 11 to 20, accounting for over half of all hospitalisations in this age group. Frequent IWC hospitalisation causes were injuries, mental health, and pregnancy.
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Malvaso C, Santiago P, Pilkington R, Montgomerie A, Lynch J. Predicting Youth Justice supervision among young people placed in out-of-home care before age 10. Int J Popul Data Sci 2022. [PMCID: PMC9644912 DOI: 10.23889/ijpds.v7i3.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Parrish C, Phares C, Fredrickson T, Lynch J, Whiteside L, Duber H. Evaluation of an Emergency Department Influenza Vaccination Program: Uptake Factors and Opportunities. West J Emerg Med 2022; 23:628-632. [PMID: 36205677 PMCID: PMC9541980 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2022.5.55227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Influenza vaccines are commonly provided through community health events and primary care appointments. However, acute unscheduled healthcare visits such as emergency department (ED) visits are increasingly viewed as important vaccination opportunities. Emergency departments may be well-positioned to complement broader public health efforts with integrated vaccination programs.
Methods: We studied an ED-based influenza vaccination initiative in an urban hospital and examined patient-level factors associated with screening and vaccination uptake. Our analyses included patient visits to the ED from October 1, 2019-April 1, 2020.
Results: The influenza screening and vaccination program proved feasible. Of the 20,878 ED visits that occurred within the study period, 3,565 (17.1%) included a screening for influenza vaccine eligibility; a small proportion (11.5%) of the patients seen had multiple screenings. Among the patients screened eligible for the vaccine, 916 ultimately received an influenza vaccination while in the ED (43.7% of eligible patients). There was significant variability in the characteristics of patients who were and were not screened and vaccinated. Age, gender, race, preferred language, and receipt of a flu vaccine in prior years were associated with screening and/or receiving a vaccine in the ED.
Conclusion: Vaccination programs in the ED can boost community vaccination rates and play a role in both preventing and treating current and future vaccine-preventable public health crises, although efforts must be made to deliver services equitably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canada Parrish
- University of Washington, Department of Emergency Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Crystal Phares
- University of Washington, Department of Emergency Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tim Fredrickson
- Harborview Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - John Lynch
- University of Washington, Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lauren Whiteside
- University of Washington, Department of Emergency Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Herbert Duber
- University of Washington, Department of Emergency Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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Jarraya M, Roemer F, Ashbeck E, Lynch J, Kwoh CK, Guermazi A. POS0177 HETEROGENOUS CARTILAGE DAMAGE SEEN ON MRI AMONG KNEES WITH KELLGREN-LAWRENCE 2 & 3 OSTEOARTHRITIS: WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL TRIALS? Ann Rheum Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundThe most recent update of the Global Burden of Disease figures (GBD 2013) estimated that 242 million people were living in the world with symptomatic and activity-limiting OA of the hip and/or knee. Many potential disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) have been investigated, but to date no DMOADs that slow or stop disease progression have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the European Medicines Agency (EMA). A potential reason for the lack of demonstrated efficacy may be reliance on radiographs for defining structural inclusion and exclusion criteria for clinical trials, such as use of joint space width and Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade as surrogates for cartilage damage.ObjectivesTo estimate the distribution of cartilage damage seen on knee MRI in a sample of knees with radiographic KL 2 and 3 OA that would potentially qualify for a DMOAD trial.MethodsWe selected knees from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI), a longitudinal cohort study of knees with or at risk of developing symptomatic radiographic OA, that met common structural inclusion criteria for DMOAD trial enrollment at OAI baseline: knees with radiographs centrally graded as KL 2 or 3 and medial minimum joint space width (mJSW) ≥ 1.5mm. A musculoskeletal radiologist with 10 years of experience in semi-quantitative MRI assessment scored knee cartilage damage in the medial and lateral tibiofemoral and patellofemoral compartments using WORMS (Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score). Coronal intermediate weighted (IW) TSE and sagittal fat-suppressed IW TSE sequences on 3T MRI were used. The WORMS cartilage scores, which are based on both the extent and depth of cartilage damage, were collapsed into 4 categories: no cartilage damage (WORMS 0 and 1), focal partial or full-thickness (PT/FT) cartilage damage (WORMS 2 and 2.5), diffuse partial thickness (PT) cartilage damage (WORMS 3 and 4), and diffuse full-thickness (FT) cartilage damage (WORMS 5 and 6). We estimated the prevalence of each category of cartilage damage in KL2 and KL3 knees; 95% confidence intervals (CI) accounted for clustering at the participant-level since some participants contributed two knees to the analysis.ResultsWe identified 2,372 participants contributing 3,446 knees with radiographic OA (KL 2 and 3) and medial mJSW ≥ 1.5mm. There were 2,318 KL2 knees and 1,128 KL3 knees. The distribution of cartilage damage in each compartment by KL grade is presented in Table 1. We found no cartilage damage in any compartments in 9.8% (95%CI: 8.5, 11.1) of KL2 knees and 2.0% (95%CI: 1.1, 2.9) of KL3 knees. Cartilage damage was absent in the medial tibiofemoral compartment in 52.4% (95%CI: 50.1, 54.6) of KL2 knees, and 14.4% (95%CI: 12.2, 16.6) of KL3 knees, versus 61% (95%CI: 58.8, 63.2) of KL2 knees and 53.6% (95%CI: 50.4, 56.7) of KL3 knees in the lateral compartment. When medial and lateral compartments were combined, cartilage damage was absent in 34.8% (95%CI: 32.7, 36.9) of the KL2 knees, and 4.3% (95%CI: 3.0, 5.5) of the KL3 knees. Diffuse FT cartilage lesions in the medial compartment were found in 6.1% (95%CI: 5.0, 7.1) of KL2 knees and 42.5% (95%CI: 39.4, 45.6) of KL3 knees.ConclusionMRI screening prior to clinical trial enrollment may identify a substantial percentage of knees with normal cartilage, as well as knees with diffuse FT cartilage lesions that may not be responsive to DMOADs, depending on the mode of action of a given pharmacological compound.Disclosure of InterestsMohamed Jarraya: None declared, Frank Roemer Shareholder of: Boston Imaging Core Lab, Consultant of: California Institute of Biomedical Research, Erin Ashbeck: None declared, John Lynch: None declared, C. Kent Kwoh Consultant of: Novartis, Regeneron, LG Chem, Kolon Tissue Gene, Avalor, Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Lilly, Cumberland, Ali Guermazi Shareholder of: Stock options in BICL, Consultant of: Pfizer, TissueGene, MerckSerono, Regeneron, Novartis, AstraZeneca
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Gose T, Das S, Wang Y, Lynch J, Fukuda Y, Wills M, Baril S, Shelat A, Schuetz JD. An Evolutionarily Conserved Residue in ABCG2 Regulates the Transport Cycle and Inhibitor Activity. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r5185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Gose
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTN
| | - Sourav Das
- Chemical Biology and TherapeuticsSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTN
| | - Yao Wang
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTN
| | - John Lynch
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTN
| | - Yu Fukuda
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTN
| | - Medb Wills
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTN
| | - Stefanie Baril
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTN
| | - Anang Shelat
- Chemical Biology and TherapeuticsSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTN
| | - John D. Schuetz
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTN
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Fletcher C, Hoon E, Gialamas A, Dekker G, Lynch J, Smithers L. Isolation, marginalisation and disempowerment - understanding how interactions with health providers can influence smoking cessation in pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:396. [PMID: 35538450 PMCID: PMC9086664 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal smoking during pregnancy can lead to serious adverse health outcomes for both women and their infants. While smoking in pregnancy has declined over time, it remains consistently higher in women with lower socioeconomic circumstances. Furthermore, fewer women in this group will successfully quit during pregnancy. Aim This study explores the barriers to smoking cessation experienced by socially disadvantaged pregnant women and investigates how interactions with health providers can influence their smoking cessation journey. Methods Women (either pregnant or birthed in the previous 10 years, who smoked or quit smoking in pregnancy) were recruited from a metropolitan public hospital antenatal clinic in South Australia and community organisations in surrounding suburbs. Seventeen women participated in qualitative semi-structured small focus groups or interviews. The focus groups and interviews were recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed. Findings Four interconnected themes were identified: 1) smoking embedded in women’s challenging lives and pregnancies, 2) cyclic isolation and marginalisation, 3) feeling disempowered, and 4) autonomy and self-determination. Themes 3 and 4 are characterised as being two sides of a single coin in that they coexist simultaneously and are inseparable. A key finding is a strong unanimous desire for smoking cessation in pregnancy but women felt they did not have the necessary support from health providers or confidence and self-efficacy to be successful. Conclusion Women would like improvements to antenatal care that increase health practitioners’ understanding of the social and contextual healthcare barriers faced by women who smoke in pregnancy. They seek improved interventions from health providers to make informed choices about smoking cessation and would like women-centred care. Women feel that with greater support, more options for cessation strategies and consistency and encouragement from health providers they could be more successful at antenatal smoking cessation. If such changes were made, then South Australian practice could align more with best practice international guidelines for addressing smoking cessation in pregnancy, and potentially improve outcomes for women and their children. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-022-04720-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherise Fletcher
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Level 5, 50 Rundle Mall, Rundle Mall Plaza, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,The Robinson Research Institute, Norwich Centre, Ground Floor, 55 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Hoon
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Level 5, 50 Rundle Mall, Rundle Mall Plaza, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Discipline of General Practice, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Angela Gialamas
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Level 5, 50 Rundle Mall, Rundle Mall Plaza, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,The Robinson Research Institute, Norwich Centre, Ground Floor, 55 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia
| | - Gustaaf Dekker
- The Robinson Research Institute, Norwich Centre, Ground Floor, 55 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia.,Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Lyell McEwin Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John Lynch
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Level 5, 50 Rundle Mall, Rundle Mall Plaza, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,The Robinson Research Institute, Norwich Centre, Ground Floor, 55 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia.,Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lisa Smithers
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Level 5, 50 Rundle Mall, Rundle Mall Plaza, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia. .,The Robinson Research Institute, Norwich Centre, Ground Floor, 55 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia. .,School of Health & Society, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences & Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,The Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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Jameson M, Batumalai V, Woods A, Twentyman T, Sproule V, Christiansen J, Kennedy N, Marney M, Barooshian K, Plit M, Lynch J, Jagavkar R, Ormandy H, Christodouleas J, Pietzsch F, de Leon J, Foley P. PO-1064 A Registry for Analysis of Data to Advance Personalised Therapy with MR-Linac (ADAPT-MRL). Radiother Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(22)03028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Owczarczyk K, Harford-Wright H, Shergill S, Sevitt T, Lynch J, Harris J, George B, Gaya A, Good J. PD-0502 Stereotactic MR guided online adaptive radiotherapy for abdominal and pelvic lymph node metastases. Radiother Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(22)02873-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bierman-Chow S, Freeman AF, Holland SM, Lynch J, Cho HJ. Cerebral aneurysm in three pediatric patients with STAT1 gain-of-function mutations. J Neurol 2022; 269:5638-5642. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11131-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Forsthoefel M, Hankins R, Ballew E, Frame C, DeBlois D, Pang D, Krishnan P, Unger K, Kowalczyk K, Lynch J, Dritschilo A, Collins SP, Lischalk JW. Prostate Cancer Treatment with Pencil Beam Proton Therapy Using Rectal Spacers sans Endorectal Balloons. Int J Part Ther 2022; 9:28-41. [PMID: 35774493 PMCID: PMC9238133 DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-21-00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Proton beam radiotherapy (PBT) has been used for the definitive treatment of localized prostate cancer with low rates of high-grade toxicity and excellent patient-reported quality-of-life metrics. Technological advances such as pencil beam scanning (PBS), Monte Carlo dose calculations, and polyethylene glycol gel rectal spacers have optimized prostate proton therapy. Here, we report the early clinical outcomes of patients treated for localized prostate cancer using modern PBS–PBT with hydrogel rectal spacing and fiducial tracking without the use of endorectal balloons. Materials and Methods This is a single institutional review of consecutive patients treated with histologically confirmed localized prostate cancer. Prior to treatment, all patients underwent placement of fiducials into the prostate and insertion of a hydrogel rectal spacer. Patients were typically given a prescription dose of 7920 cGy at 180 cGy per fraction using a Monte Carlo dose calculation algorithm. Acute and late toxicity were evaluated using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 5. Biochemical failure was defined using the Phoenix definition. Results From July 2018 to April 2020, 33 patients were treated (median age, 75 years). No severe acute toxicities were observed. The most common acute toxicity was urinary frequency. With a median follow-up of 18 months, there were no high-grade genitourinary late toxicities; however, one grade 3 gastrointestinal toxicity was observed. Late erectile dysfunction was common. One treatment failure was observed at 21 months in a patient treated for high-risk prostate cancer. Conclusion Early clinical outcomes of patients treated with PBS–PBT using Monte Carlo–based planning, fiducial placement, and rectal spacers sans endorectal balloons demonstrate minimal treatment-related toxicity with good oncologic outcomes. Rectal spacer stabilization without the use of endorectal balloons is feasible for the use of PBS–PBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Forsthoefel
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ryan Hankins
- Department of Urology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ballew
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cara Frame
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David DeBlois
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dalong Pang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pranay Krishnan
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Keith Unger
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Keith Kowalczyk
- Department of Urology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John Lynch
- Department of Urology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anatoly Dritschilo
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sean P. Collins
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Lischalk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center at New York University Langone Hospital – Long Island, New York, NY, USA
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Kibira J, Kihungi L, Ndinda M, Wesangula E, Mwangi C, Muthoni F, Augusto O, Owiso G, Ndegwa L, Luvsansharav UO, Bancroft E, Rabinowitz P, Lynch J, Njoroge A. Improving hand hygiene practices in two regional hospitals in Kenya using a continuous quality improvement (CQI) approach. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2022; 11:56. [PMID: 35379327 PMCID: PMC8981833 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hand hygiene (HH) is central in prevention of health care-associated infections. In low resource settings, models to improve HH compliance are needed. We implemented a continuous quality improvement (CQI) program targeting HH in two hospitals in Kenya.
Objective To determine the impact of the HH CQI program and identify factors associated with HH compliance between 2018 and 2019. Methods A CQI project targeting the improvement of hand hygiene was implemented, including training and mentorship. Data were collected monthly between April 2018 and December 2019 in Thika and Kitale Hospitals. Healthcare workers trained on Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) observed and recorded HH opportunities and subsequent compliance among staff, including nurses, clinicians, and auxiliary staff, using the World Health Organization’s “My Five Moments for Hand Hygiene” tool. Covariates were explored using mixed-effects logistic regression with random department-level intercepts. Results Hand hygiene compliance improved from 27% at baseline to 44% after 21 months. Indication/moment for HH was significantly associated with compliance. Adjusting for site, professional category and department, compliance was higher after a moment of body fluid exposure (aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.17–1.74, p value < 0.001) and lower before an aseptic procedure (aOR 0.12, 95% CI 0.08–0.17, p value < 0.001) compared to after patient contact. Wearing of gloves often replaced proper HH in surgical departments, which although not significant, had lower compliance compared to departments for internal medicine (aOR 0.93, 95% CI 0.85–1.02). Adjusted HH compliance from all quarters improved from baseline, but comparing each quarter to the previous quarter, the improvement fluctuated over time. Conclusion Training and mentorship on the importance of HH for all moments is needed to improve overall HH compliance. CQI with regular monitoring and feedback of HH performance can be an effective approach in improving HH compliance in public hospitals in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemima Kibira
- International Training and Education Center for Health, P.O. Box 2614-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Loyce Kihungi
- International Training and Education Center for Health, P.O. Box 2614-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mary Ndinda
- International Training and Education Center for Health, P.O. Box 2614-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Evelyn Wesangula
- Department of Patient and Healthcare Worker Safety, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Catherine Mwangi
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, Thika Level 5 Hospital, Kiambu, Kenya
| | - Faith Muthoni
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, Kitale County Referral Hospital, Trans-Nzoia, Kenya
| | - Orvalho Augusto
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - George Owiso
- International Training and Education Center for Health, P.O. Box 2614-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Linus Ndegwa
- Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), Center for Global Health (CGH), US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ulzii-Orshikh Luvsansharav
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bancroft
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter Rabinowitz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - John Lynch
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Anne Njoroge
- International Training and Education Center for Health, P.O. Box 2614-00202, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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Lopez MJ, Mack C, Bliss T, Wasserman EB, Myers E, Solomon G, Lynch J, Casolaro A, Osterholm M, Hanfling D, Mayer T, Sills AK. Observed Versus Expected COVID-19 Infections Among National Football League Players During the 2020 Season. Epidemiology 2022; 33:193-199. [PMID: 34483266 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The National Football League (NFL) and National Football League Players Association implemented a set of strict protocols for the 2020 season with the intent to mitigate COVID-19 risk among players and staff. In that timeframe, the league's 32 teams completed 256 regular season games and several thousand meetings and practices. In parallel, community cases of COVID-19 were highly prevalent. We assess the risk of holding a 2020 NFL season by comparing community and player COVID-19 infections. METHODS We used county-level COVID-19 test data from each team to establish baseline distributions of infection rates expected to occur in a population similar in age and sex to NFL players. We used a binomial distribution to simulate expected infections in each community cohort and compared these findings with observed COVID-19 infections in players. RESULTS Over a 5-month period (1 August 2020 to 2 January 2021), positive NFL player infections (n = 256) were 55.7% lower than expected when compared with simulations from NFL community cohorts. For 30 of 32 teams (94%), observed counts fell at or below expectation, including 28 teams (88%) for which rates were lower. Two teams fell above baseline expectation. CONCLUSIONS The NFL/NFLPA protocols that governed team facilities, travel, gameday, and activities outside of the workplace were associated with lower infection rates among NFL players compared with the surrounding community. The NFL's 2020-2021 season are consistent with the hypothesis that robust testing and behavioral protocols support a safe return to sport and work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lopez
- From the National Football League, New York, NY
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY
| | - Christina Mack
- IQVIA, Real World Solutions, Durham, NC
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | | | - Emily Myers
- From the National Football League, New York, NY
| | | | - John Lynch
- Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Michael Osterholm
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Allen MR, Peters GP, Shine KP, Azar C, Balcombe P, Boucher O, Cain M, Ciais P, Collins W, Forster PM, Frame DJ, Friedlingstein P, Fyson C, Gasser T, Hare B, Jenkins S, Hamburg SP, Johansson DJA, Lynch J, Macey A, Morfeldt J, Nauels A, Ocko I, Oppenheimer M, Pacala SW, Pierrehumbert R, Rogelj J, Schaeffer M, Schleussner CF, Shindell D, Skeie RB, Smith SM, Tanaka K. Indicate separate contributions of long-lived and short-lived greenhouse gases in emission targets. NPJ Clim Atmos Sci 2022; 5:5. [PMID: 35295182 PMCID: PMC7612487 DOI: 10.1038/s41612-021-00226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Myles R. Allen
- School of Geography and the Environment and Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Glen P. Peters
- CICERO Centre for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Keith P. Shine
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | - Dave J. Frame
- Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Thomas Gasser
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adrian Macey
- Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Ilissa Ocko
- Environmental Defence Fund, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katsumasa Tanaka
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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45
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Cain M, Jenkins S, Allen MR, Lynch J, Frame DJ, Macey AH, Peters GP. Methane and the Paris Agreement temperature goals. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2022; 380:20200456. [PMID: 34865531 PMCID: PMC8646145 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Meeting the Paris Agreement temperature goal necessitates limiting methane (CH4)-induced warming, in addition to achieving net-zero or (net-negative) carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In our model, for the median 1.5°C scenario between 2020 and 2050, CH4 mitigation lowers temperatures by 0.1°C; CO2 increases it by 0.2°C. CO2 emissions continue increasing global mean temperature until net-zero emissions are reached, with potential for lowering temperatures with net-negative emissions. By contrast, reducing CH4 emissions starts to reverse CH4-induced warming within a few decades. These differences are hidden when framing climate mitigation using annual 'CO2-equivalent' emissions, including targets based on aggregated annual emission rates. We show how the different warming responses to CO2 and CH4 emissions can be accurately aggregated to estimate warming by using 'warming-equivalent emissions', which provide a transparent and convenient method to inform policies and measures for mitigation, or demonstrate progress towards a temperature goal. The method presented (GWP*) uses well-established climate science concepts to relate GWP100 to temperature, as a simple proxy for a climate model. The use of warming-equivalent emissions for nationally determined contributions and long-term strategies would enhance the transparency of stocktakes of progress towards a long-term temperature goal, compared to the use of standard equivalence methods. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Rising methane: is warming feeding warming? (part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cain
- Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Informatics, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Stuart Jenkins
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Myles R. Allen
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, UK
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, UK
| | - John Lynch
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - David J. Frame
- New Zealand Climate Change Research Institute, Te Herenga Waka, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Adrian H. Macey
- New Zealand Climate Change Research Institute, Te Herenga Waka, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Glen P. Peters
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo, Norway
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46
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Perry TA, O'Neill TW, Tolstykh I, Lynch J, Felson DT, Arden NK, Nevitt MC. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Assessed Subchondral Cysts and Incident Knee Pain and Knee Osteoarthritis: Data From the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:60-69. [PMID: 34224660 PMCID: PMC9491692 DOI: 10.1002/art.41917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether knee subchondral cysts, measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are associated with incident knee osteoarthritis (OA) outcomes. METHODS We used longitudinal data from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study, a community-based cohort of subjects with risk factors for knee OA. Participants without a history of knee surgery and/or inflammatory arthritis (i.e., rheumatoid arthritis and gout) were followed up for 84 months for the following incident outcomes: 1) radiographic knee OA (Kellgren/Lawrence grade ≥2), 2) symptomatic radiographic knee OA (radiographic knee OA and frequent knee pain), and 3) frequent knee pain (with or without radiographic knee OA). In a subset of participants, subchondral cysts were scored on baseline MRIs of 1 knee. Multiple logistic regression, with adjustment for participant characteristics and other baseline knee MRI findings, was used to assess whether subchondral cysts were predictive of incident outcomes. RESULTS Among the participants with knees eligible for analyses of outcomes over 84 months, incident radiographic knee OA occurred in 22.8% of knees with no baseline radiographic knee OA, symptomatic radiographic knee OA occurred in 17.0% of knees with no baseline symptomatic radiographic knee OA, and frequent knee pain (with or without radiographic knee OA) occurred in 28.8% of knees with no baseline radiographic knee OA and 43.7% of knees with baseline radiographic knee OA. With adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index, the presence of subchondral cysts was not associated with incident radiographic knee OA but was associated with increased odds of incident symptomatic radiographic knee OA (odds ratio 1.92 [95% confidence interval 1.16-3.19]) and increased odds of incident frequent knee pain in those who had radiographic knee OA at baseline (odds ratio 2.11 [95% confidence interval 0.87-5.12]). Stronger and significant associations were observed for outcomes based on consistent reports of frequent knee pain within ~1 month of the study visit. CONCLUSION Subchondral cysts are likely to be a secondary phenomenon, rather than a primary trigger, of radiographic knee OA, and may predict symptoms in knees with existing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Perry
- University of Oxford and Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, Oxford, UK
| | - Terence W O'Neill
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, The University of Manchester and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK, and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | | | | | - David T Felson
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK, and Department of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nigel K Arden
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, UK, and MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton University, Southampton, UK
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47
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Lynch J, Scallan S, Allured B. Action learning sets to support the First Contact Practitioner role working within primary care. Physiotherapy 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2021.10.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Pérez-Domínguez I, Del Prado A, Mittenzwei K, Hristov J, Frank S, Tabeau A, Witzke P, Havlik P, van Meijl H, Lynch J, Stehfest E, Pardo G, Barreiro-Hurle J, Koopman JFL, Sanz-Sánchez MJ. Short- and long-term warming effects of methane may affect the cost-effectiveness of mitigation policies and benefits of low-meat diets. Nat Food 2021; 2:970-980. [PMID: 35146439 PMCID: PMC7612339 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methane’s short atmospheric life has important implications for the design of global climate change mitigation policies in agriculture. Three different agricultural economic models are used to explore how short- and long-term warming effects of methane can affect the cost-effectiveness of mitigation policies and dietary transitions. Results show that the choice of a particular metric for methane’s warming potential is key to determine optimal mitigation options, with metrics based on shorter-term impacts leading to greater overall emission reduction. Also, the promotion of low-meat diets is more effective at reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared to carbon pricing when mitigation policies are based on metrics that reflect methane’s long-term behaviour. A combination of stringent mitigation measures and dietary changes could achieve substantial emission reduction levels, helping reverse the contribution of agriculture to global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agustin Del Prado
- BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change, Bilbao, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Science Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Klaus Mittenzwei
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway.,RURALIS, Institute for Rural and Regional Research, Universitetssenteret Dragvoll, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jordan Hristov
- JRC, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Seville, Spain
| | - Stefan Frank
- IIASA, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Andrzej Tabeau
- WUR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Hague, Netherlands
| | | | - Petr Havlik
- IIASA, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Hans van Meijl
- WUR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Hague, Netherlands
| | | | - Elke Stehfest
- PBL, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - Guillermo Pardo
- BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change, Bilbao, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Science Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Jason F L Koopman
- WUR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - María José Sanz-Sánchez
- BC3, Basque Centre for Climate Change, Bilbao, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Science Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
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49
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Falkenbach M, Greer S, Lynch J, Gingrich J, Reeves A, Bambra C, Cylus J. The politics of ageing: how to get policymakers to support lifecourse policies. Eur J Public Health 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab164.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Given that there is not much evidence that ageing imperils the finance and provision of health care, why do so many policymakers act like it does?
Methods
We break conventional wisdom down into myths and realities, identifying the evidence against them.
Results
A first myth is that ageing produces unsustainable health care costs, which in turn, creates intergenerational conflict over public policy. A second myth is that older people behave as a single group, always pursuing policies that benefit themselves. The final myth is that decisions about policy are made by politicians who pander to that elderly block. The first reality is that most of the problems ascribed to inequality between generations (intergenerational equity) are actually problems of inequality within society as a whole that span across age groups (intragenerational equity). The second reality is that policies that address these broader inequalities are built on the life-course perspective, which focuses on identifying the policies which can make people happier and healthier at all ages by drawing on the context and circumstances under which aging occurs. The third reality is that it is possible to construct coalitions of politicians and interests that can develop and support sophisticated life-course policies that lessen the burdens of ageing and health on everybody.
Conclusions
Intergenerational inequality is not, and need not be, a significant problem for rich countries. It is substantially a product of current and past intragenerational inequality, and in fact inequality between generations often goes with inequality within generations. Intergenerational conflict is a distraction from policies that promote greater equality within and between generations, and talk of an ageing crisis is frequently just another version of longstanding arguments against public social investment from cradle to grave.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Greer
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - J Lynch
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - A Reeves
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C Bambra
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
| | - J Cylus
- London Hub, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, London, UK
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50
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Cameron B, Webber K, Li H, Bennett B, Boyle F, de Souza P, Wilcken N, Lynch J, Friedlander M, Goldstein D, Lloyd A. Genetic associations of fatigue and other symptoms following breast cancer treatment: A prospective study. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 10:100189. [PMID: 34589724 PMCID: PMC8474532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer-related fatigue, mood disturbances, pain and cognitive disturbance are common after adjuvant cancer therapy, but vary considerably between individuals despite common disease features and treatment exposures. A genetic basis for this variability was explored in a prospective cohort. Methods Physical and psychological health of women were assessed prospectively following therapy for early stage breast cancer with self-report questionnaires. Participation in a genetic association sub-study was offered. Indices for the key symptom domains of fatigue, pain, depression, anxiety, and neurocognitive difficulties were empirically derived by principal components analysis from end-treatment questionnaires, and then applied longitudinally. Genetic associations were sought with functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes - tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α (−308 GG), interferon (IFN)-ɣ (+874 TA), interleukin (IL)-10 (1082 GA and −592 CA), IL-6 (−174 GC), IL-1β (−511 GA). Results Questionnaire data was available for 210 participants, of whom 111 participated in the genetic sub-study. As expected, symptom domain scores generally improved over several months following treatment completion. Tumour and adjuvant treatment related factors were unassociated with either severity or duration of the individual symptom domains, but severity of symptoms at end-treatment was strongly associated with duration for each domain (all p < 0.05). In multivariable analyses, risk genotypes were independently associated with: fatigue with IL-6 -174 GG/GC and IL-10 -1082 GG; depression and anxiety with IL-10 -1082 AA; neurocognitive disturbance: TNF-α −308 GG; depression IL-1β (all p < 0.05). The identified SNPs also had cumulative effects in prolonging the time to recovery from the associated symptom domain. Conclusions Genetic factors contribute to the severity and duration of common symptom domains after cancer therapy. Common symptoms following breast cancer treatment can be grouped into symptom domains. Symptom domains are useful to describe patterns and trajectories of symptoms following breast cancer treatment. Cytokine gene polymorphisms are associated with the severity and duration of symptom domains following cancer treatment. The symptom severity at final treatment predicts the duration of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Cameron
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Corresponding author. The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - K. Webber
- Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| | - H. Li
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - B.K. Bennett
- Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| | - F. Boyle
- Patricia Ritchie Cancer Care Centre, Mater Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - P. de Souza
- Southside Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - N. Wilcken
- Westmead Hospital Cancer Care Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - J. Lynch
- St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - M. Friedlander
- Prince of Wales Hospital Cancer Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - D. Goldstein
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| | - A.R. Lloyd
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
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