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Anda SD, Budd EL, Halvorson S, Mauricio AM, McWhirter EH, Cioffi CC, García JIR, Cresko WA, Leve LD, DeGarmo DS. Effects of a Health Education Intervention for COVID-19 Prevention in Latinx Communities: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:S923-S927. [PMID: 36446063 PMCID: PMC9707712 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.307129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To promote COVID-19 preventive attitudes and behaviors among Latinx individuals, researchers and community partners implemented a culturally tailored health education intervention across 12 Oregon counties from February 2021 through April 2022. We did not identify any significant intervention effects on preventive attitudes and behaviors but did observe significant decreases in psychological distress. Although Latinx individuals' preventive attitudes and behaviors were not associated with the health education intervention, findings suggest the intervention has value in promoting their well-being (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04793464). (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(S9):S923-S927. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307129).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie De Anda
- Stephanie De Anda is with the Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene. Elizabeth L. Budd is with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. Sven Halvorson, Anne Marie Mauricio, Camille C. Cioffi, Jorge I. Ramírez García, and David S. DeGarmo are with the Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon. Ellen Hawley McWhirter and Leslie D. Leve are with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. William A. Cresko is with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon
| | - Elizabeth L Budd
- Stephanie De Anda is with the Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene. Elizabeth L. Budd is with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. Sven Halvorson, Anne Marie Mauricio, Camille C. Cioffi, Jorge I. Ramírez García, and David S. DeGarmo are with the Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon. Ellen Hawley McWhirter and Leslie D. Leve are with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. William A. Cresko is with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon
| | - Sven Halvorson
- Stephanie De Anda is with the Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene. Elizabeth L. Budd is with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. Sven Halvorson, Anne Marie Mauricio, Camille C. Cioffi, Jorge I. Ramírez García, and David S. DeGarmo are with the Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon. Ellen Hawley McWhirter and Leslie D. Leve are with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. William A. Cresko is with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon
| | - Anne Marie Mauricio
- Stephanie De Anda is with the Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene. Elizabeth L. Budd is with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. Sven Halvorson, Anne Marie Mauricio, Camille C. Cioffi, Jorge I. Ramírez García, and David S. DeGarmo are with the Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon. Ellen Hawley McWhirter and Leslie D. Leve are with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. William A. Cresko is with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon
| | - Ellen Hawley McWhirter
- Stephanie De Anda is with the Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene. Elizabeth L. Budd is with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. Sven Halvorson, Anne Marie Mauricio, Camille C. Cioffi, Jorge I. Ramírez García, and David S. DeGarmo are with the Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon. Ellen Hawley McWhirter and Leslie D. Leve are with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. William A. Cresko is with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon
| | - Camille C Cioffi
- Stephanie De Anda is with the Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene. Elizabeth L. Budd is with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. Sven Halvorson, Anne Marie Mauricio, Camille C. Cioffi, Jorge I. Ramírez García, and David S. DeGarmo are with the Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon. Ellen Hawley McWhirter and Leslie D. Leve are with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. William A. Cresko is with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon
| | - Jorge I Ramírez García
- Stephanie De Anda is with the Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene. Elizabeth L. Budd is with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. Sven Halvorson, Anne Marie Mauricio, Camille C. Cioffi, Jorge I. Ramírez García, and David S. DeGarmo are with the Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon. Ellen Hawley McWhirter and Leslie D. Leve are with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. William A. Cresko is with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon
| | - William A Cresko
- Stephanie De Anda is with the Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene. Elizabeth L. Budd is with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. Sven Halvorson, Anne Marie Mauricio, Camille C. Cioffi, Jorge I. Ramírez García, and David S. DeGarmo are with the Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon. Ellen Hawley McWhirter and Leslie D. Leve are with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. William A. Cresko is with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon
| | - Leslie D Leve
- Stephanie De Anda is with the Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene. Elizabeth L. Budd is with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. Sven Halvorson, Anne Marie Mauricio, Camille C. Cioffi, Jorge I. Ramírez García, and David S. DeGarmo are with the Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon. Ellen Hawley McWhirter and Leslie D. Leve are with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. William A. Cresko is with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon
| | - David S DeGarmo
- Stephanie De Anda is with the Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene. Elizabeth L. Budd is with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. Sven Halvorson, Anne Marie Mauricio, Camille C. Cioffi, Jorge I. Ramírez García, and David S. DeGarmo are with the Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon. Ellen Hawley McWhirter and Leslie D. Leve are with the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon. William A. Cresko is with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon
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Budd EL, McWhirter EH, De Anda S, Mauricio AM, Mueller MV, Cioffi CC, Nash A, Van Brocklin K, Yarris K, Jackson A, Terral H, García JIR, Cresko WA, DeGarmo DS, Leve LD. Development and design of a culturally tailored intervention to address COVID-19 disparities among Oregon's Latinx communities: A community case study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:962862. [PMID: 36211681 PMCID: PMC9541743 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.962862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Latinx communities are disproportionately affected by COVID-19 compared with non-Latinx White communities in Oregon and much of the United States. The COVID-19 pandemic presents a critical and urgent need to reach Latinx communities with innovative, culturally tailored outreach and health promotion interventions to reduce viral transmission and address disparities. The aims of this case study are to (1) outline the collaborative development of a culturally and trauma-informed COVID-19 preventive intervention for Latinx communities; (2) describe essential intervention elements; and (3) summarize strengths and lessons learned for future applications. Methods Between June 2020 and January 2021, a multidisciplinary team of researchers and Latinx-serving partners engaged in the following intervention development activities: a scientific literature review, a survey of 67 Latinx residents attending public testing events, interviews with 13 leaders of community-based organizations serving Latinx residents, and bi-weekly consultations with the project's Public Health and Community Services Team and a regional Community and Scientific Advisory Board. After launching the intervention in the field in February 2021, bi-weekly meetings with interventionists continuously informed minor iterative refinements through present day. Results The resulting intervention, Promotores de Salud, includes outreach and brief health education. Bilingual, trauma-informed trainings and materials reflect the lived experiences, cultural values, needs, and concerns of Latinx communities. Interventionists (21 Promotores) were Latinx residents from nine Oregon counties where the intervention was delivered. Conclusions Sharing development and intervention details with public health researchers and practitioners facilitates intervention uptake and replication to optimize the public health effect in Oregon's Latinx communities and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Budd
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States,Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States,*Correspondence: Elizabeth L. Budd
| | - Ellen Hawley McWhirter
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Stephanie De Anda
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States,Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Anne Marie Mauricio
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Maryanne V. Mueller
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States,Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Camille C. Cioffi
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Ashley Nash
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Kelsey Van Brocklin
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Kristin Yarris
- Department of Global Studies, Center for Global Health, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Arriell Jackson
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Heather Terral
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States,Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | | | | | - William A. Cresko
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States,Presidential Initiative in Data Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - David S. DeGarmo
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Leslie D. Leve
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States,Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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Ramírez García JI. Integrating Latina/o ethnic determinants of health in research to promote population health and reduce health disparities. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2019; 25:21-31. [PMID: 30714764 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Social determinants of health (SDOH) such as environmental conditions and the nature of social settings have become highly influential in public health policy-making circles worldwide, yet they may not address clearly the role of ethnicity in health processes. METHOD Drawing from the National Institutes of Health's disparity research frameworks, this papers illustrates a set of variables that are advanced as having a unique role in disparities experienced by ethnic populations and Latina/os, in particular. The proposed ethnic determinants of health tap environmental, community, and social-cognitive levels of analyses and are defined as variables that have discernable differences-relative to other subpopulations-in their levels or in the way that they impact health. RESULTS Health process models illustrate that ethnic determinants such as racism, family cultural norms and cultural change, and ethnic identity can, for example, mediate ethnic health disparities or condition (moderate) the levels of impact that SDOH have on health outcomes. Qualitative research analyses also strengthen ethnic and SDOH research by diversifying researchers' a priori assumptions and methodological limitations imposed by quantitative approaches. CONCLUSIONS The expected dividends of the proposed Latina/o ethnic determinants of health research agenda amount to the generation of research that clarifies the role of ethnicity in SDOH and population health processes that are highly influential in ongoing regional and national health agendas. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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García JIR, Manongdo JA, Ozechowski TJ. Depression symptoms among Mexican American youth: Paternal parenting in the context of maternal parenting, economic stress, and youth gender. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:27-36. [DOI: 10.1037/a0033350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Marquez JA, Ramírez García JI. Family caregivers' narratives of mental health treatment usage processes by their Latino adult relatives with serious and persistent mental illness. J Fam Psychol 2013; 27:398-408. [PMID: 23750522 DOI: 10.1037/a0032868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Family caregivers' views and experiences related to treatment usage processes by their adult relatives with serious and persistent mental illness (SPMI) were empirically examined in a sample of Latino caregivers (n = 17) who were users of services at the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) in a predominantly Latino- (80%) and Mexican-descent large city in the Southwest United States. We conducted a stability check of qualitative findings with a second sample of Latino caregivers with no exposure to NAMI (n = 15). Overall, the combined sample (N = 32) compared similarly with larger samples of Latino adults and caregivers in quantitative measures of acculturation, familism, caregiver stigma, and depression symptoms. Together, caregivers' stigma and cultural beliefs, such as vergüenza (shame), use of folk healers, and lack of insurance, were major reported barriers to service usage. Family support (and lack of) for treatment also weighed heavily as a facilitator (and a barrier) of service usage, thus highlighting the complexity of family relationship contexts. Substantial portions of caregivers reported that treatment initiation was prompted by psychiatric hospitalization (50%), and that positive experiences with service providers were influential in treatment retention (72%). Given the high levels of family involvement reported among Latino caregivers, the findings underscore the potential role of family caregivers in treatment engagement and retention. Future research is needed that examines family caregivers' role in treatment with models that consider the interplay between cultural background, family level relationships, and service system contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Marquez
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
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Manongdo JA, García JIR. Maternal parenting and mental health of Mexican American youth: a bidirectional and prospective approach. J Fam Psychol 2011; 25:261-270. [PMID: 21480705 DOI: 10.1037/a0023004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the bidirectional relation between parenting behaviors and youth mental health in Mexican American families is crucial because of the current need to improve the availability of high quality services for this underserved population and to broaden the reach of extant theories on this topic. Youth (14-19 years old; N = 88) were recruited from a public high school in an urban immigrant enclave and reported their internalizing and externalizing symptoms as well as six maternal parenting behaviors at two points approximately one year apart. Youth-reported parenting behaviors formed two factors: Supportive Parenting and Harsh Parental Control. T1 externalizing symptoms predicted higher T2 Harsh Parental Control, providing evidence for the coercive model. T1 internalizing symptoms predicted lower T2 Supportive Parenting, providing evidence for social interaction theory. However, T1 parenting factors did not predict T2 youth mental health symptoms as expected according to bidirectional theories. We advocate the use of eco-developmental models to interpret our findings and guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Manongdo
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
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Kral MJ, Ramírez García JI, Aber MS, Masood N, Dutta U, Todd NR. Culture and community psychology: toward a renewed and reimagined vision. Am J Community Psychol 2011; 47:46-57. [PMID: 21069565 DOI: 10.1007/s10464-010-9367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Interest is growing in community psychology to look more closely at culture. Culture has resided in community psychology in its emphasis on context, ecology, and diversity, however we believe that the field will benefit from a more explicit focus on culture. We suggest a cultural approach that values the community's points of view and an understanding of shared and divergent meanings, goals, and norms within a theory of empowerment. Furthermore, we posit the importance of pluralistic, multi-method programs of research and action encompassing both idiographic and nomothetic approaches, and critical reflexivity of our roles and agendas. Culture can be further incorporated into all the branches and fibers of community psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Kral
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61820, USA.
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Cruz-Santiago M, Ramírez García JI. "Hay que ponerse en los zapatos del joven": adaptive parenting of adolescent children among Mexican-American parents residing in a dangerous neighborhood. Fam Process 2011; 50:92-114. [PMID: 21361926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2010.01348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We examined parenting of adolescents with Consensual Qualitative Research analyses of five 90-minute focus groups with 45 Mexican immigrant parents residing in a high-crime and low-income neighborhood. Parents identified gangs as their major challenge in parenting. Relatedly, they endorsed control-oriented practices to ensure the safety of their adolescents. In addition, parents used practices that aimed to build strong, trusting relationships with their adolescents. The co-occurrence of parenting strategies that promote strong parent-adolescent bonds along with strict monitoring highlights the need to conceptualize parenting with both controlling as well as supportive dimensions. Moreover, the parents' narratives pertaining to the dangers in their neighborhood suggest that interventions for Latino families should be not only consistent with their cultural heritage, but also grounded in the families' local neighborhood contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cruz-Santiago
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
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Ramírez García JI, Manongdo JA, Cruz-Santiago M. The family as mediator of the impact of parent-youth acculturation/enculturation and inner-city stressors on Mexican American youth substance use. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2010; 16:404-12. [PMID: 20658884 PMCID: PMC6817456 DOI: 10.1037/a0019725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Youth substance use was investigated in a sample of Mexican-origin mothers and youth (93 dyads totaling 186 individuals). We tested the hypotheses that both acculturation and inner-city risk factors impact substance use largely because they undermine family relationships. Mothers and youth completed self-report measures of acculturation and enculturation. Youth completed questionnaires of family relationships, inner-city risk factors, and substance use. Youth substance use was measured with an index of lifetime alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use based on the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. As predicted, mother-youth (dyadic) acculturation/enculturation, as well as exposure to violence, were significantly associated with substance use. Family cohesion mediated the impact of violence exposure on substance use. However, both cohesion and violence had unique and significant associations with substance use. Furthermore, family relationships did not mediate the link between substance use and mother-youth acculturation or mother-youth enculturation. Results underscore the need to develop and test hypotheses that link Latino youth substance use with both acculturation and inner-city contexts that do not solely rely on family relationships as mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I Ramírez García
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana- Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
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Hernández B, Ramírez García JI, Flynn M. The role of familism in the relation between parent-child discord and psychological distress among emerging adults of Mexican descent. J Fam Psychol 2010; 24:105-14. [PMID: 20438185 DOI: 10.1037/a0019140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Although parent-child discord is a predictor of distress among emerging adults, little is known about this important link among Mexican-descent populations. This is an important gap, given Mexican Americans' high risk for psychological distress and their expected high value placed on close family ties. This topic was studied in a sample of 392 college students from El Paso, TX (n = 193) and from Ciudad Juárez, México (n = 199). The authors tested a stress-appraisal model with self-report measures of familism, parent-child discord, threat appraisals of parent-child discord, and psychological distress. As predicted, threat appraisals partially mediated the relation between parent-child discord and psychological distress. Moreover, the relation between parent-child discord and threat appraisals was stronger at higher than at lower levels of familism. Study findings highlight the need to consider that, under certain conditions, familism may increase risk of distress among emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Hernández
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 603 East Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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López SR, Ramírez García JI, Ullman JB, Kopelowicz A, Jenkins J, Breitborde NJK, Placencia P. Cultural variability in the manifestation of expressed emotion. Fam Process 2009; 48:179-94. [PMID: 19579904 PMCID: PMC2845540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2009.01276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We examined the distribution of expressed emotion (EE) and its indices in a sample of 224 family caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia pooled from 5 studies, 3 reflecting a contemporary sample of Mexican Americans (MA 2000, N = 126), 1 of an earlier study of Mexican Americans (MA 1980, N = 44), and the other of an earlier study of Anglo Americans (AA, N = 54). Chi-square and path analyses revealed no significant differences between the 2 MA samples in rates of high EE, critical comments, hostility, and emotional over-involvement (EOI). Only caregiver warmth differed for the 2 MA samples; MA 1980 had higher warmth than MA 2000. Significant differences were consistently found between the combined MA samples and the AA sample; AAs had higher rates of high EE, more critical comments, less warmth, less EOI, and a high EE profile comprised more of criticism/hostility. We also examined the relationship of proxy measures of acculturation among the MA 2000 sample. The findings support and extend Jenkins' earlier observations regarding the cultural variability of EE for Mexican Americans. Implications are discussed regarding the cross-cultural measurement of EE and the focus of family interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R López
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 3620 S. McClintock, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061, USA.
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Ramírez García JI, Hernández B, Dorian M. Mexican American caregivers' coping efficacy: associations with caregivers' distress and positivity to their relatives with schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2009; 44:162-70. [PMID: 18777145 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-008-0420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coping styles utilized by family caregivers of persons with schizophrenia have been implicated in the mental health of those caregivers and in the course of schizophrenia. We tested the relation between caregivers' coping efficacy, defined as the caregiver's perceptions of how successful they were in modifying their relative's behavior, and caregiver's psychological distress as well as criticisms and positivity toward their relatives diagnosed with schizophrenia. METHOD We sampled 31 dyads of Mexican American caregivers and their relative with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and used multiple methods of measurement including caregiver interviews, interactions between caregivers and their relatives, and clinician interviews with patients. RESULTS Coping efficacy accounted for significant variance beyond patient symptoms and caregiver burden to: (a) caregiver psychological distress (beta=-0.35, P<0.05), and (b) caregiver positivity, that is, caregivers' expressions of praise, approval or affection toward their ill relatives (beta=0.47 P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Caregivers' coping efficacy has heuristic value for research on the alleviation of caregiver psychological distress and the promotion of family caregiver behaviors associated with a benign course of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I Ramírez García
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
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Dorian M, Ramírez García JI, López SR, Hernández B. Acceptance and expressed emotion in Mexican American caregivers of relatives with schizophrenia. Fam Process 2008; 47:215-228. [PMID: 18605122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2008.00249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The relation between Expressed Emotion (EE) and caregiver acceptance was tested with the use of video-recorded interactions between 31 Mexican American family caregivers and their relatives with schizophrenia. Borrowing the concept from Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy, acceptance was defined as caregiver's engagement with the ill relative along with low levels of expectations for behavioral change. Three aspects of caregiver acceptance were measured: global acceptance of the patient, unified detachment (i.e., nonblaming but engaged problem discussion), and low aversive responses to patient behavior (e.g., criticisms and demanding change). Relative to high EE caregivers, low EE caregivers were consistently more accepting of their ill relatives across the three measures of acceptance. Unified detachment was negatively associated with emotional overinvolvement and aversive responses were positively related to criticism. Warmth was not related to acceptance. The findings suggest that the study of acceptance in family caregivers is a heuristic avenue for future research due to its potential to shed light on specifically what family members do in caring for their ill relatives with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dorian
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Magaña SM, Ramírez García JI, Hernández MG, Cortez R. Psychological distress among latino family caregivers of adults with schizophrenia: the roles of burden and stigma. Psychiatr Serv 2007; 58:378-84. [PMID: 17325112 PMCID: PMC2396526 DOI: 10.1176/ps.2007.58.3.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little research has focused on the mental health of Latino caregivers with a relative with schizophrenia, despite data showing that up to three-quarters of Latino persons with schizophrenia live with their families. This study examined the relation between caregivers' mental health and perceived burden and stigma and characteristics of the patient and caregiver. METHODS Interviews were conducted in the language of preference (Spanish or English) in Wisconsin, California, and Texas with 85 Latinos caring for an adult with schizophrenia. Measures included the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, the Zarit Burden Scale, and the Greenley Stigma Scale. RESULTS General population studies of Mexican Americans have found that between 12% and 18% meet the cutoff for being at risk of depression; however, 40% of the sample met this criterion. Younger caregiver age, lower levels of caregivers' education, and higher levels of the patients' mental illness symptoms were predictive of higher levels of caregivers' depressive symptoms. Caregivers' perceived burden mediated the relation between patients' psychiatric symptoms and caregivers' depression. Caregivers' perceived stigma was significantly related to caregivers' depressive symptoms, even when the analyses statistically adjusted for psychiatric symptoms and demographic variables. CONCLUSIONS The high rates of depressive symptoms among Latino families caring for a relative with schizophrenia suggest that interventions should include attention to the mental health and recovery of family caregivers in addition to the patient's recovery. Younger Latino caregivers and those with lower levels of education are particularly at risk of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy M Magaña
- Department of Social Work, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53705, USA.
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Ramírez García JI, Chang CL, Young JS, López SR, Jenkins JH. Family support predicts psychiatric medication usage among Mexican American individuals with schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2006; 41:624-31. [PMID: 16733631 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-006-0069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Support provided by family caregivers to persons with schizophrenia is a viable intervention focus to improve psychiatric medication usage. However, little is known about the relation between medication usage and family support as well as other key caregiving factors. METHOD Family support and Expressed Emotion (EE) dimensions were tested as predictors of medication usage during a 9-month period following psychiatric hospital discharge in a sample of 30 individuals of Mexican descent with schizophrenia. RESULTS Family instrumental support predicted higher medication usage (Odds Ratio = 4.8) in multivariate analyses that statistically adjusted for the impact of emotional support, family EE, and psychiatric status (e.g., positive symptoms) on medication usage. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that efforts to improve medication usage among Mexican American individuals with schizophrenia should take into account social supportive factors such as instrumental or directive, hands-on assistance from family caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I Ramírez García
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 603. E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
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