1
|
King AJ, Goicoechea JM. Ligand Centered Reactivity of a Transition Metal Bound Geometrically Constrained Phosphine. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400624. [PMID: 38436534 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The electronic properties, coordination chemistry and reactivity of metal complexes of a planar (C2v symmetric) acridane-derived geometrically constrained phosphine, P(NNN), are described. On complexation to metal centers, the phosphine was found to adopt a distorted trigonal pyramidal structure with a high barrier to pyramidal inversion (22.3 kcal/mol at 298 K for Au[P(NNN)]Cl). Spectroscopic data and theoretical calculations carried out at the density functional level of theory indicate that P(NNN) is a moderate σ-donor, with significant π-acceptor properties. Despite the distortion undergone by the phosphorus atom on coordination to metal centers, the P(NNN) ligand retains its ability to react with small molecule substrates with polar E-H bonds (MeOH, NH2Ph, NH3). It does so in a concerted fashion across one of the P-N bonds, and reversibly in the case of amine substrates. This cooperative bond activation chemistry may ultimately prove beneficial in catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12, Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Szych LS, Denker L, Feld J, Goicoechea JM. Trapping an Elusive Phosphanyl-Phosphaalumene. Chemistry 2024:e202401326. [PMID: 38607965 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We describe our efforts to access a compound with an Al=P double bond by reaction of Al(Nacnac) towards [H2CN(Dipp)]2P(PCO) (Nacnac=HC[C(Me)N(Dipp)]2; Dipp=2,6-iPr2C6H3). Our observations are consistent with the formation of a transient phosphanyl-phosphaalumene at low temperatures (-70 °C), however this species was found to readily undergo intramolecular C-H activation of the β-diketiminato ligand upon warming to room temperature. The reactivity of the transient complex toward small molecules including dihydrogen, carbon dioxide, phosphaketenes, amines and silanes could be explored at low temperatures, showcasing that the target compound can react as both a frustrated Lewis pair (via the pendant phosphanyl moiety) or in hydroelementation reactions of the Al=P bond. The elusive target molecule could be trapped by addition of a Lewis base (tetrahydrofuran) affording an isolable molecular species that reacts in an analogous fashion to the base-free compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilian S Szych
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, U.K
| | - Lars Denker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, U.K
| | - Joey Feld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, U.K
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, 47405-7102, Bloomington, IN, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Townrow OPE, Weller AS, Goicoechea JM. Controlled cluster expansion at a Zintl cluster surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316120. [PMID: 38010628 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of the tris-hypersilyl nonagermanide Zintl cluster salt, K[Ge9 (Hyp)3 ] (Hyp=Si(SiMe3 )3 ) with [Rh(η2 ,η2 -L)Cl]2 (L=1,5-cyclooctadiene, COD; norbornadiene, NBD) afforded eleven- and twelve-vertex homo-multimetallic clusters by cluster core expansion. Using a stepwise procedure, starting from the Zintl cluster [Rh(COD){Ge9 (Hyp)3 }] and [Ir(COD)Cl]2 , this methodology was expanded for the synthesis of eleven-vertex hetero-multimetallic clusters. A mechanism for the formation of these first examples of closo eleven-vertex Zintl clusters is proposed, informed by density functional theory calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P E Townrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
González-Pinardo D, Goicoechea JM, Fernández I. Metal Influence on Cyaphide-Azide 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions: Aromaticity and Activation Strain. Chemistry 2024:e202303977. [PMID: 38224196 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The factors governing 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions involving C≡P-containing compounds are computationally explored in detail using quantum chemical tools. To this end, the parent process involving tBuN3 and tBuCP is analyzed and compared to the analogous reaction involving organometallic cyaphide complexes (metal=Au, Pt, Ge, Mg), in order to understand the role of the metal fragment in such transformations. It is found that while the metal fragment does not significantly influence the aromaticity of the corresponding concerted transition states or the regioselectivity of the transformation, it may modify the reactivity of the cyaphide complexes (i. e. Ge and Mg cyaphide complexes are comparatively more reactive). The computed reactivity trends and the factors behind the regioselectivity of the cycloaddition reaction are quantitatively analyzed with the help of the activation strain model in combination with the energy decomposition analysis method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González-Pinardo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universidad, Campus Universitario, 28040-, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirwood Ave., Bloomington, IN-47405
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universidad, Campus Universitario, 28040-, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reveley MJ, Feld J, Temerova D, Yang ES, Goicoechea JM. Hydroelementation and Phosphinidene Transfer: Reactivity of Phosphagermenes and Phosphastannenes Towards Small Molecule Substrates. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301542. [PMID: 37589485 PMCID: PMC10946619 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe the facile synthesis of [(Me3 Si)2 CH]2 E=PMes* (E=Ge, Sn) from the reaction of the tetrylenes with the phospha-Wittig reagent, Me3 P-PMes*. Their reactivity towards a range of substrates with protic and hydridic E-H bonds (E=N, O, Si) is described. In addition to hydroelementation reactions of the E=P bonds, we show that these compounds, particularly [(Me3 Si)2 CH]2 Sn=PMes*, also act as base-stabilized phosphinidenes, allowing phosphinidene transfer to other nucleophiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Reveley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Joey Feld
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Diana Temerova
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Eric S. Yang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University800 E. Kirkwood Ave.BloomingtonIN., 47405USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Heilmann A, Saddington AM, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Aluminium and Gallium Silylimides as Nitride Sources. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302512. [PMID: 37604785 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Terminal aluminium and gallium imides of the type K[(NON)M(NR)], bearing heteroatom substituents at R, have been synthesised via reactions of anionic aluminium(I) and gallium(I) reagents with silyl and boryl azides (NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropyl-anilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethyl-xanthene). These systems vary significantly in their lability in solution: the N(Sii Pr3 ) and N(Boryl) complexes are very labile, on account of the high basicity at nitrogen. Phenylsilylimido derivatives provide greater stabilization through the π-acceptor capabilities of the SiR3 group. K[(NON)AlN(Sit BuPh2 )] offers a workable compromise between stability and solubility, and has been completely characterized by spectroscopic, analytical and crystallographic methods. The silylimide species examined feature minimal π-bonding between the imide ligand and aluminium/gallium, with the HOMO and HOMO-1 orbitals effectively comprising orthogonal lone pairs centred at N. Reactivity-wise, both aluminium and gallium silylimides can act as viable sources of nitride, [N]3- , with systems derived from either metal reacting with CO to afford cyanide complexes. By contrast, only the gallium system K[(NON)Ga{N(SiPh3 )}] is capable of effecting a similar transformation with N2 O to yield azide, N3 - , via formal oxide/nitride metathesis. The aluminium systems instead generate RN3 via transfer of the imide fragment [RN]2- .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Artemis M Saddington
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Howley J, Faria EN, Huang C, Carter-Searjeant S, Fairclough S, Kirkland A, Davis JJ, Naz F, Sajjad MT, Goicoechea JM, Green M. Phosphinecarboxamide based InZnP QDs - an air tolerant route to luminescent III-V semiconductors. Nanoscale Horiz 2023; 8:1411-1416. [PMID: 37496490 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00162h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new synthetic methodology for the preparation of high quality, emission tuneable InP-based quantum dots (QDs) using a solid, air- and moisture-tolerant primary phosphine as a group-V precursor. This presents a significantly simpler synthetic pathway compared to the state-of-the-art precursors currently employed in phosphide quantum dot synthesis which are volatile, dangerous and air-sensitive, e.g. P(Si(CH3)3)3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Physics, King's College London, The Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK.
| | - Jack Howley
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Erica N Faria
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
- Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science Innovation Campus. Fermi Ave, Didcot, OX110DE, UK
| | | | - Simon Fairclough
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Angus Kirkland
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK
- Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science Innovation Campus. Fermi Ave, Didcot, OX110DE, UK
| | - Jason J Davis
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Falak Naz
- London Centre for Energy Engineering (LCEE), School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, SE1 0AA, UK
| | - Muhammad Tariq Sajjad
- London Centre for Energy Engineering (LCEE), School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London, SE1 0AA, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Mark Green
- Department of Physics, King's College London, The Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mapp A, Wilmore JT, Beer PD, Goicoechea JM. An Inorganic Click Reaction for the Synthesis of Interlocked Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309211. [PMID: 37449867 PMCID: PMC10953421 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe the use of the cyaphide-azide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of a new class of inorganic rotaxanes containing gold(I) triazaphosphole stoppers. Electron-deficient bis-azides, which thread perethylated pillar[5]arene in aromatic solvents, readily react with two equivalents of Au(IDipp)(CP) (IDipp=1,3-bis-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene) to afford interlocked molecules via an inorganic click reaction. These transformations proceed in good yields (ca. 65 %) and in the absence of a catalyst. The resulting organometallic rotaxanes are air- and moisture-stable and can be purified by column chromatography under aerobic conditions. The targeted rotaxanes were characterized by multi-element nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass-spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mapp
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Jamie T. Wilmore
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University800 East Kirkwood Ave.BloomingtonIN47405USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang ES, Mapp A, Taylor A, Beer PD, Goicoechea JM. Cyaphide-Azide 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions: Scope and Applicability. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301648. [PMID: 37338223 PMCID: PMC10946888 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Several examples of the cyaphide-azide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction to afford metallo-triazaphospholes are reported. The gold(I) triazaphospholes Au(IDipp)(CPN3 R) (IDipp=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene; R=t Bu, Ad, Dipp), magnesium(II) triazaphospholes, {Mg(Dipp NacNac)(CPN3 R)}2 (Dipp NacNac=CH{C(CH3 )N(Dipp)}2 , Dipp=2,6-diisopropylphenyl; R=t Bu, Bn), and germanium(II) triazaphosphole Ge(Dipp NacNac)-(CPN3 t Bu) can be prepared straightforwardly, under mild conditions and in good yields, in a manner reminiscent of the classic alkyne-azide click reaction (albeit without a catalyst). This reactivity can be extended to compounds with two azide functional groups such as 1,3-diazidobenzene. It is shown that the resulting metallo-triazaphospholes can be used as precursors to carbon-functionalized species, including protio- and iodo-triazaphospholes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Yang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAU.K.
| | - Alex Mapp
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAU.K.
| | - Andrew Taylor
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAU.K.
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAU.K.
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University800 E. Kirkwood Ave.BloomingtonIN-47405USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
King AJ, Abbenseth J, Goicoechea JM. Reactivity of a Strictly T-Shaped Phosphine Ligated by an Acridane Derived NNN Pincer Ligand. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300818. [PMID: 37042718 PMCID: PMC10947599 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The steric tuning of a tridentate acridane-derived NNN pincer ligand allows for the isolation of a strictly T-shaped phosphine that exhibits ambiphilic reactivity. Well-defined phosphorus-centered reactivity towards nucleophiles and electrophiles is reported, contrasting with prior reports on this class of compounds. Reactions towards oxidants are also described. The latter result in the two-electron oxidation of the phosphorus atom from +III to +V and are accompanied by a strong geometric distortion of the NNN pincer ligand. By contrast, cooperative activation of E-H (HCl, HBcat, HOMe) bonds proceeds with retention of the phosphorus redox state. When using H2 O as a substrate, the reaction results in the full disassembly of H2 O to its constituent atoms, highlighting the potential of this platform for small molecule activation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. King
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Josh Abbenseth
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Institut für ChemieHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Straße 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University800 E. Kirkland Ave.Bloomington, In47401USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang ES, Wilson DWN, Goicoechea JM. Metal-Mediated Oligomerization Reactions of the Cyaphide Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218047. [PMID: 36656139 PMCID: PMC10946887 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The cyaphide anion, CP- , is shown to undergo three distinct oligomerization reactions in the coordination sphere of metals. Reductive coupling of Au(IDipp)(CP) (IDipp=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) by Sm(Cp*)2 (OEt2 ) (Cp*=1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), was found to afford a tetra-metallic complex containing a 2,3-diphosphabutadiene-1,1,4,4-tetraide fragment. By contrast, non-reductive dimerization of Ni(SIDipp)(Cp)(CP) (SIDipp=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazolidin-2-ylidene; Cp=cyclopentadienyl), gives rise to an asymmetric bimetallic complex containing a 1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene-2,4-diide moiety. Spontaneous trimerization of Sc(Cp*)2 (CP) results in the formation of a trimetallic complex containing a 1,3,5-triphosphabenzene-2,4,6-triide fragment. These transformations show that while cyaphido transition metal complexes can be readily accessed using metathesis reactions, many such species are unstable to further oligomerization processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Yang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Daniel W. N. Wilson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University—Bloomington800 E. Kirkwood Ave.BloomingtonIN-47405-7102USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Urwin SJ, Goicoechea JM. Formation, Reactivity and Decomposition of Aryl Phospha-Enolates. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203081. [PMID: 36367092 PMCID: PMC10108052 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Two lithium phospha-enolates [RP=C(Sii Pr3 )OLi]2 were prepared by reaction of triisopropyl silyl phosphaethynolate, i Pr3 SiPCO, with aryl lithium reagents LiR (R=Mes: 1,3,5-trimethyl phenyl; or Mes*: 1,3,5,-tri-tertbutyl phenyl). Monomer/dimer aggregation of the enolates can be modulated by addition of 12-crown-4. Substitution of lithium for a heavier alkali metal was achieved through initial formation of a silyl enol ether, followed by reaction with KOt Bu to form the corresponding potassium phospha-enolate [MesP=C(Sii Pr3 )OK]2 . On addition of water, the enolates are protonated to afford RP=C(Sii Pr3 )(OH). For the sterically less demanding system (R=Mes), this phospha-enol rapidly tautomerises to the corresponding acyl phosphine MesP(H)C(Sii Pr3 )(O), which on heating extrudes CO. In contrast, bulkier phospha-enol (R=Mes*) is stable to rearrangement at room temperature and thermally decomposes to RH and i Pr3 SiPCO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Urwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Underhill J, Yang ES, Schmidt-Räntsch T, Myers WK, Goicoechea JM, Abbenseth J. Dioxygen Splitting by a Tantalum(V) Complex Ligated by a Rigid, Redox Non-Innocent Pincer Ligand. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203266. [PMID: 36281622 PMCID: PMC10098518 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of TaMe3 Cl2 with the rigid acridane-derived trisamine H3 NNN yields the tantalum(V) complex [TaCl2 (NNNcat )]. Subsequent reaction with dioxygen results in the full four-electron reduction of O2 yielding the oxido-bridged bimetallic complex [{TaCl2 (NNNsq )}2 O]. This dinuclear complex features an open-shell ground state due to partial ligand oxidation and was comprehensively characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, LIFDI mass spectrometry, NMR, EPR, IR and UV/VIS/NIR spectroscopy. The mechanism of O2 activation was investigated by DFT calculations revealing initial binding of O2 to the tantalum(V) center followed by complete O2 scission to produce a terminal oxido-complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Underhill
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Eric S Yang
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Till Schmidt-Räntsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - William K Myers
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Josh Abbenseth
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Heilmann A, Vasko P, Hicks J, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. An Aluminium Imide as a Transfer Agent for the [NR] 2- Function via Metathesis Chemistry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300018. [PMID: 36602941 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of a terminal aluminium imide with a range of oxygen-containing substrates have been probed with a view to developing its use as a novel main group transfer agent for the [NR]2- fragment. We demonstrate transfer of the imide moiety to [N2 ], [CO] and [Ph(H)C] units driven thermodynamically by Al-O bond formation. N2 O reacts rapidly to generate the organoazide DippN3 (Dipp=2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 ), while CO2 (under dilute reaction conditions) yields the corresponding isocyanate, DippNCO. Mechanistic studies, using both experimental and quantum chemical techniques, identify a carbamate complex K2 [(NON)Al-{κ2 -(N,O)-N(Dipp)CO2 }]2 (formed via [2+2] cycloaddition) as an intermediate in the formation of DippNCO, and also in an alternative reaction leading to the generation of the amino-dicarboxylate complex K2 [(NON)Al{κ2 -(O,O')-(O2 C)2 N-(Dipp)}] (via the take-up of a second equivalent of CO2 ). In the case of benzaldehyde, a similar [2+2] cycloaddition process generates the metallacyclic hemi-aminal complex, Kn [(NON)Al{κ2 -(N,O)-(N(Dipp)C(Ph)(H)O}]n . Extrusion of the imine, PhC(H)NDipp, via cyclo-reversion is disfavoured thermally, due to the high energy of the putative aluminium oxide co-product, K2 [(NON)Al(O)]2 . However, addition of CO2 allows the imine to be released, driven by the formation of the thermodynamically more stable aluminium carbonate co-product, K2 [(NON)Al(κ2 -(O,O')-CO3 )]2 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, PO Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang ES, Combey E, Goicoechea JM. Putting Cyaphide in its Place: Determining the Donor/Acceptor Properties of the κ C-Cyaphido Ligand. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4627-4632. [PMID: 37152258 PMCID: PMC10155923 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01126g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of group 9 pyridine-diimine complexes M(DippPDI)X and [M(DippPDI)L]+ (M = Co, Rh; DippPDI = 1,1’-(pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)ethan-1-imine; X = CP−, CCH−; L = CO, tBuNC) bearing a series of strong-field...
Collapse
|
16
|
Hu C, Goicoechea JM. Synthesis, Structure and Reactivity of a Cyapho(dicyano)methanide Salt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208921. [PMID: 35876032 PMCID: PMC9805078 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of a cyapho(dicyano)methanide salt, [K(18-crown-6)][C(CN)2 (CP)], from reaction of [Na(18-crown-6)][PH2 ] (18-crown-6=1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane) with 1,1-diethoxy-2,2-dicyanoethylene (EtO)2 C=C(CN)2 . The reaction proceeds through a Michael addition-elimination pathway to afford [Na(18-crown-6)][HP{C(OEt)=C(CN)2 }]. Addition of a strong, non-nucleophilic base (KHMDS) to this intermediate results in the formation of [K(18-crown-6)][C(CN)2 (CP)]. Subsequent reactivity studies reveal that the cyapho(dicyano)methanide ion is susceptible to protonation with strong acids to afford the parent acid HC(CN)2 (CP). The reactivity of the cyaphide moiety in [C(CN)2 (CP)]- was explored through coordination to metal centers and in cycloaddition reactions with azides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Hu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The synthesis of heterometallic transition metal complexes featuring bridging cyaphide ions (C≡P−) is reported. These are synthesized from reactions of Au(IDipp)(CP) (IDipp=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene) with electron‐rich, nucleophilic transition metal reagents, affording Au(IDipp)(μ2−C≡P)Ni(MeIiPr)2 (MeIiPr=1,3‐diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene) and Au(IDipp)(μ2−C≡P)Rh(Cp*)(PMe3). These studies reveal that, in contrast to the cyanide ion, bimetallic cyaphido complexes strongly favor a η1 : η2 coordination mode that maximizes the interaction of the second metal (Ni, Rh) with the π‐manifold of the ion (and not the phosphorus atom lone pair). End‐on bridging can be effectively unlocked by blocking the π‐manifold, as demonstrated by reaction of Au(IDipp)(μ2−C≡P)Rh(Cp*)(PMe3) with an electrophilic transition metal reagent, W(CO)5(THF), which affords the heterotrimetallic compound Au(IDipp)(μ3−C≡P)[Rh(Cp*)(PMe3)][W(CO)5].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA U.K
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA U.K
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Heilmann A, Roy MMD, Crumpton AE, Griffin LP, Hicks J, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Coordination and Homologation of CO at Al(I): Mechanism and Chain Growth, Branching, Isomerization, and Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12942-12953. [PMID: 35786888 PMCID: PMC9348839 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Homologation of carbon
monoxide is central to the heterogeneous
Fischer–Tropsch process for the production of hydrocarbon fuels.
C–C bond formation has been modeled by homogeneous systems,
with [CnOn]2– fragments (n = 2–6)
formed by two-electron reduction being commonly encountered. Here,
we show that four- or six-electron reduction of CO can be accomplished
by the use of anionic aluminum(I) (“aluminyl”) compounds
to give both topologically linear and branched C4/C6 chains. We show that the mechanism for homologation relies
on the highly electron-rich nature of the aluminyl reagent and on
an unusual mode of interaction of the CO molecule, which behaves primarily
as a Z-type ligand in initial adduct formation. The formation of [C6O6]4– from [C4O4]4– shows for the first time a solution-phase
CO homologation process that brings about chain branching via complete
C–O bond cleavage, while a comparison of the linear [C4O4]4– system with the [C4O4]6– congener formed under more
reducing conditions models the net conversion of C–O bonds
to C–C bonds in the presence of additional reductants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Liam P Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Townrow OPE, Duckett SB, Weller AS, Goicoechea JM. Zintl cluster supported low coordinate Rh( i) centers for catalytic H/D exchange between H 2 and D 2. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7626-7633. [PMID: 35872810 PMCID: PMC9242017 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02552c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of the coordinatively unsaturated Zintl clusters [Rh(L){η3-Ge9(Hyp)3}] (where L = PMe3, PPh3, IMe4 or [W(Cp)2H2]). These species are active catalysts in H/D exchange and C–H bond activation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P. E. Townrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | | | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wilson DWN, Jones DDL, Smith CD, Mehta M, Jones C, Goicoechea JM. Reduction of tert-butylphosphaalkyne and trimethylsilylnitrile with magnesium(I) dimers. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:898-903. [PMID: 34935022 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03990c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report on the reactivity of magnesium(I) dimers, [Mg(nacnac)]2 (nacnac = HC[C(Me)N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)]2 ([DippLMg]2) and HC[C(Me)N(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)]2 ([MesLMg]2)), towards the phosphaalkyne tBuCP. The steric profile of the magnesium(I) dimer results in selectivity for different products. The larger diisopropylphenyl derivative yields exclusively the monomeric dimagnesiated phosphaalkene [DippLMg]PC(tBu)([DippLMg]) (1), while the mesityl derivative facilitates reductive coupling of two phosphaalkyne equivalents to give access to the 1,3-diphosphacyclobutadienediide [MesLMg]2[(tBu)2C2P2](2). The reactivity differs in coordinating solvents such as THF, which allowed for the observation of C-P coupled products. For sake of comparison, reactions of magnesium(I) compounds with Me3SiCN were carried out. In contrast to the reactions involving tBuCP, these afforded 1,3-diazabutadienediyl complexes via reductive coupling and silyl migration processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W N Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Dafydd D L Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Cory D Smith
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Meera Mehta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ergöçmen D, Goicoechea JM. Synthesis, Structure and Reactivity of a Cyapho-Cyanamide Salt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25286-25289. [PMID: 34554622 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We describe a facile synthesis of the cyapho-cyanamide salt [Na(18-crown-6)][N(CN)(CP)] from reaction of [Na(18-crown-6)][PH2 ] (18-crown-6=1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane) with dimethyl N-cyanocarbonimidate, (MeO)2 C=N(CN). The reaction proceeds with elimination of two equivalents of methanol. Careful tuning of the reaction conditions allowed for the isolation and characterization of the N-cyano(carboximidate)phosphide intermediate [HP{C(OMe)N(CN)}]- . Due to the adverse effects of methanol in these reaction mixtures, a bulk scale synthesis of [Na(18-crown-6)][N(CN)(CP)] could be achieved by addition of a base (LiHMDS) to neutralize the resulting alcohol. Further reactivity studies of this anion reveal that functionalization at the phosphorus atom is viable to yield a new family of cyanide-functionalised phosphorus heterocycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doruk Ergöçmen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Affiliation(s)
- Doruk Ergöçmen
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA U.K
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA U.K
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Abbenseth
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road OX1 3TA Oxford UK
| | - Oliver P. E. Townrow
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road OX1 3TA Oxford UK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road OX1 3TA Oxford UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abbenseth J, Townrow OPE, Goicoechea JM. Thermoneutral N-H Bond Activation of Ammonia by a Geometrically Constrained Phosphine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23625-23629. [PMID: 34478227 PMCID: PMC8596738 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A geometrically constrained phosphine bearing a tridentate NNS pincer ligand is reported. The effect of the geometric constraint on the electronic structure was probed by theoretical calculations and derivatization reactions. Reactions with N−H bonds result in formation of cooperative addition products. The thermochemistry of these transformations is strongly dependent on the substrate, with ammonia activation being thermoneutral. This represents the first example of a molecular compound that reversibly activates ammonia via N−H bond scission in solution upon mild heating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Abbenseth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver P E Townrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
McManus C, Hicks J, Cui X, Zhao L, Frenking G, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Coinage metal aluminyl complexes: probing regiochemistry and mechanism in the insertion and reduction of carbon dioxide. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13458-13468. [PMID: 34777765 PMCID: PMC8528051 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04676d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of coinage metal aluminyl complexes, featuring M-Al covalent bonds, is reported via a salt metathesis approach employing an anionic Al(i) ('aluminyl') nucleophile and group 11 electrophiles. This approach allows access to both bimetallic (1 : 1) systems of the type ( t Bu3P)MAl(NON) (M = Cu, Ag, Au; NON = 4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) and a 2 : 1 di(aluminyl)cuprate system, K[Cu{Al(NON)}2]. The bimetallic complexes readily insert heteroallenes (CO2, carbodiimides) into the unsupported M-Al bonds to give systems containing a M(CE2)Al bridging unit (E = O, NR), with the μ-κ1(C):κ2(E,E') mode of heteroallene binding being demonstrated crystallographically for carbodiimide insertion in the cases of all three metals, Cu, Ag and Au. The regiochemistry of these processes, leading to the formation of M-C bonds, is rationalized computationally, and is consistent with addition of CO2 across the M-Al covalent bond with the group 11 metal acting as the nucleophilic partner and Al as the electrophile. While the products of carbodiimide insertion are stable to further reaction, their CO2 analogues have the potential to react further, depending on the identity of the group 11 metal. ( t Bu3P)Au(CO)2Al(NON) is inert to further reaction, but its silver counterpart reacts slowly with CO2 to give the corresponding carbonate complex (and CO), and the copper system proceeds rapidly to the carbonate even at low temperatures. Experimental and quantum chemical investigations of the mechanism of the CO2 to CO/carbonate transformation are consistent with rate-determining extrusion of CO from the initially-formed M(CO)2Al fragment to give a bimetallic oxide that rapidly assimilates a second molecule of CO2. The calculated energetic barriers for the most feasible CO extrusion step (ΔG ‡ = 26.6, 33.1, 44.5 kcal mol-1 for M = Cu, Ag and Au, respectively) are consistent not only with the observed experimental labilities of the respective M(CO)2Al motifs, but also with the opposing trends in M-C (increasing) and M-O bond strengths (decreasing) on transitioning from Cu to Au.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Xianlu Cui
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg D-35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu L, Lo SK, Smith C, Goicoechea JM. Pincer-Supported Gallium Complexes for the Catalytic Hydroboration of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carbon Dioxide. Chemistry 2021; 27:17379-17385. [PMID: 34623001 PMCID: PMC9297891 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gallium hydrides stabilised by primary and secondary amines are scarce due to their propensity to eliminate dihydrogen. Consequently, their reactivity has received limited attention. The synthesis of two novel gallium hydride complexes HGa(THF)[ON(H)O] and H2Ga[μ2‐ON(H)O]Ga[ON(H)O] ([ON(H)O]2−=N,N‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐phenoxy)amine) is described and their reactivity towards aldehydes and ketones is explored. These reactions afford alkoxide‐bridged dimers through 1,2‐hydrogallation reactions. The gallium hydrides can be regenerated through Ga−O/B−H metathesis from the reaction of such dimers with pinacol borane (HBpin) or 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9‐BBN). These observations allowed us to target the catalytic reduction of carbonyl substrates (aldehydes, ketones and carbon dioxide) with low catalyst loadings at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Siu-Kwan Lo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Cory Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Roy MMD, Hicks J, Vasko P, Heilmann A, Baston A, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Probing the Extremes of Covalency in M−Al bonds: Lithium and Zinc Aluminyl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. D. Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Anne‐Marie Baston
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The reactivity of the phosphanyl‐phosphagallene, [H2C{N(Dipp)}]2PP=Ga(Nacnac) (Nacnac=HC[C(Me)N(Dipp)]2; Dipp=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) towards a series of reagents possessing E−H bonds (primary amines, ammonia, water, phenylacetylene, phenylphosphine, and phenylsilane) is reported. Two contrasting reaction pathways are observed, determined by the polarity of the E−H bonds of the substrates. In the case of protic reagents (δ−E−Hδ+), a frustrated Lewis pair type of mechanism is operational at room temperature, in which the gallium metal centre acts as a Lewis acid and the pendant phosphanyl moiety deprotonates the substrates. Interestingly, at elevated temperatures both NH2iPr and ammonia can react via a second, higher energy, pathway resulting in the hydroamination of the Ga=P bond. By contrast, with hydridic reagents (δ+E−Hδ−), such as phenylsilane, hydroelementation of the Ga=P bond is exclusively observed, in line with the polarisation of the Si−H and Ga=P bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joey Feld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Daniel W N Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Affiliation(s)
- Joey Feld
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd. Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Daniel W. N. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd. Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd. Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Roy MMD, Hicks J, Vasko P, Heilmann A, Baston AM, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Probing the Extremes of Covalency in M-Al bonds: Lithium and Zinc Aluminyl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22301-22306. [PMID: 34396660 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic routes to lithium, magnesium, and zinc aluminyl complexes are reported, allowing for the first structural characterization of an unsupported lithium-aluminium bond. Crystallographic and quantum-chemical studies are consistent with the presence of a highly polar Li-Al interaction, characterized by a low bond order and relatively little charge transfer from Al to Li. Comparison with magnesium and zinc aluminyl systems reveals changes to both the M-Al bond and the (NON)Al fragment (where NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene), consistent with a more covalent character, with the latter complex being shown to react with CO2 via a pathway that implies that the zinc centre acts as the nucleophilic partner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Baston
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abbenseth J, Goicoechea JM. A phosphorus analog of a bimetallic dinitrogen complex. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
32
|
Abstract
![]()
The cyanide ion plays
a key role in a number of industrially relevant
chemical processes, such as the extraction of gold and silver from
low grade ores. Metal cyanide compounds were arguably some of the
earliest coordination complexes studied and can be traced back to
the serendipitous discovery of Prussian blue by Diesbach in 1706.
By contrast, heavier cyanide analogues, such as the cyaphide ion,
C≡P–, are virtually unexplored despite the
enormous potential of such ions as ligands in coordination compounds
and extended solids. This is ultimately due to the lack of a suitable
synthesis of cyaphide salts. Herein we report the synthesis and isolation
of several magnesium–cyaphido complexes by reduction of iPr3SiOCP with a magnesium(I) reagent.
By analogy with Grignard reagents, these compounds can be used for
the incorporation of the cyaphide ion into the coordination sphere
of metals using a simple salt-metathesis protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W N Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Stephanie J Urwin
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Eric S Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of N-functionalised phosphinecarboxamides obtained by reaction of the 2-phosphaethynolate anion (PCO-) with diamines, specifically hydrazine, methylenediamine and ethylenediamine, in the presence of acid. The resulting neutral compounds can be deprotonated to generate phosphide anions that, when further reacted with electrophiles, form secondary phosphines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica N Faria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Andrew R Jupp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Watt FA, Burkhardt L, Schoch R, Mitzinger S, Bauer M, Weigend F, Goicoechea JM, Tambornino F, Hohloch S. η
3
‐Coordination and Functionalization of the 2‐Phosphaethynthiolate Anion at Lanthanum(III)**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A. Watt
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD) Paderborn University Warburger Strasse 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Lukas Burkhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD) Paderborn University Warburger Strasse 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Roland Schoch
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD) Paderborn University Warburger Strasse 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Stefan Mitzinger
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Matthias Bauer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD) Paderborn University Warburger Strasse 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW) Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Frank Tambornino
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW) Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Stephan Hohloch
- Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry University of Innsbruck Innrain 80–82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Watt FA, Burkhardt L, Schoch R, Mitzinger S, Bauer M, Weigend F, Goicoechea JM, Tambornino F, Hohloch S. η 3 -Coordination and Functionalization of the 2-Phosphaethynthiolate Anion at Lanthanum(III)*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9534-9539. [PMID: 33565689 PMCID: PMC8252525 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We present the η3 -coordination of the 2-phosphaethynthiolate anion in the complex (PN)2 La(SCP) (2) [PN=N-(2-(diisopropylphosphanyl)-4-methylphenyl)-2,4,6-trimethylanilide)]. Structural comparison with dinuclear thiocyanate-bridged (PN)2 La(μ-1,3-SCN)2 La(PN)2 (3) and azide-bridged (PN)2 La(μ-1,3-N3 )2 La(PN)2 (4) complexes indicates that the [SCP]- coordination mode is mainly governed by electronic, rather than steric factors. Quantum mechanical investigations reveal large contributions of the antibonding π*-orbital of the [SCP]- ligand to the LUMO of complex 2, rendering it the ideal precursor for the first functionalization of the [SCP]- anion. Complex 2 was therefore reacted with CAACs which induced a selective rearrangement of the [SCP]- ligand to form the first CAAC stabilized group 15-group 16 fulminate-type complexes (PN)2 La{SPC(R CAAC)} (5 a,b, R=Ad, Me). A detailed reaction mechanism for the SCP-to-SPC isomerization is proposed based on DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A. Watt
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD)Paderborn UniversityWarburger Strasse 10033098PaderbornGermany
| | - Lukas Burkhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD)Paderborn UniversityWarburger Strasse 10033098PaderbornGermany
| | - Roland Schoch
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD)Paderborn UniversityWarburger Strasse 10033098PaderbornGermany
| | - Stefan Mitzinger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Matthias Bauer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Systems Design (CSSD)Paderborn UniversityWarburger Strasse 10033098PaderbornGermany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)Philipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Strasse 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Frank Tambornino
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)Philipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Strasse 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Stephan Hohloch
- Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80–826020InnsbruckAustria
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Schreiber RE, Goicoechea JM. Phosphine Carboxylate-Probing the Edge of Stability of a Carbon Dioxide Adduct with Dihydrogenphosphide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3759-3767. [PMID: 33135848 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present a new adduct of carbon dioxide with dihydrogenphosphide, that may be prepared either by direct reaction of NaPH2 with carbon dioxide or by hydrolysis of the phosphaethynolate ion (PCO- ). In this hydrolysis transformation, a new mechanism is proposed for the electrophilic reactivity of the phosphaethynolate ion. Protonation to form phosphine carboxylic acid (PH2 COOH) and functionalization to form esters is shown to increase the strength of the P-C interaction, allowing for comparisons to be drawn between this species and the analogous carbamic (NH2 COOH) and carbonic acids (H2 CO3 ). Functionalization of the oxygen atom is found to stabilize the phosphine carboxylate while also allowing solubility in organic solvents whereas phosphorus functionalization is shown to facilitate decarboxylation. Substituent migration occurs in some cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy E Schreiber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Schreiber RE, Goicoechea JM. Phosphine Carboxylate—Probing the Edge of Stability of a Carbon Dioxide Adduct with Dihydrogenphosphide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roy E. Schreiber
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Caise A, Hicks J, Ángeles Fuentes M, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Partnering a Three-Coordinate Gallium Cation with a Hydroborate Counter-Ion for the Catalytic Hydrosilylation of CO 2. Chemistry 2021; 27:2138-2148. [PMID: 33169886 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel β-diketiminate stabilized gallium hydride, (Dipp L)Ga(Ad)H (where (Dipp L)={HC(MeCDippN)2 }, Dipp=2,6-diisopropylphenyl and Ad=1-adamantyl), has been synthesized and shown to undergo insertion of carbon dioxide into the Ga-H bond under mild conditions. In this case, treatment of the resulting κ1 -formate complex with triethylsilane does not lead to regeneration of the hydride precursor. However, when combined with B(C6 F5 )3 , (Dipp L)Ga(Ad)H catalyses the reductive hydrosilylation of CO2 . Under stoichiometric conditions, the addition of one equivalent of B(C6 F5 )3 to (Dipp L)Ga(Ad)H leads to the formation of a 3-coordinate cationic gallane complex, partnered with a hydroborate anion, [(Dipp L)Ga(Ad)][HB(C6 F5 )3 ]. This complex rapidly hydrometallates carbon dioxide and catalyses the selective reduction of CO2 to the formaldehyde oxidation level at 60 °C in the presence of Et3 SiH (yielding H2 C(OSiEt3 )2 ). When catalysis is undertaken in the presence of excess B(C6 F5 )3 , appreciable enhancement of activity is observed, with a corresponding reduction in selectivity: the product distribution includes H2 C(OSiEt3 )2 , CH4 and O(SiEt3 )2 . While this system represents proof-of-concept in CO2 hydrosilylation by a gallium hydride system, the TOF values obtained are relatively modest (max. 10 h-1 ). This is attributed to the strength of binding of the formatoborate anion to the gallium centre in the catalytic intermediate (Dipp L)Ga(Ad){OC(H)OB(C6 F5 )3 }, and the correspondingly slow rate of the turnover-limiting hydrosilylation step. In turn, this strength of binding can be related to the relatively high Lewis acidity measured for the [(Dipp L)Ga(Ad)]+ cation (AN=69.8).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - M Ángeles Fuentes
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Townrow OPE, Weller AS, Goicoechea JM. Cluster expansion and vertex substitution pathways in nickel germanide Zintl clusters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7132-7135. [PMID: 34180473 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02912f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe the reactivity of the hypersilyl-functionalized Zintl cluster salt K[Ge9(Hyp)3] towards the nickel reagents Ni(COD)2 and Ni(Cp)2, which gives rise to markedly different complexes. In the case of Ni(COD)2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene), a dianionic sandwich-like cluster [Ni{Ge9(Hyp)3}2]2- (1) was obtained, in line with a simple ligand substitution reaction of COD by [Ge9(Hyp)3]-. By contrast, when an analogous reaction with Ni(Cp)2 (Cp = cyclopentadienyl) was performed, vertex substitution of the [Ge9(Hyp)3]- precursor was observed, giving rise to the nine-vertex nido-cluster (Cp)Ni[Ge8(Hyp)3] (2). This is the first instance of vertex substitution at a hypersilyl-functionalized Zintl cluster cage. The electrochemical behavior of these compounds was explored and showed reversible redox behaviour for both clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P E Townrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | | | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Phosphagallenes (1 a/1 b) featuring double bonds between phosphorus and gallium were synthesized by reaction of (phosphanyl)phosphaketenes with the gallium carbenoid Ga(Nacnac) (Nacnac=HC[C(Me)N(2,6-i-Pr2 C6 H3 )]2 ). The stability of these species is dependent on the saturation of the phosphanyl moiety. 1 a, which bears an unsaturated phosphanyl ring, rearranges in solution to yield a spirocyclic compound (2) which contains a P=P bond. The saturated variant 1 b is stable even at elevated temperatures. 1 b behaves as a frustrated Lewis pair capable of activation of H2 and forms a 1:1 adduct with CO2 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. N. Wilson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Joey Feld
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. N. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Joey Feld
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
A series of gallium phosphaketenyl complexes supported by a 1,2-bis(aryl-imino)acenaphthene ligand (Dipp-Bian) are reported. Photolysis of one such species induced decarbonylation to afford a gallium substituted diphosphene. Addition of Lewis bases, specifically trimethylphosphine and the gallium carbenoid Ga(Nacnac) (Nacnac = HC[C(Me)N-(C6H3)-2,6-iPr2]2), resulted in displacement of the phosphaketene carbonyl to yield base-stabilised phosphinidenes. In several of these transformations, the redox non-innocence of the Dipp-Bian ligand was found to give rise to radical intermediates and/or side-products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W N Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - William K Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Centre for Advanced ESR, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hicks J, Vasko P, Heilmann A, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Arene C-H Activation at Aluminium(I): meta Selectivity Driven by the Electronics of S N Ar Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20376-20380. [PMID: 32722863 PMCID: PMC7693242 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the electron-rich anionic AlI aluminyl compound K2 [(NON)Al]2 (NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) towards mono- and disubstituted arenes is reported. C-H activation chemistry with n-butylbenzene gives exclusively the product of activation at the arene meta position. Mechanistically, this transformation proceeds in a single step via a concerted Meisenheimer-type transition state. Selectivity is therefore based on similar electronic factors to classical SN Ar chemistry, which implies the destabilisation of transition states featuring electron-donating groups in either ortho or para positions. In the cases of toluene and the three isomers of xylene, benzylic C-H activation is also possible, with the product(s) formed reflecting the feasibility (or otherwise) of competing arene C-H activation at a site which is neither ortho nor para to a methyl substituent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National University, Building 137Sullivan's Creek RoadActonACT2601Australia
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
- Department of ChemistryNanoscience CenterUniversity of JyväskyläP. O. Box 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Townrow OE, Chung C, Macgregor SA, Weller AS, Goicoechea JM. A Neutral Heteroatomic Zintl Cluster for the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Cyclic Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18330-18335. [PMID: 33052653 PMCID: PMC7596751 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis of an alkane-soluble Zintl cluster, [η4-Ge9(Hyp)3]Rh(COD), that can catalytically hydrogenate cyclic alkenes such as 1,5-cyclooctadiene and cis-cyclooctene. This is the first example of a well-defined Zintl-cluster-based homogeneous catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver
P. E. Townrow
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12
Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Cheuk Chung
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12
Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Stuart A. Macgregor
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12
Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wilson DWN, Mehta M, Franco MP, McGrady JE, Goicoechea JM. Linkage Isomerism Leading to Contrasting Carboboration Chemistry: Access to Three Constitutional Isomers of a Borylated Phosphaalkene. Chemistry 2020; 26:13462-13467. [PMID: 32495945 PMCID: PMC7702093 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We describe the reactivity of two linkage isomers of a boryl-phosphaethynolate, [B]OCP and [B]PCO (where [B]=N,N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,3,2-diazaboryl), towards tris- (pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF). These reactions afforded three constitutional isomers all of which contain a phosphaalkene core. [B]OCP reacts with BCF through a 1,2 carboboration reaction to afford a novel phosphaalkene, E-[B]O{(C6 F5 )2 B}C=P(C6 F5 ), which subsequently undergoes a rearrangement process involving migration of both the boryloxy and pentafluorophenyl substituents to afford Z-{(C6 F5 )2 B}(C6 F5 )C=PO[B]. By contrast, [B]PCO undergoes a 1,3-carboboration process accompanied by migration of the N,N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,3,2-diazaboryl to the carbon centre.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. N. Wilson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Meera Mehta
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Mauricio P. Franco
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversity of São PauloAv. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748—Vila UniversitariaSão Paulo—SP05508-000Brazil
| | - John E. McGrady
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zovko C, Bestgen S, Schoo C, Görner A, Goicoechea JM, Roesky PW. Cover Feature: A Phosphine Functionalized β‐Diketimine Ligand for the Synthesis of Manifold Metal Complexes (Chem. Eur. J. 58/2020). Chemistry 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Zovko
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraβe 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Sebastian Bestgen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraβe 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Christoph Schoo
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraβe 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Anne Görner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraβe 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstraβe 15 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zovko C, Bestgen S, Schoo C, Görner A, Goicoechea JM, Roesky PW. A Phosphine Functionalized β-Diketimine Ligand for the Synthesis of Manifold Metal Complexes. Chemistry 2020; 26:13191-13202. [PMID: 32285968 PMCID: PMC7693294 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A bis(diphenyl)-phosphine functionalized β-diketimine (PNac-H) was synthesized as a flexible ligand for transition metal complexes. The newly designed ligand features symmetrically placed phosphine moieties around a β-diketimine unit, forming a PNNP-type pocket. Due to the hard and soft donor atoms (N vs. P) the ligand can stabilize various coordination polyhedra. A complete series ranging from coordination numbers 2 to 6 was realized. Linear, trigonal planar, square planar, tetrahedral, square pyramidal, and octahedral coordination arrangements containing the PNac-ligand around the metal center were observed by using suitable metal sources. Hereby, PNac-H or its anion PNac- acts as mono-, bi- and tetradendate ligand. Such a broad flexibility is unusual for a rigid tetradentate system. The structural motifs were realized by treatment of PNac-H with a series of late transition metal precursors, for example, silver, gold, nickel, copper, platinum, and rhodium. The new complexes have been fully characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR, IR, UV/Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry as well as elemental analysis. Additionally, selected complexes were investigated regarding their photophysical properties. Thus, PNac-H proved to be an ideal ligand platform for the selective coordination and stabilization of various metal ions in diverse polyhedra and oxidation states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Zovko
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraβe 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Sebastian Bestgen
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraβe 1576131KarlsruheGermany
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Christoph Schoo
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraβe 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Anne Görner
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraβe 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraβe 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hicks J, Vasko P, Heilmann A, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Arene C−H Activation at Aluminium(I):
meta
Selectivity Driven by the Electronics of S
N
Ar Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University, Building 137 Sullivan's Creek Road Acton ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
- Department of Chemistry Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hicks J, Vasko P, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. The Aluminyl Anion: A New Generation of Aluminium Nucleophile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:1702-1713. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Hicks
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Sullivans Creek Road Acton 2601 Australia
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35 Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abbenseth J, Goicoechea JM. Recent developments in the chemistry of non-trigonal pnictogen pincer compounds: from bonding to catalysis. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9728-9740. [PMID: 34094237 PMCID: PMC8162179 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03819a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of well-established meridionally coordinating, tridentate pincer ligands with group 15 elements affords geometrically constrained non-trigonal pnictogen pincer compounds. These species show remarkable activity in challenging element-hydrogen bond scission reactions, such as the activation of ammonia. The electronic structures of these compounds and the implications they have on their electrochemical properties and transition metal coordination are described. Furthermore, stoichiometric and catalytic bond forming reactions involving B-H, N-H and O-H bonds as well as carbon nucleophiles are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Abbenseth
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| |
Collapse
|