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Keleynikov M, Cohen N, Benatov J. Maternal distress during the COVID-19 outbreak: A socio-ecological perspective. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302266. [PMID: 38701039 PMCID: PMC11068201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mothers faced an increased risk of adverse mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to other populations. However, there is little data on the factors that placed mothers at increased risk of distress. AIMS The present study explored a range of individual, familial, and environmental factors associated with psychological distress in mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD This repeated cross-sectional study was composed of a convenience sample of mothers who completed an online survey that included a demographic questionnaire, an emotion regulation questionnaire, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress scale. The survey was administered during the second and third lockdowns in Israel in 2020-2021. RESULTS The study included 575 mothers (M age = 39). The findings of a hierarchical regression indicated that individual-level factors, composed of age and emotion regulation tendencies predicted psychological distress. The family-level factors of household income and number of children in the family also predicted distress. In terms of environmental-level factors, COVID-19-related media consumption and school status (open or closed) were also significant predictors of psychological distress. Importantly, the results showed that the most important predictors of psychological distress in mothers during the COVID-19 outbreak were school closures, household income, and the use of adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the intersection of individual, familial, and environmental factors in mothers' mental health during crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor Keleynikov
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noga Cohen
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Joy Benatov
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Itzhaky L, Levin Y, Har-Sinay M, Levy T, Benatov J, Zalsman G. COVID-19 and the impact on psychiatric and suicide-related emergency department visits of 5-18-year-Old youth in Israel. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 168:300-303. [PMID: 37939624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has been found to take a toll on the mental health of children and adolescents worldwide. This study retrospectively evaluated the changes in the number of general and suicide-related visits to a pediatric psychiatric emergency department (ED) at Geha Mental Health Center in Israel and the distribution of sex and age of the 5-18-year-old youth who visited the ED. The study looked at visits from the pre-pandemic years to the first and second years of the pandemic. The findings showed a sharp decrease in visits at the beginning of the pandemic, followed by a significant increase in the first year and a nonsignificant decline in the second year. The proportion of girls' ED visits was higher in the pandemic years compared to the pre-pandemic years. Regarding suicide-related visits, after a sharp decline at the beginning of the pandemic, the number of visits increased at a rate similar to the pre-pandemic period. We conclude that the pattern of change was similar to that of other population-level exposures to continuous stress conditions. Further research on the vulnerability of girls in similar situations is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Itzhaky
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | | | - Tomer Levy
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Joy Benatov
- Department of Special Education, Haifa University, Israel
| | - Gil Zalsman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Ochnik D, Rogowska AM, Benatov J, Arzenšek A. Adaptation and Preliminary Validation of the Fear of Coronavirus Vaccination Scale in the Prospective Study among a Representative Sample of Polish, Israeli, Slovenian, and German Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph191811587. [PMID: 36141859 PMCID: PMC9517357 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although concerns about harm and side effects are among the most important factors determining vaccine hesitancy, research on the fear of vaccination is sparse. The purpose of this study is a validation the Fear of Coronavirus Vaccination Scale (FoCVVS), adapted from the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. A representative sample of 1723 young adults aged 20-40 from Poland, Israel, Slovenia, and Germany participated during two time-points of the third COVID-19 pandemic wave. The online survey included demographic variables and several well-being dimensions, including gender, vaccination status, fear of coronavirus (FoCV-19S), physical health (GSRH), life satisfaction (SWLS), and perceived stress (PSS-10), anxiety (GAD-7), and depression (PHQ-9). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed at T1, and confirmatory analysis (CFA) at T2. The second-order two-factor structure demonstrated the best fit and very good discriminant and convergent validation. The general factor of the FoCVVS included two subscales assessing the emotional and physiological symptoms of fear of vaccination. Unvaccinated people showed higher levels of fear of vaccination than those vaccinated. A vaccination status, fear of vaccination T1, and fear of COVID-19 T1 were significant predictors of fear of vaccination T2. Vaccination-promoting programs should be focused on decreasing fear and enhancing the beneficial effects of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Ochnik
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Joy Benatov
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Ana Arzenšek
- Faculty of Management, University of Primorska, 6101 Koper, Slovenia
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Benatov J, Zerach G, Levi-Belz Y. Moral injury, depression, and anxiety symptoms among health and social care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: The moderating role of belongingness. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2022; 68:1026-1035. [PMID: 35634658 DOI: 10.1177/00207640221099421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic can affect health and social care workers' (HSCWs') mental health in their role as frontline workers in this crisis. The pandemic poses unique challenges to HSCWs as they face morally daunting decisions while working with limited knowledge and resources. This study primary objective was to examine the moderating role of thwarted belongingness in the relationships between HSCWs' exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) and moral injury symptoms, depression, and anxiety. METHOD A sample of 296 Israeli HSCWs completed validated self-report questionnaires that include measures of depression, anxiety, PMIE exposure, moral injury symptoms, and a sense of thwarted belongingness. RESULTS About one-third (33.6%) of the sample met the criteria for major depression and 21.5% for generalized anxiety. Beyond demographic and work-related characteristics, PMIEs contributed to depression and anxiety levels. The indirect effect of PMIE exposure on anxiety/depression symptoms through MI symptoms was significant only at high levels of thwarted belongingness among HSCWs. Thus, greater PMIE exposure contributes to more MI symptoms, which, in turn, is linked to higher levels of anxiety/depression symptoms among HSCWs with high levels of thwarted belongingness. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional design, self-report questionnaires, sample limited to Israeli HSCWs. CONCLUSIONS The study's findings highlight the mental burden of HSCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic and the critical contribution of PMIE exposure and thwarted belongingness to this burden. Clinicians treating HSCWs coping with depression and anxiety following the COVID-19 should also attend to moral injury symptoms as well to the belongingness experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Benatov
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Gadi Zerach
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Psychology, Ariel University, Israel
| | - Yossi Levi-Belz
- The Lior Tsfaty Center for Suicide and Mental Pain Studies, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
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Ochnik D, Arzenšek A, Rogowska AM, Mars Bitenc U, Benatov J. Changes in Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Representative Sample of Young Adults from Germany, Israel, Poland, and Slovenia: A Longitudinal Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19105794. [PMID: 35627329 PMCID: PMC9141890 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this cross-national longitudinal study was to identify a change in mental health indicators: coronavirus-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), perceived stress, and fear of vaccination (FoVac). The first measurement (T1) took place in February 2021, and the second (T2) took place in May-June 2021. The sample consisted of 1723 participants across Germany, Israel, Poland, and Slovenia, between the age of 20 and 40 (M = 30.74, SD = 5.74). A paired-samples Student's t-test was used for testing the differences between T1 and T2. A repeated measures two-way ANOVA was performed to examine changes over time (T) and across the countries (C). A significant although small decrease at T2 was found for coronavirus-related PTSD, perceived stress, and FoVac. A significant main effect was found for T, C, and TxC for all variables, except the interaction effect for coronavirus-related PTSD and perceived stress. A medium effect size was found for coronavirus-related PTSD and FoVac across countries as well as perceived stress over time. A small effect size was revealed for coronavirus-related PTSD and FoVac over time, perceived stress across countries, and interaction for FoVac. A significant improvement in mental health was demonstrated across the four countries (particularly in Israel); however, there were still differences among each of them. Therefore, the cross-national context should be taken into consideration when analyzing the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Ochnik
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Arzenšek
- Faculty of Management, University of Primorska, 6101 Koper, Slovenia;
| | | | - Urša Mars Bitenc
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, 6101 Koper, Slovenia;
| | - Joy Benatov
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
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Rogowska AM, Ochnik D, Kuśnierz C, Jakubiak M, Schütz A, Held MJ, Arzenšek A, Benatov J, Berger R, Korchagina EV, Pavlova I, Blažková I, Konečná Z, Aslan I, Çınar O, Cuero-Acosta YA. Satisfaction with life among university students from nine countries: Cross-national study during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2262. [PMID: 34895179 PMCID: PMC8665700 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A cross-sectional study was performed to examine life satisfaction differences between university students from nine countries during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-national comparison of the association between life satisfaction and a set of variables was also conducted. Methods Participants in the study were 2349 university students with a mean age of 23 years (M = 23.15, SD = 4.66). There was a predominance of women (69.26%) and individuals studying at the bachelor level (78%). The research was conducted between May and July 2020 in nine countries: Slovenia (n=209), the Czech Republic (Czechia)(n=308), Germany (n=267), Poland (n=301), Ukraine (n=310), Russia (n=285), Turkey (n=310), Israel (n=199), and Colombia (n=153). Participants completed an online survey involving measures of satisfaction with life (SWLS), exposure to COVID-19, perceived negative impact of coronavirus (PNIC) on students' well-being, general self-reported health (GSRH), physical activity (PA), and some demographics (gender, place of residence, level of study). A one-way ANOVA was used to explore cross-national differences in life satisfaction. The χ2 independence test was performed separately in each country to examine associations between life satisfaction and other variables. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify life satisfaction predictors among a set of demographic and health-related variables in each of the nine countries. Results The level of life satisfaction varied between university students from the nine countries. The results for life satisfaction and the other variables differed between countries. Numerous associations were noted between satisfaction with life and several variables, and these showed cross-national differences. Distinct predictors of life satisfaction were observed for each country. However, poor self-rated physical health was a predictor of low life satisfaction independent of the country. Conclusions The association between life satisfaction and subjective assessment of physical health seems to be universal, while the other variables are related to cross-cultural differences. Special public health attention should be focused on psychologically supporting people who do not feel healthy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-12288-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominika Ochnik
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, 40-555, Katowice, Poland
| | - Cezary Kuśnierz
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, 45-758, Opole, Poland
| | - Monika Jakubiak
- Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Astrid Schütz
- Department of Psychology, University of Bamberg, 96047, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Marco J Held
- Department of Psychology, University of Bamberg, 96047, Bamberg, Germany.
| | - Ana Arzenšek
- Faculty of Management, University of Primorska, 6101, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Joy Benatov
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rony Berger
- The Center for Compassionate Mindful Education, 69106, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elena V Korchagina
- St. Petersburg School of Economics and Management, HSE University, 194100, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Industrial Management, Economics and Trade, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russia
| | - Iuliia Pavlova
- Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Culture, Lviv State University of Physical Culture, Lviv, 79007, Ukraine
| | - Ivana Blažková
- Department of Regional and Business Economics, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Konečná
- Faculty of Business and Management, Brno University of Technology, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Imran Aslan
- Health Management Department, Bingöl University, 12000, Bingöl, Turkey
| | - Orhan Çınar
- Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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Ochnik D, Rogowska AM, Kuśnierz C, Jakubiak M, Schütz A, Held MJ, Arzenšek A, Benatov J, Berger R, Korchagina EV, Pavlova I, Blažková I, Aslan I, Çınar O, Cuero-Acosta YA. Mental health prevalence and predictors among university students in nine countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-national study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18644. [PMID: 34545120 PMCID: PMC8452732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The student population has been highly vulnerable to the risk of mental health deterioration during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to reveal the prevalence and predictors of mental health among students in Poland, Slovenia, Czechia, Ukraine, Russia, Germany, Turkey, Israel, and Colombia in a socioeconomic context during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was conducted among 2349 students (69% women) from May-July 2020. Data were collected by means of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Gender Inequality Index (GII), Standard & Poor's Global Ratings, the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT), and a sociodemographic survey. Descriptive statistics and Bayesian multilevel skew-normal regression analyses were conducted. The prevalence of high stress, depression, and generalized anxiety symptoms in the total sample was 61.30%, 40.3%, and 30%, respectively. The multilevel Bayesian model showed that female sex was a credible predictor of PSS-10, GAD-7, and PHQ-8 scores. In addition, place of residence (town) and educational level (first-cycle studies) were risk factors for the PHQ-8. This study showed that mental health issues are alarming in the student population. Regular psychological support should be provided to students by universities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Ochnik
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, 40-555, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Cezary Kuśnierz
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, 45-758, Opole, Poland
| | - Monika Jakubiak
- Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
| | - Astrid Schütz
- Department of Psychology, University of Bamberg, 96047, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Marco J Held
- Department of Psychology, University of Bamberg, 96047, Bamberg, Germany.
| | - Ana Arzenšek
- Faculty of Management, University of Primorska, 6101, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Joy Benatov
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rony Berger
- The Center for Compassionate Mindful Education, 69106, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elena V Korchagina
- Institute of Industrial Management, Economics and Trade, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251, Russia
| | - Iuliia Pavlova
- Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Culture, Lviv State University of Physical Culture, Lviv, 79007, Ukraine
| | - Ivana Blažková
- Department of Regional and Business Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
| | - Imran Aslan
- Health Management Department, Bingöl University, Bingöl, 12000, Turkey
| | - Orhan Çınar
- Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
- Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Ağrı, 04000, Turkey
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Ochnik D, Rogowska AM, Kuśnierz C, Jakubiak M, Schütz A, Held MJ, Arzenšek A, Benatov J, Berger R, Korchagina EV, Pavlova I, Blažková I, Konečná Z, Aslan I, Çınar O, Cuero-Acosta YA, Wierzbik-Strońska M. A Comparison of Depression and Anxiety among University Students in Nine Countries during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Clin Med 2021; 10:2882. [PMID: 34209619 PMCID: PMC8269122 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mental health of young adults, particularly students, is at high risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in mental health between university students in nine countries during the pandemic. The study encompassed 2349 university students (69% female) from Colombia, the Czech Republic (Czechia), Germany, Israel, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Turkey, and Ukraine. Participants underwent the following tests: Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Exposure to COVID-19 (EC-19), Perceived Impact of Coronavirus (PIC) on students' well-being, Physical Activity (PA), and General Self-Reported Health (GSRH). The one-way ANOVA showed significant differences between countries. The highest depression and anxiety risk occurred in Turkey, the lowest depression in the Czech Republic and the lowest anxiety in Germany. The χ2 independence test showed that EC-19, PIC, and GSRH were associated with anxiety and depression in most of the countries, whereas PA was associated in less than half of the countries. Logistic regression showed distinct risk factors for each country. Gender and EC-19 were the most frequent predictors of depression and anxiety across the countries. The role of gender and PA for depression and anxiety is not universal and depends on cross-cultural differences. Students' mental health should be addressed from a cross-cultural perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Ochnik
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, 40-555 Katowice, Poland;
| | | | - Cezary Kuśnierz
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland;
| | - Monika Jakubiak
- Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Astrid Schütz
- Department of Psychology, University of Bamberg, 96047 Bamberg, Germany; (A.S.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Marco J. Held
- Department of Psychology, University of Bamberg, 96047 Bamberg, Germany; (A.S.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Ana Arzenšek
- Faculty of Management, University of Primorska, 6101 Koper, Slovenia;
| | - Joy Benatov
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
| | - Rony Berger
- The Center for Compassionate Mindful Education, Tel Aviv 69106, Israel;
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Elena V. Korchagina
- Institute of Industrial Management, Economics and Trade, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Iuliia Pavlova
- Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Culture, Lviv State University of Physical Culture, 79007 Lviv, Ukraine;
| | - Ivana Blažková
- Department of Regional and Business Economics, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Zdeňka Konečná
- Faculty of Business and Management, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Imran Aslan
- Health Management Department, Bingöl University, Bingöl 12000, Turkey;
| | - Orhan Çınar
- Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey;
- Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Ağrı 04000, Turkey
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Benatov J. Parents' Feelings, Coping Strategies and Sense of Parental Self-Efficacy When Dealing With Children's Victimization Experiences. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:700. [PMID: 31636575 PMCID: PMC6788459 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that bullying victimization poses a major risk for children's and adolescents' socioemotional development. Despite the key role parents play in their child's ability to cope with bullying, very few studies have focused on parents' reactions to their children's victimization. The current study examined parents' feelings, coping strategies, and sense of parental self-efficacy subsequent to their children's victimization. Methods: The sample was composed of 217 parents of children aged 7 to 18 years who had been victims of bullying. Parents were requested to fill in a self-report survey measuring their responses to their child's bullying victimization in the last 12 months, the feelings they experienced, the coping strategies they implemented, and their sense of parental self-efficacy in dealing with the situation. Results: Parents of victimized children experienced notable emotional distress and an array of complex emotions. A unique pattern of associations was revealed between feelings and coping tactics. Specifically, feelings of guilt were predictive of parents adopting avoidance and self-blame strategies and negatively associated with providing support to the child. Parents' feelings of sadness positively predicted coping by providing child support and negatively linked to avoidance coping. Anger was predictive of retaliative coping, whereas worry contributed to child restrictions. Providing support to the child and retaliation positively contributed to parental self-efficacy in dealing with the victimization events, whereas seeking social support was negatively associated with parents' sense of efficacy. Discussion: It is suggested that bullying prevention efforts should include parents and address the complex feelings they experience, especially feelings of guilt and anger, which were found to contribute to a maladaptive coping reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Benatov
- Department of Psychology, College of Management Academic Studies, Rishon Lezion, Israel
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Berger R, Benatov J, Cuadros R, VanNattan J, Gelkopf M. Enhancing resiliency and promoting prosocial behavior among Tanzanian primary-school students: A school-based intervention. Transcult Psychiatry 2018; 55:821-845. [PMID: 30091688 DOI: 10.1177/1363461518793749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Children in Sub-Saharan Africa are living under chronic adversity due to poverty, serious health issues, physical and sexual abuse, and armed conflicts. These highly stressful conditions have deleterious effects on their mental health and socio-emotional adjustment. Since many children lack adequate access to mental health care, culturally adapted school-based resiliency programs could provide a resource to scaffold their development and promote their mental health. This study evaluated the efficacy of a universal school-based intervention in enhancing the resiliency of Tanzanian primary school children and cultivating prosocial behaviors. A total of 183 students from grades 4 to 6 were randomly assigned to either the 16-session "ERSAE-Stress-Prosocial (ESPS)" structured intervention or to a Social Study curriculum (SS) active control group. The original ESPS program was adapted by Tanzanians mental health professionals who modified the program based on local idioms of distress and indigenous practices. Students' resilience was evaluated before, after and 8 months following the intervention by assessing social difficulties, hyperactivity, somatization, level of anxiety, prosocial behaviors and school functioning as well as academic achievements and disciplinary problems. There was significant improvement on all outcome measures for the ESPS group compared to the control group post-intervention and at the 8-month follow up. The ESPS intervention was equally effective on most measures for students experiencing different adversity levels. The results indicate that a culturally adapted universal school-based intervention can be effective in enhancing Tanzanian students' resiliency and promoting prosocial behaviors. Should these results be replicated and found enduring, the modified ESPS could be a valuable mental health-promoting intervention in other low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joy Benatov
- University of Haifa, and College of Management and Academic Studies
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Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of both attachment and parental styles in shaping leadership behavioral patterns. Research predictions were that childhood perceived parental experiences will be associated with attachment style, and that both perceived parental and attachment styles will fulfill a significant role in shaping the individual’s leadership orientation in adulthood.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors tested the research hypotheses with a field survey data from 90 supervisors belonging to diverse industrial and service organizations. During their attendance in a leadership seminar, the managers’ attachment style was assessed using the Experiences in Close Relationship Inventory. They were also asked to report on their childhood experiences using the Parenting Style Index, and to answer questions regarding their leadership behavior, using a short version of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire.
Findings
Results indicated associations between parental style, attachment style, and leadership. Specifically, parental autonomy granting was negatively associated with both attachment anxiety and avoidance. Both transformational and transactional leadership styles were positively associated with parental autonomy, but only transformational leadership was also positively associated with parental involvement. In addition, transactional leadership was positively associated with attachment avoidance in close relationships.
Research limitations/implications
Testing the contributions of perceived parental style in childhood and attachment style in adulthood to the manager’s manifested leadership style helps to advance our theoretical understanding of important leadership antecedents. The findings may also help practitioners in developing leadership skills and assisting managers in finding ways to moderate their natural tendencies and better depend on, delegate, and empower subordinates.
Originality/value
This empirical study provides evidence of the important role of perceived parental style in the development of adult attachment and leadership styles. The effects found in the study also extend the existing findings by showing that not only the attachment style but also parental style play a significant role in shaping the individual’s leadership behaviors.
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Benatov J, Nakash O, Chen-Gal S, Brunstein Klomek A. The Association Between Gender, Ethnicity, and Suicidality Among Vocational Students in Israel. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2017; 47:647-659. [PMID: 28220963 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gender and ethnicity are significant factors when evaluating suicidal risk, especially among ethnically diverse populations. In the current study we explored the association between gender, ethnicity, and suicide ideation and attempts among Arab and Jewish vocational education and training high school students in Israel. Students (N = 3,554) completed a self-report survey evaluating suicide ideation and attempts, depression, anxiety, somatization, and sense of belonging. Hierarchical generalized linear modeling indicated that female Arab adolescents had elevated levels of suicide ideation, higher rates of suicide attempts, and greater psychological distress than Arab males and Jewish students. Furthermore, female Arab adolescents were found to be more susceptible to suicide ideation when depression levels were high. These results are discussed in the context of the double-jeopardy Arab young women face, as members of a minority ethnic group in Israel and their status as women within the patriarchal Arab culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Benatov
- Psychology, College of Management Academic Studies, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ora Nakash
- School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel
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Tadmor CT, Berger R, Brenick A, Abu-Raiya H, Benatov J. The Intergenerational Effect of Maternal Multicultural Experience on Children’s Tolerance: An Example From Palestinians and Jews in Israel. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022117721973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmit T. Tadmor
- Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rony Berger
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | | | | | - Joy Benatov
- College of Management and Academic Studies, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Berger R, Benatov J, Abu-Raiya H, Tadmor CT. Reducing prejudice and promoting positive intergroup attitudes among elementary-school children in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. J Sch Psychol 2016; 57:53-72. [PMID: 27425566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The current investigation tested the efficacy of the Extended Class Exchange Program (ECEP) in reducing prejudicial attitudes. Three hundred and twenty-two 3rd and 4th grade students from both Israeli-Jewish and Israeli-Palestinian schools in the ethnically mixed city of Jaffa were randomly assigned to either intervention or control classes. Members of the intervention classes engaged in ECEP's activities, whereas members of the control classes engaged in a social-emotional learning program. The program's outcomes were measured a week before, immediately after, and 15months following termination. Results showed that the ECEP decreased stereotyping and discriminatory tendencies toward the other group and increased positive feelings and readiness for social contact with the other group upon program termination. Additionally, the effects of the ECEP were generalized to an ethnic group (i.e., Ethiopians) with whom the ECEP's participants did not have any contact. Finally, the ECEP retained its significant effect 15months after the program's termination, despite the serious clashes between Israel and the Palestinians that occurred during that time. This empirical support for the ECEP'S utility in reducing prejudice makes it potentially applicable to other areas in the world, especially those that are characterized by ethnic tension and violent conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Berger
- Department of Emergency Medicine and PREPARED Center for Emergency Response Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, Israel
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Berger R, Abu-Raiya H, Benatov J. Reducing primary and secondary traumatic stress symptoms among educators by training them to deliver a resiliency program (ERASE-Stress) following the Christchurch earthquake in New Zealand. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2016; 86:236-51. [PMID: 26963188 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current investigation evaluated the impact of a universal school-based resiliency intervention (ERASE-Stress) on educators who were working with elementary schoolchildren exposed to the Canterbury earthquake in New Zealand. In the context of major disasters, educators may suffer from "dual trauma"; they can experience symptoms of both primary trauma (as a result of the disaster itself) and secondary trauma (as a result of working with traumatized students). Sixty-three educators were randomly assigned to either the ERASE-Stress intervention or an alternative Managing Emergencies and Traumatic Incidents (METI) program which served as a control group. Efficacy of the program was evaluated at the end of the training as well as at 8 months follow-up. Compared with educators in the control group, those in the ERASE-Stress intervention significantly reduced their posttraumatic distress and secondary traumatization symptoms, improved their perceived level of professional self-efficacy as a helper of earthquake survivors, developed an optimistic outlook regarding their personal future and enhanced their sense of hope, and honed some of their positive coping strategies and reduced the utilization of some maladaptive coping methods. These beneficial consequences of the ERASE-Stress training make it a potentially useful tool for educators working with traumatized students in the context of major disasters. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Berger
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
| | | | - Joy Benatov
- Department of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center
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Benatov J, Nakash O, Chen Gal S, Abu Kaf S, Brunstein Klomek A. Religious-Ethnic Differences in Prevalence and Correlates of Suicidal Ideation and Attempts Among Israeli Vocational Education Students. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 2016; 53:40-46. [PMID: 28492380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study is the first to examine serious suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and psychological distress among students belonging to different religious-ethnic groups attending VET high schools. METHOD 3,553 students studying in the VET high schools completed a self-report survey. The survey evaluated serious suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, depression, anxiety, somatization, self-efficacy, belonging and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS Students coming from minority groups (Arab Muslim, Bedouin Arab Muslim, Druze) are more likely to have seriously considered suicide or attempted suicide compared to their Jewish counterparts, with the exception of Christian Arabs. Bedouin Arab Muslim students were more susceptible to suicide ideation and attempts upon high depression levels. CONCLUSIONS Minority youth at VET schools are at greater risk of experiencing suicidal ideation and attempting suicide compared to non-minority students. The education system must be highly alert to depressive symptoms among Bedouin Arab Muslim students since they may pose a greater risk to develop into suicidal ideation and attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Benatov
- Department of Psychology, College of Management and Academic Studies, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Ora Nakash
- School of Psychology. Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel
| | - Shai Chen Gal
- Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sarah Abu Kaf
- Department of Multidisciplinary Studies, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Abstract
Terror exposure has become commonplace in Israel, with civilians needing to develop appropriate coping mechanisms. This study investigated coping mechanisms of those who are able to return to leisure activity at sites of previous terror attacks. A specially designed questionnaire, exploring knowledge of the terror event, previous terror exposure, coping mechanisms, state of anxiety, and mood, was administered to 93 restaurant attendees at sites of well-known recent terror attacks (2001-2005). Most respondents were aware of the previous terror attack (92.3%) and most reported no fear at revisiting (70.3%), with 20.9% reporting some anxiety and 5.5% reporting moderate or severe anxiety. Sixty percent reported that they have no fear that a terror attack will reoccur at the same place. Some (27.7%) reported change in practices or decrease in one or more activity, especially use of public transport (18%). The most helpful reported resource for facilitating stress coping following a suicide bombing was to "call or be in touch with friends or relatives," and least helpful was "medicines." Over half of respondents (53%) reported that the current security climate affected their mood. Older individuals and females were more affected by terror events. Study observations confirm that resilience develops in the general population in response to ongoing terror attacks. Response to terror is heterogeneous with a range of coping mechanisms expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rael D Strous
- Beer Yaakov Mental Health Center, Beer Yaakov, Israel.
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Baruch Y, Kotler M, Lerner Y, Benatov J, Strous RD. Psychiatric admissions and hospitalization in Israel: an epidemiologic study of where we stand today and where we are going. Isr Med Assoc J 2005; 7:803-7. [PMID: 16382705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of the trends in psychiatric admissions and discharges is necessary to correctly plan and distribute resources, especially given the current international climate of "deinstitutionalization." Israel, too, is implementing "reform" in the national psychiatric system - to transfer psychiatric treatment from a hospital to a community setting. OBJECTIVES To analyze admission and discharge patterns, explore trends in psychiatric hospital length of stay, and compare these characteristics between first-episode and chronic patients, between children, youth and adults, and between hospitals. METHODS All admissions and discharges from inpatient psychiatric wards between the years 2000 and 2004 were analyzed and characterized according to age, length of hospitalization, legal status, and nature of admitting institution (state hospital, health fund, general hospital). RESULTS Mean length of stay in adults decreased during the 5 year study period, from 37.6 days in 2000 to 36.4 days in 2004. In years with higher admissions, hospital stay was shorter (P < 0.05). Length of stay in psychiatric wards in general hospitals was shorter than in state hospitals (P < 0.001). In contrast to adults and children, length of stay among adolescents showed a gradual increase (P < 0.05). Involuntary hospitalization comprised 25.3% of all admissions, and 16.8% of discharged patients were re-admitted within 30 days. A dramatic decrease (24.3%) in the number of chronic hospitalizations was noted. CONCLUSIONS Various factors may account for these developments. Protracted hospitalizations may be reduced through changes in various aspects of treatment planning and psychiatric care continuum. The decrease in number of admissions, length of stay and number of chronically admitted patients remains in line with international practices. Particular attention needs to be devoted to planning and funding so that availability of community services matches reduction in psychiatric hospitalization.
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