The effect of phosphatidylserine administration on memory and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed behavioural disorder of childhood, affecting 3-5% of school-age children. The present study investigated whether the supplementation of soy-derived phosphatidylserine (PS), a naturally occurring phospholipid, improves ADHD symptoms in children.

METHODS

Thirty six children, aged 4-14 years, who had not previously received any drug treatment related to ADHD, received placebo (n = 17) or 200 mg day(-1) PS (n = 19) for 2 months in a randomised, double-blind manner. Main outcome measures included: (i) ADHD symptoms based on DSM-IV-TR; (ii) short-term auditory memory and working memory using the Digit Span Test of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; and (iii) mental performance to visual stimuli (GO/NO GO task).

RESULTS

PS supplementation resulted in significant improvements in: (i) ADHD (P < 0.01), AD (P < 0.01) and HD (P < 0.01); (ii) short-term auditory memory (P < 0.05); and (iii) inattention (differentiation and reverse differentiation, P < 0.05) and inattention and impulsivity (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in other measurements and in the placebo group. PS was well-tolerated and showed no adverse effects.

CONCLUSIONS

PS significantly improved ADHD symptoms and short-term auditory memory in children. PS supplementation might be a safe and natural nutritional strategy for improving mental performance in young children suffering from ADHD.

Pocket epithelium in the pathological setting for HMGB1 release

High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein acts as a transcription factor in the nucleus and also as a pro-inflammatory cytokine when released into extracellular fluids. The presence of higher levels of HMGB1 is reported in the gingival crevicular fluid from periodontal patients. Since the proliferation of bacteria within the periodontal pocket is closely involved in the exacerbation of periodontal disease, it is hypothesized that the periodontal pocket causes the release of HMGB1. Immunohistochemical staining of inflamed gingiva revealed that HMGB1 is exclusively dislocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in the pocket epithelium, whereas it is mainly present in the nucleus in the gingival epithelium. Butyric acid, an extracellular metabolite from periodontopathic bacteria populating the periodontal pocket, induced the passive release of HMGB1 as a result of eliciting necrosis in the human gingival epithelial cell line. Thus, the periodontal epithelium may provide a unique pathological setting for HMGB1 release by bacterial insult.

Inhibitory effect of cinnamaldehyde, derived from Cinnamomi cortex, on the growth of influenza A/PR/8 virus in vitro and in vivo

We have investigated the inhibitory effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA), one of the principal constituents of essential oil derived from Cinnamomi cortex, on the growth of influenza A/PR/8 virus in vitro and in vivo. When 1-h drug treatment was initiated at various times post-infection (p.i.) in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells using a fixed dose of CA (40 microM), the maximum inhibitory effect (29.7% virus yield of control) was obtained when drug treatment was started at 3h p.i. Under the same treatment schedule, CA inhibited the virus growth in a dose-dependent manner (20-200 microM), and, at 200 microM, the virus yield was reduced to an undetectable level. RT-PCR and SDS-PAGE analyses showed that CA inhibited viral protein synthesis at the post-transcriptional level. In mice infected with the lung-adapted PR-8 virus, inhalation (50mg/cage/day) and nasal inoculation (250 microg/mouse/day) of CA significantly increased survival rates on the 8 days to 100% and 70%, respectively, in contrast to a survival rate of 20% in the untreated control group. Importantly, inhalation of CA caused virus yield reduction by 1 log in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid on day 6 after infection, compared with that of the untreated control group. These findings might provide further support to the empirical indication of Cinnamomi cortex-containing Kampo medicines for acute respiratory infectious diseases.

Epigenetic inactivation of TCF2 in ovarian cancer and various cancer cell lines

Transcription factor 2 gene (TCF2) encodes hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β (HNF1β), a transcription factor associated with development and metabolism. Mutation of TCF2 has been observed in renal cell cancer, and by screening aberrantly methylated genes, we have now identified TCF2 as a target for epigenetic inactivation in ovarian cancer. TCF2 was methylated in 53% of ovarian cancer cell lines and 26% of primary ovarian cancers, resulting in loss of the gene's expression. TCF2 expression was restored by treating cells with a methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-aza-2′deoxycitidine (5-aza-dC). In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation showed deacetylation of histone H3 in methylated cells and, when combined with 5-aza-dC, the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A synergistically induced TCF2 expression. Epigenetic inactivation of TCF2 was also seen in colorectal, gastric and pancreatic cell lines, suggesting general involvement of epigenetic inactivation of TCF2 in tumorigenesis. Restoration of TCF2 expression induced expression of HNF4α, a transcriptional target of HNF1β, indicating that epigenetic silencing of TCF2 leads to alteration of the hepatocyte nuclear factor network in tumours. These results suggest that TCF2 is involved in the development of ovarian cancers and may represent a useful target for their detection and treatment.

Chylous ascites following operation for para-aortic lymph node dissection in a patient with cervical cancer

This is a case report of chylous ascites caused by performing para-aortic lymph node dissection for a patient with cervical cancer. Postoperative chylous ascites is a rare condition that usually develops as a result of operative trauma to the thoracic duct, cisterna chyli, or their major tributaries. It has mainly occurred in thoracic operations, and chylous ascites has rarely been reported in gynecologic surgery. It is associated with serious nutritional and immunologic consequences due to the constant loss of protein and lymphocytes. Treatment that comprises conservative and surgical procedures is selected based on disease severity. We experienced massive chylous ascites after para-aortic surgery and successfully managed it conservatively with dietary intervention and parenteral nutrition.

Chylous ascites following operation for para-aortic lymph node dissection in a patient with cervical cancer

This is a case report of chylous ascites caused by performing para-aortic lymph node dissection for a patient with cervical cancer. Postoperative chylous ascites is a rare condition that usually develops as a result of operative trauma to the thoracic duct, cisterna chyli, or their major tributaries. It has mainly occurred in thoracic operations, and chylous ascites has rarely been reported in gynecologic surgery. It is associated with serious nutritional and immunologic consequences due to the constant loss of protein and lymphocytes. Treatment that comprises conservative and surgical procedures is selected based on disease severity. We experienced massive chylous ascites after para-aortic surgery and successfully managed it conservatively with dietary intervention and parenteral nutrition.

Human erythrocytes possess a cytoplasmic endoskeleton containing .BETA.-actin and neurofilament protein

The biconcave disc shape of mammalian erythrocytes has been considered to be maintained only with a membrane underlain by a membranous cytoskeleton. Our improved ion-etching/scanning electron microscopy and saponin-ethanol treatment combined with immunocytochemistry in the human red blood cell revealed the three-dimensional structure of this cytoplasmic endoskeleton apart from the classical membranous cytoskeleton. The endoskeletal meshwork images obtained by the saponin-ethanol treatment corresponded to those by the repeated ion-etching method. The actin-rich endoskeleton was divided into two layers, one superficial and the other deep. The superficial filaments were perpendicularly connected to the membranous cytoskeleton, while the deep filaments formed an irregularly directed complicated meshwork. In the transitional hillside region between the convex periphery and concave center, the endoskeletal filaments containing a neurofilament protein ran parallel to the hillside slope toward the concave center. The endoskeleton of the erythrocyte associating with the membranous cytoskeleton may serve to keep its unique biconcave disc shape deformable, pliable, and restorable against external circumstances.

A randomized double blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of Hochuekkito, a traditional herbal medicine, in the treatment of elderly patients with weakness N of one and responder restricted design

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effects of Hochuekkito, a traditional Japanese and Chinese medicine, in the treatment of elderly patients with general weakness. To devise a suitable study design for assessing the clinical effectiveness of traditional herbal medicines.

METHODS

Fifteen elderly patients (mean +/- SD: age 78.4 +/- 7.8; m/f 3/12) participated in this study. A multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with N of one and responder restricted design was performed. After the run-in period, the patients were divided into responders and non-responders. Only responders were entered in the study, and were randomized into three groups: an active-placebo group, a placebo-active group and an active-active group. The study consisted of two 6-week terms with a 2-week washout period in between. We assessed the Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) and Profile of Mood States (POMS) as an endpoint of quality of life (QOL). In addition, we assessed the biodefense status by measuring the natural killer cytolytic activity (NK activity), IL-2 producing activity of peripheral lymphocytes, lymphocyte proliferating activity and lymphocyte cell-surface antigens.

RESULTS

The physical component summary of the SF-36 analysis significantly improved in the Hochuekkito-treated group. Four components (A-H: anger-hostility, F: fatigue, T-A: tension-anxiety, C: confusion) out of six improved in the Hochuekkito-treated group in the POMS analysis. Lymphocyte proliferating activity improved in the Hochuekkito-treated group but not significantly. Concerning the surface antigens of peripheral lymphocytes, the population of CD3 positive cells and CD3CD4 double positive cells increased in the Hochuekkito-treated group.

CONCLUSION

We revealed that Hochuekkito improved the QOL and immunological status of elderly patients with weakness by randomized controlled trial. Our study design might be useful for assessing the efficacy of traditional herbal medicine in the future.

Vasodilative effect of perillaldehyde on isolated rat aorta

The vasodilative effect of perillaldehyde, one of the major oil components in Perilla frutescens BRITTON, was studied using isolated rat aorta. Perillaldehyde at final concentrations of 0.01 to 1 mM showed dose-dependent relaxation of the aorta contracted by treatment with prostaglandin F2alpha or norepinephrine. Neither the presence of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester nor removal of the aortic endothelium affected the vasodilatation, suggesting that perillaldehyde exerts a direct effect on vascular smooth muscle cells. The vasodilative effect of perillaldehyde was not inhibited by pretreatment with a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker (propranolol), an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (theophylline), a delayed rectifier K+ channel blocker (tetraethylammonium chloride), or an ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker (glibenclamide). However, perillaldehyde showed contrasting effects on vasodilatation of the aorta contracted by an influx of extracellular Ca2+ - perillaldehyde caused little vasodilatation on the aorta contracted by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187, while it inhibited the vasoconstriction induced by treatment with high-concentration K+, which dominantly opened the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel. These results suggest that the vasodilative effect of perillaldehyde is derived from blocking the Ca2+ channels.

The effect of Juzen-taiho-to/TJ-48 on the expression of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (CD158a/b) on peripheral lymphocytes in vitro experiment

Juzen-taiho-to (TJ-48), a mixture of extracts from 10 medicinal herbs, has been used traditionally to treat patients with anemia, anorexia or fatigue. It is well known that the treatment of TJ-48 result in the decrease of patient's complaints, as well as the increase of NK cytolytic activity (NK activity) although its augmentation is not clear in the other kampo formula from the clinical viewpoint. To investigate its biological activities, such as the augmentation of NK activity, we analyzed the effects of TJ-48 on the expression of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in vitro experiment. The peripheral lymphocytes were incubated in medium alone, or medium containing TJ-48 or interleukin-2 (IL-2) plus TJ-48 at several concentrations for 48 h. After each incubation, cells were collected and their KIRs were detected by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies CD158a and CD158b. TJ-48 increased the populations of CD16+CD158a+ and CD16+CD158b+ cells in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, CD16-CD158a/b+ cells did not increase. Additionally, the extract of TJ-48 enhanced the increase of KIRs expression induced by IL-2. These actions contribute to the augmentation of NK cytolytic activity by TJ-48, and might explain, in part, its antitumor effects which has been observed in vivo.

Comparisons of LET Distributions for Protons with Energies between 50 and 200 MeV Determined Using a Spherical Tissue-Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC) and a Position-Sensitive Silicon Spectrometer (RRMD-III)

Experiments have been performed to measure the response of a spherical tissue-equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) and a silicon-based LET spectrometer (RRMD-III) to protons with energies ranging from 50-200 MeV. This represents a large portion of the energy distribution for trapped protons encountered by astronauts in low-Earth orbit. The beam energies were obtained using plastic polycarbonate degraders with a monoenergetic beam that was extracted from a proton synchrotron. The LET spectrometer provided excellent agreement with the expected LET distribution emerging from the energy degraders. The TEPC cannot measure the LET distribution directly. However, the frequency mean value of lineal energy, y(-)(f), provided a good approximation to LET. This is in contrast to previous results for high-energy heavy ions where y(-)(f) underestimated LET, whereas the dose-averaged lineal energy, y(-)(D), provided a good approximation to LET.

Protective effect of keishi-bukuryo-gan and its constituent medicinal plants against nitric oxide donor-induced neuronal death in cultured cerebellar granule cells

Keishi-bukuryo-gan (Gui-Zhi-Fu-Ling-Wan) (KBG) is a traditional Chinese/Japanese medical (Kampo) formulation that has been administered to patients with "Oketsu" (blood stagnation) syndrome. In the process of neuronal cell death induced by brain ischemia, excessive generation of nitric oxide (NO) free radicals is implicated in the neurotoxicity. In the present study, we examined the protective effects of KBG and its constituent medicinal plants against NO donors, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and 2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazino)bis-ethanamine (NOC18)-induced neuronal death in cultured rat cerebellar granule cells (CGCs). MTT assay showed cell viability to be significantly increased by the addition of KBG extract (KBGE) (100 microg/ml), Cinnamomi Cortex extract (CCE) (3, 10 and 30 microg/ml), Paeoniae Radix extract (PRE) (100 microg/ml) and Moutan Cortex extract (MCE) (10 and 30 microg/ml) compared with exposure to SNP (30 microM, 24 h) only. Also, cell viability was significantly increased by the addition of KBGE (100 and 300 microg/ml), CCE (30 and 100 microg/ml), PRE (100 and 300 microg/ml) and MCE (30 and 100 microg/ml) compared with exposure to NOC 18 (100 microM, 48 h) only. Persicae Semen extract and Hoelen extract did not protect against NO donor-induced neuronal death. These results suggest that KBG has protective effect against NO-mediated neuronal death in cultured CGCs and that it is derived from Cinnamomi Cortex, Paeoniae Radix and Moutan Cortex.

Effect of docosahexaenoic acid-containing food administration on symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - a placebo-controlled double-blind study

OBJECTIVES

To investigate whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation was able to ameliorate attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(AD/HD) symptoms in AD/HD children.

DESIGN AND SUBJECTS

A placebo-controlled double-blind study with 40 AD/HD (including eight AD/HD-suspected) children of 6-12 y of age who were mostly without medication. Subjects of a DHA group (n=20) took active foods containing fish oil (fermented soybean milk, bread rolls and steamed bread; 3.6 g DHA/week from these foods) for 2 months, whereas those of a control group (n=20) took indistinguishable control foods without fish oil. The following items were measured at the start and end of the study: (1) attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity (AD/HD-related symptoms according to DSM-IV criteria); (2) aggression assessed by both parents and teachers; (3) visual perception (finding symbols out of a table); (4) visual and auditory short-term memory; (5) development of visual-motor integration; (6) continuous performance; (7) impatience.

RESULTS

Changes in tests 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 over time did not significantly differ between the two groups. However, visual short-term memory and errors of commission (continuous performance) significantly improved in the control group compared with the changes over time in the DHA group (P=0.02 and 0.001, respectively). Recalculation without AD/HD-suspected subjects (n=4 each group) showed similar P-values with regard to both measures.

CONCLUSION

DHA supplementation did not improve AD/HD-related symptoms. Treatment of ADHD with fatty acids deserves further investigation, but careful attention should be paid as to which fatty acid(s) is used.

Effects of Keishi-bukuryo-gan on vascular function and hemorheological factors in spontaneously diabetic (WBN/kob) rats

Keishi-bukuryo-gan (Gui-zhi-fu-ling-wan) is a formula used for the improvement of blood circulation. Recently it has often also been used for arteriosclerosis. One of the mechanisms involved is thought to be the improvement of endothelial dysfunction, but the details are still unclear. In this study, the effect of Keishi-bukuryo-gan on vascular function and hemorheological factors in spontaneously diabetic (WBN/kob) rats was studied. Rats were given Keishi-bukuryo-gan in chow for 30 weeks. Body weight, blood glucose, endothelium-dependent/-independent relaxation, vasocontraction by free radical-induced and contractive prostanoids, triglyceride, advanced glycation endproduct, lipid peroxides, serum NO2-/NO3- and blood viscosity were measured. The results indicated that Keishi-bukuryo-gan caused a decrease in endothelium-dependent relaxation by acetylcholine to become significantly increased, and vasocontraction induced by free radicals and contractive prostanoids was significantly decreased. Furthermore, serum NO2-/NO3- and blood viscosity were significantly decreased. From these results, it was supposed that Keishi-bukuryo-gan exerted a protective effect on the endothelium. The WBN/kob rat is a useful study model for the complications of human diabetes, and Keishi-bukuryo-gan showed a protective effect against vascular injury in the susceptible rat.

The effects of a herbal medicine (Mao-to) in patients with chronic hepatitis C after injection of IFN-beta

We found that a herbal medicine (Mao-to) relieves the side effects of interferon (IFN)-beta and the combination therapy improves the biochemical response rate. However, the exact mechanism by which Mao-to is effective remains to be established. We conducted a controlled trial to clarify the effects of Mao-to. The study was carried out in 18 patients with chronic hepatitis C, and we examined subjective symptoms, body temperature and cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-beta, IL-1receptor antagonist (ra), IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Each patient received 6 million units of IFN-beta intravenously. Mao-to was given orally just before, just after, and 1 hour after IFN administration. The control study was carried out 6 months after the combination therapy of Mao-to and IFN-beta. The scores for general malaise, arthralgia and discomfort were significantly lower in the combination group than in control group. Body temperature did not significantly differ between the two groups. Plasma IL-6 level and IL-1ra were significantly elevated in the combination group compared to control (P = 0.0057 and 0.0003, respectively). Mao-to did not affect plasma concentrations of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. We considered the increment of IL-1ra caused by Mao-to is to be one of the key factors involved in reducing the flu-like symptoms accompanying IFN-beta and improving the biochemical response rate.

Measurement of plasma procyanidin B-2 and procyanidin B-3 levels after oral administration in rat

Using a high-performance liquid chromatographic method and mass spectrometry analysis, we successfully measured the absorption of orally administered procyanidin B-2 and procyanidin B-3 isolated from Cinnamonomi cortex (the bark of Cinnamomum cassia Blume) in the rat plasma. This method used a TSK- GEL ODS-80TS column, two solvents (A: 0.01% acetic acid; B: methanol with 0.01% acetic acid) in a linear gradient at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min, and fluorescence detection at excitation and emission wavelengths of 220 and 327 nm.

Comparative efficacy of Keishi-bukuryo-gan and pentoxifylline on RBC deformability in patients with "oketsu" syndrome

Keishi-bukuryo-gan (Gui-Zhi-Fu-Ling-Wan) (KBG) is one of the prescriptions in Japanese traditional medicine for improving the "oketsu" syndrome, so-called blood stasis syndrome. "Oketsu" syndrome is an important pathological conception in Japanese traditional medicine and often accompanies cerebro-vascular disorders. Previously, we were able to reveal a deterioration of RBC (Red blood cell) deformability and viscoelasticity in patients with "oketsu" syndrome. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether KBG has an effect on RBC deformability in comparison with pentoxifylline (PXF). The subjects were 30 male patients with multiple lacunar infarctions. Eighteen patients (44-79 yrs, mean +/- SD, 66.1 +/- 10.7 yrs) were treated with 12 g of KBG daily for 4 weeks (KBG group). Twelve patients (59-78 yrs, 70.7 +/- 6.4 yrs) were treated with 300 mg of PXF daily for 4 weeks (PXF group). Based on the "oketsu" score, the patients of each group were divided into two subgroups, a non-"oketsu" group ("oketsu" score 20 points or less) and an "oketsu" group ("oketsu" score 21 points or higher). KBG had significant effects on RBC deformability as evaluated by filtration method. KBG also significantly increased intracellular ATP content, as did PXF. Moreover, KBG was more effective for patients with a more severe "oketsu" state. However, PXF was effective only in patients with "oketsu" syndrome, who might have deteriorated RBC deformability. In conclusion, the effect of KBG on RBC deformability was by no means inferior to PXF.

Clinical and immunomodulatory effects of fun-boi, an herbal medicine, on collagen-induced arthritis in vivo

OBJECTIVE

Crude preparations of Fun-boi (Stephania tetrandra), a traditional antirheumatic herb, have been reported to have immunomodulatory effects on both cell-mediated and humoral immunity in vitro, but little is known about the mode of action in vivo. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the efficacy of Fun-boi against arthritis and its effect on the immune system.

METHODS

Mice were divided into the following 3 groups of 7 mice each: 1) a normal group, not treated to cause collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), received water orally; 2) a control group with CIA received water orally; and 3) the Fun-boi group with CIA, received Fun-boi (3 mg/g body weight/day) orally. We analyzed the arthritis score, the serum anti-type II collagen (CII) antibody level, and the percentage of the following lymphocyte subsets from lymphoid organs: B220, CD3/CD4, CD3/CD8 and CD40L/CD4 lymphocytes from blood or lymph nodes; and CD4-CD8-, CD4+CD8+, CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+ from the thymus.

RESULTS

Fun-boi therapy markedly reduced the severity of arthritis (p < 0.001) and tended to reduce the serum anti-CII antibody level (p = 0.06). Whereas CII immunization of DBA/1J mice caused a significant redistribution of CD3/CD8 lymphocytes from blood or lymph nodes, Fun-boi therapy caused significant normalization of the same types of lymphocyte subsets from lymph nodes, but did not affect the CD4 or CD4/CD40L lymphocyte subsets.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrate that Fun-boi therapy exerts therapeutic effects in CIA mice, possibly by causing immunomodulatory effects at specific sites.

Inhibitory effects of Choto-san (Diao-teng-san), and hooks and stems of Uncaria sinensis on free radical-induced lysis of rat red blood cells

The present study is designed to test our hypothesis that the ingestion of Uncaria sinensis (US), the main medicinal plant of Choto-san (Diao-teng-san, CS), would protect red blood cell (RBC) membrane from free radical-induced oxidation if polyphenolics in US could be absorbed and circulated in blood. When incubated with RBC suspension, Choto-san extract (CSE) and Uncaria sinensis extract (USE) exhibited strong protection for RBC membrane against hemolysis induced by 2,2-azo-bis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), an azo free-radical initiator. The inhibitory effect was dose-dependent at concentrations of 50 to 1000 microg/mL. Ingestion of 200 mg of USE was associated with a significant decrease in susceptibility of RBC to hemolysis in rats. Furthermore, caffeic acid, an antioxidative hydroxycinnamic acid, was identified in rat plasma after administration of URE.

Reduction of plasma triglyceride level and enhancement of plasma albumin concentration by Oren-gedoku-to administration

Oren-gedoku-to (Huanglian-Jie-Du-Tang, OGT) has been used for the treatment of cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, gastritis and liver disease in Japan. The present study was to test whether ingestion of OGT extract (TJ-15) would affect the metabolism of fatty acids and the usual antioxidant molecule (such as albumin, uric acid and bilirubin) levels in human plasma. After the administration of TJ-15, plasma total cholesterol and the triglyceride level significantly decreased, and lipoprotein lipase mass increased. Significant enhancement of plasma albumin level and reduction of the total plasma protein level resulted in an increment of the albumin/globulin ratio. Plasma fibrinogen, an independent risk factor for cerebrovascular disease, declined considerably, but the reduction was not statistically significant. The findings of this study suggest that ingestion of TJ-15 improves the microcirculation through lipid and protein metabolisms, and is useful for the treatment of cerebral vascular attack in human.

A comparative study between excess-dose users and regular-dose users of rhubarb contained in Kampo medicines

With prolonged use of rhubarb-containing Kampo medicines, some patients come to ask for high-dose rhubarb because of deteriorated reactivity to rhubarb. We divided patients into two groups in terms of rhubarb-dose, and compared clinical backgrounds between regular-dose group and excess-dose group. Patients who were treated with rhubarb-containing Kampo extracts (manufactured prescriptions) or Kampo formulae (decoctions) for more than 12 months were enrolled. These two groups were compared for age, sex, shape of stool, abdominal symptoms, existence of hemorrhoids, Kampo diagnosis of abdomen, past stimulant laxative use, duration of stimulant laxative use before the first administration of rhubarb, duration of rhubarb use in our hospital, and initial existence of stimulant pain caused by taking stimulant laxatives for the first time. No significant difference was shown between the two groups in terms of age, duration of stimulant laxative-use before the first prescription of rhubarb, shape of stool, abdominal symptoms, existence of hemorrhoids, or duration of rhubarb-use. However, most patients in the regular-dose group had initial stimulant pain of the abdomen upon taking stimulant laxatives for the first time, but most patients in the excess-dose group did not (p < 0.001). All patients except one in the regular dose group had the sign of "umbilical region tenderness on pressure", but half of the excess-dose group did not have it (p = 0.041). Based on these findings, the absence of "initial stimulant pain" and the absence of "umbilical region tenderness on pressure" may predict increasing or excess use of rhubarb, and long-term use of rhubarb should be discouraged more strongly in the patients without these signs.

The efficacy of a herbal medicine (Mao-to) in combination with intravenous natural interferon-beta for patients with chronic hepatitis C, genotype 1b and high viral load: a pilot study

Patients with chronic hepatitis C, with a high serum viral load (> or = 1 Meq/ml) and genotype 1b seem to be resistant to interferon (IFN) therapy. To evaluate the efficacy of a herbal medicine (Mao-to) in combination with natural IFN-beta for the treatment of these patients, eighteen Japanese patients were enrolled in this study. Every patient received 6 million units (MU) of IFN-beta intravenously daily for 8 weeks. Mao-to was given orally 3-4 times a day during the IFN-beta administration, Sixteen of the 18 patients (89%) became negative for serum HCV RNA at the end of treatment, but only 2 of them (11%) remained negative for the virus RNA at 6 months of follow-up. Serum ALT levels normalized in 17 patients (94%) at 2 weeks of follow-up after the cessation of therapy, and 11 patients (61%) retained normal ALT levels for more than 6 months of follow-up. This rate of biochemical response was high as compared with that of therapy with IFN-beta alone (19%) in the largest IFN-beta trial in Japan. Serum hyaluronic acid levels were decreased significantly from 147.0 +/- 110.5 ng/ml to 77.4 +/- 67.4 ng/ml in the sustained biochemical response group (P = 0.003). None of the patients needed to interrupt therapy because of side effects of IFN-beta. Thus, Mao-to administration together with IFN-beta treatment could increase the sustained biochemical response rate, and reduce liver fibrosis.

Incidence and clinical features of liver injury related to Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine in 2,496 cases between 1979 and 1999: problems of the lymphocyte transformation test as a diagnostic method

We retrospectively examined the summaries of all admission records of patients from 1979 to 1999 in our department, and selected for further study all liver injuries suspected of being related to Kampo medicines. Among 2,496 summaries, 30 summaries described liver disorders suspected of being related to Kampo medicines. Whether there was a causal relationship between the use of Kampo medication and the occurrence of liver injury was assessed according to the criteria described by Haller and Benowitz (2000), independently of the results of the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT). Among 30 events, we concluded that 9 were definitely unrelated, and 6 were probably unrelated to the use of Kampo medicines. Nine events (0.36% of 2,496 patient admissions and 0.06% of 14,616 outpatients) were considered possibly related, and only 6 events (0.24% of 2,496 patient admissions and 0.04% of 14,616 outpatients) were judged to be definitely or probably related to Kampo medicines. Low-grade eosinophilia was observed in a few patients of these "related" groups, and no fever or rash was observed in these "related" groups. Other clinical features, including type of liver injury, duration of Kampo medicine-use, recovery period and laboratory data, were not different from liver injuries associated with western drugs. Most patients in the definitely "unrelated" group were positive in the LTT for the suspect Kampo medicine, suggesting that the LTT may be unreliable for the diagnosis of Kampo-medicine-induced liver injury. From 1979 to 1999, our use of Kampo medicines to treat patients resulted in a low rate of liver injury and no fatalities.

LET distributions from CR-39 plates on Space Shuttle missions STS-84 and STS-91 and a comparison of the results of the CR-39 plates with those of RRMD-II and RRMD-III telescopes

The LET distributions during the Space Shuttle missions STS-84 (altitude 270-412 km, average 375 km; inclination angle, 51.6 degrees) and STS-91 (altitude 328-397 km, average 373 km; inclination angle, 51.6 degrees) were measured using CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors. A correction for the dip-angle dependence of the track-formation sensitivity of the CR-39 plates was applied to the data analysis. The absorbed doses and the dose equivalents around RRMD Detector Units, estimated from the LET distributions in the LET region of 4-200 keV/micrometers, fluctuated with standard deviations of +/- 21% to +/- 35% in both flight experiments. The LET distributions obtained from the CR-39 plates agreed well with that obtained from RRMD-II in STS-91. However, the particle fluxes obtained from RRMD-III in STS-84 and STS-91 were two or three times higher than those obtained from RRMD-II and the CR-39 plates. It was concluded that the LET distributions obtained from RRMD-II and the CR-39 plates in the present flight experiments did not include the contribution of target-fragmented secondary heavy particles produced by low-LET particles, such as relativistic or semi-relativistic protons and helium ions, whereas RRMD-III was able to detect these secondary particles because of its low triggering level.

Effect of Seihai-to, a Kampo medicine, in relapsing aspiration pneumonia--an open-label pilot study

Two published case reports described palliation of disease after Seihai-to therapy for refractory aspiration pneumonia caused by recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis and cerebrovascular disease. We undertook an open-label trial in patients with relapsing aspiration pneumonia. Fifteen patients with relapsing aspiration pneumonia were randomly divided into conventional therapy group (n = 8) or Seihai-to group (n = 7). In Seihai-to group, patients were treated with Seihai-to in addition to conventional therapy (Western medicines). Frequency of feverish days and antibiotics-use, CRP value and chest CT or X-ray findings were compared between the two groups during the study period of 16 weeks. In the Seihai-to group, the latency of swallowing reflex was measured in 6 patients before and after administration of Seihai-to. The mean values of fever index, CRP value and antibiotics-use in the Seihai-to group were decreased significantly, compared with those of the conventional therapy group. However, the latency of the swallowing reflex after 4 weeks of treatment was not significantly changed (p = 0.249), compared with the latency before administration of Seihai-to. No adverse reaction was observed in either group. Seihai-to was effective in reducing relapse of aspiration pneumonia in this small group. Seihai-to might not improve the swallowing reflex, but might instead improve a defense mechanism or excessive inflammation caused by pneumonia in the lower airway. Further evaluation of Seihai-to therapy for patients with aspiration pneumonia in a larger population is warranted.

Effects of Choto-san on hemorheological factors and vascular function in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

Choto-san is a formula used for the treatment of headache and vertigo. Recently it has often also been used for hypertension and dementia. One of the mechanisms involved is thought to be the improvement of blood circulation, but the details are still unclear. In this study, the effect of Chotosan was studied on nitric oxide (NO) function, hemorheological factors and endothelial function in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SP). Rats were given Choto-san in drinking water for eight weeks. Body weight, blood pressure, serum NO2-/NO3-, lipid peroxides, blood viscosity, erythrocyte deformability and endothelium-dependent/-independent relaxation were measured. The results indicated that Choto-san caused a decrease in blood pressure and an increase in erythrocyte deformability and NO function. Blood viscosity was not changed. Furthermore, endothelium-dependent relaxation by acetylcholine was significantly increased as compared to control. In this study, it was supposed that Choto-san had a protective effect on the endothelium. SHR-SP is a useful model for human brain stroke, and Choto-san showed a protective effect against cerebral vascular injury in the susceptible rat.

Nitric oxide-mediated antitumor activity induced by the extract from Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom) in a macrophage cell line, RAW264.7

We have investigated D-fraction (MDF) extracted from Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom) on the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-mediated nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 (RAW) cells, a murine monocyte/macrophage cell line, with special reference to antitumor activity of MDF against human hepatoma-derived huH-1 cells. MDF could induce iNOS mRNA expression in RAW cells in a dose range of more than 30 microg/ml, but the effect of 10 microg/ml of MDF was negligible. The iNOS mRNA expression induced by 100 microg/ml of MDF was 6 hrs later, but lasted for a longer time than that of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a representative iNOS inducer. Although iNOS mRNA levels in MDF-stimulated cells were almost equal to LPS-stimulated cells at the peak time, the cumulative amount of nitrite was only about 50% compared with that of LPS-treated cells. When huH-I cells were cultured in MDF containing media in a 24-well plate with inserted porous bottom in the presence or absence of RAW cells, the viability of huH-1 cells decreased significantly only in the presence of RAW cells in MDF dose-dependent manner. This antitumor activity of RAW cells in the presence of MDF was abolished or attenuated by the addition of L-NAME, a NOS inhibitor, confirming that this phenomenon is due to iNOS-mediated NO production by RAW cells, but not direct cytotoxic activity of MDF against huH-1 cells. These data suggest that MDF is a novel inducer for iNOS which contributes at least in part to antitumor activity of MDF.

Regulation of the activity of the transcription factor Runx2 by two homeobox proteins, Msx2 and Dlx5

BACKGROUND

Runx2, formerly called PEBP2alphaA or Cbfa1, is a transcription factor whose deletion causes a complete lack of ossification. It directly regulates the expression of osteoblast-specific genes through the osteoblast-specific cis-acting element found in the promoter region of these genes.

RESULTS

In this study, we have found conditions in which induction of the expression of Runx2 is not accompanied by expression of an osteoblast-specific gene, osteocalcin in C2C12 cells. This finding suggests the existence of a repressor of the activity of Runx2. We have then found that the homeobox protein Msx2 is able to repress the transcription activity of Runx2 by interacting with it. Furthermore, our results have shown that the other homeobox protein Dlx5 has an activity which interferes with both abilities of Msx2 to interact with Runx2 and repress its transcription activity. It has previously been shown that a missense mutation of Msx2 (P148H) causes Boston-type craniosynostosis in humans. Interestingly, while this mutant form of Msx2 was able to bind to Runx2 and repress its activity, these abilities of Msx2 (P148H) were not subject to regulation by Dlx5.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that regulation of the activity of Runx2 by Msx2 and Dlx5 plays an important role in the mammalian skull development.

Effects of Choto-san on microcirculation, serum nitric oxide and lipid peroxides in patients with asymptomatic cerebral infarction

The effects of Choto-san on microcirculation, serum nitric oxide and lipid peroxides were investigated. Fifteen patients with asymptomatic cerebral infarction were investigated before and after a four-week administration of Choto-san. The variables of microcirculation of the bulbar conjunctiva, which were the internal diameter of vessels, flow velocity and flow volume rate, were increased. Serum NO2(-)/NO3(-) tended to increase and lipid peroxides were decreased. Total serum cholesterol was also decreased. These results suggest that Choto-san may improve microcirculation affected by endothelial function and fat metabolism.

Protective effect of phenolic compounds isolated from the hooks and stems of Uncaria sinensis on glutamate-induced neuronal death

We isolated the phenolic compounds epicatechin, catechin, procyanidin B-1, procyanidin B-2, hyperin and caffeic acid from the hooks and stems of Uncaria sinensis (HSUS), and studied their protective effects against glutamate-induced neuronal death in cultured rat cerebellar granule cells. Cell viability evaluated by MTT assay was significantly increased by application of epicatechin (100-300 microM), catechin (300 microM), procyanidin B-1 (30-300 microM) and procyanidin B-2 (100-300 microM) compared with exposure to glutamate only. 45Ca2+ influx into cells induced by glutamate was also significantly inhibited by administration ofepicatechin (300 microM), catechin (300 microM), procyanidin B-1 (100-300 microM) and procyanidin B-2 (100-300 microM). These results suggest that epicatechin, catechin, procyanidin B-1 and procyanidin B-2 are the active components of HSUS that protect against glutamate-induced neuronal death in cultured cerebellar granule cells by inhibition of Ca2+ influx.

Cytotoxic activity of 2-aminomethylene-3(2H)-benzofuranones against human oral tumor cell lines

A total of 23 newly-synthesized 2-aminomethylene-3(2H)-benzofuranone and structurally-related compounds were compared for their cytotoxic activity against both normal (human gingival fibroblast HGF) and tumor cells (human oral squamous cell lines HSC-2, HSC-3 and human salivary gland tumor cells HSG). There was a significant variability of drug sensitivity among the oral tumor cell lines. In general, HSC-2 cells were the most sensitive, followed by HSG cells, while HSC-3 cells were the most resistant. HGF normal cells were highly resistant to all compounds, suggesting their tumor-specific cytotoxic action. The cytotoxic activity of the compounds with morpholine, 1-methylpiperazine or piperidine structure was generally elevated by the introduction of fluorine, but not chlorine and methoxy functional groups, to the benzofuranone structure, whereas that of compounds attached by 1-phenylpiperazine or 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine was rather reduced. The most active compounds induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells, but not in HSG, further confirming that oral tumor cell lines are resistant to DNase digestion.

General pharmacological properties of Sho-seiryu-to (TJ-19) extracts

The general pharmacological properties of TJ-19 extracts were orally investigated in various experimental animals. TJ-19 extracts showed no effect on general behavior and on central nervous system such as spontaneous locomotor activity, proconvulsant and anti-convulsant responses, analgesic activity, body temperature and hexobarbital sleeping time at all doses of 0.5, 1 and 2 g/kg in mice. Further, TJ-19 extracts showed no effect on contractile responses of isolated guinea pig ileum induced by acetylcholine, histamine and BaCl2 at concentrations of 10(-6), 10(-5), and 10(-4) g/ml. TJ-19 extracts, however, increased the respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, and decreased the blood flow in dogs at all doses of 0.5, 1 and 2 g/kg via duodenal administration. Further, TJ-19 extracts decreased the interval of PR and QT of EKG parameters in dogs at doses of 1 and 2 g/kg. TJ-19 extracts increased the intestinal transport of charcoal meal in rats at doses of 1 and 2 g/kg. TJ-19 increased the urinary Na+ excretion at all doses of 0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg, and increased the urinary K+ and Cl- excretion at 1 and 2 g/kg, although it showed no effect on urine volume output in rats. These data suggest that TJ-19 stimulates the sympathetic nervous system function at a pharmacological dose of under 0.5 g/kg, and has possibility to increase the intestinal peristalsis and urinary electrolyte excretion at higher doses.

Cytotoxic activity of benzothiepins against human oral tumor cell lines

A total of 11 newly synthesized benzothiepins and structurally-related compounds were investigated for cytotoxic activity against both normal and tumor cells. All these compounds showed higher cytotoxic activity against three human oral tumor cell lines (HSC-2, HSC-3, HSG) than against normal human gingival fibroblast (HGF), suggesting tumor-specific cytotoxic action. In general, 3,4-dihydro-1-benzothiepin-5(2H)-ones [1-6] showed higher cytotoxic activity than 2,3-dihydro-1-benzothiepins [7-11]. Compounds 4 (4-bromo-3,4-dihydro-2-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-1-benzothiepin-5(2H)-one), 5 (4-bromo-3,4-dihydro-2-(2-oxopropyl)-1-benzothiepin-5(2H)-one) and 6 (4-bromo-3,4-dihydro-2-[1-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-methylethyl]-1-benzothiepin-5(2H)-one), showed higher cytotoxic activity than compounds 1, 2 and 3, respectively, which had Cl instead of Br at C-4 position. Agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated that these compounds induced large DNA fragments in oral tumor cells, whereas they produced smear pattern of smaller DNA fragments in human promyelocytic leukemia cells HL-60. These data suggest the medicinal efficacy of benzothiepins.

Measurements of LET-distribution, dose equivalent and quality factor with the RRMD-III on the Space Shuttle Missions STS-84, -89 and -91

Dosimetric measurements on the Space Shuttle Missions STS-84, -89 and -91 have been made by the real-time radiation monitoring device III (RRMD-III). Simultaneously, another dosimetry measurement was made by the Dosimetry Telescope (DOSTEL) on STS-84 and by the tissue-equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) on STS-91. First, the RRMD-III instrument is described in detail and its results summarized. Then, the results of DOSTEL and TEPC are compared with those of the RRMD-III. Also, the absorbed doses obtained by TLD (Mg2SiO4) and by RRMD-III on board STS-84 and -91 are compared.

State-selective optical near-field resonant ionization spectroscopy of atoms near a dielectric surface

Spin-sensitive optical near-field microscopy and spectroscopy are proposed based on the study on the conserved quantities in optical near-field interactions of atoms with dielectric surfaces. A two-step photoionization spectra of Cs atoms resolving hyperfine structures are demonstrated near a planar dielectric surface by using evanescent waves. These techniques of state/spin-selective excitation and highly sensitive detection, combined with the techniques of optical pumping, will open up possibilities of space- and polarization-sensitive detection of optical near-fields using atomic probes. This novel method provides us with a useful technique for the observation of polarization nature of the optical near-field and controlling the spin states of mesoscopic electronic systems.

Inhibitory effect of (+)-catechin on the growth of influenza A/PR/8 virus in MDCK cells

We investigated whether (+)-catechin, a building block of tannins contained in the extract of Ephedrae herba (EHext), exerts an inhibitory effect on the acidification of intracellular compartments such as endosomes and lysosomes (referred to as ELS), and thereby inhibits the growth of influenza A PR/8/34 (PR8) virus (H1N1 subtype) in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. The vital fluorescence microscopic study with acridine orange showed that 1-h treatment with (+)-catechin inhibited the acidification of ELS in a concentration-dependent manner (1.0-10.0 mM). Moreover, the growth of PR8 virus was inhibited markedly when the cells were treated with (+)-catechin (1.25-10.0 mM) for 1 h immediately after infection, or treated within as little as 5 to 10 min after infection. Conversely, virus growth resumed within 3 h concomitantly with the reappearance of acidified ELS after removal of (+)-catechin. Similar to EHext, (+)-catechin inhibited both the acidification of ELS and the influenza virus growth. It suggests that (+)-catechin is one of the active components in EHext.

Administration of isoferulic acid improved the survival rate of lethal influenza virus pneumonia in mice

BACKGROUND

Isoferulic acid (IFA) is a main active ingredient of the rhizoma of Cimicifuga beracleifolia, which is used frequently in Japanese traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory drug. It has been revealed that IFA inhibits the production of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), which is a murine counterpart of the chemokine family that may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases through the chemotactic activity for inflammatory and immune effector cells.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of IFA on the progression of lethal influenza virus pneumonia in mice by comparison with that of dexamethasone (DX), a potent inhibitor for various inflammatory cytokines including MIP-2.

METHODS

Mice were infected by intranasal inoculation of influenza virus under ether anesthesia. The IFA or DX was given by oral administration once daily for 4 days after infection. After infection, the survival rate and the change in body weight were daily monitored.

RESULTS

IFA administration markedly improved the survival rate and body weight loss of influenza virus-infected mice in a suitable dose range (0.5 mg/day). However, DX administration did not show a beneficial effect at any dose.

CONCLUSION

These data suggested that IFA is a novel tool not only for the intervention therapy, but also for the studies on the pathogenesis of influenza virus-induced pneumonia.

A Kampo formulation: Byakko-ka-ninjin-to (Bai-Hu-Jia-Ren-Sheng-Tang) inhibits IgE-mediated triphasic skin reaction in mice: the role of its constituents in expression of the efficacy

We have demonstrated that oral administration of a Kampo formulation, Byakko-ka-ninjin-to (Bai-Hu-Jia-Ren-Sheng-Tang), inhibited IgE-mediated triphasic skin reaction, including immediate phase response (IPR), late phase response (LPR) and very late phase response (vLPR), in passively sensitized mice with anti-DNP IgE antibody. Variant formulations of Byakko-ka-ninjin-to without Gypsum Fibrosum (Sekko), Glycyrrhizae Radix (Kanzo) or Oryzae Semen (Kobei) attenuated the inhibitory effect as compared with that of Byakko-ka-ninjin-to. The decreased effect of Byakko-ka-ninjin-to without Kanzo was restored by the addition of Kanzo to the variant formulations before oral administration, while the decreased effect of Byakko-ka-ninjin-to without Sekko could not be recovered by the addition of Sekko. Comparison of HPLC profiles of variant formulations without one crude drug with that of original Byakko-ka-ninjin-to revealed that some peaks could be detected only when five constituent crude drugs were simultaneously present during the preparation of Byakko-ka-ninjin-to formulation. Since elimination of Sekko from the Byakko-ka-ninjin-to constituents attenuated the efficacy although it did not show any activity per se, mutual interaction of Sekko with other constituents during the preparation may result in the production of new components. These findings suggest that the effect of Byakko-ka-ninjin-to formulation on cutaneous inflammatory disease can differ from the sum of the effect of the individual constituents.

Cytotoxic activity of 5-benzoylimidazole and related compounds against human oral tumor cell lines

A total of 24 benzoylimidazoles and structurally-related compounds were investigated for their cytotoxic activity against oral tumor cells and normal gingival fibroblast. Compound 23 (5-(2-hydroxylbenzoyl)-2-phenylimidazole) showed the highest cytotoxic activity against both human oral tumor cell lines (human squamous cell carcinoma HSC-2, human salivary gland tumor HSG) and normal human gingival fibroblast (HGF). Compounds 7 (2-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)benz imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole), 14 (1,3-diethyl-5-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-4-imidazoline-2-thione) and 18 (5-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyl)-3-methyl-2-methylimino-4-thiazoline) showed slightly lower cytotoxic activity, but higher tumor-specific cytotoxic action. The cytotoxic activity of compound 23 was significantly reduced by CuCl2, but not by CoCl2, FeCl3, or by antioxidants (N-acetyl-L-cysteine, sodium ascorbate, catalase). Compound 23 did not show any detectable oxidation potential (determined by NO monitor). Agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated that compound 23 induced DNA fragmentation in human promyelocytic leukemia cells HL-60, but not in HSG cells. These data suggested that the response to compound 23 might be different from cell to cell.

Vasodilator effect of extract prepared from Uncariae ramulus on isolated rat aorta

Uncariae ramulus et Uncus (URE) has a vasodilator effect. Its mechanism consists of not only endothelium-independent relaxation with Ca2+ channel blocking effect but also endothelium-dependent relaxation with nitric oxide. The active components are alkaloids and tannin contained in Uncariae ramulus et Uncus. They also show a superoxide dismutase-like effect and suppressed vasocontraction induced by xanthine and xanthine oxidase. These mechanisms may also influence vasodilatation by Uncariae ramulus et Uncus in vivo.

Enhanced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by Juzen-taiho-to in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line

We have investigated the effect of Juzen-taiho-to (TJ-48) on inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line. TJ-48-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combination induced iNOS mRNA expression earlier, stronger and remained longer that paralleled but with a higher NO production compared to LPS stimulation. TJ-48 itself showed no inducible effect either on NO production or iNOS mRNA expression. This phenomenon could be considered to contribute, at least in part, to the beneficial effects of TJ-48 through the iNOS-mediated activation of biodefense mechanism.

Effect of interleukin 2 on killer cell inhibitory receptors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE

The genes for killer cell inhibitory receptors (KIRs) have been cloned and their functions and responses to other molecules, including cytokines, have been partially clarified. However, the expression of KIRs has not been analysed in patients with autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), who are highly susceptible to microbial infection. Therefore, KIR expression on lymphocytes in patients with RA, and the regulation of KIR expression by interleukin 2 (IL2) in RA was investigated.

METHODS

CD158a/b expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from 25 patients with RA and 14 healthy subjects was analysed by flow cytometry. Additionally, PBMC from the two groups of subjects were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium with or without IL2 for 48 hours, and then their CD158a/b expression was analysed.

RESULTS

The rate of CD158a expression on the CD8+ cells was lower in patients with RA than in healthy subjects, though there was no significant difference in the CD158a/b expression on the CD16+ cells between the two groups. The upregulation of CD16+CD158a/b+ cells in response to IL2 was significantly reduced in patients with RA compared with healthy subjects.

CONCLUSION

The reduced induction of KIR expression in response to IL2 may provide insight into the reason for the high susceptibility of patients with RA to microbial infection.

Shosaiko-to and other Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicines: a review of their immunomodulatory activities

The use of alternative medicine, including consumption of herbal products and dietary supplements, has been increasing substantially both in the United States and in Western Europe. One area that is garnering increased attention is the use of Oriental Medicine including Kampo, or Japanese herbal medicine. Herein, we review representative examples of research available on the most common use of Kampo medicinals, namely to improve the immune response. We also provide an extensive background on the history of Kampo. There are more than 210 different Kampo formulae used in Japan and most uses of Kampo are to modulate the immune response, i.e. to improve immunity. We have extracted data on seven common Kampo medicinals, and the data are reviewed with respect to in vitro and in vivo activities for both humans and experimental animals; the ingredients as well as the problems with classification of these materials are presented. Research suggests that Kampo herbals are biologically active and may have therapeutic potential. While it is believed that Kampo medicines have few side effects, there is a paucity of data on their toxicity as well as a relative lack of knowledge of the bioactive constituents and potential drug interactions of these agents.

Extract prepared from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia Blume prevents glutamate-induced neuronal death in cultured cerebellar granule cells

We studied the protective effect of a water extract from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia Blume on glutamate-induced neuronal death by MTT assay and its action on (45)Ca(2+) influx using cultured rat cerebellar granule cells. In a dose-dependent manner, this extract (10(-5)-10(-4) g/mL) significantly protected against glutamate-induced cell death and also inhibited glutamate-induced (45)Ca(2+) influx. These results suggest that the bark of Cinnamomum cassia has a protective effect on glutamate-induced neuronal death through the inhibition of Ca(2+) influx.

Effects of anticancer drugs, metals and antioxidants on cytotoxic activity of benzothiepins/benzoxepins

Among 11 benzothiepins/benzoxepins, 4-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-1-benzothiepin-5-(2H)-one [1] showed the highest cytotoxicity against human oral squamous cell carcinoma HSC-2 cells, followed by 2,3-dihydro-2-(2-oxopropyl)-2-phenyl-1-benzoxepin [2]. Popular antioxidants, such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine and sodium ascorbate significantly reduced the cytotoxic activity of [1] but not that of [2]. Compound [1] induced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in human promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cell line, but produced large DNA fragmentation in human oral tumor cell lines (HSC-2, HSG). Compounds [1] and doxorubicin additively reduced the viable cell number of HSC-2 cells. These data, taken together with their tumor specific action, demonstrate for the first time, the medicinal efficacy of benzothiepins/benzoxepins.

Mutation of the SRC gene in endometrial carcinoma

Recently, an activating mutation of the SRC gene has been implicated in about one-tenth of advanced colon cancers. The SRC 531 mutation results in truncation of SRC directly C-terminal to the regulatory Tyr 530 and appears to activate the Tyr 530. To investigate whether mutation of SRC plays an important role in the development and progression of gynecological tumors, we performed mutational analysis of the entire coding region of SRC in 70 ovarian carcinomas, 68 endometrial carcinomas and 3 endometrial stromal sarcomas by means of polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) followed by nucleotide sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. We found one truncated mutation at codon 531 (Gln to Stop) in an endometrial carcinoma. However, we found no mutation of this gene in ovarian carcinoma or endometrial stromal sarcoma. Our results suggest that mutation of SRC may be implicated in a small proportion of endometrial carcinomas.

Therapeutic effect of anti-macrophage inflammatory protein 2 antibody on influenza virus-induced pneumonia in mice

We investigated the effect of anti-macrophage inflammatory protein 2 immunoglobulin G (aMIP-2 IgG) on the progression of influenza virus-induced pneumonia in mice. When mice were infected with a mouse lung-adapted strain of influenza A/PR/8/34 virus by intranasal inoculation, neutrophil counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) increased in parallel with the kinetics of MIP-2 production, which peaked 2 days after infection. After intracutaneous injection of a dose of 10 or 100 microg of aMIP-2 IgG once a day on days 0 and 1, neutrophil counts in BALF on day 2 were reduced to 49 or 37%, respectively, of the value in the control infected mice administered anti-protein A IgG. The antibody administration also improved lung pathology without affecting virus replication. Furthermore, by prolonged administration with a higher or lower dose for up to 5 days, body weight loss became slower and finally 40% of mice in both treatment groups survived potentially lethal pneumonia. These findings suggest that MIP-2-mediated neutrophil infiltration during the early phase of infection might play an important role in lung pathology. Thus, MIP-2 was considered to be a novel target for intervention therapy in potentially lethal influenza virus pneumonia in mice.