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Combs MP, Luth JE, Falkowski NR, Wheeler DS, Walker NM, Erb-Downward JR, Wakeam E, Sjoding MW, Dunlap DG, Admon AJ, Dickson RP, Lama VN. The Lung Microbiome Predicts Mortality and Response to Azithromycin in Lung Transplant Patients with Chronic Rejection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2024. [PMID: 38271553 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202308-1326oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) is the leading cause of death following lung transplant, and azithromycin has variable efficacy in CLAD. The lung microbiome is a risk factor for developing CLAD, but the relationship between lung dysbiosis, pulmonary inflammation, and allograft dysfunction remains poorly understood. Whether lung microbiota predict outcomes or modify treatment response after CLAD is unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine whether lung microbiota predict post-CLAD outcomes and clinical response to azithromycin. METHODS Retrospective cohort study using acellular bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid prospectively collected from lung transplant recipients within 90 days of CLAD onset. Lung microbiota were characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and ddPCR. In two additional cohorts, causal relationships of dysbiosis and inflammation were evaluated by comparing lung microbiota with CLAD-associated cytokines and measuring ex vivo P. aeruginosa growth in sterilized BAL fluid. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Patients with higher bacterial burden had shorter post-CLAD survival, independent of CLAD phenotype, azithromycin treatment, and relevant covariates. Azithromycin treatment improved survival in patients with high bacterial burden, but had negligible impact on patients with low or moderate burden. Lung bacterial burden was positively associated with CLAD-associated cytokines, and ex vivo growth of P. aeruginosa was augmented in BAL fluid from transplant recipients with CLAD. CONCLUSIONS In lung transplant patients with chronic rejection, increased lung bacterial burden is an independent risk factor for mortality and predicts clinical response to azithromycin. Lung bacterial dysbiosis is associated with alveolar inflammation and may be promoted by underlying lung allograft dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Combs
- University of Michigan, 1259, Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States;
| | - Jenna E Luth
- University of Michigan, 1259, Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Nicole R Falkowski
- University of Michigan Health System, Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - David S Wheeler
- University of Michigan, 1259, Pulmonary & Critical Care, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Natalie M Walker
- University of Michigan, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- University of Michigan, Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Elliot Wakeam
- University of Toronto, 7938, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael W Sjoding
- University of Michigan, Internal Medicine Pulmonary Critical Care, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Daniel G Dunlap
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Medicine, 199716, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Andrew J Admon
- University of Michigan, 1259, Building 14, Room G130, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- University of Michigan, 1259, Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Robert P Dickson
- University of Michigan Health System, Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Vibha N Lama
- Emory University, 1371, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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2
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Opron K, Begley LA, Erb-Downward JR, Li G, Alexis NE, Barjaktarevic I, Barr RG, Bleecker ER, Boucher R, Bowler RP, Christenson SA, Comellas AP, Criner G, Cooper CB, Couper D, Galban CJ, Han MK, Hastie A, Hatt C, Hoffman EA, Kaner RJ, Kesimer M, Krishnan JA, LaFon DC, Martinez FJ, Ortega VE, Peters SP, Paine Iii R, Putcha N, Woodruff PG, Huffnagle GB, Kozik AJ, Curtis JL, Huang YJ. Loss of Airway Phylogenetic Diversity Is Associated with Clinical and Pathobiological Markers of Disease Development in COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2024. [PMID: 38261629 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202303-0489oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The airway microbiome has the potential to shape COPD pathogenesis, but its relationship to outcomes in milder disease is unestablished. OBJECTIVES Identify sputum microbiome characteristics associated with markers of COPD in participants of the SubPopulations and InteRmediate Outcome Measures of COPD Study (SPIROMICS). METHODS Sputum DNA from 877 participants were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Relationships between baseline airway microbiota composition and clinical, radiographic and muco-inflammatory markers, including longitudinal lung function trajectory, were examined. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Participant data represented predominantly milder disease (GOLD 0-2: N=732/877). Phylogenetic diversity (range of different species within a sample) correlated positively with baseline lung function, declined with higher GOLD stage, and correlated negatively with symptom burden, radiographic markers of airway disease, and total mucin concentrations (p<0.001). In co-variate adjusted regression models, organisms robustly associated with better lung function included members of Alloprevotella, Oribacterium, and Veillonella. Conversely, lower lung function, greater symptoms and radiographic measures of small airway disease associated with enrichment in members of Streptococcus, Actinobacillus, Actinomyces, and other genera. Baseline sputum microbiota features also associated with lung function trajectory during SPIROMICS follow up (stable/improved, decliner, or rapid decliner). The 'stable/improved' group (slope of FEV1 regression ≥ 66th percentile) had higher bacterial diversity at baseline, associated with enrichment in Prevotella, Leptotrichia, and Neisseria. In contrast, the 'rapid decliner' group (FEV1 slope ≤ 33rd percentile) had significantly lower baseline diversity, associated with enrichment in Streptococcus. CONCLUSIONS In SPIROMICS baseline airway microbiota features demonstrate divergent associations with better or worse COPD-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher Opron
- University of Michigan Medical School, 12266, Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Lesa A Begley
- University of Michigan, 1259, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- University of Michigan, Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Gen Li
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, 51329, Department of Biostatistics, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Neil E Alexis
- UNC Chapel Hill, Pediatrics, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Igor Barjaktarevic
- University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, 12222, Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - R Graham Barr
- Columbia University, 5798, New York, New York, United States
| | - Eugene R Bleecker
- The University of Arizona Arizona Health Sciences Center, 12217, Division of Genetics, Genomics and Precision Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Richard Boucher
- University of North Carolina, Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, Chapel Hill,, North Carolina, United States
| | - Russell P Bowler
- National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Department of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States
| | - Stephanie A Christenson
- University of California, San Francisco, Pulmonary & Critical Care, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Alejandro P Comellas
- University of Iowa, 4083, Internal Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- United States
| | - Gerard Criner
- Temple University Hospital, Pulm & Crit Care Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - David Couper
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Craig J Galban
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - MeiLan K Han
- University of Michigan, Pulmonary & Critical Care, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Annette Hastie
- Wake Forest University, Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Eric A Hoffman
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Radiology, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Robert J Kaner
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Genetic Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Mehmet Kesimer
- University of North Carolina, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jerry A Krishnan
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 14681, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - David C LaFon
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, 9968, Medicine-Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | | | - Victor E Ortega
- Mayo Clinic, 6915, Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States
| | - Stephen P Peters
- Wake Forest School of Medicine Medical Center, Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy & Immunological Diseases, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Nirupama Putcha
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Prescott G Woodruff
- UCSF, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine and CVRI, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- University of Michigan , Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Ariangela J Kozik
- University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, 1259, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Michigan Medicine, 21614, Internal Medicine - Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Curtis
- University of Michigan Health System, 21614, Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 20034, Medical Service, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Yvonne J Huang
- University of Michigan, 1259, Dept of Internal Medicine-Pulmonary/Critical Care and Dept of Microbiology/Immunology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States;
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3
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Madapoosi SS, Cruickshank-Quinn C, Opron K, Erb-Downward JR, Begley LA, Li G, Barjaktarevic I, Barr RG, Comellas AP, Couper DJ, Cooper CB, Freeman CM, Han MK, Kaner RJ, Labaki W, Martinez FJ, Ortega VE, Peters SP, Paine R, Woodruff P, Curtis JL, Huffnagle GB, Stringer KA, Bowler RP, Esther CR, Reisdorph N, Huang YJ. Lung Microbiota and Metabolites Collectively Associate with Clinical Outcomes in Milder Stage Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:427-439. [PMID: 35536732 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202110-2241oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is variable in its development. Lung microbiota and metabolites collectively may impact COPD pathophysiology, but relationships to clinical outcomes in milder disease are unclear. Objectives: Identify components of the lung microbiome and metabolome collectively associated with clinical markers in milder stage COPD. Methods: We analyzed paired microbiome and metabolomic data previously characterized from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in 137 participants in the SPIROMICS (Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study), or (GOLD [Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Stage 0-2). Datasets used included 1) bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing; 2) untargeted metabolomics of the hydrophobic fraction, largely comprising lipids; and 3) targeted metabolomics for a panel of hydrophilic compounds previously implicated in mucoinflammation. We applied an integrative approach to select features and model 14 individual clinical variables representative of known associations with COPD trajectory (lung function, symptoms, and exacerbations). Measurements and Main Results: The majority of clinical measures associated with the lung microbiome and metabolome collectively in overall models (classification accuracies, >50%, P < 0.05 vs. chance). Lower lung function, COPD diagnosis, and greater symptoms associated positively with Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Veillonella, together with compounds from several classes (glycosphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, polyamines and xanthine, an adenosine metabolite). In contrast, several Prevotella members, together with adenosine, 5'-methylthioadenosine, sialic acid, tyrosine, and glutathione, associated with better lung function, absence of COPD, or less symptoms. Significant correlations were observed between specific metabolites and bacteria (Padj < 0.05). Conclusions: Components of the lung microbiome and metabolome in combination relate to outcome measures in milder COPD, highlighting their potential collaborative roles in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristopher Opron
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Lesa A Begley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health
| | | | - R Graham Barr
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | - MeiLan K Han
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Wassim Labaki
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Victor E Ortega
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Stephen P Peters
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Prescott Woodruff
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey L Curtis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
| | | | - Russell P Bowler
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; and
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Charles R Esther
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, and
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Yvonne J Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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4
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Ranjan P, Brown CA, Erb-Downward JR, Dickson RP. SNIKT: sequence-independent adapter identification and removal in long-read shotgun sequencing data. Bioinformatics 2022; 38:3830-3832. [PMID: 35695743 PMCID: PMC9991892 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Here, we introduce SNIKT, a command-line tool for sequence-independent visual confirmation and input-assisted removal of adapter contamination in whole-genome shotgun or metagenomic shotgun long-read sequencing DNA or RNA data. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION SNIKT is implemented in R and is compatible with Unix-like platforms. The source code, along with documentation, is freely available under an MIT license at https://github.com/piyuranjan/SNIKT. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Ranjan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christopher A Brown
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Institute for Research on Innovation and Science, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert P Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Weil Institute for Critical Care Research & Innovation, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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5
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Lipinski JH, Erb-Downward JR, Huffnagle GB, Flaherty KR, Martinez FJ, Moore BB, Dickson RP, Noth I, O’Dwyer DN. Toll-Interacting Protein and Altered Lung Microbiota in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:224-227. [PMID: 35446241 PMCID: PMC9887421 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202111-2590le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Imre Noth
- University of VirginiaCharlottesville, Virginia
| | - David N. O’Dwyer
- University of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan,Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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6
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Krishnamoorthy M, Ranjan P, Erb-Downward JR, Dickson RP, Wiens J. AMAISE: a machine learning approach to index-free sequence enrichment. Commun Biol 2022; 5:568. [PMID: 35681015 PMCID: PMC9184628 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metagenomics holds potential to improve clinical diagnostics of infectious diseases, but DNA from clinical specimens is often dominated by host-derived sequences. To address this, researchers employ host-depletion methods. Laboratory-based host-depletion methods, however, are costly in terms of time and effort, while computational host-depletion methods rely on memory-intensive reference index databases and struggle to accurately classify noisy sequence data. To solve these challenges, we propose an index-free tool, AMAISE (A Machine Learning Approach to Index-Free Sequence Enrichment). Applied to the task of separating host from microbial reads, AMAISE achieves over 98% accuracy. Applied prior to metagenomic classification, AMAISE results in a 14-18% decrease in memory usage compared to using metagenomic classification alone. Our results show that a reference-independent machine learning approach to host depletion allows for accurate and efficient sequence detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Krishnamoorthy
- Division of Computer Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Piyush Ranjan
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert P Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Max Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jenna Wiens
- Division of Computer Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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7
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Wu N, Ranjan P, Tao C, Liu C, Yang E, He B, Erb-Downward JR, Bo S, Zheng J, Guo C, Liu B, Sun L, Yan W, Wang M, Wang W, Wen J, Yang P, Yang L, Tian Q, Dickson RP, Shen N. Rapid identification of pathogens associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia by Nanopore sequencing. Respir Res 2021; 22:310. [PMID: 34893078 PMCID: PMC8665642 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aetiology detection is crucial in the diagnosis and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). However, the detection method needs improvement. In this study, we used Nanopore sequencing to build a quick detection protocol and compared the efficiency of different methods for detecting 7 VAP pathogens. METHODS The endotracheal aspirate (ETA) of 83 patients with suspected VAP from Peking University Third Hospital (PUTH) was collected, saponins were used to deplete host genomes, and PCR- or non-PCR-amplified library construction methods were used and compared. Sequence was performed with MinION equipment and local data analysis methods were used for sequencing and data analysis. RESULTS Saponin depletion effectively removed 11 of 12 human genomes, while most pathogenic bacterial genome results showed no significant difference except for S. pneumoniae. Moreover, the average sequence time decreased from 19.6 h to 3.62 h. The non-PCR amplification method and PCR amplification method for library build has a similar average sensitivity (85.8% vs. 86.35%), but the non-PCR amplification method has a better average specificity (100% VS 91.15%), and required less time. The whole method takes 5-6 h from ETA extraction to pathogen classification. After analysing the 7 pathogens enrolled in our study, the average sensitivity of metagenomic sequencing was approximately 2.4 times higher than that of clinical culture (89.15% vs. 37.77%), and the average specificity was 98.8%. CONCLUSIONS Using saponins to remove the human genome and a non-PCR amplification method to build libraries can be used for the identification of pathogens in the ETA of VAP patients within 6 h by MinION, which provides a new approach for the rapid identification of pathogens in clinical departments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Piyush Ranjan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Changyu Tao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Ence Yang
- Department of Medical Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shining Bo
- Intensive Care Unit, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxia Guo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Wen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoshan Tian
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert P Dickson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Bao Y, Wadden J, Erb-Downward JR, Ranjan P, Zhou W, McDonald TL, Mills RE, Boyle AP, Dickson RP, Blaauw D, Welch JD. SquiggleNet: real-time, direct classification of nanopore signals. Genome Biol 2021; 22:298. [PMID: 34706748 PMCID: PMC8548853 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We present SquiggleNet, the first deep-learning model that can classify nanopore reads directly from their electrical signals. SquiggleNet operates faster than DNA passes through the pore, allowing real-time classification and read ejection. Using 1 s of sequencing data, the classifier achieves significantly higher accuracy than base calling followed by sequence alignment. Our approach is also faster and requires an order of magnitude less memory than alignment-based approaches. SquiggleNet distinguished human from bacterial DNA with over 90% accuracy, generalized to unseen bacterial species in a human respiratory meta genome sample, and accurately classified sequences containing human long interspersed repeat elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Bao
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Jack Wadden
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Piyush Ranjan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Weichen Zhou
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Torrin L McDonald
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Ryan E Mills
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Alan P Boyle
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Robert P Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - David Blaauw
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Joshua D Welch
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA.
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA.
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9
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Lipinski JH, Falkowski NR, Huffnagle GB, Erb-Downward JR, Dickson RP, Moore BB, O'Dwyer DN. Toll-like receptors, environmental caging, and lung dysbiosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L404-L415. [PMID: 34159791 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00002.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated lung microbiota in shaping local alveolar immune responses. Toll-like receptors are major sensors of microbiota and determinants of local epithelial homeostasis. The impact of toll-like receptor deficiency on lung microbiota is unknown. To determine whether the absence of toll-like receptors results in altered lung microbiota or dysbiosis, we compared lung microbiota in wild-type and toll-like receptor-deficient experimental mice using 16S ribosomal RNA gene quantification and sequencing. We used a randomized environmental caging strategy to determine the impact of toll-like receptors on lung microbiota. Lung microbiota are detectable in toll-like receptor-deficient experimental mice and exhibit considerable variability. The lung microbiota of toll-like receptor-deficient mice are altered in community composition (PERMANOVA P < 0.001), display reduced diversity (t test P = 0.0075), and bacterial burden (t test P = 0.016) compared with wild-type mice with intact toll-like receptors and associated signaling pathways. The lung microbiota of wild-type mice when randomized to cages with toll-like receptor-deficient mice converged with no significant difference in community composition (PERMANOVA P > 0.05) after 3 wk of cohousing. The lung microbiome of toll-like receptor-deficient mice is distinct from wild-type mice and may be less susceptible to the effects of caging as an environmental variable. Our observations support a role for toll-like receptor signaling in the shaping of lung microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay H Lipinski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nicole R Falkowski
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert P Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Beth B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David N O'Dwyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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10
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Opron K, Begley LA, Erb-Downward JR, Freeman C, Madapoosi S, Alexis NE, Barjaktarevic I, Graham Barr R, Bleecker ER, Bowler RP, Christenson SA, Comellas AP, Cooper CB, Couper DJ, Doerschuk CM, Dransfield MT, Han MK, Hansel NN, Hastie AT, Hoffman EA, Kaner RJ, Krishnan J, O'Neal WK, Ortega VE, Paine R, Peters SP, Michael Wells J, Woodruff PG, Martinez FJ, Curtis JL, Huffnagle GB, Huang YJ. Lung microbiota associations with clinical features of COPD in the SPIROMICS cohort. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:14. [PMID: 33547327 PMCID: PMC7865064 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is heterogeneous in development, progression, and phenotypes. Little is known about the lung microbiome, sampled by bronchoscopy, in milder COPD and its relationships to clinical features that reflect disease heterogeneity (lung function, symptom burden, and functional impairment). Using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected from 181 never-smokers and ever-smokers with or without COPD (GOLD 0-2) enrolled in the SubPopulations and InteRmediate Outcome Measures In COPD Study (SPIROMICS), we find that lung bacterial composition associates with several clinical features, in particular bronchodilator responsiveness, peak expiratory flow rate, and forced expiratory flow rate between 25 and 75% of FVC (FEF25–75). Measures of symptom burden (COPD Assessment Test) and functional impairment (six-minute walk distance) also associate with disparate lung microbiota composition. Drivers of these relationships include members of the Streptococcus, Prevotella, Veillonella, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas genera. Thus, lung microbiota differences may contribute to airway dysfunction and airway disease in milder COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher Opron
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lesa A Begley
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christine Freeman
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Research Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Siddharth Madapoosi
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Neil E Alexis
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David J Couper
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - MeiLan K Han
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wanda K O'Neal
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey L Curtis
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yvonne J Huang
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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11
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Ashley SL, Sjoding MW, Popova AP, Cui TX, Hoostal MJ, Schmidt TM, Branton WR, Dieterle MG, Falkowski NR, Baker JM, Hinkle KJ, Konopka KE, Erb-Downward JR, Huffnagle GB, Dickson RP. Lung and gut microbiota are altered by hyperoxia and contribute to oxygen-induced lung injury in mice. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaau9959. [PMID: 32801143 PMCID: PMC7732030 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau9959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled oxygen, although commonly administered to patients with respiratory disease, causes severe lung injury in animals and is associated with poor clinical outcomes in humans. The relationship between hyperoxia, lung and gut microbiota, and lung injury is unknown. Here, we show that hyperoxia conferred a selective relative growth advantage on oxygen-tolerant respiratory microbial species (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) as demonstrated by an observational study of critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation and experiments using neonatal and adult mouse models. During exposure of mice to hyperoxia, both lung and gut bacterial communities were altered, and these communities contributed to oxygen-induced lung injury. Disruption of lung and gut microbiota preceded lung injury, and variation in microbial communities correlated with variation in lung inflammation. Germ-free mice were protected from oxygen-induced lung injury, and systemic antibiotic treatment selectively modulated the severity of oxygen-induced lung injury in conventionally housed animals. These results suggest that inhaled oxygen may alter lung and gut microbial communities and that these communities could contribute to lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna L Ashley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael W Sjoding
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Antonia P Popova
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tracy X Cui
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew J Hoostal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas M Schmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William R Branton
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael G Dieterle
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicole R Falkowski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer M Baker
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kevin J Hinkle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristine E Konopka
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert P Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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12
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Yue M, Kim JH, Evans CR, Kachman M, Erb-Downward JR, D'Souza J, Foxman B, Adar SD, Curtis JL, Stringer KA. Measurement of Short-chain Fatty Acids in Respiratory Samples. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:610-612. [PMID: 32343599 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201909-1840le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Yue
- University of Michigan, 1259, College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- University of Michigan, 1259, College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Charles R Evans
- University of Michigan Medical School, 12266, Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Maureen Kachman
- University of Michigan Medical School, 12266, Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- University of Michigan Medical School, 12266, Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Jennifer D'Souza
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, 51329, Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Betsy Foxman
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, 51329, Epidemiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Sara D Adar
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, 51329, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Curtis
- University of Michigan Medical School, 12266, Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Kathleen A Stringer
- University of Michigan, 1259, College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States;
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13
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Dickson RP, Huffnagle GB, Flaherty KR, White ES, Martinez FJ, Erb-Downward JR, Moore BB, O’Dwyer DN. Radiographic Honeycombing and Altered Lung Microbiota in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 200:1544-1547. [PMID: 31419390 PMCID: PMC6909839 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201903-0680le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Dickson
- University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, Michigan
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical CareAnn Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gary B. Huffnagle
- University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, Michigan
- University of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michiganand
| | | | - Eric S. White
- University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Bethany B. Moore
- University of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn Arbor, Michigan
- University of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michiganand
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14
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Dickson RP, Erb-Downward JR, Falkowski NR, Hunter EM, Ashley SL, Huffnagle GB. The Lung Microbiota of Healthy Mice Are Highly Variable, Cluster by Environment, and Reflect Variation in Baseline Lung Innate Immunity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019. [PMID: 29533677 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201711-2180oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The "gut-lung axis" is commonly invoked to explain the microbiome's influence on lung inflammation. Yet the lungs harbor their own microbiome, which is altered in respiratory disease. The relative influence of gut and lung bacteria on lung inflammation is unknown. OBJECTIVES To determine whether baseline lung immune tone reflects local (lung-lung) or remote (gut-lung) microbe-host interactions. METHODS We compared lung, tongue, and cecal bacteria in 40 healthy, genetically identical, 10-week-old mice, using 16S ribosomal RNA gene quantification and sequencing. We measured inflammatory cytokines, using a multiplex assay of homogenized lung tissue. We compared lung bacteria in healthy mice treated with varied durations of systemic antibiotics. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Lung bacterial communities are highly variable among mice, cluster strongly by cage, shipment, and vendor, and are altered by antibiotics in a microbiologically predictable manner. Baseline lung concentrations of two key inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α and IL-4) are correlated with the diversity and community composition of lung bacterial communities. Lung concentrations of these inflammatory cytokines correlate more strongly with variation in lung bacterial communities than with that of the gut or mouth. CONCLUSIONS In the lungs of healthy mice, baseline innate immune tone more strongly reflects local (lung-lung) microbe-host interactions than remote (gut-lung) microbe-host interactions. Our results independently confirm the existence and immunologic significance of the murine lung microbiome, even in health. Variation in lung microbiota is likely an important, underappreciated source of experimental and clinical variability. The lung microbiome is an unexplored therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Dickson
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and.,2 Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Nicole R Falkowski
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Ellen M Hunter
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Shanna L Ashley
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and.,3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,4 Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and.,5 Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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15
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Pendleton KM, Erb-Downward JR, Bao Y, Branton WR, Falkowski NR, Newton DW, Huffnagle GB, Dickson RP. Rapid Pathogen Identification in Bacterial Pneumonia Using Real-Time Metagenomics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 196:1610-1612. [PMID: 28475350 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201703-0537le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuwei Bao
- 1 University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Duane W Newton
- 1 University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- 1 University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan.,2 University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan and
| | - Robert P Dickson
- 1 University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan.,3 Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care Ann Arbor, Michigan
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16
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Pendleton KM, Erb-Downward JR, Bao Y, Branton WR, Falkowski NR, Newton DW, Huffnagle GB, Dickson RP. Reply: Clinical Metagenomics for the Diagnosis of Hospital-acquired Infections: Promises and Hurdles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 196:1618-1619. [PMID: 28679063 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201706-1144le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuwei Bao
- 1 University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Duane W Newton
- 1 University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- 1 University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan.,2 University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan and
| | - Robert P Dickson
- 1 University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan.,3 Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care Ann Arbor, Michigan
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17
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O’Dwyer DN, Ashley SL, Gurczynski SJ, Xia M, Wilke C, Falkowski NR, Norman KC, Arnold KB, Huffnagle GB, Salisbury ML, Han MK, Flaherty KR, White ES, Martinez FJ, Erb-Downward JR, Murray S, Moore BB, Dickson RP. Lung Microbiota Contribute to Pulmonary Inflammation and Disease Progression in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:1127-1138. [PMID: 30789747 PMCID: PMC6515865 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201809-1650oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) causes considerable global morbidity and mortality, and its mechanisms of disease progression are poorly understood. Recent observational studies have reported associations between lung dysbiosis, mortality, and altered host defense gene expression, supporting a role for lung microbiota in IPF. However, the causal significance of altered lung microbiota in disease progression is undetermined. Objectives: To examine the effect of microbiota on local alveolar inflammation and disease progression using both animal models and human subjects with IPF. Methods: For human studies, we characterized lung microbiota in BAL fluid from 68 patients with IPF. For animal modeling, we used a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis in conventional and germ-free mice. Lung bacteria were characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing with novel techniques optimized for low-biomass sample load. Microbiota were correlated with alveolar inflammation, measures of pulmonary fibrosis, and disease progression. Measurements and Main Results: Disruption of the lung microbiome predicts disease progression, correlates with local host inflammation, and participates in disease progression. In patients with IPF, lung bacterial burden predicts fibrosis progression, and microbiota diversity and composition correlate with increased alveolar profibrotic cytokines. In murine models of fibrosis, lung dysbiosis precedes peak lung injury and is persistent. In germ-free animals, the absence of a microbiome protects against mortality. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that lung microbiota contribute to the progression of IPF. We provide biological plausibility for the hypothesis that lung dysbiosis promotes alveolar inflammation and aberrant repair. Manipulation of lung microbiota may represent a novel target for the treatment of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N. O’Dwyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Shanna L. Ashley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Stephen J. Gurczynski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Meng Xia
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
| | - Carol Wilke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Nicole R. Falkowski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Katy C. Norman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kelly B. Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gary B. Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Margaret L. Salisbury
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - MeiLan K. Han
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Kevin R. Flaherty
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Eric S. White
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Fernando J. Martinez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell School of Medicine, New York, New York; and
| | - John R. Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Susan Murray
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
| | - Bethany B. Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert P. Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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18
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O’Dwyer DN, Zhou X, Wilke CA, Xia M, Falkowski NR, Norman KC, Arnold KB, Huffnagle GB, Murray S, Erb-Downward JR, Yanik GA, Moore BB, Dickson RP. Lung Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and Injury in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 198:1312-1321. [PMID: 29878854 PMCID: PMC6290939 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201712-2456oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) is a common treatment for hematological neoplasms and autoimmune disorders. Among HCT recipients, pulmonary complications are common, morbid, and/or lethal, and they have recently been associated with gut dysbiosis. The role of lung microbiota in post-HCT pulmonary complications is unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of lung microbiota in post-HCT pulmonary complications using animal modeling and human BAL fluid. METHODS For animal modeling, we used an established murine model of HCT with and without postengraftment herpes virus infection. For human studies, we characterized lung microbiota in BAL fluid from 43 HCT recipients. Lung bacteria were characterized using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and were compared with lung histology (murine) and with alveolar inflammation and pulmonary function testing (human). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Both HCT and viral infection independently altered the composition of murine lung microbiota, but they had no effect on lung microbial diversity. By contrast, combined HCT and viral infection profoundly altered lung microbiota, decreasing community diversity with an associated pneumonitis. Among human HCT recipients, increased relative abundance of the Proteobacteria phylum was associated with impaired pulmonary function, and lung microbiota were significantly associated with alveolar concentrations of inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS In animal models and human subjects, lung dysbiosis is a prominent feature of HCT. Lung dysbiosis is correlated with histologic, immunologic, and physiologic features of post-HCT pulmonary complications. Our findings suggest the lung microbiome may be an unappreciated target for the prevention and treatment of post-HCT pulmonary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N. O’Dwyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Carol A. Wilke
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Meng Xia
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
| | - Nicole R. Falkowski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Katy C. Norman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Kelly B. Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Gary B. Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Susan Murray
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
| | - John R. Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Gregory A. Yanik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bethany B. Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Robert P. Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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19
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Begley L, Madapoosi S, Opron K, Ndum O, Baptist A, Rysso K, Erb-Downward JR, Huang YJ. Gut microbiota relationships to lung function and adult asthma phenotype: a pilot study. BMJ Open Respir Res 2018; 5:e000324. [PMID: 30271607 PMCID: PMC6157510 DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2018-000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite strong evidence that maturation patterns of the gut microbiome in early life influence the risk for childhood asthma, very little is known about gut microbiota patterns in adults with established asthma, and of greater interest relationships to phenotypic features that characterise asthma heterogeneity. Methods Fifty-eight faecal samples from 32 adults with (n=24) and without (n=8) asthma were analysed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing methods to characterise intestinal bacterial composition. Compositional stability of paired samples was evaluated and features of gut bacterial community structure analysed in relation to extensive clinical characterisation data collected from subjects, who were enrolled in a prospective observational cohort study at the University of Michigan. Results Differences in gut bacterial community structure were associated with aeroallergen sensitisation and lung function as assessed by forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) %predicted. Associations with FEV1 were consistently observed across independent analytic approaches. k-means clustering of the gut microbiota data in subjects with asthma revealed three different clusters, distinguished most strongly by FEV1 (p<0.05) and trends in differences in other clinical and inflammatory features. Conclusion In this pilot study of asthmatic and non-asthmatic subjects, significant relationships between gut microbiota composition, aeroallergen sensitisation and lung function were observed. These preliminary findings merit further study in larger cohorts to explore possible mechanistic links to asthma phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesa Begley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Siddharth Madapoosi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristopher Opron
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Bioinformatics Core, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ogechukwu Ndum
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alan Baptist
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kelly Rysso
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yvonne Jean Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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20
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Diao W, Shen N, Du Y, Erb-Downward JR, Sun X, Guo C, Ke Q, Huffnagle GB, Gyetko MR, He B. Symptom-related sputum microbiota in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018; 13:2289-2299. [PMID: 30104869 PMCID: PMC6072682 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s167618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of airway microbiota in COPD is highly debated. Symptomology assessment is vital for the management of clinically stable COPD patients; however, the link between symp toms and the airway microbiome is currently unknown. Purpose The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship among stable COPD patients. Patients and methods We conducted pyrosequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA using induced sputum samples in a Han Chinese cohort that included 40 clinically stable COPD patients and 19 healthy controls. Results Alterations in community composition and core bacte rial taxa (Neisseria subflava, etc.) were observed in patients with severe symptoms compared with controls. The co-occurrence network indicated that the key microbiota enriched in COPD patients showed higher expression in patients with severe symptoms. The association pattern of symptoms with the sputum microbiome was obviously different from that of lung function in COPD patients. Conclusion These findings broaden our insights into the relationship between the sputum microbiota and the symptom severity in COPD patients, emphasizing the role of symptoms in the airway microbiome, independent of lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Diao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China,
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China,
| | - Yipeng Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China,
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China,
| | - Chenxia Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China,
| | - Qian Ke
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China,
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Margaret R Gyetko
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bei He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China,
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21
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Singer BH, Dickson RP, Denstaedt SJ, Newstead MW, Kim K, Falkowski NR, Erb-Downward JR, Schmidt TM, Huffnagle GB, Standiford TJ. Bacterial Dissemination to the Brain in Sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 197:747-756. [PMID: 29232157 PMCID: PMC5855074 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201708-1559oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Sepsis causes brain dysfunction and neuroinflammation. It is unknown whether neuroinflammation in sepsis is initiated by dissemination of bacteria to the brain and sustained by persistent infection, or whether neuroinflammation is a sterile process resulting solely from circulating inflammatory mediators. OBJECTIVES To determine if gut bacteria translocate to the brain during sepsis, and are associated with neuroinflammation. METHODS Murine sepsis was induced using cecal ligation and puncture, and sepsis survivor mice were compared with sham and unoperated control animals. Brain tissue of patients who died of sepsis was compared with patients who died of noninfectious causes. Bacterial taxa were characterized by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing in both murine and human brain specimens; compared among sepsis and nonsepsis groups; and correlated with levels of S100A8, a marker of neuroinflammation using permutational multivariate ANOVA. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Viable gut-associated bacteria were enriched in the brains of mice 5 days after surviving abdominal sepsis (P < 0.01), and undetectable by 14 days. The community structure of brain-associated bacteria correlated with severity of neuroinflammation (P < 0.001). Furthermore, bacterial taxa detected in brains of humans who die of sepsis were distinct from those who died of noninfectious causes (P < 0.001) and correlated with S100A8/A9 expression (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although bacterial translocation is associated with acute neuroinflammation in murine sepsis, bacterial translocation did not result in chronic cerebral infection. Postmortem analysis of patients who die of sepsis suggests a role for bacteria in acute brain dysfunction in sepsis. Further work is needed to determine if modifying gut-associated bacterial communities modulates brain dysfunction after sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H. Singer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert P. Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott J. Denstaedt
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Michael W. Newstead
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Kwi Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Nicole R. Falkowski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - John R. Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Thomas M. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Gary B. Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
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22
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Scales BS, Erb-Downward JR, Falkowski NR, LiPuma JJ, Huffnagle GB. Genome Sequences of 12 Pseudomonas lundensis Strains Isolated from the Lungs of Humans. Genome Announc 2018; 6:e01461-17. [PMID: 29449399 PMCID: PMC5814480 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01461-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report here the first complete genome sequence of a human Pseudomonas lundensis isolate, strain AU1044, and the draft genomes of 11 other clinical P. lundensis strains, isolated from the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. The genome of strain AU1044 is 4.81 Mb and encodes seven 16S rRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittan S Scales
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicole R Falkowski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John J LiPuma
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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23
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Huang Y, Ma SF, Espindola MS, Vij R, Oldham JM, Huffnagle GB, Erb-Downward JR, Flaherty KR, Moore BB, White ES, Zhou T, Li J, Lussier YA, Han MK, Kaminski N, Garcia JGN, Hogaboam CM, Martinez FJ, Noth I. Microbes Are Associated with Host Innate Immune Response in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:208-219. [PMID: 28157391 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201607-1525oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Differences in the lung microbial community influence idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) progression. Whether the lung microbiome influences IPF host defense remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To explore the host immune response and microbial interaction in IPF as they relate to progression-free survival (PFS), fibroblast function, and leukocyte phenotypes. METHODS Paired microarray gene expression data derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing data from bronchoalveolar lavage obtained as part of the COMET-IPF (Correlating Outcomes with Biochemical Markers to Estimate Time-Progression in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis) study were used to conduct association pathway analyses. The responsiveness of paired lung fibroblasts to Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) stimulation by CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) was integrated into microbiome-gene expression association analyses for a subset of individuals. The relationship between associated pathways and circulating leukocyte phenotypes was explored by flow cytometry. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Down-regulation of immune response pathways, including nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-, Toll-, and RIG1-like receptor pathways, was associated with worse PFS. Ten of the 11 PFS-associated pathways correlated with microbial diversity and individual genus, with species accumulation curve richness as a hub. Higher species accumulation curve richness was significantly associated with inhibition of NODs and TLRs, whereas increased abundance of Streptococcus correlated with increased NOD-like receptor signaling. In a network analysis, expression of up-regulated signaling pathways was strongly associated with decreased abundance of operational taxonomic unit 1341 (OTU1341; Prevotella) among individuals with fibroblasts responsive to CpG-ODN stimulation. The expression of TLR signaling pathways was also linked to CpG-ODN responsive fibroblasts, OTU1341 (Prevotella), and Shannon index of microbial diversity in a network analysis. Lymphocytes expressing C-X-C chemokine receptor 3 CD8 significantly correlated with OTU1348 (Staphylococcus). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that host-microbiome interactions influence PFS and fibroblast responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- 1 Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shwu-Fan Ma
- 1 Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Milena S Espindola
- 2 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rekha Vij
- 1 Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Justin M Oldham
- 3 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- 4 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- 4 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin R Flaherty
- 4 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Beth B Moore
- 4 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eric S White
- 4 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tong Zhou
- 5 Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada
| | - Jianrong Li
- 6 University of Arizona Health Sciences at the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Yves A Lussier
- 6 University of Arizona Health Sciences at the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - MeiLan K Han
- 4 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- 7 Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- 6 University of Arizona Health Sciences at the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- 2 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Imre Noth
- 1 Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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24
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Dickson RP, Erb-Downward JR, Freeman CM, McCloskey L, Falkowski NR, Huffnagle GB, Curtis JL. Bacterial Topography of the Healthy Human Lower Respiratory Tract. mBio 2017; 8:e02287-16. [PMID: 28196961 PMCID: PMC5312084 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02287-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although culture-independent techniques have refuted lung sterility in health, controversy about contamination during bronchoscope passage through the upper respiratory tract (URT) has impeded research progress. We sought to establish whether bronchoscopic sampling accurately reflects the lung microbiome in health and to distinguish between two proposed routes of authentic microbial immigration, (i) dispersion along contiguous respiratory mucosa and (ii) subclinical microaspiration. During bronchoscopy of eight adult volunteers without lung disease, we performed seven protected specimen brushings (PSB) and bilateral bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) per subject. We amplified, sequenced, and analyzed the bacterial 16S rRNA gene V4 regions by using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Rigorous attention was paid to eliminate potential sources of error or contamination, including a randomized processing order and the inclusion and analysis of exhaustive procedural and sequencing control specimens. Indices of mouth-lung immigration (mouth-lung community similarity, bacterial burden, and community richness) were all significantly greater in airway and alveolar specimens than in bronchoscope contamination control specimens, indicating minimal evidence of pharyngeal contamination. Ecological indices of mouth-lung immigration peaked at or near the carina, as predicted for a primary immigration route of microaspiration. Bacterial burden, diversity, and mouth-lung similarity were greater in BAL than PSB samples, reflecting differences in the sampled surface areas. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT02392182.)IMPORTANCE This study defines the bacterial topography of the healthy human respiratory tract and provides ecological evidence that bacteria enter the lungs in health primarily by microaspiration, with potential contribution in some subjects by direct dispersal along contiguous mucosa. By demonstrating that contamination contributes negligibly to microbial communities in bronchoscopically acquired specimens, we validate the use of bronchoscopy to investigate the lung microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christine M Freeman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Research Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lisa McCloskey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicole R Falkowski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Rackham Graduate School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Curtis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Rackham Graduate School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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25
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Huang YJ, Erb-Downward JR, Dickson RP, Curtis JL, Huffnagle GB, Han MK. Understanding the role of the microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: principles, challenges, and future directions. Transl Res 2017; 179:71-83. [PMID: 27392936 PMCID: PMC5164976 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the past several years, advances in sequencing platforms and bioinformatics have transformed our understanding of the relationship between microbial ecology and human health. Both the normal and diseased lung are host to hundreds of bacterial genera, blurring the lines between "colonization" and "infection". However, whereas in health the respiratory microbiome is determined primarily by the dynamic balance of immigration and elimination, in chronic disease conditions become much more favorable for the reproduction of resident bacteria. Recent studies demonstrate that the microbiota of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) lung differ from the healthy lung although significant intrasubject and intersubject heterogeneity are still present with variation impacted by factors such as disease stage and inhaled medications. Changes in the relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa during COPD exacerbations have also been noted although further longitudinal analyses are needed to ascertain the malleability and resilience of this ecological system and its role in the occurrence and frequency of exacerbations. Whether patients with a "frequent exacerbator" phenotype possess specific or greater alterations in their airway microbiome that predispose them to recurrent exacerbations as compared with nonfrequent exacerbators needs to be determined. Although recent data suggest that the presence of bacteria has the potential to influence the host immune response, a key challenge in the next few years will be to continue to move beyond descriptive studies to define the clinical relevance of differences in lung microbiota associated with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne J Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Robert P Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Jeffrey L Curtis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Section, Medical Service, VA, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - MeiLan K Han
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
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26
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Dickson RP, Singer BH, Newstead MW, Falkowski NR, Erb-Downward JR, Standiford TJ, Huffnagle GB. Enrichment of the lung microbiome with gut bacteria in sepsis and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16113. [PMID: 27670109 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are major causes of mortality without targeted therapies. Although many experimental and clinical observations have implicated gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of these diseases, culture-based studies have failed to demonstrate translocation of bacteria to the lungs in critically ill patients. Here, we report culture-independent evidence that the lung microbiome is enriched with gut bacteria both in a murine model of sepsis and in humans with established ARDS. Following experimental sepsis, lung communities were dominated by viable gut-associated bacteria. Ecological analysis identified the lower gastrointestinal tract, rather than the upper respiratory tract, as the likely source community of post-sepsis lung bacteria. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from humans with ARDS, gut-specific bacteria (Bacteroides spp.) were common and abundant, undetected by culture and correlated with the intensity of systemic inflammation. Alveolar TNF-α, a key mediator of alveolar inflammation in ARDS, was significantly correlated with altered lung microbiota. Our results demonstrate that the lung microbiome is enriched with gut-associated bacteria in sepsis and ARDS, potentially representing a shared mechanism of pathogenesis in these common and lethal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Benjamin H Singer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Michael W Newstead
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Nicole R Falkowski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Theodore J Standiford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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27
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Scales BS, Erb-Downward JR, Huffnagle IM, LiPuma JJ, Huffnagle GB. Comparative genomics of Pseudomonas fluorescens subclade III strains from human lungs. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1032. [PMID: 26644001 PMCID: PMC4672498 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While the taxonomy and genomics of environmental strains from the P. fluorescens species-complex has been reported, little is known about P. fluorescens strains from clinical samples. In this report, we provide the first genomic analysis of P. fluorescens strains in which human vs. environmental isolates are compared. Results Seven P. fluorescens strains were isolated from respiratory samples from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The clinical strains could grow at a higher temperature (>34 °C) than has been reported for environmental strains. Draft genomes were generated for all of the clinical strains, and multi-locus sequence analysis placed them within subclade III of the P. fluorescens species-complex. All strains encoded type- II, −III, −IV, and -VI secretion systems, as well as the widespread colonization island (WCI). This is the first description of a WCI in P. fluorescens strains. All strains also encoded a complete I2/PfiT locus and showed evidence of horizontal gene transfer. The clinical strains were found to differ from the environmental strains in the number of genes involved in metal resistance, which may be a possible adaptation to chronic antibiotic exposure in the CF lung. Conclusions This is the largest comparative genomics analysis of P. fluorescens subclade III strains to date and includes the first clinical isolates. At a global level, the clinical P. fluorescens subclade III strains were largely indistinguishable from environmental P. fluorescens subclade III strains, supporting the idea that identifying strains as ‘environmental’ vs ‘clinical’ is not a phenotypic trait. Rather, strains within P. fluorescens subclade III will colonize and persist in any niche that provides the requirements necessary for growth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2261-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittan S Scales
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Ian M Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - John J LiPuma
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Although the notion that "the normal lung is free from bacteria" remains common in textbooks, it is virtually always stated without citation or argument. The lungs are constantly exposed to diverse communities of microbes from the oropharynx and other sources, and over the past decade, novel culture-independent techniques of microbial identification have revealed that the lungs, previously considered sterile in health, harbor diverse communities of microbes. In this review, we describe the topography and population dynamics of the respiratory tract, both in health and as altered by acute and chronic lung disease. We provide a survey of current techniques of sampling, sequencing, and analysis of respiratory microbiota and review technical challenges and controversies in the field. We review and synthesize what is known about lung microbiota in various diseases and identify key lessons learned across disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
| | - Fernando J Martinez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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29
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Sze MA, Dimitriu PA, Suzuki M, McDonough JE, Campbell JD, Brothers JF, Erb-Downward JR, Huffnagle GB, Hayashi S, Elliott WM, Cooper J, Sin DD, Lenburg ME, Spira A, Mohn WW, Hogg JC. Host Response to the Lung Microbiome in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192:438-45. [PMID: 25945594 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201502-0223oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The relatively sparse but diverse microbiome in human lungs may become less diverse in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This article examines the relationship of this microbiome to emphysematous tissue destruction, number of terminal bronchioles, infiltrating inflammatory cells, and host gene expression. METHODS Culture-independent pyrosequencing microbiome analysis was used to examine the V3-V5 regions of bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA in 40 samples of lung from 5 patients with COPD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD] stage 4) and 28 samples from 4 donors (controls). A second protocol based on the V1-V3 regions was used to verify the bacterial microbiome results. Within lung tissue samples the microbiome was compared with results of micro-computed tomography, infiltrating inflammatory cells measured by quantitative histology, and host gene expression. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Ten operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was found sufficient to discriminate between control and GOLD stage 4 lung tissue, which included known pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae. We also observed a decline in microbial diversity that was associated with emphysematous destruction, remodeling of the bronchiolar and alveolar tissue, and the infiltration of the tissue by CD4(+) T cells. Specific OTUs were also associated with neutrophils, eosinophils, and B-cell infiltration (P < 0.05). The expression profiles of 859 genes and 235 genes were associated with either enrichment or reductions of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, respectively, at a false discovery rate cutoff of less than 0.1. CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis that there is a host immune response to microorganisms within the lung microbiome that appears to contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Sze
- 1 Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Heart + Lung Institute at St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2 Department of Medicine
| | - Pedro A Dimitriu
- 3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, and
| | - Masaru Suzuki
- 1 Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Heart + Lung Institute at St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,4 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John E McDonough
- 1 Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Heart + Lung Institute at St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2 Department of Medicine
| | - Josh D Campbell
- 5 Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John F Brothers
- 5 Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- 6 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- 6 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Shizu Hayashi
- 1 Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Heart + Lung Institute at St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,4 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - W Mark Elliott
- 1 Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Heart + Lung Institute at St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2 Department of Medicine
| | - Joel Cooper
- 7 Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Don D Sin
- 1 Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Heart + Lung Institute at St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2 Department of Medicine
| | - Marc E Lenburg
- 5 Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Avrum Spira
- 5 Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William W Mohn
- 3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, and
| | - James C Hogg
- 1 Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Heart + Lung Institute at St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,4 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Dickson RP, Erb-Downward JR, Prescott HC, Martinez FJ, Curtis JL, Lama VN, Huffnagle GB. Intraalveolar Catecholamines and the Human Lung Microbiome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192:257-9. [PMID: 26177175 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201502-0326le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey L Curtis
- 1 University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan.,3 Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Vibha N Lama
- 1 University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Dickson RP, Erb-Downward JR, Huffnagle GB. Homeostasis and its disruption in the lung microbiome. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1047-55. [PMID: 26432870 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00279.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The disciplines of physiology and ecology are united by the shared centrality of the concept of homeostasis: the stability of a complex system via internal mechanisms of self-regulation, resilient to external perturbation. In the past decade, these fields of study have been bridged by the discovery of the lung microbiome. The respiratory tract, long considered sterile, is in fact a dynamic ecosystem of microbiota, intimately associated with the host inflammatory response, altered in disease states. If the microbiome is a "newly discovered organ," ecology is the language we use to explain how it establishes, maintains, and loses homeostasis. In this essay, we review recent insights into the feedback mechanisms by which the lung microbiome and the host response are regulated in health and dysregulated in acute and chronic lung disease. We propose three explanatory models supported by recent studies: the adapted island model of lung biogeography, nutritional homeostasis at the host-microbiome interface, and interkingdom signaling and the community stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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McDermott AJ, Higdon KE, Muraglia R, Erb-Downward JR, Falkowski NR, McDonald RA, Young VB, Huffnagle GB. The role of Gr-1(+) cells and tumour necrosis factor-α signalling during Clostridium difficile colitis in mice. Immunology 2015; 144:704-16. [PMID: 25399934 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The host response to Clostridium difficile infection in antibiotic-treated mice is characterized by robust recruitment of Gr-1(+) cells, increased expression of inflammatory cytokines including tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and the development of severe epithelial damage. To investigate the role of Gr-1(+) cells and TNF-α during C. difficile colitis, we treated infected mice with monoclonal antibodies against Gr-1 or TNF-α. Mice were challenged with vegetative cells of C. difficile strain VPI 10463 following treatment with the third-generation cephalosporin ceftriaxone. Ceftriaxone treatment alone was associated with significant changes in cytokine expression within the colonic mucosa but not overt inflammatory histopathological changes. In comparison, C. difficile infection following ceftriaxone treatment was associated with increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including Cxcl1, Cxcl2, Il1b, Il17f and Tnfa, as well as robust recruitment of Ly6C(Mid) Gr-1(High) neutrophils and Ly6C(High) Gr-1(Mid) monocytes and the development of severe colonic histopathology. Anti-Gr-1 antibody treatment resulted in effective depletion of both Ly6C(Mid) Gr-1(High) neutrophils and Ly6C(High) Gr-1(Mid) monocytes: however, we observed no protection from the development of severe pathology or reduction in expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines Il1b, Il6, Il33 and Tnfa following anti-Gr-1 treatment. By contrast, anti-TNF-α treatment did not affect Gr-1(+) cell recruitment, but was associated with increased expression of Il6 and Il1b. Additionally, Ffar2, Ffar3, Tslp, Tff and Ang4 expression was significantly reduced in anti-TNF-α-treated animals, in association with marked intestinal histopathology. These studies raise the possibility that TNF-α may play a role in restraining inflammation and protecting the epithelium during C. difficile infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J McDermott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Wang J, Shen N, Du Y, Erb-Downward JR, Huffnagle GB, Gyetko MR, He B. [Preparation of metagenomic DNA from bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2014; 54:943-949. [PMID: 25345027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To optimize the method of isolating a small amount of metagenomic DNA efficiently from bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) of patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) , which will facilitate subsequent PCR and DNA sequencing. METHODS BALF (5mL) of stable COPD patients was spun down to collect the cells. To extract genomic DNA from Gram-positive bacteria more efficiently, QIAGEN's DNA extraction protocol was optimized as follows: Added Buffer ATL to the pellets and used bead tubes and tissue homogenizers to break cell walls; then added proteinase K and incubated; after adding Buffer AL and ethanol, pipetted the mixture into a DNeasy spin column then centrifuged; washed the column with Buffer AW1 and Buffer AW2, finally added 50 microL Buffer AE to elute DNA. After measuring the total DNA concentration, the bacterial 16S rDNA was amplified by PCR and amplicon libraries were created for further determination. RESULTS The DNA content of BALF with optimized protocols was 467.5 (135.0-1697.5) ng, which was significantly higher than those extracted with phenol-chloroform 95.0 (0-612.5) ng. After optimizing, more 16S rDNA PCR production can be obtained for future analysis (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION The optimized DNA extraction methods combining DNA isolation kits with bead-beating were more efficient in isolating tiny metagenomic DNA from BALF.
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Dickson RP, Erb-Downward JR, Huffnagle GB. Towards an ecology of the lung: new conceptual models of pulmonary microbiology and pneumonia pathogenesis. Lancet Respir Med 2014; 2:238-46. [PMID: 24621685 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(14)70028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality for which no new methods of treatment have entered clinical practice since the discovery of antibiotics. Innovations in the techniques of culture-independent microbial identification have shown that the lungs, previously deemed sterile in the absence of infection, contain diverse and dynamic communities of microbes. In this Personal View, we argue that these observations have shown the inadequacy of traditional conceptual models of lung microbiology and the pathogenesis of pneumonia, hampering progress in research and practice. We propose three new conceptual models to replace the traditional models of lung microbiology: an adapted island model of lung biogeography, the effect of environmental gradients on lung microbiota, and pneumonia as an emergent phenomenon propelled by unexplored positive feedback loops. We argue that the ecosystem of lung microbiota has all of the features of a complex adaptive system: diverse entities interacting with each other within a common space, showing interdependent actions and possessing the capacity to adapt to changes in conditions. Complex adaptive systems are fundamentally different in behaviour from the simple, linear systems typified by the traditional model of pneumonia pathogenesis, and need distinct analytical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan MI, USA
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Dickson RP, Erb-Downward JR, Freeman CM, Walker N, Scales BS, Beck JM, Martinez FJ, Curtis JL, Lama VN, Huffnagle GB. Changes in the lung microbiome following lung transplantation include the emergence of two distinct Pseudomonas species with distinct clinical associations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97214. [PMID: 24831685 PMCID: PMC4022512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple independent culture-based studies have identified the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in respiratory samples as a positive risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). Yet, culture-independent microbiological techniques have identified a negative association between Pseudomonas species and BOS. Our objective was to investigate whether there may be a unifying explanation for these apparently dichotomous results. METHODS We performed bronchoscopies with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) on lung transplant recipients (46 procedures in 33 patients) and 26 non-transplant control subjects. We analyzed bacterial communities in the BAL fluid using qPCR and pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and compared the culture-independent data with the clinical metadata and culture results from these subjects. FINDINGS Route of bronchoscopy (via nose or via mouth) was not associated with changes in BAL microbiota (p = 0.90). Among the subjects with positive Pseudomonas bacterial culture, P. aeruginosa was also identified by culture-independent methods. In contrast, a distinct Pseudomonas species, P. fluorescens, was often identified in asymptomatic transplant subjects by pyrosequencing but not detected via standard bacterial culture. The subject populations harboring these two distinct pseudomonads differed significantly with respect to associated symptoms, BAL neutrophilia, bacterial DNA burden and microbial diversity. Despite notable differences in culturability, a global database search of UM Hospital Clinical Microbiology Laboratory records indicated that P. fluorescens is commonly isolated from respiratory specimens. INTERPRETATION We have reported for the first time that two prominent and distinct Pseudomonas species (P. fluorescens and P. aeruginosa) exist within the post-transplant lung microbiome, each with unique genomic and microbiologic features and widely divergent clinical associations, including presence during acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - John R. Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Freeman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Natalie Walker
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Brittan S. Scales
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - James M. Beck
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado and Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Fernando J. Martinez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Curtis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Section, Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Vibha N. Lama
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gary B. Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dickson RP, Erb-Downward JR, Prescott HC, Martinez FJ, Curtis JL, Lama VN, Huffnagle GB. Cell-associated bacteria in the human lung microbiome. Microbiome 2014; 2:28. [PMID: 25206976 PMCID: PMC4158729 DOI: 10.1186/2049-2618-2-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have revealed that bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid contains previously unappreciated communities of bacteria. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that host inflammatory signals prompt bacteria to disperse from cell-associated biofilms and adopt a virulent free-living phenotype. The proportion of the lung microbiota that is cell-associated is unknown. RESULTS Forty-six BAL specimens were obtained from lung transplant recipients and divided into two aliquots: 'whole BAL' and 'acellular BAL,' the latter processed with a low-speed, short-duration centrifugation step. Both aliquots were analyzed via bacterial 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. The BAL specimens represented a wide spectrum of lung health, ranging from healthy and asymptomatic to acutely infected. Bacterial signal was detected in 52% of acellular BAL aliquots, fewer than were detected in whole BAL (96%, p ≤ 0.0001). Detection of bacteria in acellular BAL was associated with indices of acute infection [BAL neutrophilia, high total bacterial (16S) DNA, low community diversity, p < 0.01 for all] and, independently, with low relative abundance of specific taxonomic groups (p < 0.05). When whole and acellular aliquots from the same bronchoscopy were directly compared, acellular BAL contained fewer bacterial species (p < 0.05); whole and acellular BAL similarity was positively associated with evidence of infection and negatively associated with relative abundance of several prominent taxa (p < 0.001). Acellular BAL contained decreased relative abundance of Prevotella spp. (p < 0.05) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We present a novel methodological and analytical approach to the localization of lung microbiota and show that prominent members of the lung microbiome are cell-associated, potentially via biofilms, cell adhesion, or intracellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hallie C Prescott
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Fernando J Martinez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Curtis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Vibha N Lama
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Sadighi Akha AA, Theriot CM, Erb-Downward JR, McDermott AJ, Falkowski NR, Tyra HM, Rutkowski DT, Young VB, Huffnagle GB. Acute infection of mice with Clostridium difficile leads to eIF2α phosphorylation and pro-survival signalling as part of the mucosal inflammatory response. Immunology 2013; 140:111-22. [PMID: 23668260 PMCID: PMC3809711 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study sought to delineate the gene expression profile of the host response in the caecum and colon during acute infection with Clostridium difficile in a mouse model of infection, and to investigate the nature of the unfolded protein response in this process. The infected mice displayed a significant up-regulation in the expression of chemokines (Cxcl1, Cxcl2 and Ccl2), numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines (Ifng, Il1b, Il6, and Il17f), as well as Il22 and a number of anti-microbial peptides (Defa1, Defa28, Defb1, Slpi and Reg3g) at the site(s) of infection. This was accompanied by a significant influx of neutrophils, dendritic cells, cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage and all major subsets of lymphocytes to these site(s). However, CD4 T cells of the untreated and C. difficile-infected mice expressed similar levels of CD69 and CD25. Neither tissue had up-regulated levels of Tbx21, Gata3 or Rorc. The caeca and colons of the infected mice showed a significant increase in eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation, but neither the splicing of Xbp1 nor the up-regulation of endoplasmic reticulum chaperones, casting doubt on the full-fledged induction of the unfolded protein response by C. difficile. They also displayed significantly higher phosphorylation of AKT and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), an indication of pro-survival signalling. These data underscore the local, innate, pro-inflammatory nature of the response to C. difficile and highlight eIF2α phosphorylation and the interleukin-22-pSTAT3-RegIIIγ axis as two of the pathways that could be used to contain and counteract the damage inflicted on the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir A Sadighi Akha
- Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5642, USA
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Abstract
Novel culture-independent techniques have recently demonstrated that the lower respiratory tract, historically considered sterile in health, contains diverse communities of microbes: the lung microbiome. Increasing evidence supports the concept that a distinct microbiota of the lower respiratory tract is present both in health and in various respiratory diseases, although the biological and clinical significance of these findings remains undetermined. In this article, the authors review and synthesize published reports of the lung microbiota of healthy and diseased subjects, discuss trends of microbial diversity and constitution across disease states, and look to the extrapulmonary microbiome for hypotheses and future directions for study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John R. Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gary B. Huffnagle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Osterholzer JJ, Olszewski MA, Murdock BJ, Chen GH, Erb-Downward JR, Subbotina N, Browning K, Lin Y, Morey RE, Dayrit JK, Horowitz JC, Simon RH, Sisson TH. Implicating exudate macrophages and Ly-6C(high) monocytes in CCR2-dependent lung fibrosis following gene-targeted alveolar injury. J Immunol 2013; 190:3447-57. [PMID: 23467934 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The alveolar epithelium is characteristically abnormal in fibrotic lung disease, and we recently established a direct link between injury to the type II alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) and the accumulation of interstitial collagen. The mechanisms by which damage to the epithelium induces lung scarring remain poorly understood. It is particularly controversial whether an insult to the type II AEC initiates an inflammatory response that is required for the development of fibrosis. To explore whether local inflammation occurs following a targeted epithelial insult and contributes to lung fibrosis, we administered diphtheria toxin to transgenic mice with type II AEC-restricted expression of the diphtheria toxin receptor. We used immunophenotyping techniques and diphtheria toxin receptor-expressing, chemokine receptor-2-deficient (CCR2(-/-)) mice to determine the participation of lung leukocyte subsets in pulmonary fibrogenesis. Our results demonstrate that targeted type II AEC injury induces an inflammatory response that is enriched for CD11b(+) nonresident exudate macrophages (ExM) and their precursors, Ly-6C(high) monocytes. CCR2 deficiency abrogates the accumulation of both cell populations and protects mice from fibrosis, weight loss, and death. Further analyses revealed that the ExM are alternatively activated and that ExM and Ly-6C(high) monocytes express mRNA for IL-13, TGF-β, and the collagen genes, COL1A1 and COLIIIA1. Furthermore, the accumulated ExM and Ly-6C(high) monocytes contain intracellular collagen, as detected by immunostaining. Together, these results implicate CCR2 and the accumulation of ExM and Ly-6C(high) monocytes as critical determinants of pulmonary fibrosis induced by selective type II AEC injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Osterholzer
- Pulmonary Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Erb-Downward JR, Sadighi Akha AA, Wang J, Shen N, He B, Martinez FJ, Gyetko MR, Curtis JL, Huffnagle GB. Use of direct gradient analysis to uncover biological hypotheses in 16s survey data and beyond. Sci Rep 2012; 2:774. [PMID: 23336065 PMCID: PMC3540687 DOI: 10.1038/srep00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the use of direct gradient analysis of bacterial 16S pyrosequencing surveys to identify relevant bacterial community signals in the midst of a "noisy" background, and to facilitate hypothesis-testing both within and beyond the realm of ecological surveys. The results, utilizing 3 different real world data sets, demonstrate the utility of adding direct gradient analysis to any analysis that draws conclusions from indirect methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA). Direct gradient analysis produces testable models, and can identify significant patterns in the midst of noisy data. Additionally, we demonstrate that direct gradient analysis can be used with other kinds of multivariate data sets, such as flow cytometric data, to identify differentially expressed populations. The results of this study demonstrate the utility of direct gradient analysis in microbial ecology and in other areas of research where large multivariate data sets are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Erb-Downward JR, Thompson DL, Han MK, Freeman CM, McCloskey L, Schmidt LA, Young VB, Toews GB, Curtis JL, Sundaram B, Martinez FJ, Huffnagle GB. Analysis of the lung microbiome in the "healthy" smoker and in COPD. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16384. [PMID: 21364979 PMCID: PMC3043049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although culture-independent techniques have shown that the lungs are not sterile, little is known about the lung microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We used pyrosequencing of 16S amplicons to analyze the lung microbiome in two ways: first, using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to sample the distal bronchi and air-spaces; and second, by examining multiple discrete tissue sites in the lungs of six subjects removed at the time of transplantation. We performed BAL on three never-smokers (NS) with normal spirometry, seven smokers with normal spirometry ("healthy smokers", HS), and four subjects with COPD (CS). Bacterial 16 s sequences were found in all subjects, without significant quantitative differences between groups. Both taxonomy-based and taxonomy-independent approaches disclosed heterogeneity in the bacterial communities between HS subjects that was similar to that seen in healthy NS and two mild COPD patients. The moderate and severe COPD patients had very limited community diversity, which was also noted in 28% of the healthy subjects. Both approaches revealed extensive membership overlap between the bacterial communities of the three study groups. No genera were common within a group but unique across groups. Our data suggests the existence of a core pulmonary bacterial microbiome that includes Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Veillonella, and Porphyromonas. Most strikingly, there were significant micro-anatomic differences in bacterial communities within the same lung of subjects with advanced COPD. These studies are further demonstration of the pulmonary microbiome and highlight global and micro-anatomic changes in these bacterial communities in severe COPD patients.
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Milam JE, Erb-Downward JR, Chen GH, Osuchowski MF, McDonald R, Chensue SW, Toews GB, Huffnagle GB, Olszewski MA. CD11c+ cells are required to prevent progression from local acute lung injury to multiple organ failure and death. Am J Pathol 2009; 176:218-26. [PMID: 19948830 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.081027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of CD11c(+) cells in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury, wild-type or CD11c-diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic mice were treated with intraperitoneal diphtheria toxin (5 ng/g b.wt.) in the presence or absence of intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (51 microg). Lipopolysaccharide treatment resulted in 100% mortality in CD11c-depleted animals but not in control animals. Analysis of local lung tissue revealed no differences in acute lung injury severity; however, analysis of distal tissues revealed severe damage and necrosis to multiple organs (liver, spleen, and kidneys) in CD11c-diphtheria toxin receptor mice but not in wild-type mice. In addition, dramatic increases in systemic levels of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, 657 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase, 1401 U/L), blood urea (53 mg/dl), and 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha), a marker of oxidative stress (350 pg/ml), were observed. These data demonstrate that CD11c(+) cells play a critical role in protecting the organs from systemic injury caused by a pulmonary endotoxin challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jami E Milam
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Abstract
Recently, it has been demonstrated that the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans can synthesize authentic immunomodulatory prostaglandins. The mechanism by which this takes place is unclear as there is no cyclooxygenase homologue in the cryptococcal genome. In this study, we show that cryptococcal production of both PGE(2) and PGF(2 alpha) can be chemically inhibited by caffeic acid, resveratrol and nordihydroguaiaretic acid. These polyphenolic molecules are frequently used as inhibitors of lipoxygenase enzymes; however, blast searches of the cryptococcal genome were unable to identify any homologues of mammalian, plant or fungal lipoxygenases. Next we investigated cryptococcal laccase, an enzyme known to bind polyphenols, and found that either antibody depletion or genetic deletion of the primary cryptococcal laccase (lac1 Delta) resulted in a loss of cryptococcal prostaglandin production. To determine how laccase is involved, we tested recombinant laccase activity on the prostaglandin precursors, arachidonic acid (AA), PGG(2) and PGH(2). Using mass spectroscopy we determined that recombinant Lac1 does not modify AA or PGH(2), but does have a marked activity toward PGG(2) converting it to PGE(2) and 15-keto-PGE(2). These data demonstrate a critical role for laccase in cryptococcal prostaglandin production, and provides insight into a new and unique fungal prostaglandin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0642, USA
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Abstract
Recently there has been a focused interest in the production of bioactive lipid metabolites from eukaryotic microbes, and in the roles that these molecules play in development and pathological processes. These metabolites have long been known in mammals to be potent modulators of various physiological processes, such as the regulation of inflammation. This area of research has been of particular interest in fungi, where oxylipin production has been correlated with pathogenicity. The aim of this review is to discuss recent findings that show how oxylipins and other lipid mediators affect fungal development, quorum sensing and effecter molecule production, which all amount to a global control by oxylipins of fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Erb-Downward
- University of Michigan Medical School, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0642, USA.
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Abstract
Candida albicans produces lipid metabolites that are functionally similar to host prostaglandins. These studies, using mass spectrometry, demonstrate that C. albicans produces authentic prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) from arachidonic acid. Maximal PGE(2) production was achieved at 37 degrees C in stationary-phase culture supernatants and in cell-free lysates generated from stationary-phase cells. Interestingly, PGE(2) production is inhibited by both nonspecific cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors but not by inhibitors specific for the cyclooxygenase 2 isoenzyme. The C. albicans genome does not possess a cyclooxygenase homolog; however, several genes that may play a role in prostaglandin production from C. albicans were investigated. It was found that a C. albicans fatty acid desaturase homolog (Ole2) and a multicopper oxidase homolog (Fet3) play roles in prostaglandin production, with ole2/ole2 and fet3/fet3 mutant strains exhibiting reduced PGE(2) levels compared with parent strains. This work demonstrates that the synthesis of PGE(2) in C. albicans proceeds via novel pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Erb-Downward
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Abstract
Many single-celled eukaryotes produce prostaglandin-like molecules, but these have not been absolutely verified by mass spectrometry. We have isolated, and identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, authentic prostaglandin E(2) from Cryptococcus neoformans. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors did not inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, and the cryptococcal genome lacks a cyclooxygenase homolog. Thus, novel enzymes must exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Erb-Downward
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0642, USA
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Arora S, Hernandez Y, Erb-Downward JR, McDonald RA, Toews GB, Huffnagle GB. Role of IFN-gamma in regulating T2 immunity and the development of alternatively activated macrophages during allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis. J Immunol 2005; 174:6346-56. [PMID: 15879135 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection of C57BL/6 mice is an established model of a chronic pulmonary fungal infection accompanied by an "allergic" response (T2) to the infection, i.e., a model of an allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis. Our objective was to determine whether IFN-gamma plays a role in regulating the pulmonary T2 immune response in C. neoformans-infected C57BL/6 mice. Long-term pulmonary fungistasis was lost in IFN-gamma knockout (KO) mice, resulting in an increased pulmonary burden of fungi at wk 3. IFN-gamma was required for the early influx of leukocytes into the lungs but was not required later in the infection. By wk 3, eosinophil and macrophage numbers were elevated in the absence of IFN-gamma. The inducible NO synthase to arginase ratio was lower in the lungs of IFN-gamma KO mice and the macrophages had increased numbers of intracellular cryptococci and YM1 crystals, indicative of alternatively activated macrophages in these mice. There was evidence of pulmonary fibrosis in both wild-type and IFN-gamma KO mice by 5 wk postinfection. IFN-gamma production was not required for the development of T2 cytokine (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) producing cells in the lungs and lung-associated lymph nodes or induction of an IgE response. At a number of time points, T2 cytokine production was enhanced in IFN-gamma KO mice. Thus, in the absence of IFN-gamma, C57BL/6 mice develop an augmented allergic response to C. neoformans, including enhanced generation of alternatively activated macrophages, which is accompanied by a switch from a chronic to a progressive pulmonary cryptococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Arora
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Hernandez Y, Arora S, Erb-Downward JR, McDonald RA, Toews GB, Huffnagle GB. Distinct roles for IL-4 and IL-10 in regulating T2 immunity during allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis. J Immunol 2005; 174:1027-36. [PMID: 15634927 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.2.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection of C57BL/6 mice is an established model of an allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis that has also been used to test a number of immunomodulatory agents. Our objective was to determine the role of IL-4 and IL-10 in the development/manifestation of the T2 response to C. neoformans in the lungs and lung-associated lymph nodes. In contrast to wild-type (WT) mice, which develop a chronic infection, pulmonary clearance was significantly greater in IL-4 knockout (KO) and IL-10 KO mice but was not due to an up-regulation of a non-T cell effector mechanism. Pulmonary eosinophilia was absent in both IL-4 KO and IL-10 KO mice compared with WT mice. The production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 by lung leukocytes from IL-4 KO and IL-10 KO mice was lower but IFN-gamma levels remained the same. TNF-alpha and IL-12 production by lung leukocytes was up-regulated in IL-10 KO but not IL-4 KO mice. Overall, IL-4 KO mice did not develop the systemic (lung-associated lymph nodes and serum) or local (lungs) T2 responses characteristic of the allergic bronchopulmonary C. neoformans infection. In contrast, the systemic T2 elements of the response remained unaltered in IL-10 KO mice whereas the T2 response in the lungs failed to develop indicating that the action of IL-10 in T cell regulation was distinct from that of IL-4. Thus, although IL-10 has been reported to down-regulate pulmonary T2 responses to isolated fungal Ags, IL-10 can augment pulmonary T2 responses if they occur in the context of fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadira Hernandez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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Abstract
Oxylipins are oxygenated metabolites of fatty acids. Eicosanoids are a subset of oxylipins and include the prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are potent regulators of host immune responses. Host cells are one source of eicosanoids and oxylipins during infection; however, another potential source of eicosanoids is the pathogen itself. A broad range of pathogenic fungi, protozoa, and helminths produce eicosanoids and other oxylipins by novel synthesis pathways. Why do these organisms produce oxylipins? Accumulating data suggest that phase change and differentiation in these organisms are controlled by oxylipins, including prostaglandins and lipoxygenase products. The precise role of pathogen-derived eicosanoids in pathogenesis remains to be determined, but the potential link between pathogen eicosanoids and the development of TH2 responses in the host is intriguing. Mammalian prostaglandins and leukotrienes have been studied extensively, and these molecules can modulate Th1 versus Th2 immune responses, chemokine production, phagocytosis, lymphocyte proliferation, and leukocyte chemotaxis. Thus, eicosanoids and oxylipins (host or microbe) may be mediators of a direct host-pathogen "cross-talk" that promotes chronic infection and hypersensitivity disease, common features of infection by eukaryotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairi C Noverr
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0642, USA
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