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Blair ME, Cao GTH, López-Nandam EH, Veronese-Paniagua DA, Birchette MG, Kenyon M, Md-Zain BM, Munds RA, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V, Roos C, Thach HM, Sterling EJ, Le MD. Correction: Blair et al. Molecular Phylogenetic Relationships and Unveiling Novel Genetic Diversity among Slow and Pygmy Lorises, including Resurrection of Xanthonycticebus intermedius. Genes 2023, 14, 643. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:451. [PMID: 38674459 PMCID: PMC11050259 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the original publication [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Blair
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA; (E.H.L.-N.)
| | - Giang T. H. Cao
- Department of Genetics, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Elora H. López-Nandam
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA; (E.H.L.-N.)
- Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainability Science, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Daniel A. Veronese-Paniagua
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA; (E.H.L.-N.)
- The Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mark G. Birchette
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA; (E.H.L.-N.)
- Department of Biology, Long Island University Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Marina Kenyon
- Dao Tien Endangered Primate Species Centre, Dong Nai 76000, Vietnam
| | - Badrul M. Md-Zain
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi Selangor 43600, Malaysia
| | - Rachel A. Munds
- Department of Anthropology & Archeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - K. Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (K.A.-I.N.)
- School of Social Sciences and Centre for Functional Genomics, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (K.A.-I.N.)
- School of Social Sciences and Centre for Functional Genomics, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Hoàng M. Thach
- Department of Anthropology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
- Department of Geography & Human Ecology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Eleanor J. Sterling
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA; (E.H.L.-N.)
| | - Minh D. Le
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Science and Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
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Manson S, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V, Campera M. Effect of shade on biodiversity within coffee farms: A meta-analysis. Sci Total Environ 2024; 914:169882. [PMID: 38215842 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Aligning crop production with conservation initiatives has long been a topic of debate, with agricultural intensification threatening biodiversity across the globe. Shade-grown coffee allows farmers to preserve biodiversity by providing viable habitat, but its conservation value remains unclear. In this meta-analysis, we screened existing literature using the PRISMA protocol to compare the effect of three shade intensities on species diversity and individual abundance: sun, low shade (LS) and high shade (HS). Furthermore, we examine differences between taxa, within taxa and between regions to establish which species benefit most from shade and whether these benefits vary dependent on geographical location. Out of 1889 studies, we included 69 studies in the analysis, and performed random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions. Overall, we found that species diversity was significantly higher in HS when compared to sun and LS, and species diversity in LS tended to be higher than in sun. In each treatment, the species diversity of birds was higher in the higher shade treatment, i.e., HS and LS. In addition, mammal and epiphyte species diversity was higher in HS when compared to LS. Similarly, studies from Latin America showed significantly higher species diversity and abundance in shaded farms when compared to sun farms. Studies conducted in Africa detailed the opposite relationship, with abundance being significantly higher in less shaded systems, highlighting that land-use strategies must be region-specific. Moving forward, strategies to conserve biodiversity within coffee farms should: 1) account for region-specific variables; 2) end further encroachment; 3) maintain connectivity; and 4) optimise yield through prioritising faunal and floral diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Manson
- School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - K A I Nekaris
- School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Vincent Nijman
- School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Marco Campera
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
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Lewis-Whelan B, Ardiansyah A, Roberts PD, Nijman V, Damianou E, Morcatty TQ, Birot H, Imron MA, Nekaris KAI. Welfare and Management of Civets in Civet Coffee Tourism Plantations. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37853780 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2023.2270414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Civet coffee is produced with coffee beans that have passed through the digestive tract of civets which are then processed for drinking. Outlets, known as civet coffee tourism plantations are popular tourist attractions in Bali, Indonesia. These outlets keep caged civets for public viewing and sell civet coffee. We assessed civet welfare in 29 civet coffee tourism plantations to assess husbandry factors, the five freedoms and body condition scores. We also assessed civet welfare in eight wildlife markets where civets are sourced for civet coffee tourism and calculated turnover of civets. We found 99 civets in civet coffee tourism plantations and 136 in markets, where. Annually between 400 and 800 civets are sold. Welfare standards do not meet the Indonesian laws and regulations. Diet, hygiene, presence of water and mobility affected body condition scores and no civet met all of the five freedoms. Enforcement of welfare and trade laws is needed to improve civet welfare, and to curb the illegal civet trade. Tourists frequenting civet coffee tourism plantations should be made aware of the low welfare standards to inform their choice about supporting this industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Lewis-Whelan
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Ahmad Ardiansyah
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter D Roberts
- Department of Animal and Agriculture, Hartpury University, Gloucester, UK
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Evros Damianou
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Thais Q Morcatty
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - K A I Nekaris
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gajah Madah, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Fitzpatrick LLJ, Ligabue-Braun R, Nekaris KAI. Slowly Making Sense: A Review of the Two-Step Venom System within Slow ( Nycticebus spp.) and Pygmy Lorises ( Xanthonycticebus spp.). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:514. [PMID: 37755940 PMCID: PMC10536643 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the early 2000s, studies of the evolution of venom within animals have rapidly expanded, offering new revelations on the origins and development of venom within various species. The venomous mammals represent excellent opportunities to study venom evolution due to the varying functional usages, the unusual distribution of venom across unrelated mammals and the diverse variety of delivery systems. A group of mammals that excellently represents a combination of these traits are the slow (Nycticebus spp.) and pygmy lorises (Xanthonycticebus spp.) of south-east Asia, which possess the only confirmed two-step venom system. These taxa also present one of the most intriguing mixes of toxic symptoms (cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity) and functional usages (intraspecific competition and ectoparasitic defence) seen in extant animals. We still lack many pieces of the puzzle in understanding how this venom system works, why it evolved what is involved in the venom system and what triggers the toxic components to work. Here, we review available data building upon a decade of research on this topic, focusing especially on why and how this venom system may have evolved. We discuss that research now suggests that venom in slow lorises has a sophisticated set of multiple uses in both intraspecific competition and the potential to disrupt the immune system of targets; we suggest that an exudate diet reveals several toxic plants consumed by slow and pygmy lorises that could be sequestered into their venom and which may help heal venomous bite wounds; we provide the most up-to-date visual model of the brachial gland exudate secretion protein (BGEsp); and we discuss research on a complement component 1r (C1R) protein in saliva that may solve the mystery of what activates the toxicity of slow and pygmy loris venom. We conclude that the slow and pygmy lorises possess amongst the most complex venom system in extant animals, and while we have still a lot more to understand about their venom system, we are close to a breakthrough, particularly with current technological advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Lucy Joscelyne Fitzpatrick
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- Centre for Functional Genomics, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun
- Department of Pharmacosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Avenida Sarmento Leite 245, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil;
| | - K. Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- Centre for Functional Genomics, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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Praill LC, Eppley TM, Shanee S, Cunneyworth PMK, Abra FD, Allgas N, Al-Razi H, Campera M, Cheyne SM, Collinson W, Donati G, Linden B, Manson S, Maria M, Morcatty TQ, Nekaris KAI, Oklander LI, Nijman V, Svensson MS. Road Infrastructure and Primate Conservation: Introducing the Global Primate Roadkill Database. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101692. [PMID: 37238122 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As road infrastructure networks rapidly expand globally, especially in the tropics, previously continuous habitats are being fragmented, resulting in more frequent wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVC). Primates are widespread throughout many sub-/tropical countries, and as their habitats are fragmented, they are increasingly at risk of WVC. We created the Global Primate Roadkill Database (GPRD), the largest available standardized database of primate roadkill incidents. We obtained data from published papers, un-published and citizen science databases, anecdotal reports, news reports, and social media posts. Here, we describe the collection methods for the GPRD and present the most up-to-date version of the database in full. For each primate roadkill incident, we recorded the species killed, the exact location, and the year and month the roadkill was observed. At the time of publication, the GPRD includes 2862 individual primate roadkill records from 41 countries. As primates range in more than twice as many countries, the absence of data from these countries is not necessarily indicative of a lack of primate vehicular collisions. Given the value of these data for addressing both local and global research questions, we encourage conservationists and citizen scientists to contribute to the GPRD so that, together, we can better understand the impact road infrastructure has on primates and evaluate measures which may help mitigate risk-prone areas or species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Praill
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- Pandrillus Cameroon, Limbe Wildlife Centre, Limbe P.O. Box 878, Cameroon
| | - Timothy M Eppley
- Wildlife Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- Department of Anthropology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
- Conservation Science and Wildlife Health, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA 92027, USA
| | - Sam Shanee
- Asociación Neotropical Primate Conservation Perú, Moyobamba 22001, Peru
- Neotropical Primate Conservation, Cornwall PL11 3JQ, UK
| | | | - Fernanda D Abra
- Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute-Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Washington, DC 20560, USA
- ViaFAUNA Estudos Ambientais, São Paulo 04125-120, SP, Brazil
- Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia 12945-010, SP, Brazil
| | - Néstor Allgas
- Asociación Neotropical Primate Conservation Perú, Moyobamba 22001, Peru
| | - Hassan Al-Razi
- Bangladesh Slow Loris Research and Conservation Project, 531/2, Shahidbagh, Dhaka 1217, Bangladesh
| | - Marco Campera
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Susan M Cheyne
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Wendy Collinson
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
- The Endangered Wildlife Trust, Wierda Park 0149, South Africa
| | - Giuseppe Donati
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Birthe Linden
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
- Lajuma Research Centre, Louis Trichardt 0920, South Africa
| | - Sophie Manson
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- Little Fireface Project, Chipaganti, Cisurupan, Garut 44163, Indonesia
| | - Marjan Maria
- Bangladesh Slow Loris Research and Conservation Project, 531/2, Shahidbagh, Dhaka 1217, Bangladesh
| | - Thais Q Morcatty
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - K A I Nekaris
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- Little Fireface Project, Chipaganti, Cisurupan, Garut 44163, Indonesia
| | - Luciana I Oklander
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética Aplicada, UNAM-CONICET, Posadas N3304, Argentina
- Neotropical Primate Conservation Argentina, Puerto Iguazú N3370, Argentina
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Magdalena S Svensson
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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Bennamoun N, Campera M, Tully G, Nekaris KAI. COVID-19's Impact on the Pan African Sanctuary Alliance: Challenging Times and Resilience from Its Members. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091486. [PMID: 37174522 PMCID: PMC10177251 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 challenged conservation organizations. The lack of tourism has benefited or negatively affected wildlife organizations in various ways, with several primate sanctuaries struggling to cope with the COVID-19 crisis and to keep providing for their inhabitants. In addition, the genetic similarity between great apes and humans puts them at higher risk than any other species for the transmission of COVID-19. PASA is a non-profit organization comprising 23 sanctuaries, and cares for many species of primate, including African great apes. In light of the pandemic, we aimed to understand the direct effects of COVID-19 on PASA management throughout three time periods: before (2018-2019), at the start of (2019-2020), and during (2020-2021) the pandemic. We collected data via annual surveys for PASA members and ran Generalized Linear Mixed Models to highlight any significant differences in their management that could be linked to COVID-19. Our findings demonstrated no particular impact on the number of primates rescued, employees, or expenses. However, revenues have been decreasing post-COVID-19 due to the lack of income from tourism and volunteer programs. Nonetheless, our results reveal a form of resilience regarding the sanctuaries and the strategy applied to maintain their management. Consequently, we emphasize the specific impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak and its repercussions for conservation work. We discuss the difficulties that sanctuaries have faced throughout the crisis and present the best measures to prevent future outbreaks and protect biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Bennamoun
- School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Marco Campera
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Gregg Tully
- Pan African Sanctuary Alliance (PASA), Portland, OR 97219, USA
| | - K A I Nekaris
- School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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Blair ME, Cao GTH, López-Nandam EH, Veronese-Paniagua DA, Birchette MG, Kenyon M, Md-Zain BM, Munds RA, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V, Roos C, Thach HM, Sterling EJ, Le MD. Molecular Phylogenetic Relationships and Unveiling Novel Genetic Diversity among Slow and Pygmy Lorises, including Resurrection of Xanthonycticebus intermedius. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:643. [PMID: 36980915 PMCID: PMC10048081 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic analysis of historical museum collections presents an opportunity to clarify the evolutionary history of understudied primate groups, improve taxonomic inferences, and inform conservation efforts. Among the most understudied primate groups, slow and pygmy lorises (genera Nycticebus and Xanthonycticebus) are nocturnal strepsirrhines found in South and Southeast Asia. Previous molecular studies have supported five species, but studies using morphological data suggest the existence of at least nine species. We sequenced four mitochondrial loci, CO1, cytb, d-loop, and ND4, for a total of 3324 aligned characters per sample from 41 historical museum specimens for the most comprehensive geographic coverage to date for these genera. We then combined these sequences with a larger dataset composed of samples collected in Vietnam as well as previously published sequences (total sample size N = 62). We inferred phylogenetic relationships using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods based on data from each locus and on concatenated sequences. We also inferred divergence dates for the most recent common ancestors of major lineages using a BEAST analysis. Consistent with previous studies, we found support for Xanthonycticebus pygmaeus as a basal taxon to the others in the group. We also confirmed the separation between lineages of X. pygmaeus from northern Vietnam/Laos/China and southern Vietnam/Cambodia and included a taxonomic revision recognizing a second taxon of pygmy loris, X. intermedius. Our results found support for multiple reciprocally monophyletic taxa within Borneo and possibly Java. The study will help inform conservation management of these trade-targeted animals as part of a genetic reference database for determining the taxonomic unit and provenance of slow and pygmy lorises confiscated from illegal wildlife trade activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Blair
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Giang T. H. Cao
- Department of Genetics, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Elora H. López-Nandam
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
- Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainability Science, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Daniel A. Veronese-Paniagua
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
- The Division of Biology & Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mark G. Birchette
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
- Department of Biology, Long Island University Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Marina Kenyon
- Dao Tien Endangered Primate Species Centre, Dong Nai 76000, Vietnam
| | - Badrul M. Md-Zain
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi Selangor 43600, Malaysia
| | - Rachel A. Munds
- Department of Anthropology & Archeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - K. Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- School of Social Sciences and Centre for Functional Genomics, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- School of Social Sciences and Centre for Functional Genomics, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hoàng M. Thach
- Department of Anthropology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
- Department of Geography & Human Ecology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Eleanor J. Sterling
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Minh D. Le
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Science and Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
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Fitzpatrick LLJ, Nijman V, Ligabue-Braun R, Nekaris KAI. The Fast and the Furriest: Investigating the Rate of Selection on Mammalian Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120842. [PMID: 36548740 PMCID: PMC9782207 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of venom and the selection pressures that act on toxins have been increasingly researched within toxinology in the last two decades, in part due to the exceptionally high rates of diversifying selection observed in animal toxins. In 2015, Sungar and Moran proposed the 'two-speed' model of toxin evolution linking evolutionary age of a group to the rates of selection acting on toxins but due to a lack of data, mammals were not included as less than 30 species of venomous mammal have been recorded, represented by elusive species which produce small amounts of venom. Due to advances in genomics and transcriptomics, the availability of toxin sequences from venomous mammals has been increasing. Using branch- and site-specific selection models, we present the rates of both episodic and pervasive selection acting upon venomous mammal toxins as a group for the first time. We identified seven toxin groups present within venomous mammals, representing Chiroptera, Eulipotyphla and Monotremata: KLK1, Plasminogen Activator, Desmallipins, PACAP, CRiSP, Kunitz Domain One and Kunitz Domain Two. All but one group (KLK1) was identified by our results to be evolving under both episodic and pervasive diversifying selection with four toxin groups having sites that were implicated in the fitness of the animal by TreeSAAP (Selection on Amino Acid Properties). Our results suggest that venomous mammal ecology, behaviour or genomic evolution are the main drivers of selection, although evolutionary age may still be a factor. Our conclusion from these results indicates that mammalian toxins are following the two-speed model of selection, evolving predominately under diversifying selection, fitting in with other younger venomous taxa like snakes and cone snails-with high amounts of accumulating mutations, leading to more novel adaptions in their toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Lucy Joscelyne Fitzpatrick
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- Centre for Functional Genomics, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- Centre for Functional Genomics, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun
- Department of Pharmacosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Avenida Sarmento Leite 245, Porto Alegre 90050-130, Brazil
| | - K. Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- Centre for Functional Genomics, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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Fourage A, Shepherd CR, Campera M, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V. It's a sign: Animal welfare and zoo type are predictors of animal identification signage usage and quality at zoo exhibits. Zoo Biol 2022; 42:283-295. [PMID: 36098522 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Conservation education programs are listed as priority actions for almost every threatened species on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. Zoos play an important role in delivering such programs, yet evidence of zoo education in many non-western countries is limited. Here, we evaluate animal identification signage prevalence and quality at zoo exhibits and investigate whether animal welfare, zoo type (accredited, government, and private), admission fee, zoo size, and proximity to urban centers are influencing factors. We used hornbills (Bucerotidae) as a model taxon, surveyed hornbill signage, and conducted welfare assessments of hornbill exhibits. We developed scoring frameworks and applied content analysis to analyze signage quality. Our results show that out of 18 zoos that displayed hornbills, 15 had hornbill signage. However, of the 106 hornbill exhibits in these zoos, 33% had no signage. We also found that signage presence or absence at individual zoos and signage quality is strongly correlated with animal welfare quality. Zoo type is a key factor in predicting signage and welfare quality, with accredited zoos scoring highest for both signage and welfare, followed by government and private zoos. Private zoos charged higher admission than other zoo types, and zoo size and proximity to urban centers did not influence signage or welfare scores. Overall, we conclude that in our study, signage usage and quality are inadequate, highlighting the importance of compliance with robust zoo standards to improve education and welfare within zoos to support global conservation goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fourage
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Marco Campera
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.,Little Fire Face Project, Cipaganti, Indonesia
| | - K A I Nekaris
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.,Little Fire Face Project, Cipaganti, Indonesia
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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Morcatty TQ, Peters G, Nekaris KAI, Cardoso P, Fukushima CS, El Bizri HR, Nijman V. Tech companies liable for illegal wildlife trade. Science 2022; 377:721. [PMID: 35951707 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade0843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thais Q Morcatty
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.,Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - K A I Nekaris
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caroline S Fukushima
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hani R El Bizri
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.,Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil.,School of Science, Engineering, and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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11
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Martinez J, Wallace RB, Domic E, Carvajal P, Arnez A, Morrison L, Nekaris KAI. Feeding Ecology of the Beni Titi Monkey (Plecturocebus modestus): An Endangered Bolivian Endemic. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Lorisiformes are nocturnal primates from Africa and Asia with four genera, with two (Arctocebus and Loris), three (Perodicticus) and nine (Nycticebus) recognised species. Their cryptic lifestyle and lack of study have resulted in an underappreciation of the variation at the species and genus level. There are marked differences between the pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus and the other Nycticebus species and, in the past, several authors have suggested that these may warrant recognition at the generic level. We here combine morphological, behavioural, karyotypical and genetic data to show that these contrasts are, indeed, significantly large and consistent. We propose Xanthonycticebus gen. nov. as a new genus name for the pygmy slow lorises and suggest a common name of pygmy lorises. Based on analysis of complete mitochondrial DNA sequences, we calculate the divergence of pygmy from slow lorises at 9.9–10.0%. The median date, calculated for the divergence between Xanthonycticebus and Nycticebus, is 10.5 Mya (range 4.9–21.0 Mya). Xanthonycticebus differs from Nycticebus by showing sympatry with other slow loris species, by habitually giving birth to twins, by showing seasonal body mass and whole body coat colour changes (absent in other species living at similar latitudes) and a multi-male, multi-female social system. Pygmy lorises are easily recognisable by the absence of hair on their ears and more protruding premaxilla. Xanthonycticebus is threatened by habitat loss and illegal trade despite legal protection across their range and all slow lorises are listed on appendix 1 of CITES. The suggested nomenclatural changes should not affect their legal status.
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13
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Nekaris KAI, Campera M, Chimienti M, Murray C, Balestri M, Showell Z. Training in the Dark: Using Target Training for Non-Invasive Application and Validation of Accelerometer Devices for an Endangered Primate (Nycticebus bengalensis). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040411. [PMID: 35203119 PMCID: PMC8868541 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recent advances in technology allow for the study of animal behaviours through indirect observations. This facilitates research on cryptic animals for which direct observations may miss a considerable portion of their activity. The validity of accelerometers in obtaining accurate animal behaviours, however, needs to be tested before collecting data in the wild. Modern zoos offer excellent opportunities for researchers to test field techniques in a safe setting. Here, we describe a non-invasive training program to attach an accelerometer to an individual Bengal slow loris at the Shaldon Wildlife Trust. This training took 39 15-min sessions and allowed for the attachment of the accelerometer for validation with reduced stress for the animal. We also collected videos to associate to accelerometer data to estimate the accuracy of accelerometers in identifying the behaviours of Bengal slow loris. The accuracy was above 80% with some of the behaviours that were clearly identified (e.g., resting: 99.8%), while others were more difficult to discern (e.g., suspensory walk, a locomotion behaviour, was discerned only 60.3% of times from other behaviours). The non-invasive training and accelerometer validation can be used on similar species before using accelerometers in the wild. Abstract Accelerometers offer unique opportunities to study the behaviour of cryptic animals but require validation to show their accuracy in identifying behaviours. This validation is often undertaken in captivity before use in the wild. While zoos provide important opportunities for trial field techniques, they must consider the welfare and health of the individuals in their care and researchers must opt for the least invasive techniques. We used positive reinforcement training to attach and detach a collar with an accelerometer to an individual Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) at the Shaldon Wildlife Trust, U.K. This allowed us to collect accelerometer data at different periods between January–June 2020 and January–February 2021, totalling 42 h of data with corresponding video for validation. Of these data, we selected 54 min where ten behaviours were present and ran a random forest model. We needed 39 15-min sessions to train the animal to wear/remove the collar. The accelerometer data had an accuracy of 80.7 ± SD 9.9% in predicting the behaviours, with 99.8% accuracy in predicting resting, and a lower accuracy (but still >75% for all of them apart from suspensory walk) for the different types of locomotion and feeding behaviours. This training and validation technique can be used in similar species and shows the importance of working with zoos for in situ conservation (e.g., validation of field techniques).
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (M.C.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marco Campera
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (M.C.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Carly Murray
- Shaldon Wildlife Trust, Shaldon TQ14 0HP, UK; (C.M.); (Z.S.)
| | - Michela Balestri
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (M.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Zak Showell
- Shaldon Wildlife Trust, Shaldon TQ14 0HP, UK; (C.M.); (Z.S.)
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Dewi T, Imron MA, Lukmandaru G, Hedger K, Campera M, Nekaris KAI. The sticky tasty: the nutritional content of the exudativorous diet of the Javan slow loris in a lowland forest. Primates 2021; 63:93-102. [PMID: 34853929 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plant exudates are an important food source for many primates. The Critically Endangered Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) was previously found to prefer Acacia decurrens exudate in an anthropogenically disturbed site, while its feeding habits in secondary natural forest remain unknown. Knowledge of the chemical characteristics of the plant exudates that Javan slow lorises consume is limited, especially with respect to those that they feed on in natural forests. As plant exudates may contain plant secondary metabolites (PSM), which are considered unpalatable in high concentrations, differences in PSM composition may drive feeding preferences. This research aims firstly to confirm exudate consumption by the Javan slow loris in a lowland tropical forest in Central Java, and secondly to identify the chemical characteristics of the exudates consumed. We followed wild slow lorises in Kemuning Forest, Central Java and observed their behaviour. We investigated the gum-producing trees that were utilized by the slow lorises by tapping the exudates and examining their nutritional and PSM contents. We found that exudates are the predominant food source for the Javan slow loris in this lowland forest, and that their nutritional contents are similar to those of exudates consumed by lorises in anthropogenically disturbed areas. Significant differences in polysaccharide and flavonoid contents were found between consumed and unconsumed exudates. Knowledge of the diet of the Javan slow loris is crucial to its conservation, and our findings confirm the importance of exudates in its diet. We also highlight the need to preserve natural slow loris habitat, and to manage the diets of these species in captivity. The results of this study indicate that plant exudates should constitute a significant portion of the diet of captive slow lorises, and that the presence of exudate-producing trees is vital in areas into which slow lorises are to be translocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tungga Dewi
- Little Fireface Project, Cipaganti, 44163, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Ali Imron
- Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Komplek Agro No. 1 Bulaksumur, 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Ganis Lukmandaru
- Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Komplek Agro No. 1 Bulaksumur, 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Marco Campera
- Little Fireface Project, Cipaganti, 44163, West Java, Indonesia.,Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - K A I Nekaris
- Little Fireface Project, Cipaganti, 44163, West Java, Indonesia.,Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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15
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Harris RJ, Nekaris KAI, Fry BG. Monkeying around with venom: an increased resistance to α-neurotoxins supports an evolutionary arms race between Afro-Asian primates and sympatric cobras. BMC Biol 2021; 19:253. [PMID: 34823526 PMCID: PMC8613972 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Snakes and primates have a multi-layered coevolutionary history as predators, prey, and competitors with each other. Previous work has explored the Snake Detection Theory (SDT), which focuses on the role of snakes as predators of primates and argues that snakes have exerted a selection pressure for the origin of primates’ visual systems, a trait that sets primates apart from other mammals. However, primates also attack and kill snakes and so snakes must simultaneously avoid primates. This factor has been recently highlighted in regard to the movement of hominins into new geographic ranges potentially exerting a selection pressure leading to the evolution of spitting in cobras on three independent occasions. Results Here, we provide further evidence of coevolution between primates and snakes, whereby through frequent encounters and reciprocal antagonism with large, diurnally active neurotoxic elapid snakes, Afro-Asian primates have evolved an increased resistance to α-neurotoxins, which are toxins that target the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. In contrast, such resistance is not found in Lemuriformes in Madagascar, where venomous snakes are absent, or in Platyrrhini in the Americas, where encounters with neurotoxic elapids are unlikely since they are relatively small, fossorial, and nocturnal. Within the Afro-Asian primates, the increased resistance toward the neurotoxins was significantly amplified in the last common ancestor of chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans (clade Homininae). Comparative testing of venoms from Afro-Asian and American elapid snakes revealed an increase in α-neurotoxin resistance across Afro-Asian primates, which was likely selected against cobra venoms. Through structure-activity studies using native and mutant mimotopes of the α-1 nAChR receptor orthosteric site (loop C), we identified the specific amino acids responsible for conferring this increased level of resistance in hominine primates to the α-neurotoxins in cobra venom. Conclusion We have discovered a pattern of primate susceptibility toward α-neurotoxins that supports the theory of a reciprocal coevolutionary arms-race between venomous snakes and primates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01195-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Harris
- Venom Evolution Lab, University of Queensland, Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - K Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, University of Queensland, Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
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16
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Mills CJ, Nekaris KAI, Campera M, Patel E. Silky sifaka (Propithecus candidus) use sleep sites for thermoregulation, food access and predator avoidance. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2021; 92:315-326. [PMID: 34749372 DOI: 10.1159/000520710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Primate sleeping site selection is influenced by multiple ecological factors including predation avoidance, thermoregulation, and food access. To test these hypotheses, we studied the sleeping trees used by a group of wild silky sifakas (Propithecus candidus) in Marojejy National Park, Madagascar. During this ten-month study, the group slept in 828 sleeping trees from approximately 35 genera. In support of thermoregulation, generalised linear models revealed that as temperature decreased, the number of individuals sleeping together significantly increased and they slept at further distances from the trunk. As rainfall increased, sleep site height significantly increased. Weinmannia was the most frequented tree genus, despite low abundance, accounting for 29% of all sleeping trees. In support of food access, 94.8% of sleeping trees were food trees. Weinmannia is among the most highly preferred food trees. The group slept at a mean height of 16.0 m near the top of tall trees which averaged 19.5 m. Sleep trees were significantly taller than trees in botanical plots within the sifaka's home range. They never slept in the same trees on consecutive nights, and sleeping heights were significantly higher than daytime heights which is consistent with predation avoidance. Social sleeping in groups of two or three individuals (62.9%) was more common than solitary sleeping (37.1%). At such heights, huddling may increase vigilance and lessen the risk of predation by the fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) while also reducing heat loss. These patterns suggest that silky sifaka sleep site choice is influenced by thermoregulation and food access in addition to predation avoidance. We suggest that understanding sleep site use can assist in conservation of species like silky sifakas by enabling researchers to find new groups, protect habitats with key tree species, and inform reforestation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Jade Mills
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - K A I Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Campera
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Patel
- Lemur Conservation Foundation, Myakka City, Florida, USA
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Thomas EM, Nekaris KAI, Imron MA, Cassey P, Shepherd CR, Nijman V. Shifts of trade in Javan ferret badgers Melogale orientalis from wildlife markets to online platforms: implications for conservation policy, human health and monitoring. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2021. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife trade is increasingly impeding the conservation of imperilled wildlife and is a potential threat to human health. Ferret badgers are extensively traded in China, although the trends, drivers and health implications of ferret badger trade in other parts of Asia remain poorly known. Here, we focus on the pet trade of a little known endemic small carnivore species, Javan ferret badger Melogale orientalis in Indonesia, over a 10 yr period (2011-2020). The Javan ferret badger is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with an unknown population trend. We aimed to gain insight into the magnitude of this trade, its purposes, price trends, distribution records, health risks and shifts to online platforms. We documented 44 ferret badgers in 11 wildlife markets in Java and Bali and 100 ferret badgers for sale on online platforms. We observed a shift in trade from traditional animal markets only, to trade in these markets as well as online. Asking prices, corrected for inflation, declined significantly from ~USD 37 in 2012 to ~USD 22 in 2020, and were related to the purchasing power in cities where trade occurred. Widespread sale of the species highlights that enforcement continues to be overly passive as any trade in the species is illegal. We recommend that the Javan ferret badger be afforded full national protection and prioritised in monitoring efforts to establish its true conservation status. Additionally, concerted efforts are needed to determine if online trade poses a risk to conservation and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- EM Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - KAI Nekaris
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - MA Imron
- Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gajah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - P Cassey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - CR Shepherd
- Monitor Conservation Research Society, Big Lake Ranch, British Columbia V0L 1G0, Canada
| | - V Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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18
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Nekaris KAI, Campera M, Nijman V, Birot H, Rode-Margono EJ, Fry BG, Weldon A, Wirdateti W, Imron MA. Slow lorises use venom as a weapon in intraspecific competition. Curr Biol 2021; 30:R1252-R1253. [PMID: 33080192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Animals have evolved an array of spectacular weapons, including antlers, forceps, proboscises, stingers, tusks and horns [1]. Weapons can be present in males and females of species needing to defend critical limiting resources, including food (rhinoceros beetles, Trypoxylus) and territories (fang blennies, Meiacanthus) [1-3]. Chemicals, including sprays, ointments and injected venoms, are another defence system used by animals. As with morphological weapons, venom can serve multiple purposes, including to facilitate feeding, in predation, and in defence when attacked [4]. Although rare, several taxa use venom for agonistic intraspecific competition (e.g. ghost shrimp, Caprella spp.; sea anemones, Actinia equina; cone snails, Conidae; male platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus) [4-6]. Another group of venomous mammals are the nocturnal slow lorises (Nycticebus) [7]. Slow loris bites often result in dramatic diagnostic wounds characterised by necrotic gashes to the head and extremities. Although these bites are the major cause of death of lorises in captivity, the function of this aggressive behaviour has never been studied in the wild [7]. Here, through an 8-year study of wounding patterns, territorial behaviour, and agonistic encounters of a wild population of Javan slow lorises (Nycticebus javanicus), we provide strong evidence that venom is used differentially by both sexes to defend territories and mates. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A I Nekaris
- Oxford Brookes University, Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford, UK.
| | - Marco Campera
- Oxford Brookes University, Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Brookes University, Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Hélène Birot
- Oxford Brookes University, Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Eva Johanna Rode-Margono
- Oxford Brookes University, Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford, UK; Species Conservation Foundation (Stiftung Artenschutz), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bryan Grieg Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ariana Weldon
- Oxford Brookes University, Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford, UK
| | - Wirdateti Wirdateti
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, LIPI, Gedung Widyasatwaloka, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM 46, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Ali Imron
- Forest Resources Conservation Department, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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de Guinea M, Estrada A, Nekaris KAI, Van Belle S. Cognitive maps in the wild: revealing the use of metric information in black howler monkey route navigation. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:271801. [PMID: 34384101 PMCID: PMC8380465 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
When navigating, wild animals rely on internal representations of the external world – called ‘cognitive maps’ – to take movement decisions. Generally, flexible navigation is hypothesized to be supported by sophisticated spatial skills (i.e. Euclidean cognitive maps); however, constrained movements along habitual routes are the most commonly reported navigation strategy. Even though incorporating metric information (i.e. distances and angles between locations) in route-based cognitive maps would likely enhance an animal's navigation efficiency, there has been no evidence of this strategy reported for non-human animals to date. Here, we examined the properties of the cognitive map used by a wild population of primates by testing a series of cognitive hypotheses against spatially explicit movement simulations. We collected 3104 h of ranging and behavioural data on five groups of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) at Palenque National Park, Mexico, from September 2016 through August 2017. We simulated correlated random walks mimicking the ranging behaviour of the study subjects and tested for differences between observed and simulated movement patterns. Our results indicated that black howler monkeys engaged in constrained movement patterns characterized by a high path recursion tendency, which limited their capacity to travel in straight lines and approach feeding trees from multiple directions. In addition, we found that the structure of observed route networks was more complex and efficient than simulated route networks, suggesting that black howler monkeys incorporate metric information into their cognitive map. Our findings not only expand the use of metric information during route navigation to non-human animals, but also highlight the importance of considering efficient route-based navigation as a cognitively demanding mechanism. Highlighted Article: Black howler monkeys rely on route-based cognitive maps, which constrain their movement decisions, but likely incorporate metric information to navigate more efficiently along frequently used routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel de Guinea
- School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.,Movement Ecology Lab, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Alejandro Estrada
- Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, CP 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Sarie Van Belle
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Campera M, Balestri M, Besnard F, Phelps M, Rakotoarimanana F, Nijman V, Nekaris KAI, Ganzhorn JU, Donati G. The Influence of Seasonal Availability of Young Leaves on Dietary Niche Separation in Two Ecologically Similar Folivorous Lemurs. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2021; 92:139-150. [PMID: 34175845 DOI: 10.1159/000517297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Traditional socio-ecological models consider that folivorous primates experience limited feeding competition due to the low quality, high abundance, and even distribution of leaves. Evidence from several folivorous species that experience similar constraints to frugivores does not support this hypothesis. The sympatric lemur genera Avahi (Indriidae) and Lepilemur (Lepilemuridae) are good models to understand how food availability constrains folivores since they are both nocturnal, folivorous, and have a comparable body mass. Here we investigate how two nocturnal folivorous primates, Avahi meridionalis and Lepilemur fleuretae, living in the lowland rain forest of Tsitongambarika, South-East Madagascar, partition their dietary niche and are influenced by seasonality of young leaves. To account for food availability, we collected annual phenological data on 769 trees from 200 species. We also collected behavioural data on 5 individuals per lemur species from August 2015 to July 2016 via continuous focal sampling. We found the phenological profile to be seasonal with peaks of leaf flushing, flowering, and fruiting occurring in the austral summer. The two species showed limited dietary overlap (37% rich period, 6% lean period), and A. meridionalis showed higher feeding time and longer daily distances travelled during the rich period. Lepilemur fleuretae showed a dietary shift during the lean period, relying more on mature leaves (73.3% during the lean period, 13.5% during the rich period) but maintaining similar activity levels between seasons. The time spent feeding on food items by A. meridionalis was positively correlated with the nitrogen content and negatively correlated with polyphenols during the rich period. We highlighted a clear effect of the seasonality of young leaves on the diet, nutritional content, activity patterns, and daily distances travelled by two folivorous species, which can be linked to nutrient balancing and time-minimising versus energy-maximising strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Campera
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michela Balestri
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Besnard
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Phelps
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vincent Nijman
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - K A I Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Giuseppe Donati
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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21
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Nijman V, Ardiansyah A, Hendrik R, Langgeng A, Manson S, Hedger K, Imron MA, Nekaris KAI. Trade in a small-range songbird, the Javan crocias, gives insight into the Asian Songbird Crisis. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japb.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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22
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Abstract
China plays a critical role in global biodiversity conservation, as both a biodiversity hotspot and for its role in international and domestic animal trade. Efforts to promote wildlife conservation have sparked interest in the attitudes held by Chinese citizens towards animals. Using
a questionnaire, we sought to investigate the attitudes of 317 Chinese nationals across 22 provincial-level administrative units regarding their uses of animals, their perceived emotional capacities and views on exotic pets. We reduced the variables related to perceived uses of animals via
Principal Component Analysis and ran Generalised Linear Models and Structural Equation Modelling to test relationships between questionnaire-derived variables. Perceptions of animals were divided into two Kellert categories — Utilitarian and Humanistic uses — and 97% of participants
believed in animals capacities to have and express emotions. We found few interactions, with exotic pets, ie playing with or taking photographs, but the acceptability of owning an exotic pet influenced the likelihood of purchasing one. A belief that animals express emotions encouraged people
to look for them as pets but thinking that pets make people happy made exotic pet ownership less acceptable. The shift in attitudes to include humanistic perceptions of animals, a belief in animals as emotive beings and understanding of terminology changed from the previous utilitarian views
of pre-reform China, suggesting a readiness to embrace further conservation efforts in China. This deeper understanding of Chinese attitudes toward animals and drivers of the exotic pet trade within China may enable conservation efforts to better target future campaigns.
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de Guinea M, Estrada A, Janmaat KR, Nekaris KAI, Van Belle S. Disentangling the importance of social and ecological information in goal-directed movements in a wild primate. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Morcatty TQ, Feddema K, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V. Online trade in wildlife and the lack of response to COVID-19. Environ Res 2021; 193:110439. [PMID: 33171119 PMCID: PMC7836796 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife trade has been widely discussed as a likely origin of the COVID-19 pandemic. It remains unclear how the main actors in the wildlife trade chain responded to these discussions and to the campaigns advocating wildlife trade bans. We analyzed the content of ~20,000 posts on 41 Facebook groups devoted to wild pet trade and ran a breakpoint and a content analysis to assess when and how the COVID-19 pandemic was incorporated into the discourse within trade communities. Only 0.44% of advertisements mentioned COVID-19, mostly after WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic. No traders discussed the role of trade in spreading diseases; instead, posts stimulated the trade in wild species during lockdown. COVID-19 potentially offers persuasive arguments for reducing wildlife trade and consumption. This effect was not demonstrated by on-the-ground actors involved in this market. Bans in wildlife trade will not be sufficient and additional strategies are clearly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Q Morcatty
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Brookes University, Headington Road, OX3 0BP, Oxford, United Kingdom; RedeFauna - Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna da Amazônia, Brazil.
| | - Kim Feddema
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford, United Kingdom; UWA Business School, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, 6009, Perth, Australia.
| | - K A I Nekaris
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Brookes University, Headington Road, OX3 0BP, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Brookes University, Headington Road, OX3 0BP, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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La Laina DZ, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V, Morcatty TQ. Illegal online pet trade in venomous snakes and the occurrence of snakebites in Brazil. Toxicon 2021; 193:48-54. [PMID: 33497744 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Greater access to the Internet has boosted the online pet trade and especially enabled the trade in niche-targeted groups, such as venomous species. Despite their fearsome reputation, an array of venomous animals, such as snakes, spiders and scorpions arise interest among pet hobbyists, which exposes owners, sellers, and others involved in their transport and maintenance to potentially serious accidents by envenomation. To assess the potential risk to human health posed by the trade and ownership of venomous pet snakes, we examined social media posts trading or portraying native and exotic venomous species as pets (Facebook™ and YouTube™) and official seizures in Brazil between 2015 and 2020. In addition, we recorded all venomous snakebite events occurring in the country during the same period from the Brazilian Ministry of Health database. We compiled 114,931 venomous snakebite events resulting in over 600 human deaths. Bothrops spp. and Crotalus spp. were responsible for 86% and 10% of these events. We recorded 241 individual venomous snakes kept as pets of at least 16 species (seven native and nine non-native). The taxa with higher numbers of snakebites were also those most often kept as pets. Venomous pet snakes were sold at low prices, US$ 71.70 ± 18.44 on average. Our findings highlight a dangerous market, given the similarity of taxa raised as pets and those causing snakebites, combined with low availability of anti-venom for exotic species in Brazil. Additionally, several of the venomous pet snakes recorded are invasive species in many countries. Trade in venomous snakes is prohibited in Brazil, but the law is not well-enforced. To curb this illegal market and discourage consumer demand, we suggest that tougher penalties for sellers and owners should be considered, along with the development of awareness campaigns on the consequences of the snakebite injuries and the lack of antivenoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zani La Laina
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom.
| | - K A I Nekaris
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom.
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom.
| | - Thais Q Morcatty
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom; RedeFauna, Rede de Pesquisa Em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna da Amazônia, Brazil.
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Morcatty TQ, Bausch Macedo JC, Nekaris KAI, Ni Q, Durigan CC, Svensson MS, Nijman V. Illegal trade in wild cats and its link to Chinese-led development in Central and South America. Conserv Biol 2020; 34:1525-1535. [PMID: 32484587 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seizures of hundreds of jaguar heads and canines in Central and South America from 2014 to 2018 resulted in worldwide media coverage suggesting that wildlife traffickers are trading jaguar body parts as substitutes for tiger parts to satisfy the demand for traditional Asian medicine. We compiled a data set of >1000 seized wild cats (jaguar [Panthera onca], puma [Puma concolor], and ocelot [Leopardus pardalis]) from 19 Central and South American countries and China. We ran generalized additive mixed models to detect trends in wild-cat seizures from 2012 to 2018 and assess the effects of socioeconomic factors of source countries and between those countries and China on the number of wild cats seized. Jaguar seizures increased over time, and most of the seized jaguar pieces were canines (1991 of 2117). Around 34% (32 of 93) of the jaguar-part seizure reports were linked with China, and these seizures contained 14-fold more individuals than those intended for domestic markets. Source countries with relatively high levels of corruption and Chinese private investment and low income per capita had 10-50 times more jaguar seizures than the remaining sampled countries. The number of Chinese residents in Central and South America was not significantly related to the number of jaguars seized. No socioeconomic factors influenced the seizures of puma and ocelots. Legal market chains may provide structure for the illegal chain; thus, the influx of illegal jaguar products is potentially a side effect of the economic partnership between Central and South American countries and China. Poverty and high levels of corruption in the source countries may motivate local people to engage in illegal activities and contribute to the growth of this trade. Supply-side interventions to curb this threat to Neotropical wild cats may include improved training for officials and promotion of governance and the value of protecting these animals to local people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Q Morcatty
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX3 0BP, U.K
- RedeFauna - Research Network on Diversity, Conservation and Use of Amazonian Fauna, Brazil
| | | | - K Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX3 0BP, U.K
| | - Qingyong Ni
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX3 0BP, U.K
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Carlos C Durigan
- RedeFauna - Research Network on Diversity, Conservation and Use of Amazonian Fauna, Brazil
- Wildlife Conservation Society - Brazil, Rua Costa Azevedo 9, sala 403 - Centro, Manaus, AM, 69010-230, Brazil
| | - Magdalena S Svensson
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX3 0BP, U.K
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX3 0BP, U.K
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Tavares AS, Mayor P, Loureiro LF, Gilmore MP, Perez-Peña P, Bowler M, Lemos LP, Svensson MS, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V, Valsecchi J, Morcatty TQ. Widespread Use of Traditional Techniques by Local People for Hunting the Yellow-Footed Tortoise (Chelonoidis denticulatus) Across the Amazon. J ETHNOBIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-40.2.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Santos Tavares
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, Tefé, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Pedro Mayor
- Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Michael P. Gilmore
- School of Integrative Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax,Virginia
| | - Pedro Perez-Peña
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Peru
| | - Mark Bowler
- School of Engineering, Art, Science and Technology, University of Suffolk, Waterfront Building, Neptune Quay, Ipswich, UK
| | - Lísley Pereira Lemos
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, Tefé, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Magdalena S. Svensson
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - K. Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - João Valsecchi
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, Tefé, Amazonas Brazil
| | - Thais Queiroz Morcatty
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga, Tefé, Amazonas Brazil
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Scheib H, Nekaris KAI, Rode-Margono J, Ragnarsson L, Baumann K, Dobson JS, Wirdateti W, Nouwens A, Nijman V, Martelli P, Ma R, Lewis RJ, Kwok HF, Fry BG. The Toxicological Intersection between Allergen and Toxin: A Structural Comparison of the Cat Dander Allergenic Protein Fel d1 and the Slow Loris Brachial Gland Secretion Protein. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020086. [PMID: 32012831 PMCID: PMC7076782 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow lorises are enigmatic animal that represent the only venomous primate lineage. Their defensive secretions have received little attention. In this study we determined the full length sequence of the protein secreted by their unique brachial glands. The full length sequences displayed homology to the main allergenic protein present in cat dander. We thus compared the molecular features of the slow loris brachial gland protein and the cat dander allergen protein, showing remarkable similarities between them. Thus we postulate that allergenic proteins play a role in the slow loris defensive arsenal. These results shed light on these neglected, novel animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Scheib
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; (H.S.); (K.B.); (J.S.D.)
| | - K. Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (K.A.-I.N.); (J.R.-M.); (V.N.)
- Centre for Functional Genomics, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Johanna Rode-Margono
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (K.A.-I.N.); (J.R.-M.); (V.N.)
- The North of England Zoological Society / Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK
| | - Lotten Ragnarsson
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia; (L.R.)
| | - Kate Baumann
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; (H.S.); (K.B.); (J.S.D.)
| | - James S. Dobson
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; (H.S.); (K.B.); (J.S.D.)
| | | | - Amanda Nouwens
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia;
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (K.A.-I.N.); (J.R.-M.); (V.N.)
- Centre for Functional Genomics, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | | | - Rui Ma
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR;
| | - Richard J. Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia; (L.R.)
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR;
- Correspondence: (H.F.K.); (B.G.F.)
| | - Bryan Grieg Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; (H.S.); (K.B.); (J.S.D.)
- Correspondence: (H.F.K.); (B.G.F.)
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Siriwat P, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V. Digital media and the modern-day pet trade: a test of the ‘Harry Potter effect’ and the owl trade in Thailand. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2020. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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de Guinea M, Estrada A, Nekaris KAI, Van Belle S. Arboreal route navigation in a Neotropical mammal: energetic implications associated with tree monitoring and landscape attributes. Mov Ecol 2019; 7:39. [PMID: 31890215 PMCID: PMC6918719 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-019-0187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although navigating along a network of routes might constrain animal movement flexibility, it may be an energetically efficient strategy. Routinely using the same route allows for visually monitoring of food resources, which might reduce the cognitive load and as such facilitate the process of movement decision-making. Similarly, locating routes in areas that avoid costly landscape attributes will enhance their overall energy balance. In this study we determined the benefits of route navigation in an energy minimiser arboreal primate, the black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra). METHODS We monitored five neighbouring groups of black howler monkeys at Palenque National Park, Mexico from September 2016 through August 2017. We recorded the location of the focal group every 20 m and mapped all travel paths to establish a route network (N = 1528 travel bouts). We constructed linear mixed models to assess the influence of food resource distribution (N = 931 trees) and landscape attributes (slope, elevation and presence of canopy gaps) on the location of routes within a route network. RESULTS The number of food trees that fell within the visual detection distance from the route network was higher (mean: 156.1 ± SD 44.9) than randomly simulated locations (mean: 121.9 ± SD 46.4). Similarly, the number of food trees found within the monkey's visual range per meter travelled increased, on overage, 0.35 ± SE 0.04 trees/m with increasing use of the route. In addition, route segments used at least twice were more likely to occur with increasing density of food resources and decreasing presence of canopy gaps. Route segments used at least four times were more likely to occur in elevated areas within the home ranges but only under conditions of reduced visual access to food resources. CONCLUSIONS Route navigation emerged as an efficient movement strategy in a group-living arboreal primate. Highly used route segments potentially increased visual access to food resources while avoiding energetically costly landscape features securing foraging success in a tropical rainforest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel de Guinea
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gibbs Building, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP UK
| | - Alejandro Estrada
- Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - K. Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gibbs Building, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP UK
| | - Sarie Van Belle
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX USA
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Gursky S, Nekaris KAI. Nocturnal Primate Communication: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2019; 90:273-278. [PMID: 31416062 DOI: 10.1159/000501003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Auditory, visual and olfactory cues play varying roles in non-human primate communication, and these systems have been intensively studied over the last several decades. The use of vocalisations as a primary mode of communication has been the focus of much research, especially in attempts to understand the origins of human language, with a major focus on anthropoid primates and diurnal lemurs. Over the last decade, technological advances have allowed researchers to begin to conduct in-depth investigations into the communication systems exhibited by the nocturnal and cathemeral prosimian primates, including tarsiers, lemurs and lorises. Understanding how nocturnal prosimians use visual, olfactory and auditory cues is vital for reconstructing the origins of primate communication systems. In this special issue, we highlight some of the more exciting advances in the communication strategies of the prosimians. Contributions come from work conducted in Kenya, Tanzania, Senegal, Rwanda, Madagascar and the Indonesian islands of Java and Sulawesi. Topics will include: the description of novel ultrasonic vocalisations, including frequency and function of these newly discovered calls; the possible use of vocalisations to navigate and assemble at sleep sites; the importance of species-specific contact vocalisations for the identification of new species; the use of urinary and glandular signals to communicate and the methods developed to understand this complex communication in the field; the use of vocalisations for niche separation among nocturnal primates from mainland Africa and Madagascar; and whether or not we can use new technologies to discern whether prosimians use vocalisations for individual identification of group members. We discuss the importance of new field methods including novel equipment and techniques, the use of vocalisation to influence conservation practices and the importance of comparing across prosimian taxa to reconstruct the communication systems of our early primate ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Gursky
- Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - K A I Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Anthropology, School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom,
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Reinhardt KD, Vyazovskiy VV, Hernandez-Aguilar RA, Imron MA, Nekaris KAI. Environment shapes sleep patterns in a wild nocturnal primate. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9939. [PMID: 31289296 PMCID: PMC6616475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Among primates, the suborder Haplorhini is considered to have evolved a consolidated monophasic sleep pattern, with diurnal species requiring a shorter sleep duration than nocturnal species. Only a few primate species have been systematically studied in their natural habitat where environmental variables, including temperature and light, have a major influence on sleep and activity patterns. Here we report the first sleep study on a nocturnal primate performed in the wild. We fitted seven wild Javan slow lorises (Nycticebus javanicus) in West Java, Indonesia with accelerometers that collected activity data, and installed climate loggers in each individual’s home range to collect ambient temperature readings (over 321 days in total). All individuals showed a strictly nocturnal pattern of activity and displayed a striking synchronisation of onset and cessation of activity in relation to sunset and sunrise. The longest consolidated rest episodes were typically clustered near the beginning and towards the end of the light period, and this pattern was inversely related to daily fluctuations of the ambient temperature. The striking relationship between daily activity patterns, light levels and temperature suggests a major role of the environment in shaping the daily architecture of waking and sleep. We concluded that well-known phenotypic variability in daily sleep amount and architecture across species may represent an adaptation to changes in the environment. Our data suggest that the consolidated monophasic sleep patterns shaped by environmental pressures observed in slow lorises represent phylogenetic inertia in the evolution of sleep patterns in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen D Reinhardt
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom. .,Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - R Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar
- Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Social Psychologyand Quantitative Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Muhammad Ali Imron
- Department of Forest Resources Conservation, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - K Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Nijman V, Morcatty T, Smith JH, Atoussi S, Shepherd CR, Siriwat P, Nekaris KAI, Bergin D. Illegal wildlife trade – surveying open animal markets and online platforms to understand the poaching of wild cats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2019.1568915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Nijman
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Thais Morcatty
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Jaima H. Smith
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Sadek Atoussi
- Laboratoir de recherche biologie eau et environnement de ́partement d’Ecologie, Université 8 Mai 1945 Guelma, Guelma, Algeria
| | | | - Penthai Siriwat
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - K. Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Bergin
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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34
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Nekaris KAI, Weldon A, Imron MA, Maynard KQ, Nijman V, Poindexter SA, Morcatty TQ. Venom in Furs: Facial Masks as Aposematic Signals in a Venomous Mammal. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E93. [PMID: 30764557 PMCID: PMC6409604 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of colouration in animals includes concealment, communication and signaling, such as the use of aposematism as a warning signal. Aposematism is unusual in mammals, and exceptions help us to understand its ecology and evolution. The Javan slow loris is a highly territorial venomous mammal that has a distinctive facial mask and monochromatic vision. To help understand if they use aposematism to advertise their venom to conspecifics or predators with different visual systems, we studied a population in Java, Indonesia. Using ImageJ, we selected colours from the facial masks of 58 individuals, converted RBG colours into monochromatic, dichromatic and trichromatic modes, and created a contrast index. During 290 captures, we recorded venom secretion and aggressiveness. Using Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling and generalised additive models for location, scale and shape, we found that young slow lorises differ significantly from adults, being both more contrasting and more aggressive, with aggressive animals showing fewer wounds. We suggest aposematic facial masks serve multiple purposes in slow lorises based on age. Change in colouration through development may play a role in intraspecific competition, and advertise toxicity or aggressiveness to competitors and/or predators in juveniles. Aposematic signals combined with intraspecific competition may provide clues to new venomous taxa among mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Ariana Weldon
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Muhammad Ali Imron
- Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Madah, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Keely Q Maynard
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Stephanie A Poindexter
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Thais Queiroz Morcatty
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
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Luhrs AM, Svensson MS, Nekaris KAI. Comparative Ecology and Behaviour of Eastern Potto Perodicticus ibeanus and Central Potto P. Edwardsi in Angola, Cameroon, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda and Uganda. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2982/028.107.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Averee M. Luhrs
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Magdalena S. Svensson
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - K. Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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Regmi GR, Huettmann F, Suwal MK, Nijman V, Nekaris KAI, Kandel K, Sharma N, Coudrat C. First open access ensemble climate envelope predictions of Assamese macaque Macaca assamensis in Asia: a new role model and assessment of endangered species. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2018. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
It has been suggested that strepsirrhines (lemurs, lorises, and galagos) retain the more primitive left-hand preference, whilst monkeys and apes more regularly display a right-hand preference at the individual-level. We looked to address questions of laterality in the slow loris (Nycticebus spp.) using spontaneous observations of 7 wild individuals, unimanual tests in 6 captive individuals, and photos of 42 individuals in a bilateral posture assessing handedness at the individual- and group-level. During the unimanual reach task, we found at the individual-level, only 4 slow lorises showed a hand use bias (R: 3, L: 1), Handedness index (HI) ranged from -0.57 to 1.00. In the wild unimanual grasp task, we found at the individual-level two individual showed a right-hand bias, the HI ranged from -0.19 to 0.70. The bilateral venom pose showed a trend toward a right-hand dominant grip in those photographed in captivity, but an ambiguous difference in wild individuals. There are many environmental constraints in captivity that wild animals do not face, thus data collected in wild settings are more representative of their natural state. The presence of right-handedness in these species suggests that there is a need to re-evaluate the evolution of handedness in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Poindexter
- a Department of Social Sciences , Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK.,b Nocturnal Primate Research Group , Oxford , UK.,c The Little Fireface Project , West Java , Indonesia
| | - Kathleen D Reinhardt
- a Department of Social Sciences , Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK.,b Nocturnal Primate Research Group , Oxford , UK.,c The Little Fireface Project , West Java , Indonesia
| | - Vincent Nijman
- a Department of Social Sciences , Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK.,b Nocturnal Primate Research Group , Oxford , UK
| | - K A I Nekaris
- a Department of Social Sciences , Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK.,b Nocturnal Primate Research Group , Oxford , UK.,c The Little Fireface Project , West Java , Indonesia
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Nekaris KAI, McCabe S, Spaan D, Ali MI, Nijman V. A novel application of cultural consensus models to evaluate conservation education programs. Conserv Biol 2018; 32:466-476. [PMID: 28861944 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Conservation professionals recognize the need to evaluate education initiatives with a flexible approach that is culturally appropriate. Cultural-consensus theory (CCT) provides a framework for measuring the extent to which beliefs are communally held and has long been applied by social scientists. In a conservation-education context, we applied CCT and used free lists (i.e., a list of items on a topic stated in order of cultural importance) and domain analysis (analysis of how free lists go together within a cultural group) to evaluate a conservation education program in which we used a children's picture book to increase knowledge about and empathy for a critically endangered mammal, the Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus). We extracted free lists of keywords generated by students (n = 580 in 18 schools) from essays they wrote before and after the education program. In 2 classroom sessions conducted approximately 18 weeks apart, we asked students to write an essay about their knowledge of the target species and then presented a book and several activities about slow loris ecology. Prior to the second session, we asked students to write a second essay. We generated free lists from both essays, quantified salience of terms used, and conducted minimal residuals factor analysis to determine presence of cultural domains surrounding slow lorises in each session. Students increased their use of words accurately associated with slow loris ecology and conservation from 43% in initial essays to 76% in final essays. Domain coherence increased from 22% to 47% across schools. Fifteen factors contributed to the domain slow loris. Between the first and second essays, factors that showed the greatest change were feeding ecology and slow loris as a forest protector, which increased 7-fold, and the humancentric factor, which decreased 5-fold. As demonstrated by knowledge retention and creation of unique stories and conservation opinions, children achieved all six levels of Bloom's taxonomy of learning domains. Free from the constraints of questionnaires and surveys, CCT methods provide a promising avenue to evaluate conservation education programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A I Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, U.K
| | - Sharon McCabe
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, U.K
| | - Denise Spaan
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, U.K
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida Dr. Luis Castelazo s/n, Colonia Industrial Animas C.P. 91000 Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Muhammad Imron Ali
- Forest Resource Conservation, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Komplek Agro Bulaksumur no 1, Yogyakarta 55280, Indonesia
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, U.K
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Fuller G, Eggen WF, Wirdateti W, Nekaris KAI. Welfare impacts of the illegal wildlife trade in a cohort of confiscated greater slow lorises, Nycticebus coucang. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2017; 21:224-238. [PMID: 29185811 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2017.1393338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Illegal harvesting and trade are major forces behind population declines of wild slow lorises (genus Nycticebus). The impacts of the wildlife trade on individual slow lorises have not been as well described. In this article, we describe quantitatively the consequences of the wildlife trade for 77 greater slow lorises, N. coucang, who were confiscated en masse and brought to Cikananga Wildlife Center in Indonesia. Medical records indicated that in total, 28.6% of the slow lorises died within the first 6 months, mostly due to traumatic injury, and all the infants died. The greatest sources of morbidity were external wounds (33.1% of 166 total medical events) and dental problems (19.3%). Of the surviving individuals, 25.4% displayed abnormal behavior. Behavioral observations indicated that healthy adults (n = 3) spent 48.2% of their active period performing stereotypies. These data illustrate the physical and behavioral impacts of the illegal wildlife trade on the welfare of slow lorises. We suggest that sharing these individual stories may help generate empathy and educate the public about the impacts of the exotic companion-animal (pet) trade on nonhuman animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Fuller
- a Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Wilhelmina Frederica Eggen
- b Cikananga Wildlife Center (Pusat Penyelamatan Satwa Cikananga), Kecamatan Nyalindung Kabupaten Sukabumi , Provinsi Jawa Barat , Indonesia.,c Wanicare Foundation , Balkbrug , The Netherlands
| | - Wirdateti Wirdateti
- d Division Zoology , Research Center for Biology, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), Gedung Widyasatwaloka , Jakarta-Bogor , Indonesia
| | - K A I Nekaris
- a Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , United Kingdom
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Kappeler PM, Cuozzo FP, Fichtel C, Ganzhorn JU, Gursky-Doyen S, Irwin MT, Ichino S, Lawler R, Nekaris KAI, Ramanamanjato JB, Radespiel U, Sauther ML, Wright PC, Zimmermann E. Long-term field studies of lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers. J Mammal 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyx013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Svensson MS, Bersacola E, Mills MSL, Munds RA, Nijman V, Perkin A, Masters JC, Couette S, Nekaris KAI, Bearder SK. A giant among dwarfs: a new species of galago (Primates: Galagidae) from Angola. Am J Phys Anthropol 2017; 163:30-43. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Bersacola
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group; Oxford Brookes University; Oxford OX3 0BP UK
| | - Michael S. L. Mills
- A. P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute; University of Jos; Jos 930001 Nigeria
| | - Rachel A. Munds
- Department of Anthropology; University of Missouri Columbia; Columbia Missouri 65211
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group; Oxford Brookes University; Oxford OX3 0BP UK
| | - Andrew Perkin
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group; Oxford Brookes University; Oxford OX3 0BP UK
- Tanzania Forest Conservation Group; Dar es Salaam Tanzania
| | - Judith C. Masters
- African Primate Initiative for Ecology and Speciation, Africa Earth Observatory Network, Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute; Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University; Port Elizabeth 6031 South Africa
| | - Sébastien Couette
- EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France & UMR CNRS 6282 “Biogéosciences”, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté; Dijon 21000 France
| | | | - Simon K. Bearder
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group; Oxford Brookes University; Oxford OX3 0BP UK
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Estrada A, Garber PA, Rylands AB, Roos C, Fernandez-Duque E, Di Fiore A, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V, Heymann EW, Lambert JE, Rovero F, Barelli C, Setchell JM, Gillespie TR, Mittermeier RA, Arregoitia LV, de Guinea M, Gouveia S, Dobrovolski R, Shanee S, Shanee N, Boyle SA, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Amato KR, Meyer ALS, Wich S, Sussman RW, Pan R, Kone I, Li B. Impending extinction crisis of the world's primates: Why primates matter. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1600946. [PMID: 28116351 PMCID: PMC5242557 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates, our closest biological relatives, play important roles in the livelihoods, cultures, and religions of many societies and offer unique insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and the threat of emerging diseases. They are an essential component of tropical biodiversity, contributing to forest regeneration and ecosystem health. Current information shows the existence of 504 species in 79 genera distributed in the Neotropics, mainland Africa, Madagascar, and Asia. Alarmingly, ~60% of primate species are now threatened with extinction and ~75% have declining populations. This situation is the result of escalating anthropogenic pressures on primates and their habitats-mainly global and local market demands, leading to extensive habitat loss through the expansion of industrial agriculture, large-scale cattle ranching, logging, oil and gas drilling, mining, dam building, and the construction of new road networks in primate range regions. Other important drivers are increased bushmeat hunting and the illegal trade of primates as pets and primate body parts, along with emerging threats, such as climate change and anthroponotic diseases. Often, these pressures act in synergy, exacerbating primate population declines. Given that primate range regions overlap extensively with a large, and rapidly growing, human population characterized by high levels of poverty, global attention is needed immediately to reverse the looming risk of primate extinctions and to attend to local human needs in sustainable ways. Raising global scientific and public awareness of the plight of the world's primates and the costs of their loss to ecosystem health and human society is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Estrada
- Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul A. Garber
- Department of Anthropology, Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Anthony B. Rylands
- Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78705, USA
| | | | - Vincent Nijman
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, U.K
| | - Eckhard W. Heymann
- Abteilung Verhaltensökologie und Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joanna E. Lambert
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1350 Pleasant Street UCB 233, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Tropical Biodiversity Section, MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Claudia Barelli
- Tropical Biodiversity Section, MUSE—Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Joanna M. Setchell
- Department of Anthropology, and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Thomas R. Gillespie
- Departments of Environmental Sciences and Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, Math and Science Center, Suite E510, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | - Miguel de Guinea
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, U.K
| | - Sidney Gouveia
- Department of Ecology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dobrovolski
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA 40170-290, Brazil
| | - Sam Shanee
- Neotropical Primate Conservation, 23 Portland Road, Manchester M32 0PH, U.K
- Asociación Neotropical Primate Conservation Perú, 1187 Avenida Belaunde, La Esperanza, Yambrasbamba, Bongará, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Noga Shanee
- Neotropical Primate Conservation, 23 Portland Road, Manchester M32 0PH, U.K
- Asociación Neotropical Primate Conservation Perú, 1187 Avenida Belaunde, La Esperanza, Yambrasbamba, Bongará, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Sarah A. Boyle
- Department of Biology, Rhodes College, 2000 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - Agustin Fuentes
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Katherine C. MacKinnon
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Katherine R. Amato
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Andreas L. S. Meyer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, C.P. 19020, Curitiba, PR 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Serge Wich
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, U.K
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert W. Sussman
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ruliang Pan
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, University of Western Australia (M309), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Inza Kone
- Centre Suisse des Recherches Scientifiques, Université de Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Baoguo Li
- Xi’an Branch of Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229, Taibai North Road, Xi’an 710069, China
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Nijman V, Nekaris KAI. Provide context when reporting on the use of protected and endangered wildlife in ethnopharmacological surveys. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 194:577-579. [PMID: 27793782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The value of reports on the use of wildlife in ethnopharmacological surveys increases when context is provided on the legality of its use and on the species' conservation status. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate if context is provided when protected and threatened animals are reported as being used in traditional medicine, and to provide recommendations for future reporting. MATERIAL AND METHODS Review of recent papers in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology. RESULTS Rarely is information provided on (1) the conservation status of the animals that are used in traditional medicine, (2) whether the parts can be obtained non-invasively or if the animals have to be killed, or (3) whether or not it is legal to use the animals, their parts or derivatives according to national law. CONCLUSION When presenting the results of ethnopharmalogical surveys include (1) the conservation status of the species affected, (2) whether or not parts could be harvested non-invasively and (3) the legality of harvesting and / or trading these animals, their parts or their derivatives. Our focus here is on animals, given that more so than in plants or fungi, many of their parts used in natural medicine cannot be obtained non-invasively, but a similar set of guidelines could be developed for other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, UK.
| | - K A I Nekaris
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, UK
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Nijman V, Spaan D, Nekaris KAI. Large-Scale Trade in Legally Protected Marine Mollusc Shells from Java and Bali, Indonesia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140593. [PMID: 26717021 PMCID: PMC4696778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tropical marine molluscs are traded globally. Larger species with slow life histories are under threat from over-exploitation. We report on the trade in protected marine mollusc shells in and from Java and Bali, Indonesia. Since 1987 twelve species of marine molluscs are protected under Indonesian law to shield them from overexploitation. Despite this protection they are traded openly in large volumes. Methodology/Principal Findings We collected data on species composition, origins, volumes and prices at two large open markets (2013), collected data from wholesale traders (2013), and compiled seizure data by the Indonesian authorities (2008–2013). All twelve protected species were observed in trade. Smaller species were traded for <USD1.00 whereas prices of larger species were USD15.00–40.00 with clear price-size relationships. Some shells were collected locally in Java and Bali, but the trade involves networks stretching hundreds of kilometres throughout Indonesia. Wholesale traders offer protected marine mollusc shells for the export market by the container or by the metric ton. Data from 20 confiscated shipments show an on-going trade in these molluscs. Over 42,000 shells were seized over a 5-year period, with a retail value of USD700,000 within Indonesia; horned helmet (Cassis cornuta) (>32,000 shells valued at USD500,000), chambered nautilus (Nautilus pompilius) (>3,000 shells, USD60,000) and giant clams (Tridacna spp.) (>2,000 shells, USD45,000) were traded in largest volumes. Two-thirds of this trade was destined for international markets, including in the USA and Asia-Pacific region. Conclusions/Significance We demonstrated that the trade in protected marine mollusc shells in Indonesia is not controlled nor monitored, that it involves large volumes, and that networks of shell collectors, traders, middlemen and exporters span the globe. This impedes protection of these species on the ground and calls into question the effectiveness of protected species management in Indonesia; solutions are unlikely to be found only in Indonesia and must involve the cooperation of importing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Nijman
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, OX3 0BP, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Denise Spaan
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, OX3 0BP, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Neuroethology, University of Veracruz, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - K. Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, OX3 0BP, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Nijman V, Spaan D, Rode-Margono EJ, Wirdateti, Nekaris KAI. Changes in the primate trade in indonesian wildlife markets over a 25-year period: Fewer apes and langurs, more macaques, and slow lorises. Am J Primatol 2015; 79. [PMID: 26713673 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Indonesia has amongst the highest primate species richness, and many species are included on the country's protected species list, partially to prevent over-exploitation. Nevertheless traders continue to sell primates in open wildlife markets especially on the islands of Java and Bali. We surveyed 13 wildlife markets in 2012-2014 and combined our results with previous surveys from 1990-2009 into a 122-survey dataset with 2,424 records of 17 species. These data showed that the diversity of species in trade decreased over time, shifting from rare rainforest-dwelling primates traded alongside more widespread species that are not confined to forest to the latter type only. In the 1990s and early 2000s orangutans, gibbons and langurs were commonly traded alongside macaques and slow lorises but in the last decade macaques and slow lorises comprised the bulk of the trade. In 2012-2014 we monitored six wildlife markets in Jakarta, Bandung and Garut (all on Java), and Denpasar (Bali). During 51 surveys we recorded 1,272 primates of eight species. Traders offered long-tailed macaque (total 1,007 individuals) and three species of slow loris (228 individuals) in five of the six markets, whereas they traded ebony langurs (18 individuals), and pig-tailed macaques (14 individuals) mostly in Jakarta. Pramuka and Jatinegara markets, both in Jakarta, stood out as important hubs for the primate trade, with a clear shift in importance over time from the former to the latter. Slow lorises, orangutans, gibbons and some langurs are protected under Indonesian law, which prohibits all trade in them; of these protected species, only the slow lorises remained common in trade throughout the 25-year period. Trade in non-protected macaques and langurs is subject to strict regulations-which market traders did not follow-making all the market trade in primates that we observed illegal. Trade poses a substantial threat to Indonesian primates, and without enforcement, the sheer volume of trade may mean that species of Least Concern or Near Threatened may rapidly decline. Am. J. Primatol. 79:e22517, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Nijman
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Denise Spaan
- Institute of Neuroethology, University of Veracruz, Xalapa, Mexico
| | | | - Wirdateti
- Zoological Division, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - K A I Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Rode-Margono EJ, Nekaris KAI, Kappeler PM, Schwitzer C. The largest relative testis size among primates and aseasonal reproduction in a nocturnal lemur,Mirza zaza. Am J Phys Anthropol 2015; 158:165-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Johanna Rode-Margono
- Bristol Zoological Society, c/o Bristol Zoo Gardens; Clifton; Bristol BS83HA UK
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group; Oxford Brookes University; Oxford OX30BP UK
| | | | - Peter M. Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit; German Primate Center; Göttingen 37077 Germany
| | - Christoph Schwitzer
- Bristol Zoological Society, c/o Bristol Zoo Gardens; Clifton; Bristol BS83HA UK
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Nekaris KAI, Starr CR. OVERVIEW: Conservation and ecology of the neglected slow loris: priorities and prospects. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Pozzi L, Nekaris KAI, Perkin A, Bearder SK, Pimley ER, Schulze H, Streicher U, Nadler T, Kitchener A, Zischler H, Zinner D, Roos C. Remarkable ancient divergences amongst neglected lorisiform primates. Zool J Linn Soc 2015; 175:661-674. [PMID: 26900177 PMCID: PMC4744660 DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lorisiform primates (Primates: Strepsirrhini: Lorisiformes) represent almost 10% of the living primate species and are widely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa and South/South-East Asia; however, their taxonomy, evolutionary history, and biogeography are still poorly understood. In this study we report the largest molecular phylogeny in terms of the number of represented taxa. We sequenced the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for 86 lorisiform specimens, including ∼80% of all the species currently recognized. Our results support the monophyly of the Galagidae, but a common ancestry of the Lorisinae and Perodicticinae (family Lorisidae) was not recovered. These three lineages have early origins, with the Galagidae and the Lorisinae diverging in the Oligocene at about 30 Mya and the Perodicticinae emerging in the early Miocene. Our mitochondrial phylogeny agrees with recent studies based on nuclear data, and supports Euoticus as the oldest galagid lineage and the polyphyletic status of Galagoides. Moreover, we have elucidated phylogenetic relationships for several species never included before in a molecular phylogeny. The results obtained in this study suggest that lorisiform diversity remains substantially underestimated and that previously unnoticed cryptic diversity might be present within many lineages, thus urgently requiring a comprehensive taxonomic revision of this primate group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pozzi
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research Kellnerweg 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | | | - Andrew Perkin
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes UniversityOxfordOX3 0BPUK; Tanzania Forest Conservation GroupPO Box 23410Dar es SalaamTanzania
| | - Simon K Bearder
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University Oxford OX3 0BP UK
| | - Elizabeth R Pimley
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes UniversityOxfordOX3 0BPUK; School of Natural & Social SciencesUniversity of GloucestershireFrancis Close HallSwindon RoadCheltenhamGloucestershireGL50 4AZUK
| | - Helga Schulze
- Department of Neuroanatomy MA 01/43 Ruhr University 44780 Bochum Germany
| | | | - Tilo Nadler
- Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Cuc Phuong National Park Nho Quan District, Ninh Binh Province Vietnam
| | - Andrew Kitchener
- Department of Natural SciencesNational Museums ScotlandChambers StreetEdinburghEH1 1JFUK; Institute of GeographySchool of GeoSciencesUniversity of EdinburghDrummond StreetEdinburghEH8 9XPUK
| | - Hans Zischler
- Institute of Anthropology University of Mainz Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzel-Weg 7 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Dietmar Zinner
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research Kellnerweg 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research Kellnerweg 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
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