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Salgueiro-Gonzalez N, Béen F, Bijlsma L, Boogaerts T, Covaci A, Baz-Lomba JA, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Matias J, Ort C, Bodík I, Heath E, Styszko K, Emke E, Hernández F, van Nuijs ALN, Castiglioni S. Influent wastewater analysis to investigate emerging trends of new psychoactive substances use in Europe. Water Res 2024; 254:121390. [PMID: 38430760 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can provide objective and timely information on the use of new psychoactive substances (NPS), originally designed as legal alternatives of internationally controlled drugs. NPS have rapidly emerged on the global drug market, posing a challenge to drug policy and constituting a risk to public health. In this study, a WBE approach was applied to monitor the use of more than 300 NPS, together with fentanyl and its main metabolite norfentanyl, in influent wastewater collected from 12 European cities during March-June 2021. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of NPS in composite 24 h influent wastewater samples were based on solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In-sample stability tests demonstrated the suitability of most investigated biomarkers, except for a few synthetic opioids, synthetic cannabinoids and phenetylamines. Fentanyl, norfentanyl and eight NPS were quantified in influent wastewater and at least three substances were found in each city, demonstrating their use in Europe. N,N-dimethyltryptamine and 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) were the most common NPS found, with the latter having the highest mass loads (up to 24.8 mg/day/1000 inhabitants). Seven additional substances, belonging to five categories of NPS, were identified in different cities. Spatial trends of NPS use were observed between cities and countries, and a changing weekly profile of use was observed for 3-MMC. WBE is a useful tool to rapidly evaluate emerging trends of NPS use, complementing common indicators (i.e. population surveys, seizures) and helping to establish measures for public health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Salgueiro-Gonzalez
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Frederic Béen
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands; Chemistry for Environment and Health, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Tim Boogaerts
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jose Antonio Baz-Lomba
- Department of Infection Control and Preparedness, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Environmental Chemistry, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo N-0349, Norway
| | | | - João Matias
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Urban Water Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Igor Bodík
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Erik Emke
- KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | | | - Sara Castiglioni
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Skiba A, Styszko K, Furman P, Szramowiat-Sala K, Samek L, Gorczyca Z, Wideł D, Kasper-Giebl A, Różański K. Source apportionment of suspended particulate matter (PM 1, PM 2.5 and PM 10) collected in road and tram tunnels in Krakow, Poland. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:14690-14703. [PMID: 38280167 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32000-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Here, we present the results of a comprehensive study of air quality in two tunnels located in the city of Krakow, southern Poland. The study comprised three PM fractions of suspended particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10) sampled during campaigns lasting from March 14 to April 24, 2016 and from June 28 to July 18, 2016, in the road tunnel and the tram tunnel, respectively. The collected samples had undergone comprehensive chemical, elemental and carbon isotope analyses. The results of these analyses gave the basis for better characterization of urban transport as a source of air pollution in the city. The concentrations of particulate matter varied, depending on the analysed PM fraction and the place of sampling. For the tram tunnel, the average concentrations were 53.2 µg·m-3 (PM1), 73.8 µg·m-3 (PM2.5), 96.5 µg·m-3 (PM10), to be compared with 44.2 µg·m-3, 137.7 µg·m-3, 221.5 µg·m-3, respectively, recorded in the road tunnel. The isotope-mass balance calculations carried out separately for the road and tram tunnel and for each PM fraction, revealed that 60 to 79% of carbon present in the samples collected in the road tunnel was associated with road transport, to be compared with 15-33% obtained in the tram tunnel. The second in importance were biogenic emissions (17-21% and 41-49% in the road and tram tunnel, respectively. Sixteen different polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been identified in the analysed samples. As expected, much higher concentrations of PAHs were detected in the road tunnel when compared to the tram tunnel. Based on the analysed PAHs concentrations, health risk assessment was determined using 3 different types of indicators: carcinogenic equivalent (CEQ), mutagenic equivalent (MEQ) and toxic equivalent (TEQ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Skiba
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Furman
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Lucyna Samek
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Gorczyca
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Wideł
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7 Street, 25-406, Kielce, Poland
| | - Anne Kasper-Giebl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU-Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kazimierz Różański
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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3
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Styszko K, Pamuła J, Pac A, Sochacka-Tatara E. Biomarkers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human excreta: recent advances in analytical techniques-a review. Environ Geochem Health 2023; 45:7099-7113. [PMID: 37530922 PMCID: PMC10517897 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental pollutants that are generated by the incomplete combustion of organic materials. The main anthropogenic sources of PAHs are the combustion of solid fuels for heating purposes, illegal waste incineration, road transport and industries based on fossil fuels. PAHs can easily enter the body because they are present in all elements of the environment, including water, soil, air, and food. Due to their ubiquitous presence, PAHs, may exert a harmful effect on human health. Assessing PAH exposure through biomonitoring mostly involve techniques to measure the concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene in human urine. Nevertheless, through recent progress in analytical techniques, other common metabolites of PAHs in human biospecimens can be detected. A scientific literature search was conducted to determine which hydroxy derivatives of PAHs are markers of PAHs exposure and to reveal the leading sources of these compounds. Techniques for analyzing biological samples to identify OH-PAHs are also discussed. The most frequently determined OH-PAH in human urine is 1-hydroxypyrene, the concentration of which reaches up to a dozen ng/L in urine. Apart from this compound, the most frequently determined biomarkers were naphthalene and fluorene metabolites. The highest concentrations of 1- and 2-hydroxynaphthalene, as well as 2-hydroxyfluorene, are associated with occupational exposure and reach approximately 30 ng/L in urine. High molecular weight PAH metabolites have been identified in only a few studies. To date, PAH metabolites in feces have been analyzed only in animal models for PAH exposure. The most frequently used analytical method is HPLC-FLD. However, compared to liquid chromatography, the LOD for gas chromatography methods is at least one order of magnitude lower. The hydroxy derivatives naphthalene and fluorene may also serve as indicators of PAH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Styszko
- Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Justyna Pamuła
- Department of Geoengineering and Water Management, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Cracow University of Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pac
- Chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Sochacka-Tatara
- Chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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4
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Anielak AM, Styszko K, Kwaśny J. The Importance of Humic Substances in Transporting "Chemicals of Emerging Concern" in Water and Sewage Environments. Molecules 2023; 28:6483. [PMID: 37764263 PMCID: PMC10535854 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the sorption of selected "chemicals of emerging concern" (CEC) on humic substances commonly found in water and municipal wastewater. These were ibuprofen, diclofenac, caffeine, carbamazepine, estrone, triclosan, bisphenol A, and isoproturon. The humic substances (HSs) were synthetic and not contaminated by the tested organic substances. The elemental composition and content of mineral micropollutants, gravimetric curves, and the IR spectrum of HSs were determined. We determined a relationship between the process efficiency and the characteristics of a sorbent and sorbate using the properties of organic substances sorbed on HSs. This relationship was confirmed by sorption tests on the HS complex, i.e., the HS-organic micropollutant. It has been shown that the given complexes have a greater affinity for hydrophobic surfaces than hydrophilic surfaces. To confirm the nature of the sorbent surfaces, we determined their zeta potential dependence on the pH of the solution. Studies have shown that HSs are carriers of both mineral substances and CEC in water and sewage environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Anielak
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Justyna Kwaśny
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
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5
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Casotto R, Skiba A, Rauber M, Strähl J, Tobler A, Bhattu D, Lamkaddam H, Manousakas MI, Salazar G, Cui T, Canonaco F, Samek L, Ryś A, El Haddad I, Kasper-Giebl A, Baltensperger U, Necki J, Szidat S, Styszko K, Slowik JG, Prévôt ASH, Daellenbach KR. Organic aerosol sources in Krakow, Poland, before implementation of a solid fuel residential heating ban. Sci Total Environ 2023; 855:158655. [PMID: 36089024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Casotto
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Alicja Skiba
- Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Martin Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Strähl
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Tobler
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; Datalystica Ltd., Park innovAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Deepika Bhattu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Manousos I Manousakas
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Gary Salazar
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Lucyna Samek
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Ryś
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Anne Kasper-Giebl
- Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jaroslaw Necki
- Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sönke Szidat
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Kaspar R Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.
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6
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Konduracka E, Krawczyk K, Surmiak M, Pudełek M, Malinowski KP, Mastalerz L, Zimnoch M, Samek L, Styszko K, Furman L, Gałkowski M, Nessler J, Różański K, Sanak M. Monocyte exposure to fine particulate matter results in miRNA release: A link between air pollution and potential clinical complication. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 96:103996. [PMID: 36228992 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to PM2.5 contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous disorders, although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The study investigated whether exposure of human monocytes to PM2.5 is associated with alterations in miRNAs. Monocytes were exposed in vitro to PM2.5 collected during winter and summer, followed by miRNA isolation from monocytes. Additionally, in 140 persons chronically exposed to air pollution, some miRNA patterns were isolated from serum seasonally. Between-season differences in chemical PM2.5 composition were observed. Some miRNAs were expressed both in monocytes and in human serum. MiR-34c-5p and miR-223-5p expression was more pronounced in winter. Bioinformatics analyses showed that selected miRNAs were involved in the regulation of several pathways. The expression of the same miRNA species in monocytes and serum suggests that these cells are involved in the production of miRNAs implicated in the development of disorders mediated by inflammation, oxidative stress, proliferation, and apoptosis after exposure to PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Konduracka
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Coronary Disease Department and Heart Failure, John Paul II Hospital, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Krawczyk
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Pudełek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Piotr Malinowski
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lucyna Mastalerz
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mirosław Zimnoch
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry in Jena, Hans-Knöll Jena, Germany
| | - Lucyna Samek
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry in Jena, Hans-Knöll Jena, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Kraków, Poland
| | - Leszek Furman
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry in Jena, Hans-Knöll Jena, Germany
| | - Michał Gałkowski
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry in Jena, Hans-Knöll Jena, Germany; Department of Biogeochemical Signals, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jadwiga Nessler
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Coronary Disease Department and Heart Failure, John Paul II Hospital, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Różański
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Kraków, Poland; Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry in Jena, Hans-Knöll Jena, Germany
| | - Marek Sanak
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Kraków, Poland
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7
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Bolesta W, Głodniok M, Styszko K. From Sewage Sludge to the Soil-Transfer of Pharmaceuticals: A Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:10246. [PMID: 36011880 PMCID: PMC9408069 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge, produced in the process of wastewater treatment and managed for agriculture, poses the risk of disseminating all the pollutants contained in it. It is tested for heavy metals or parasites, but the concentration of pharmaceuticals in the sludge is not controlled. The presence of these micropollutants in sludge is proven and there is no doubt about their negative impact on the environment. The fate of these micropollutants in the soil is a new and important issue that needs to be known to finally assess the safety of the agricultural use of sewage sludge. The article will discuss issues related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in sewage sludge and their physicochemical properties. The changes that pharmaceuticals undergo have a significant impact on living organisms. This is important for the implementation of a circular economy, which fits perfectly into the agricultural use of stabilized sewage sludge. Research should be undertaken that clearly shows that there is no risk from pharmaceuticals or vice versa: they contribute to the strict definition of maximum allowable concentrations in sludge, which will become an additional criterion in the legislation on municipal sewage sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Bolesta
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
- Water and Sewage Company in Żory, ul. Wodociągowa 10, 44-240 Zory, Poland
| | - Marcin Głodniok
- Central Mining Institute, Plac Gwarków 1, 40-166 Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
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8
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Chen G, Canonaco F, Tobler A, Aas W, Alastuey A, Allan J, Atabakhsh S, Aurela M, Baltensperger U, Bougiatioti A, De Brito JF, Ceburnis D, Chazeau B, Chebaicheb H, Daellenbach KR, Ehn M, El Haddad I, Eleftheriadis K, Favez O, Flentje H, Font A, Fossum K, Freney E, Gini M, Green DC, Heikkinen L, Herrmann H, Kalogridis AC, Keernik H, Lhotka R, Lin C, Lunder C, Maasikmets M, Manousakas MI, Marchand N, Marin C, Marmureanu L, Mihalopoulos N, Močnik G, Nęcki J, O'Dowd C, Ovadnevaite J, Peter T, Petit JE, Pikridas M, Matthew Platt S, Pokorná P, Poulain L, Priestman M, Riffault V, Rinaldi M, Różański K, Schwarz J, Sciare J, Simon L, Skiba A, Slowik JG, Sosedova Y, Stavroulas I, Styszko K, Teinemaa E, Timonen H, Tremper A, Vasilescu J, Via M, Vodička P, Wiedensohler A, Zografou O, Cruz Minguillón M, Prévôt ASH. European aerosol phenomenology - 8: Harmonised source apportionment of organic aerosol using 22 Year-long ACSM/AMS datasets. Environ Int 2022; 166:107325. [PMID: 35716508 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosol (OA) is a key component of total submicron particulate matter (PM1), and comprehensive knowledge of OA sources across Europe is crucial to mitigate PM1 levels. Europe has a well-established air quality research infrastructure from which yearlong datasets using 21 aerosol chemical speciation monitors (ACSMs) and 1 aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) were gathered during 2013-2019. It includes 9 non-urban and 13 urban sites. This study developed a state-of-the-art source apportionment protocol to analyse long-term OA mass spectrum data by applying the most advanced source apportionment strategies (i.e., rolling PMF, ME-2, and bootstrap). This harmonised protocol was followed strictly for all 22 datasets, making the source apportionment results more comparable. In addition, it enables quantification of the most common OA components such as hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), biomass burning OA (BBOA), cooking-like OA (COA), more oxidised-oxygenated OA (MO-OOA), and less oxidised-oxygenated OA (LO-OOA). Other components such as coal combustion OA (CCOA), solid fuel OA (SFOA: mainly mixture of coal and peat combustion), cigarette smoke OA (CSOA), sea salt (mostly inorganic but part of the OA mass spectrum), coffee OA, and ship industry OA could also be separated at a few specific sites. Oxygenated OA (OOA) components make up most of the submicron OA mass (average = 71.1%, range from 43.7 to 100%). Solid fuel combustion-related OA components (i.e., BBOA, CCOA, and SFOA) are still considerable with in total 16.0% yearly contribution to the OA, yet mainly during winter months (21.4%). Overall, this comprehensive protocol works effectively across all sites governed by different sources and generates robust and consistent source apportionment results. Our work presents a comprehensive overview of OA sources in Europe with a unique combination of high time resolution (30-240 min) and long-term data coverage (9-36 months), providing essential information to improve/validate air quality, health impact, and climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Datalystica Ltd., Park innovAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Anna Tobler
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Datalystica Ltd., Park innovAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Wenche Aas
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Andres Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - James Allan
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Samira Atabakhsh
- Department of Chemistry of the Atmosphere Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoser Straße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Aikaterini Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - Joel F De Brito
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- School of Physics, Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Benjamin Chazeau
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; AtmoSud, Regional Network for Air Quality Monitoring of Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Hasna Chebaicheb
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France; Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Technologique ALATA, 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Kaspar R Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mikael Ehn
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Technologique ALATA, 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Harald Flentje
- Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg, 82383 Hohenpeißenberg, Germany
| | - Anna Font
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Kirsten Fossum
- School of Physics, Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Evelyn Freney
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, UMR6016, Université Clermont Auvergne-CNRS, Aubière, France
| | - Maria Gini
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Liine Heikkinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Department of Chemistry of the Atmosphere Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoser Straße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Athina-Cerise Kalogridis
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Hannes Keernik
- Air Quality and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre (EERC), Marja 4D, Tallinn, Estonia; Department of Software Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Radek Lhotka
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Rozvojová 135/1, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Chunshui Lin
- School of Physics, Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Chris Lunder
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Marek Maasikmets
- Air Quality and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre (EERC), Marja 4D, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Manousos I Manousakas
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Cristina Marin
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE 2000, 77125 Magurele, Romania; Department of Physics, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest,Romania
| | - Luminita Marmureanu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE 2000, 77125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - Griša Močnik
- Condensed Matter Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Jaroslaw Nęcki
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Kraków, Poland
| | - Colin O'Dowd
- School of Physics, Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- School of Physics, Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Thomas Peter
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michael Pikridas
- Climate & Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus
| | | | - Petra Pokorná
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Rozvojová 135/1, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Department of Chemistry of the Atmosphere Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoser Straße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Max Priestman
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Véronique Riffault
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Matteo Rinaldi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council (CNR), 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Kazimierz Różański
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jaroslav Schwarz
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Rozvojová 135/1, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jean Sciare
- Climate & Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus
| | - Leïla Simon
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Technologique ALATA, 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alicja Skiba
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yulia Sosedova
- Datalystica Ltd., Park innovAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Iasonas Stavroulas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece; Climate & Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Erik Teinemaa
- Air Quality and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre (EERC), Marja 4D, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Jeni Vasilescu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE 2000, 77125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Marta Via
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Petr Vodička
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Rozvojová 135/1, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alfred Wiedensohler
- Department of Chemistry of the Atmosphere Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoser Straße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olga Zografou
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - María Cruz Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain.
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
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9
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Puławska A, Manecki M, Flasza M, Styszko K. Origin, distribution, and perspective health benefits of particulate matter in the air of underground salt mine: a case study from Bochnia, Poland. Environ Geochem Health 2021; 43:3533-3556. [PMID: 33575968 PMCID: PMC8405481 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The composition and distribution of airborne particles in different locations in a salt mine were determined in terms of their origin, the distance from the air inlet, and the adaptation of post-mining chambers and corridors for tourists and general audience. The composition of aerosols in air was also evaluated from the perspective of human health. Air samples were collected on filters by using portable air pumps, in a historical underground salt mine in Bochnia (Poland), which is currently a touristic and recreation attraction and sanatorium. The particulate matter (PM) concentration was determined using the gravimetric method by weighing quartz filters. The content of carbon, water-soluble constituents, trace elements, and minerals was also determined. A genetic classification of the suspended matter was proposed and comprised three groups: geogenic (fragments of rock salt and associated minerals from the deposit), anthropogenic (carbon-bearing particles from tourist traffic and small amounts of fly ash, soot, and rust), and biogenic particles (occasional pollen). The total PM concentration in air varied between 21 and 79 μg/m3 (with PM4 constituting 4-24 μg/m3). The amount of atmospheric dust components coming from the surface was low and decreased with the distance from the intake shaft, thus indicating the self-cleaning process. NaCl dominated the water-soluble constituents, while Fe, Al, Ag, Mn, and Zn dominated the trace elements, with the concentration of majority of them below 30 ng/m3. These metals are released into air from both natural sources and the wear or/and corrosion of mining and tourists facilities in the underground functional space. No potentially toxic elements or constituents were detected. The presence of salt particles and salty spray in the atmosphere of salt mine, which may have anti-inflammatory and antiallergic properties, is beneficial to human health. This study will allow for a broader look at the potential of halotherapy in underground salt mines from a medical and regulatory point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Puławska
- Department of Mineralogy, Petrography and Geochemistry, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
- Bochnia Salt Mine, ul. Campi 15, 32-700, Bochnia, Poland.
| | - Maciej Manecki
- Department of Mineralogy, Petrography and Geochemistry, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Flasza
- KGHM CUPRUM Ltd. R&D Centre, ul. Sikorskiego 2-8, 53-659, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
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10
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Styszko K, Proctor K, Castrignanò E, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Occurrence of pharmaceutical residues, personal care products, lifestyle chemicals, illicit drugs and metabolites in wastewater and receiving surface waters of Krakow agglomeration in South Poland. Sci Total Environ 2021; 768:144360. [PMID: 33450690 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study of broad range of chemical classes CECs conducted in the upper Wisla river catchment including the biggest WWTPs in this region and surface waters. The list of compounds is extensive and the paper provides, for the first time, better understanding of environmental burden from PCPCs in Poland. Cumulative contribution of hypertension pharmaceuticals, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and lifestyle chemicals was 89% and 95% in wastewater influent, and 75% in wastewater effluent at both WWTPs. Significant removal efficiencies, exceeding 90%, were found for parabens, UV filters, NSAIDs, steroid estrogens, plasticizers, antibacterials/antibiotics, stimulants and metabolites and lifestyle chemicals. The comparison of the average mass loads of CECs between the influent and effluent, has shown that 27% and 29% of all detected CECs were removed by less than 50%. An increase of concentrations of CECs in the effluent was observed for 18% and 20% of all detected CECs in Kujawy and Plaszow WWTPs, respectively. Negative mass balances of fexofenadine, venlafaxine, o-desmethyltramadol, ketamine and temazepam were noted within WWTPs, which are a result of dissolution of persistent contaminants accumulated in aggregates and/or back-transformation or de-conjugation of metabolites into parent compounds. 44 CECs were detected in surface waters located upstream and downstream of the WWTPs. The concentrations of compounds were largely dependent on the dilution factor of WWTP discharge. The risk quotation (RQ) values for compounds present in surface waters were calculated in relation to their potential for bioaccumulation. Among compounds with high potential for bioaccumulation, with log KOW ≥ 4.5, diclofenac, atorvastatin and triclosan were found to be of high risk. Many CECs with high, moderate or even low environmental impact have shown high potential for bioaccumulation and should be considered as priority at the same risk level. Moreover, possible synergistic action is still of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Styszko
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Kathryn Proctor
- University of Bath, Department of Chemistry, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Castrignanò
- University of Bath, Department of Chemistry, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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11
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Castiglioni S, Salgueiro-González N, Bijlsma L, Celma A, Gracia-Lor E, Beldean-Galea MS, Mackuľak T, Emke E, Heath E, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Petkovic A, Poretti F, Rangelov J, Santos MM, Sremački M, Styszko K, Hernández F, Zuccato E. New psychoactive substances in several European populations assessed by wastewater-based epidemiology. Water Res 2021; 195:116983. [PMID: 33721674 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can be a useful tool to face some of the existing challenges in monitoring the use of new psychoactive substances (NPS), as it can provide objective and updated information. This Europe-wide study aimed to verify the suitability of WBE for investigating the use of NPS. Selected NPS were monitored in urban wastewater by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The main classical illicit drugs were monitored in the same samples to compare their levels with those of NPS. Raw composite wastewater samples were collected in 2016 and 2017 in 14 European countries (22 cities) following best practice sampling protocols. Methcathinone was most frequent (>65% of the cities), followed by mephedrone (>25% of the cities), and only mephedrone, methcathinone and methylone were found in both years. This study depicts the use of NPS in Europe, confirming that it is much lower than the use of classical drugs. WBE proved able to assess the qualitative and quantitative spatial and temporal profiles of NPS use. The results show the changeable nature of the NPS market and the importance of large WBE monitoring campaigns for selected priority NPS. WBE is valuable for complementing epidemiological studies to follow rapidly changing profiles of use of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy.
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-González
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Alberto Celma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Tomáš Mackuľak
- Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 2101/9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Erik Emke
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Francesco Poretti
- Consorzio Depurazione Acque Lugano e Dintorni, Via Molinazzo 1, 6934 Bioggio, Switzerland
| | | | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants, FCUP, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maja Sremački
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational Safety and Health, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Al. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, Poland
| | - Felix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
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Durak J, Rokoszak T, Skiba A, Furman P, Styszko K. Environmental risk assessment of priority biocidal substances on Polish surface water sample. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:1254-1266. [PMID: 33222066 PMCID: PMC7782384 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The EU directive 2013/39/EU has incorporated four biocidal compounds as priority substances: diuron, isoproturon, cybutryne, and terbutryn. The research was undertaken to determine the concentration of biocides in surface waters in three locations in southern Poland: the Wisła River in Kraków, the Wisłoka River in Mielec, and the drainage ditch draining water from arable fields located near Mielec. Environmental samples were taken in two series: winter (February) and spring (May and June). The analyses were carried out using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The seasonality of biocides in surface waters was observed. In winter samples, the concentrations were below MQL, while in spring, they ranged from a few to several dozen nanograms per liter. The highest concentrations of all analyzed compounds were recorded in water taken from the Wisła River. According to directive 2013/39/EU, the maximum allowable concentration was exceeded only in the case of cybutryne in water from the Wisła, both in May and in June. The assessment of the toxicity with the tested compounds was defined based on the Environmental Risk Assessment method. Low risk was estimated for diuron and isoproturon, while moderate risk for terbutryn and cybutryne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Durak
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Rokoszak
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Alicja Skiba
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemysław Furman
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland.
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13
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González‐Mariño I, Baz‐Lomba JA, Alygizakis NA, Andrés‐Costa MJ, Bade R, Barron LP, Been F, Berset J, Bijlsma L, Bodík I, Brenner A, Brock AL, Burgard DA, Castrignanò E, Christophoridis CE, Covaci A, de Voogt P, Devault DA, Dias MJ, Emke E, Fatta‐Kassinos D, Fedorova G, Fytianos K, Gerber C, Grabic R, Grüner S, Gunnar T, Hapeshi E, Heath E, Helm B, Hernández F, Kankaanpaa A, Karolak S, Kasprzyk‐Hordern B, Krizman‐Matasic I, Lai FY, Lechowicz W, Lopes A, López de Alda M, López‐García E, Löve ASC, Mastroianni N, McEneff GL, Montes R, Munro K, Nefau T, Oberacher H, O'Brien JW, Olafsdottir K, Picó Y, Plósz BG, Polesel F, Postigo C, Quintana JB, Ramin P, Reid MJ, Rice J, Rodil R, Senta I, Simões SM, Sremacki MM, Styszko K, Terzic S, Thomaidis NS, Thomas KV, Tscharke BJ, van Nuijs ALN, Yargeau V, Zuccato E, Castiglioni S, Ort C, Terzic S, Thomaidis NS, Thomas KV, Tscharke BJ, Udrisard R, van Nuijs ALN, Yargeau V, Zuccato E, Castiglioni S, Ort C. Spatio-temporal assessment of illicit drug use at large scale: evidence from 7 years of international wastewater monitoring. Addiction 2020; 115:109-120. [PMID: 31642141 PMCID: PMC6973045 DOI: 10.1111/add.14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Wastewater-based epidemiology is an additional indicator of drug use that is gaining reliability to complement the current established panel of indicators. The aims of this study were to: (i) assess spatial and temporal trends of population-normalized mass loads of benzoylecgonine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in raw wastewater over 7 years (2011-17); (ii) address overall drug use by estimating the average number of combined doses consumed per day in each city; and (iii) compare these with existing prevalence and seizure data. DESIGN Analysis of daily raw wastewater composite samples collected over 1 week per year from 2011 to 2017. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Catchment areas of 143 wastewater treatment plants in 120 cities in 37 countries. MEASUREMENTS Parent substances (amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA) and the metabolites of cocaine (benzoylecgonine) and of Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol) were measured in wastewater using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Daily mass loads (mg/day) were normalized to catchment population (mg/1000 people/day) and converted to the number of combined doses consumed per day. Spatial differences were assessed world-wide, and temporal trends were discerned at European level by comparing 2011-13 drug loads versus 2014-17 loads. FINDINGS Benzoylecgonine was the stimulant metabolite detected at higher loads in southern and western Europe, and amphetamine, MDMA and methamphetamine in East and North-Central Europe. In other continents, methamphetamine showed the highest levels in the United States and Australia and benzoylecgonine in South America. During the reporting period, benzoylecgonine loads increased in general across Europe, amphetamine and methamphetamine levels fluctuated and MDMA underwent an intermittent upsurge. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of wastewater to quantify drug loads provides near real-time drug use estimates that globally correspond to prevalence and seizure data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria González‐Mariño
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain,Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and BromatologyUniversity of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | | | - Nikiforos A. Alygizakis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | | | - Richard Bade
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Leon P. Barron
- King's ForensicsSchool of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Frederic Been
- KWR Water Research InstituteNieuwegeinthe Netherlands
| | | | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume ICastellónSpain
| | - Igor Bodík
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food TechnologySlovak University of TechnologyBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Asher Brenner
- Unit of Environmental EngineeringBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐ShevaIsrael
| | - Andreas L. Brock
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Erika Castrignanò
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathBathUK,Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesToxicological CenterAntwerpBelgium
| | - Pim de Voogt
- IBEDUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Damien A. Devault
- Université Paris‐Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris‐SaclayChatenay‐MalabryFrance
| | - Mário J. Dias
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic SciencesLisbonPortugal
| | - Erik Emke
- KWR Water Research InstituteNieuwegeinthe Netherlands
| | - Despo Fatta‐Kassinos
- NIREAS‐International Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of CyprusNicosiaCyprus
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of WatersUniversity of South Bohemia in Ceske BudejoviceZatisiCzech Republic
| | - Konstantinos Fytianos
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry DepartmentAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Cobus Gerber
- School of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Roman Grabic
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of WatersUniversity of South Bohemia in Ceske BudejoviceZatisiCzech Republic
| | - Stefan Grüner
- Chair of Urban Water ManagementTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Teemu Gunnar
- Forensic ToxicologyNational Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)HelsinkiFinland
| | - Evroula Hapeshi
- NIREAS‐International Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of CyprusNicosiaCyprus
| | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental SciencesJožef Stefan InstituteLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Björn Helm
- Chair of Urban Water ManagementTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume ICastellónSpain
| | - Aino Kankaanpaa
- Forensic ToxicologyNational Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)HelsinkiFinland
| | - Sara Karolak
- Université Paris‐Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris‐SaclayChatenay‐MalabryFrance
| | | | - Ivona Krizman‐Matasic
- Division for Marine and Environmental ResearchRudjer Boskovic InstituteZagrebCroatia
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and AssessmentSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)UppsalaSweden
| | | | - Alvaro Lopes
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ester López‐García
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Arndís S. C. Löve
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Nicola Mastroianni
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Gillian L. McEneff
- King's ForensicsSchool of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Rosa Montes
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Kelly Munro
- King's ForensicsSchool of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Thomas Nefau
- Université Paris‐Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris‐SaclayChatenay‐MalabryFrance
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility MetabolomicsMedical University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Jake W. O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS)The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Kristin Olafsdottir
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research GroupUniversity of ValenciaMoncadaSpain
| | - Benedek G. Plósz
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark,Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Fabio Polesel
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental ChemistryInstitute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA‐CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Pedram Ramin
- Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark,Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Jack Rice
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de CompostelaSpain
| | - Ivan Senta
- Division for Marine and Environmental ResearchRudjer Boskovic InstituteZagrebCroatia
| | - Susana M. Simões
- National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic SciencesLisbonPortugal
| | - Maja M. Sremacki
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering and Occupational SafetyUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental SciencesAGH University of Science and TechnologyKrakowPoland
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental ResearchRudjer Boskovic InstituteZagrebCroatia
| | - Nikolaos S. Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Kevin V. Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)OsloNorway,Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS)The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | - Ben J. Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS)The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLDAustralia
| | | | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMcGill UniversityMontreal, QuebecCanada
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | | | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Urban Water ManagementSwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDübendorfSwitzerland
| | - Senka Terzic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.,Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Ben J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Robin Udrisard
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Urban Water Management, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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14
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Szczepanik B, Rędzia N, Frydel L, Słomkiewicz P, Kołbus A, Styszko K, Dziok T, Samojeden B. Synthesis and Characterization of Halloysite/Carbon Nanocomposites for Enhanced NSAIDs Adsorption from Water. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12223754. [PMID: 31739511 PMCID: PMC6887771 DOI: 10.3390/ma12223754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption of ketoprofen, naproxen, and diclofenac (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs) on halloysite/carbon nanocomposites and non-modified halloysite were investigated in this work. Halloysite/carbon nanocomposites were obtained through liquid phase impregnation and carbonization using halloysite as the template and saccharose as the carbon precursor. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption method were employed to study the morphological and structural changes of the halloysite/carbon nanocomposites. The effects of contact time, initial concentration of adsorbates, pH of solution, and mass of adsorbent on the adsorption were studied. Adsorption mechanism was found to fit pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion models. The obtained experimental adsorption data were well represented by the Langmuir multi-center adsorption model. Adsorption ability of halloysite/carbon nanocomposites was much higher for all the studied NSAIDs in comparison to non-modified halloysite. Optimized chemical structures of ketoprofen, naproxen, and diclofenac obtained by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation showed that charge distributions of these adsorbate molecules and their ions can be helpful to explain the details of adsorption mechanism of NSAIDs on halloysite/carbon nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Szczepanik
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland; (N.R.); (L.F.); (P.S.); (A.K.)
- The Structural Research Laboratory, Jan Kochanowski University, Swietokrzyska 15G, 25-426 Kielce, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-41-349-70-28
| | - Nina Rędzia
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland; (N.R.); (L.F.); (P.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Laura Frydel
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland; (N.R.); (L.F.); (P.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Piotr Słomkiewicz
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland; (N.R.); (L.F.); (P.S.); (A.K.)
- The Structural Research Laboratory, Jan Kochanowski University, Swietokrzyska 15G, 25-426 Kielce, Poland
| | - Anna Kołbus
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland; (N.R.); (L.F.); (P.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (K.S.); (T.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Tadeusz Dziok
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (K.S.); (T.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Bogdan Samojeden
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (K.S.); (T.D.); (B.S.)
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15
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Styszko K, Jaszczur M, Teneta J, Hassan Q, Burzyńska P, Marcinek E, Łopian N, Samek L. An analysis of the dust deposition on solar photovoltaic modules. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:8393-8401. [PMID: 29594888 PMCID: PMC6469597 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1847-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Solid particles impair the performance of the photovoltaic (PV) modules. This results in power losses which lower the efficiency of the system as well as the increases of temperature which additionally decreases the performance and lifetime. The deposited dust chemical composition, concentration and formation of a dust layer on the PV surface differ significantly in reference to time and location. In this study, an evaluation of dust deposition on the PV front cover glass during the non-heating season in one of the most polluted European cities, Kraków, was performed. The time-dependent particle deposition and its correlation to the air pollution with particulate matter were analysed. Dust deposited on several identical PV modules during variable exposure periods (from 1 day up to 1 week) and the samples of total suspended particles (TSP) on quartz fibre filters using a low volume sampler were collected during the non-heating season in the period of 5 weeks. The concentration of TSP in the study period ranged between 12.5 and 60.05 μg m-3 while the concentration of PM10 observed in the Voivodeship Inspectorate of Environmental Protection traffic station, located 1.2 km from the TSP sampler, ranged from 14 to 47 μg m-3. It was revealed that dust deposition density on a PV surface ranged from 7.5 to 42.1 mg m-2 for exposure periods of 1 day while the measured weekly dust deposition densities ranged from 25.8 to 277.0 mg m-2. The precipitation volume and its intensity as well as humidity significantly influence the deposited dust. The rate of dust accumulation reaches approximately 40 mg m-2day-1 in the no-precipitation period and it was at least two times higher than fluxes calculated on the basis of PM10 and TSP concentrations which suggest that additional forces such as electrostatic forces significantly influence dust deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Styszko
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marek Jaszczur
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Janusz Teneta
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Qusay Hassan
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq
| | - Paulina Burzyńska
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Marcinek
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Łopian
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Lucyna Samek
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
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16
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Jaszczur M, Teneta J, Styszko K, Hassan Q, Burzyńska P, Marcinek E, Łopian N. The field experiments and model of the natural dust deposition effects on photovoltaic module efficiency. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:8402-8417. [PMID: 29675822 PMCID: PMC6469610 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The maximisation of the efficiency of the photovoltaic system is crucial in order to increase the competitiveness of this technology. Unfortunately, several environmental factors in addition to many alterable and unalterable factors can significantly influence the performance of the PV system. Some of the environmental factors that depend on the site have to do with dust, soiling and pollutants. In this study conducted in the city centre of Kraków, Poland, characterised by high pollution and low wind speed, the focus is on the evaluation of the degradation of efficiency of polycrystalline photovoltaic modules due to natural dust deposition. The experimental results that were obtained demonstrated that deposited dust-related efficiency loss gradually increased with the mass and that it follows the exponential. The maximum dust deposition density observed for rainless exposure periods of 1 week exceeds 300 mg/m2 and the results in efficiency loss were about 2.1%. It was observed that efficiency loss is not only mass-dependent but that it also depends on the dust properties. The small positive effect of the tiny dust layer which slightly increases in surface roughness on the module performance was also observed. The results that were obtained enable the development of a reliable model for the degradation of the efficiency of the PV module caused by dust deposition. The novelty consists in the model, which is easy to apply and which is dependent on the dust mass, for low and moderate naturally deposited dust concentration (up to 1 and 5 g/m2 and representative for many geographical regions) and which is applicable to the majority of cases met in an urban and non-urban polluted area can be used to evaluate the dust deposition-related derating factor (efficiency loss), which is very much sought after by the system designers, and tools used for computer modelling and system malfunction detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Jaszczur
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Janusz Teneta
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatics, Computer Science and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Qusay Hassan
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq
| | - Paulina Burzyńska
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Marcinek
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Łopian
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
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17
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Samek L, Stegowski Z, Styszko K, Furman L, Fiedor J. Seasonal contribution of assessed sources to submicron and fine particulate matter in a Central European urban area. Environ Pollut 2018; 241:406-411. [PMID: 29859502 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the air pollution findings of the submicron (PM1) and fine (PM2.5) particulate matter. The submicron particles are entirely absorbed by the human body and they cause the greatest health risk. For the PM2.5 concentration, there are yearly and/or daily limit values regulations by the European Union (EU) and World Health Organization (WHO). There are no such regulations for PM1 but for health risk reason the knowledge of its concentration is important. This paper presents the seasonal concentration contribution of PM1 and PM2.5, their chemical composition and assessed three basic sources. Daily samples of both fractions were collected from 2nd July 2016 to 27th February 2017 in Krakow, Poland. Apart from PM1 and PM2.5 the concentration of 16 elements, 8 ions and BC for each samples were measured. Based on these chemical species the positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor modeling was used for the determination of three main sources contribution to the PM1 and PM2.5 concentrations. Daily average concentrations of PM2.5 were 12 μg/m3 in summer and 60 μg/m3 in winter. For PM1 it was 6.9 μg/m3 in summer and 17.3 μg/m3 in winter. These data show a significant difference in percentage contribution of PM1 in PM2.5 in summer (58%) and in winter (29%). For the combustion source, the concentrations calculated from PMF modeling in winter were 4.8 μg/m3 for PM1 and 31 μg/m3 for PM2.5. In summer, the concentrations were smaller than 1 μg/m3 for both fractions. Secondary aerosols' concentration for PM1 was 3.4 μg/m3 in summer and 11 μg/m3 in winter - for PM2.5 these were 7.1 μg/m3 and 17 μg/m3 respectively. The third source - soil, industry and traffic together, had small seasonal variation: for PM1 it was from 1.4 to 1.8 μg/m3 and for PM2.5 from 4.7 to 7.9 μg/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Samek
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Zdzislaw Stegowski
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Leszek Furman
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Fiedor
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
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19
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Samek L, Stegowski Z, Furman L, Styszko K, Szramowiat K, Fiedor J. Quantitative Assessment of PM 2.5 Sources and Their Seasonal Variation in Krakow. Water Air Soil Pollut 2017; 228:290. [PMID: 28794573 PMCID: PMC5522505 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-017-3483-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In industry areas of Poland such as Silesia or urban sites like Krakow and some other cities, the levels of pollutants frequently breach air quality standards. Particulate matter (PM) is the most important constituent of atmospheric pollution. Beginning on 1st February 2014 until 31st January 2015, the samples of fine particulate matter PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter of particles less than or equal to 2.5 μm) were collected at a site in the south-eastern Krakow urban background area. During this period, 194 samples were taken. The samples showed daily variation of PM2.5 concentration. From these data, monthly variations were estimated and presented in this paper. Monthly integrated data are more representative for the Krakow urban background and show seasonal variation of PM2.5 pollution. The lowest monthly concentration value was found for August 2014-about 10 μg m-3, the highest for February 2014-70 μg m-3, whereas the average annual value was about 31 μg/m3. Utilizing X-ray fluorescence method, concentrations of 15 elements for each sample were determined and 8 inorganic ions were analyzed by ion chromatography. Additionally, the samples were analyzed for black carbon (BC). Receptor model PMF (positive matrix factorization) was used for source identification and apportionment. The modeling identified six sources and their quantitative contributions to PM2.5 total mass. The following sources were identified: combustion, secondary nitrate and sulfate, biomass burning, industry or/and soil and traffic. Finally, monthly variations of each source are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Samek
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Z. Stegowski
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - L. Furman
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - K. Styszko
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - K. Szramowiat
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - J. Fiedor
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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20
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Styszko K, Kupiec K. Determination of diffusion coefficients of biocides on their passage through organic resin-based renders. Chemosphere 2016; 160:273-279. [PMID: 27391050 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study the diffusion coefficients of isoproturon, diuron and cybutryn in acrylate and silicone resin-based renders were determined. The diffusion coefficients were determined using measuring concentrations of biocides in the liquid phase after being in contact with renders for specific time intervals. The mathematical solution of the transient diffusion equation for an infinite plate contacted on one side with a limited volume of water was used to calculate the diffusion coefficient. The diffusion coefficients through the acrylate render were 8.10·10(-9) m(2) s(-1) for isoproturon, 1.96·10(-9) m(2) s(-1) for diuron and 1.53·10(-9) m(2) s(-1) for cybutryn. The results for the silicone render were lower by one order of magnitude. The compounds with a high diffusion coefficient for one polymer had likewise high values for the other polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Styszko
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Kupiec
- Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
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21
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Styszko K, Dudarska A, Zuba D. The Presence of Stimulant Drugs in Wastewater from Krakow (Poland): A Snapshot. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2016; 97:310-5. [PMID: 27365137 PMCID: PMC4978759 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1869-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of wastewater from Krakow (Poland) for the presence of controlled and uncontrolled stimulant drugs of abuse was performed. Samples were collected from the Plaszow wastewater treatment plant, Krakow, Poland, and prepared by solid phase extraction. The LC-QTOFMS method was applied for identification and quantification of popular stimulants: MDMA, mephedrone, 4-MEC, MDPV and mCPP. Environmental loads of illicit drugs were calculated; the WWTP discharged loads ranging from 3.6 to 6.7 mg day(-1) 1000 inhabitants(-1) of MDMA, 3.6 to 7.1 mg day(-1) 1000 inhabitants(-1) of mephedrone and 4.8 to 5.8 mg day(-1) 1000 inhabitants(-1) of 4-MEC. The results confirmed the growing popularity of new psychoactive substances in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Styszko
- Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
| | | | - Dariusz Zuba
- Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033, Krakow, Poland
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22
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Abstract
In this study it was tested, which mechanism for the transport of biocides in polymeric renders is more relevant: (1) evaporative transports (meaning there is a flow of water through the material due to evaporation on the surface), which transports also the biocides to the surface, (2) transport through the polymer and (3) transport through water filled pores. It turned out that under the experimental conditions evaporative transport was not relevant, while transport through soaked (constantly wetted) renders was considerably faster than by other means. Additionally it turned out that also the equilibria were influenced by the water content. Differences in equilibria can be up to factor 10 between constantly wetted (soaked) and un-wetted materials. The two tested materials (one silicone and one acrylate render) had significantly different leaching behavior concerning equilibria and dynamics of mass flows, but for both the pre-wetted materials leached most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Styszko
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ulla E Bollmann
- Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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23
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Styszko K, Nosek K, Motak M, Bester K. Preliminary selection of clay minerals for the removal of pharmaceuticals, bisphenol A and triclosan in acidic and neutral aqueous solutions. CR CHIM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Styszko K, Szramowiat K, Kistler M, Kasper-Giebl A, Samek L, Furman L, Pacyna J, Gołaś J. Mercury in atmospheric aerosols: A preliminary case study for the city of Krakow, Poland. CR CHIM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Styszko K, Bollmann UE, Wangler TP, Bester K. Desorption of biocides from renders modified with acrylate and silicone. Chemosphere 2014; 95:188-192. [PMID: 24059976 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are used in the building industry to prevent algal, bacterial and fungal growth on polymericrenders and thus to protect buildings. However, these biocides are leached into the environment. To better understand this leaching, the sorption/desorption of biocides in polymeric renders was assessed. In this study the desorption constants of cybutryn, carbendazim, iodocarb, isoproturon, diuron, dichloro-N-octylisothiazolinone and tebuconazole towards acrylate and silicone based renders were assessed at different pH values. At pH 9.5 (porewater) the constants for an acrylate based render varied between 8 (isoproturon) and 9634 (iodocarb) and 3750 (dichloro-N-octylisothiazolinone), respectively. The values changed drastically with pH value. The results for the silicone based renders were in a similar range and usually the compounds with high sorption constants for one polymer also had high values for the other polymer. Comparison of the octanol water partitioning constants (Kow) with the render/water partitioning constants (Kd) revealed similarities, but no strong correlation. Adding higher amounts of polymer to the render material changed the equilibria for dichloro-N-octylisothiazolinone, tebuconazole, cybutryn, carbendazim but not for isoproturon and diuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Styszko
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy Research and Fuels, Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, 30-059 Krakow Al. Mickiewicza 30, Poland
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