1
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Lerner S, Malovannaya A, Holt M, Kremers K, Ittman M, Saltzman A, Young M, Anurag M, Kim BJ, Ellis M. Proteogenomic characterization of muscle invasive bladder cancer identifies mechanisms of resistance and potential targets for therapy. Eur Urol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(22)01153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hoejris NF, Frederiksen Y, Nielsen SH, Brand SL, Holt M, Amidi A, Knudsen UB. P–041 Reproductive concerns and sexual health in men with newly diagnosed testicular cancer prior to orchiectomy: preliminary results from an on-going study. Hum Reprod 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab130.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study question
What is the prevalence of reproductive concerns among patients with newly diagnosed testicular cancer (TC), and how do they rate their sexual health (SH).
Summary answer
Of 20 patients, 75% (n = 15) were moderate to highly concerned about decreased reproductive functioning. Twenty-four percent exhibited overall low SH.
What is known already
Currently, only little is known about reproductive concerns among TC patients. Furthermore, these concerns have not been investigated in a TC population prior to orchiectomy. One study among post-surgery TC patients two years after diagnosis, reported that 28% had high degree of reproductive concern. The literature indicates that TC patients’ sexual health is negatively affected due to altered body image and sexual dysfunction. However, studies regarding sexual health have primarily been performed on long term survivors of TC. Thus, little is known about SH in this population prior to treatment.
Study design, size, duration
The present cross-sectional study included patients from the fertility clinic in Horsens, Denmark. Patients were approached at their pre-scheduled appointment for cryopreservation of semen prior to orchiectomy. Enrolment started March, 2019 and is still on-going. Preliminary data is included from 21 enrolled patients.
Participants/materials, setting, methods
Patients newly diagnosed with TC, who were referred to the fertility clinic for semen cryopreservation prior to orchiectomy and other treatment modalities were invited. The patients responded to a questionnaire package of which reproductive concerns were assessed with seven questions with Likert scale response options ranging from 0 (not concerned) to 5 (highly concerned). SH was assessed with the validated 22-item questionnaire European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Sexual health questionnaire (EORTC-SHQ).
Main results and the role of chance
A total of 37 patients met the inclusion criteria and of these 21 were enrolled in the study. Due to technical issues, only 20 out of 21 patients completed the full questionnaire package. Patients were asked about concerns regarding the ability to father children. Nine patients (45%) were moderately concerned, and six patients (30%) were highly concerned. When asked about their concerns of not being able to father children without fertility treatment, the answers were mostly unaffected with eight patients (40%) being moderately concerned, and seven patients (35%) highly concerned.
Four patients (20%) were highly concerned that decreased semen quality would affect future or present relationships. Patients were also asked if they felt sufficiently informed regarding the chance of fathering children without help from a fertility clinic following cancer treatment. Three patients (15%) reported that they were insufficiently informed, while four patients (20%) responded only to a little extend. Five patients (23,8%) scored ≤ 50 on the EORTC SHQ indicating that they had low SH. Eleven patients (52,3%) felt less masculine due to their disease. Furthermore, one patient (4,8%) scored ≤ 50 on the symptomatic scale, indicating that he had symptomatic sexual problems as fatigue and sexual pain.
Limitations, reasons for caution
The relatively low participant number is a limitation, making the results less generalizable. Furthermore, there is a risk of selection bias due to the moderate inclusion rate. Also, the questionnaire examining fertility related concerns were non validated, and focused mainly on the fertility-related aspects of reproductive concerns.
Wider implications of the findings: A considerable number of patients with newly diagnosed TC show substantial reproductive concerns as well as lowered sexual health. These worries could possibly be alleviated by more sufficient information from the health professionals already in the beginning of the treatment phase, reducing further emotional distress during the remaining treatment period.
Trial registration number
ClinicalTrials.gov ID:NCT03880994
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Hoejris
- Aarhus University, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Y Frederiksen
- Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital- Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Medicine and the Sexology Unit, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S H Nielsen
- Regional Hospital of Horsens, Fertility Clinic, Horsens, Denmark
| | - S L Brand
- Aarhus University, Department of Psychology & Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - M Holt
- Aarhus University, Department of Psychology & Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A Amidi
- Aarhus University, Department of Psychology & Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - U B Knudsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine- Aarhus University, Gynecology & Obstetrics, Aarhus, Denmark
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Brown D, Henau HD, Garrigan JT, Gerike P, Holt M, Kunkel E, Matthijs E, Waters J, Watkinson RJ. Removal of Nonionics in Sewage Treatment Plants II / Abbauwerte für Nonionics in Klaranlagen II. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/tsd-1987-240108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Reintjes R, Holt M, Kalbus A, Powell S. International, inter-university transferability of a student health surveillance system (SuSy) tool. Eur J Public Health 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz185.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
While university students are known to face major life transition challenges with the risk to engage in potentially undesirable health-related habits, there are very few attempts to monitor students’ health behaviour on a regular long-term basis. Even in cross-sectional designs, students from the field of Public Health and/or Health Sciences are rarely investigated. Here, a cross-university students’ health behaviour surveillance system is presented.
Methods
A students’ health and health behaviour surveillance system (SuSy) has been implemented in Hamburg University of Applied Sciences in 2014, collecting and analysing data of health sciences students twice a year since. After Manchester Metropolitan University joined the project and adapted SuSy to its specific context in 2016, data of both SuSy settings were compared using logistic regression models. In addition, focus groups were carried out in both universities in order to assess the perception and acceptance of the tool.
Results
After eight elicitations with total sample of 1366 responses, a decreasing trend of smoking and increasing trend of cannabis consumption can be observed among Hamburg students. In comparison, Manchester students tend to smoke significantly more (OR = 3.74, 95%CI 1.95-7.17), but consume less cannabis (OR = 0.51, 95%CI 0.14-0.9). Trends in physical activity and healthy food consumption complete the overview. Focus groups revealed that SuSy is perceived as an appealing, useful and recognisable tool among students from both universities.
Discussion
While being easily adapted in content and delivery, SuSy allows for the provision helpful, comparable information about students’ health behaviours as well as for the observation of time trends. These findings underline SuSy’s potential in promoting university students’ health.
Key messages
The student health surveillance system (SuSy) tool allows comparable information about students’ health behaviours as well as the observation of time trends. SuSy is perceived as an appealing, useful and recognisable tool among students from both universities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reintjes
- Faculty Life Sciences, Department Health Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Holt
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - A Kalbus
- Faculty Life Sciences, Department Health Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Powell
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Harris C, Zois S, Holt M, Constantinou C, Policastro P. “Fruit or Foe: Assessing the College-Aged Populations’ Perceptions on Fresh, Frozen, and CannedFruit”. J Acad Nutr Diet 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2017.06.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Hoffmann L, Alber M, Jensen M, Holt M, Møller D. PO-0876: Treatment adaptation is mandatory for intensity modulated proton therapy of advanced lung cancer. Radiother Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(17)31313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Callander D, Stoové M, Carr A, Hoy JF, Petoumenos K, Hellard M, Elliot J, Templeton DJ, Liaw S, Wilson DP, Grulich A, Cooper DA, Pedrana A, Donovan B, McMahon J, Prestage G, Holt M, Fairley CK, McKellar-Stewart N, Ruth S, Asselin J, Keen P, Cooper C, Allan B, Kaldor JM, Guy R. A longitudinal cohort study of HIV 'treatment as prevention' in gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men: the Treatment with Antiretrovirals and their Impact on Positive And Negative men (TAIPAN) study protocol. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:752. [PMID: 27955627 PMCID: PMC5154018 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Australia has increased coverage of antiretroviral treatment (ART) over the past decade, reaching 73% uptake in 2014. While ART reduces AIDS-related deaths, accumulating evidence suggests that it could also bolster prevention efforts by reducing the risk of HIV transmission ('treatment as prevention'). While promising, evidence of community-level impact of treatment as prevention on reducing HIV incidence among gay and bisexual men is limited. We describe a study protocol that aims to determine if scale up of testing and treatment for HIV leads to a reduction in community viraemia and, in turn, if this reduction is temporally associated with a reduction in HIV incidence among gay and bisexual men in Australia's two most populous states. METHODS Over the period 2009 to 2017, we will establish two cohorts making use of clinical and laboratory data electronically extracted retrospectively and prospectively from 73 health services and laboratories in the states of New South Wales and Victoria. The 'positive cohort' will consist of approximately 13,000 gay and bisexual men (>90% of all people living with HIV). The 'negative cohort' will consist of at least 40,000 HIV-negative gay and bisexual men (approximately half of the total population). Within the negative cohort we will use standard repeat-testing methods to calculate annual HIV incidence. Community prevalence of viraemia will be defined as the proportion of men with a viral load ≥200RNA copies/mm3, which will combine viral load data from the positive cohort and viraemia estimates among those with an undiagnosed HIV infection. Using regression analyses and adjusting for behavioural and demographic factors associated with infection, we will assess the temporal association between the community prevalence of viraemia and the incidence of HIV infection. Further analyses will make use of these cohorts to assess incidence and predictors of treatment initiation, repeat HIV testing, and viral suppression. DISCUSSION This study will provide important information on whether 'treatment as prevention' is associated with a reduction in HIV incidence at a community level among gay and bisexual men.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Callander
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Wallace Wurth Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - M Stoové
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - A Carr
- St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J F Hoy
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - K Petoumenos
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Wallace Wurth Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - M Hellard
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J Elliot
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - D J Templeton
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Wallace Wurth Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,RPA Sexual Health, Community Health, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S Liaw
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D P Wilson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - A Grulich
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Wallace Wurth Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - D A Cooper
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Wallace Wurth Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - A Pedrana
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - B Donovan
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Wallace Wurth Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J McMahon
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - G Prestage
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Wallace Wurth Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - M Holt
- Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C K Fairley
- Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - S Ruth
- Victorian AIDS Council, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J Asselin
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - P Keen
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Wallace Wurth Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - C Cooper
- PositiveLife New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - B Allan
- Living Positive Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J M Kaldor
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Wallace Wurth Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - R Guy
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Wallace Wurth Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Keen P, Conway DP, Cunningham P, McNulty A, Couldwell DL, Davies SC, Smith DE, Gray J, Holt M, O'Connor CC, Read P, Callander D, Prestage G, Guy R. Multi-centre field evaluation of the performance of the Trinity Biotech Uni-Gold HIV 1/2 rapid test as a first-line screening assay for gay and bisexual men compared with 4th generation laboratory immunoassays. J Clin Virol 2016; 86:46-51. [PMID: 27914286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Trinity Biotech Uni-Gold HIV test (Uni-Gold) is often used as a supplementary rapid test in testing algorithms. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the operational performance of the Uni-Gold as a first-line screening test among gay and bisexual men (GBM) in a setting where 4th generation HIV laboratory assays are routinely used. STUDY DESIGN We compared the performance of Uni-Gold with conventional HIV serology conducted in parallel among GBM attending 22 testing sites. Sensitivity was calculated separately for acute and established infection, defined using 4th generation screening Ag/Ab immunoassay (EIA) and Western blot results. Previous HIV testing history and results of supplementary 3rd generation HIV Ab EIA, and p24 antigen EIA were used to further characterise cases of acute infection. RESULTS Of 10,793 specimens tested with Uni-Gold and conventional serology, 94 (0.90%, 95%CI:0.70-1.07) were confirmed as HIV-positive by conventional serology, and 37 (39.4%) were classified as acute infection. Uni-Gold sensitivity was 81.9% overall (77/94, 95%CI:72.6-89.1); 56.8% for acute infection (21/37, 95%CI:39.5-72.9) and 98.2% for established infection (56/57, 95%CI:90.6-100.0). Of 17 false non-reactive Uni-Gold results, 16 were acute infections, and of these seven were p24 antigen reactive but antibody negative. Uni-Gold specificity was 99.9% (10,692/10,699, 95%CI:99.9-100.0), PPV was 91.7% (95%CI:83.6-96.6) and NPV was 99.8% (95%CI:99.7-99.9), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this population, Uni-Gold had good specificity and sensitivity was high for established infections when compared to 4th generation laboratory assays, however sensitivity was lower in acute infections. Where rapid tests are used in populations with a high proportion of acute infections, additional testing strategies are needed to detect acute infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Keen
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - D P Conway
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - P Cunningham
- NSW State Reference Laboratory for HIV, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - A McNulty
- Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - D L Couldwell
- Western Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Western Sydney Local Health District, NSW 2150, Australia; The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - S C Davies
- Northern Sydney Sexual Health Service, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - D E Smith
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Albion Centre, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - J Gray
- ACON, Surry Hills, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - M Holt
- Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - C C O'Connor
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; RPA Sexual Health, Community Health, Sydney LHD, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - P Read
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Kirketon Road Centre, PO Box 22, Kings Cross, NSW 1340, Australia
| | - D Callander
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - G Prestage
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - R Guy
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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10
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Gautel M, Rees M, Nikoopour R, Fukuzawa A, Fraternali F, Laddach A, Pernigo S, Holt M, Steiner R. Sarcomeric signalling proteins: Hubs for mechanosensation and hotspots for inherited myopathies. Neuromuscul Disord 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
A retrospective study was conducted on 17 consecutive patients with DAVF admitted to Monash Medical Centre over 12 years. 15 patients, 82.4%, were treated by endovascular means with the intention to obliterate the fistula. Three of these patients also had surgery following embolisation. Angiographic cure was achieved when we have successfully embolised both the arterial and the venous side whether by penetration of liquid adhesive or packing with coils. Our cure rate of 60% (95% CI: 37–83%) compare favourably with published results of 50 to 70%. Our clinical complication rate is 1/15, 6%; and technical complication is1 from 32 embolisation sessions, 3.1%. Endovascular therapy is effective in achieving a durable angiographic and clinical cure in the treatment of intracranial DAVF. Both arterial and venous side need to be occluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.K.W. Chong
- Interventional Neuroradiology Unit, Diagnostic Imaging, Monash Medical Centre; Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - M. Holt
- Diagnostic Imaging, Monash Medical Centre; Clayton, Vic, Australia
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12
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Guy R, Jamil MS, Fairley C, Smith K, Grulich A, Bradley J, Kaldor J, Chen M, McNulty A, Holt M, Ryan D, Batrouney C, Russell D, Bavinton B, Keen P, Conway DP, Wand H, Prestage G. P17.07 Sexual risk behaviour predicts more frequent use of hiv self-testing: early findings from the forth trial. Br J Vener Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Jamil MS, Bavinton B, Guy R, Fairley C, Grulich A, Holt M, Smith K, Chen M, McNulty A, Conway DP, Keen P, Bradley J, Russell D, Kaldor J, Prestage G. P17.10 Hiv testing self-efficacy is associated with higher hiv testing frequency and perceived likelihood to self-test among gay and bisexual men. Br J Vener Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Newman CE, de Wit J, Persson A, Holt M, Slavin S, Kidd MR, Post JJ, Wright E, Mao L. Understanding Concerns About Treatment-as-Prevention Among People with HIV who are not Using Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS Behav 2015; 19:821-31. [PMID: 25432878 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-014-0959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of antiretroviral therapy to prevent HIV transmission is now advocated in many settings, yet little research has documented the views of people with HIV. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in Australia between 2012 and 2014 with 27 HIV-positive people not using treatment at the time of interview. Thematic analysis of views on treatment-as-prevention found that while many participants recognised potential prevention benefits, only a minority was in support of initiating treatment solely to achieve those benefits. A range of uncertain or critical views were expressed regarding who would benefit, risk reduction, and changing treatment norms. Participants resisted responsibility narratives that implied treatment should be used for the public good, in favour of making considered decisions about their preferred approach to managing HIV. Engaging communities in dialogue and debate regarding the risks and benefits of treatment will be critical if this new prevention strategy is to engender public trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Newman
- Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Australia, Level 2 John Goodsell Building, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia,
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15
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Kremer A, Lippens S, Bartunkova S, Asselbergh B, Blanpain C, Fendrych M, Goossens A, Holt M, Janssens S, Krols M, Larsimont JC, Mc Guire C, Nowack MK, Saelens X, Schertel A, Schepens B, Slezak M, Timmerman V, Theunis C, VAN Brempt R, Visser Y, Guérin CJ. Developing 3D SEM in a broad biological context. J Microsc 2015; 259:80-96. [PMID: 25623622 PMCID: PMC4670703 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
When electron microscopy (EM) was introduced in the 1930s it gave scientists their first look into the nanoworld of cells. Over the last 80 years EM has vastly increased our understanding of the complex cellular structures that underlie the diverse functions that cells need to maintain life. One drawback that has been difficult to overcome was the inherent lack of volume information, mainly due to the limit on the thickness of sections that could be viewed in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). For many years scientists struggled to achieve three-dimensional (3D) EM using serial section reconstructions, TEM tomography, and scanning EM (SEM) techniques such as freeze-fracture. Although each technique yielded some special information, they required a significant amount of time and specialist expertise to obtain even a very small 3D EM dataset. Almost 20 years ago scientists began to exploit SEMs to image blocks of embedded tissues and perform serial sectioning of these tissues inside the SEM chamber. Using first focused ion beams (FIB) and subsequently robotic ultramicrotomes (serial block-face, SBF-SEM) microscopists were able to collect large volumes of 3D EM information at resolutions that could address many important biological questions, and do so in an efficient manner. We present here some examples of 3D EM taken from the many diverse specimens that have been imaged in our core facility. We propose that the next major step forward will be to efficiently correlate functional information obtained using light microscopy (LM) with 3D EM datasets to more completely investigate the important links between cell structures and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kremer
- VIB Bio Imaging Core, Gent, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, B-9052, Belgium.,Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Lippens
- VIB Bio Imaging Core, Gent, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, B-9052, Belgium.,Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Bartunkova
- VIB Bio Imaging Core, Gent, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, B-9052, Belgium.,Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Asselbergh
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, Antwerp University, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
| | - C Blanpain
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, B-1070, Belgium
| | - M Fendrych
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - A Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Holt
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Janssens
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,GROUP-ID Consortium, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Krols
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, B-9052, Belgium.,VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, Antwerp University, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
| | - J-C Larsimont
- IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, B-1070, Belgium
| | - C Mc Guire
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M K Nowack
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - X Saelens
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Schertel
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy, GmbH, Oberkochen, Germany
| | - B Schepens
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Slezak
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - V Timmerman
- VIB Department of Molecular Genetics, Antwerp University, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
| | - C Theunis
- Department of Intensive Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - R VAN Brempt
- Department of Intensive Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Y Visser
- Department of Intensive Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - C J Guérin
- VIB Bio Imaging Core, Gent, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, B-9052, Belgium.,Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Conway DP, Guy R, McNulty A, Couldwell DL, Davies SC, Smith DE, Keen P, Cunningham P, Holt M. Effect of testing experience and profession on provider acceptability of rapid HIV testing after implementation in public sexual health clinics in Sydney. HIV Med 2015; 16:280-7. [PMID: 25604470 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rapid HIV testing (RHT) is well established in many countries, but it is new in Australia since a policy change in 2011. We assessed service provider acceptability of RHT before and after its implementation in four Sydney public sexual health clinics. METHODS Service providers were surveyed immediately after training in RHT and again 6-12 months later. Differences in mean scores between survey rounds were assessed via t-tests, with stratification by profession and the number of tests performed. RESULTS RHT was rated as highly acceptable among staff at baseline and acceptability scores improved between survey rounds. Belief in being sufficiently skilled and experienced to perform RHT (P = 0.004) and confidence in the delivery of nonreactive results increased (P = 0.007), while the belief that RHT was disruptive declined (P = 0.001). Acceptability was higher for staff who had performed a greater number of tests regarding comfort with their role in RHT (P = 0.004) and belief that patients were satisfied with RHT (P = 0.007). Compared with nurses, doctors had a stronger preference for a faster rapid test (P = 0.027) and were more likely to agree that RHT interfered with consultations (P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS Differences in responses between professions may reflect differences in staff roles, the type of patients seen by staff and the model of testing used, all of which may affect the number of tests performed by staff. These findings may inform planning for how best to implement RHT in clinical services.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Conway
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Short Street Sexual Health Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia
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Slater L, Hadley C, Soufan C, Yu H, Holt M, Chong W, Maroulis H, Stuckey S, Chandra R. O-010 Radiation Safety in Neurointervention: Is it Time for Dose Reference Levels? J Neurointerv Surg 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2014-011343.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Mao L, de Wit JB, Kippax SC, Prestage G, Holt M. Younger age, recent HIV diagnosis, no welfare support and no annual sexually transmissible infection screening are associated with nonuse of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive gay men in Australia. HIV Med 2014; 16:32-7. [PMID: 24889053 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With the increasing momentum to maximize the benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART), better understanding of opportunities and challenges in increasing ART coverage and promoting early ART initiation is urgently needed. Key sociodemographic, clinical and behavioural factors associated with Australian HIV-positive gay men's current nonuse of ART were systematically examined. METHODS Data were based on 1911 responses from HIV-positive men who had participated in the Australian Gay Community Periodic Surveys (GCPS) between 2010 and 2012. Stratified univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used. RESULTS A majority of the participants were recruited from gay community venues and events and self-identified as gay or homosexual. On average, they were 44 years old and had been living with HIV for at least 10 years. Close to 80% (n=1555) were taking ART, with >90% further reporting an undetectable viral load at the time of the survey. From 2010 to 2012, there had been a moderate increase in ART uptake [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.40; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20-1.65]. In addition, younger age (AOR 1.66; 95% CI 1.45-1.92), recent HIV diagnosis (AOR 1.78; 95% CI 1.59-1.98), not receiving any social welfare payments (AOR 2.20; 95% CI 1.05-2.54) and no annual screening for sexually transmissible infections (AOR 1.55; 95% CI 1.03-2.34) were independently associated with ART nonuse. CONCLUSIONS Current ART coverage among HIV-positive gay men in Australia is reasonably high. To further increase ART coverage and promote early ART initiation in this population, better clinical care and sustained structural support are needed for HIV management throughout their life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mao
- Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Greydanus D, Holt M. Cannabis: a controversial 21st-century drug of antiquity. Georgian Med News 2014:24-30. [PMID: 24940853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis consumption has been popular for thousands of years and its historical use is noted in many parts of the world including ancient China, India, the Middle East. It is currently the most popular illicit drug in the world, is being utilized as a medicinal plant, and many parts of the world are legalizing this drug. This discussion considers various aspects of cannabis use including its prevalence, history, co-morbid drug abuse, designer cannabinoids, psychiatric adverse effects, medical adverse effects, and management options. The youth of the world should be comprehensively taught that cannabis is neither a safe nor a benign drug. Prevention with comprehensive drug education is the best plan for our youth since management of a chronic or heavy cannabis consummer remains difficult and fraught with failure if cessation is the goal. Caveat emptor!
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Affiliation(s)
- D Greydanus
- Western Michigan University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States
| | - M Holt
- Western Michigan University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States
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Conway DP, Guy R, McNulty A, Couldwell DL, Davies SC, Smith DE, Keen P, Cunningham P, Holt M. P5.037 Experience of Rapid HIV Testing Increases Its Acceptability to Clinical Staff in Public Sexual Health Clinics in Sydney. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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22
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Conway DP, Holt M, McNulty A, Couldwell DL, Smith DE, Davies SC, Cunningham P, Keen P, Guy R. O15.4 Field Performance of the Alere Determine HIV Combo Assay in a Large Australian Multi-Centre Study in a Sexual Health Clinic Setting. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Using data from Australian Gay Community Periodic Surveys 1998-2010, we assessed the prevalence, trends and characteristics of gay men not tested for HIV. In 2010, one in eight Australian gay socially-engaged men were never tested for HIV, most of them sexually active and 56.5 % reporting unprotected anal intercourse. The proportion of not tested men was significantly higher in men younger than 30, of non-European origin and living outside of gay metropolitan areas. Although frequency of testing was associated with sexual practices, significant proportions of men with multiple sex partners and reporting unprotected anal intercourse were not tested as recommended. There were issues with using gay-friendly testing services in gay metropolitan areas. Despite Australia's success in HIV testing, improvement is needed for early detection of HIV infections. Interventions should encourage regular testing, engage with young gay men, improve access and convenience of testing, train service providers and expand testing options.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zablotska
- Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Whale AD, Dart A, Holt M, Jones GE, Wells CM. PAK4 kinase activity and somatic mutation promote carcinoma cell motility and influence inhibitor sensitivity. Oncogene 2012; 32:2114-20. [PMID: 22689056 PMCID: PMC3446866 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor (c-Met) are associated with cancer cell motility and invasiveness. p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4), a potential therapeutic target, is recruited to and activated by c-Met. In response, PAK4 phosphorylates LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) in an HGF-dependent manner in metastatic prostate carcinoma cells. PAK4 overexpression is known to induce increased cell migration speed but the requirement for kinase activity has not been established. We have used a panel of PAK4 truncations and mutations in a combination of over-expression and RNAi rescue experiments to determine the requirement for PAK4 kinase activity during carcinoma cell motility downstream of HGF. We find that neither the kinase domain alone nor a PAK4 mutant unable to bind Cdc42 is able to fully rescue cell motility in a PAK4-deficient background. Nevertheless, we find that PAK4 kinase activity and associated LIMK1 activity are essential for carcinoma cell motility, highlighting PAK4 as a potential anti-metastatic therapeutic target. We also show here that overexpression of PAK4 harboring a somatic mutation, E329K, increased the HGF-driven motility of metastatic prostate carcinoma cells. E329 lies within the G-loop region of the kinase. Our data suggest E329K mutation leads to a modest increase in kinase activity conferring resistance to competitive ATP inhibitors in addition to promoting cell migration. The existence of such a mutation may have implications for the development of PAK4-specific competitive ATP inhibitors should PAK4 be further explored for clinical inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Whale
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
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25
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Holt M, Rawstorne P, Wilkinson J, Worth H, Bittman M, Kippax S. HIV testing, gay community involvement and internet use: social and behavioural correlates of HIV testing among Australian men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav 2012; 16:13-22. [PMID: 21213035 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-010-9872-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A significant minority of Australian men who have sex with men (MSM) have never been tested for HIV and many men do not test as often as recommended. Using data from 1770 HIV-negative and untested MSM collected in a national, online survey, we compared men who had never tested for HIV with those who had tested over 12 months ago and men who had tested over 12 months ago with those that had tested in the past year. Two multivariate logistic regression models were constructed. Compared with men tested over 12 months ago, untested men were younger, less educated, less likely to have unprotected anal intercourse with a regular male partner, less likely to have sought advice from a doctor, nurse or community organisation, more likely to expect HIV-negative disclosure, had fewer gay friends and spent more time using social networking websites. Compared with men who had tested over 12 months ago, men who had tested within the last year were younger, more likely to expect HIV-negative disclosure and disclose to casual partners, more likely to have sought advice from a doctor or nurse, had attended gay pools, gyms or beaches and had more gay friends and more male sex partners. Our findings suggest that the Internet and sex education in schools are important ways to promote HIV testing to untested MSM. Testing reinforcement messages delivered through gay community outreach and primary care will reach previously tested MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holt
- National Centre in HIV Social Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Bier S, Hermstad E, Trollman C, Holt M. 363 ArmyFlight Medics in Iraq and Afghanistan: A Survey. Ann Emerg Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.06.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bier S, Hermstad E, Trollman C, Holt M. 359 Army Flight Medic Performance of Advanced Emergency Medical Technician Procedures: Indicated versus Performed. Ann Emerg Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.06.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Castorph S, Schwarz Henriques S, Holt M, Riedel D, Jahn R, Salditt T. Synaptic vesicles studied by dynamic light scattering. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2011; 34:63. [PMID: 21706281 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2011-11063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The size polydispersity distribution of synaptic vesicles (SVs) is characterized under quasi-physiological conditions by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Highly purified fractions of SVs obtained from rat brain still contain a small amount of larger contaminant structures, which can be quantified by DLS and further reduced by asymmetric-flow field-flow (AFFF) fractionation. The intensity autocorrelation functions g (2)(τ) recorded from these samples are analyzed by a constrained regularization method as well as by an alternative direct modeling approach. The results are in quantitative agreement with the polydispersity obtained from cryogenic electron microscopy of vitrified SVs. Next, different vesicle fusion assays based on samples composed of SVs and small unilamellar proteoliposomes with the fusion proteins syntaxin 1 and SNAP-25A are characterized by DLS. The size increase of the proteoliposomes due to SNARE-dependent fusion with SVs is quantified by DLS under quasi-physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Castorph
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Germany.
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Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this paper is to analyse the pathophysiology of 3 DVA cases from our institution, review the literature and propose a classification of these lesions. Materials & Methods: The pathophysiology of DVAs were analysed with CT perfusion (CTP), 4 dimensional dynamic computed tomography angiography (4D CTA) and catheter digital subtraction angiography. Results: Symptomatic DVAs may be caused by associated lesions and compression of neural structures by the DVAs. The imbalance between the inflow and outflow of these lesions, including venous ischaemia, has also been postulated as a cause. Our analysis showed that increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) and decreased mean transit time (MTT) and time to peak (TTP) were found in DVAs with micro arteriovenous shunting. DVAs without shunting had raised MTT and TTP instead. Conclusion: We postulate that the arteriovenous shunting resulted in arterial steal and chronic hypoxia which could be a pathophysiological mechanism for symptomatic DVAs. CTP and 4D CTA are effective non invasive tools to study DVAs. A classification is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Chong
- Interventional Neuroradiology Unit, Diagnostic Imaging, Monash Medical Centre; Melbourne, Australia
| | - H. Patel
- Interventional Neuroradiology Unit, Diagnostic Imaging, Monash Medical Centre; Melbourne, Australia
| | - M. Holt
- Interventional Neuroradiology Unit, Diagnostic Imaging, Monash Medical Centre; Melbourne, Australia
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Castorph S, Arleth L, Sztucki M, Vainio U, Ghosh SK, Holt M, Jahn R, Salditt T. Synaptic Vesicles Studied by SAXS: Derivation and Validation of a Model Form Factor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/247/1/012015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Goldenberg DM, Goldsmith SJ, Manzone T, Holt M, Hall N, Sheikh A, Serafini AN, Horne H, Sharkey RM, Wegener WA. Fractionated radioimmunotherapy (RAIT) for enhanced cumulative radiation delivery in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer (APC). J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.e14502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Wig S, Bischoff P, Holt M, Collins S, Goodfellow R, Martin J, Rhys-Dillon C, Lyle S, Rowan Phillips J, Mease PJ, Perdok R, Kary S, Kupper H, Humphreys E, Amos N, Nash J, Jones S, McHugh K, Giles J, Kollnberger S, Kuroi K, Maenaka K, Bowness P, El Miedany Y, El Gaafary M, Youssef S, Palmer D, Marshall CL, Harrison PV, Bukhari M, Greenwood MC, Omar F, Hakim AJ, Donnelly SP, Rooney MM, Lanham JG, Tahir H, Mease PJ, Kavanaugh A, Perdok R, Kupper H, Lavie F, Barlow JH, McFarland L, Tindall L, Ravindran J, Perkins P, Ciurtin C, Doufexi D, Bartko J, Roussou E, Phillips JR, Collins S, Lyle S, Goodfellow R, Martin J, Rhys-Dillon C, Thompson B, Rapley T, Broderick W, May C, Kay L, Sandhu J, Packham JC, Healey EL, Jordan K, Garratt AM, Haywood KL, Utriainen L, Cerovic V, McInnes I, Milling S, Ritchlin CT, Mease PJ, Perdok R, Kupper H, Lavie F, Freeston JE, Coates LC, Helliwell PS, Hensor EM, Wakefield RJ, Emery P, Conaghan PG, Skerrett J, van der Weide I, Barlow J, Keat A, van der Heijde D, Braun J, Sieper J, Wishneski C, Vlahos B, Szumski A, Foehl J, Freundlich B, Koenig A, Gatia A, Bartko J, Doufexi D, Roussou E, Kavanaugh A, Gladman D, Chattopadhyay C, Mease P, McInnes IB, Beutler A, Zrubek J, Buchanan J, Parasuraman S, Mack M, Krueger GG, Wazir TU, Cairns AP, Bell A, Giles JL, Shaw J, McHugh K, Ridley A, Bowness P, Kollnberger S, Pritchard GS, Bukhari M, Wilcox L, Freeston JE, Coates LC, Helliwell PS, Hensor EM, Wakefield RJ, Emery P, Conaghan PG, Packham J, Jordan KP, Lebmeier M, Garratt AM, Healey EL, Haywood KL, Ciurtin C, Roussou E, Clarke L, Kay L, Gingold MJ, Bansback N, Guh DP, Cavill C, Porteous R, Kyle SD, Waldron N, Korendowych E, McHugh N, Braun J, van der Heijde AD, Deodhar L, Diekman J, Sieper SI, Kim A, Beutler M, Mack S, Xu J, Zrubek B, Hsu R, Inman O. Spondyloarthropathies (Including Psoriatic Arthritis) [40-69]: 40. Eagle's Syndrome: An Unusual Association with Sero-Negative Arthropathy. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ramirez P, Rettig M, Holt M, Ritchey J, DiPersio J. 252: Mobilization of Murine HSCs with AMD15057, A Small Molecule Inhibitor of CD49d (VLA4). Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2007.12.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ramirez P, Holt M, Rettig M, Ritchey J, DiPersio J. 3: Mobilization of Normal Mouse Progenitors and Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) Cells With Inhibitors of CXCR4 and VLA-4 in Splenectomized and Unsplenectomized Mice. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ramirez P, Rettig M, Holt M, DiPersio J. 53: Rapamycin Partially Overcomes the in vitro Protective Effect of M2–10B4 Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) to Murine mCGPR/+ Acute Promyelocytic Leukemic (APL) Cells Against Chemotherapy. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2007.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hinrichs D, Meuwissen THE, Odegard J, Holt M, Vangen O, Woolliams JA. Analysis of inbreeding depression in the first litter size of mice in a long-term selection experiment with respect to the age of the inbreeding. Heredity (Edinb) 2007; 99:81-8. [PMID: 17519972 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of inbreeding and inbreeding depression are important in evolutionary biology, conservation genetics, and animal breeding. A new method was developed to detect departures from the classical model of inbreeding; in particular, it investigated differences between the effects of inbreeding in recent generations from that in the more distant past. The method was applied in a long-term selection experiment on first-litter size in mice. The total pedigree included 74,630 animals with approximately 30,000 phenotypic records. The experiment comprised several different lines. The highest inbreeding coefficients (F) within a line ranged from 0.22 to 0.64, and the average effective population size (N(e)) was 58.1. The analysis divided F into two parts, corresponding to the inbreeding occurring in recent generations ('new') and that which preceded it ('old'). The analysis was repeated for different definitions of 'old' and 'new', depending on length of the 'new' period. In 15 of these tests, 'new' inbreeding was estimated to cause greater depression than 'old'. The estimated depression ranged from -11.53 to -0.79 for the 'new' inbreeding and from -5.22 to 15.51 for 'old'. The difference was significant, the 'new' period included at least 25 generations of inbreeding. Since there were only small differences in N(e) between lines, and near constant N(e) within lines, the effect of 'new' and 'old' cannot be attributed to the effects of 'fast' versus 'slow' inbreeding. It was concluded that this departure from the classical model, which predicts no distinction between this 'old and 'new' inbreeding, must implicate natural selection and purging in influencing the magnitude of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hinrichs
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, As, Norway.
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Holt M, Sutton M, Zschack P, Hong H, Chiang TC. Dynamic fluctuations and static speckle in critical X-ray scattering from SrTiO3. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 98:065501. [PMID: 17358954 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.065501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a study of critical x-ray scattering from SrTiO3 near the antiferrodistortive structural phase transition at T(C) approximately 105 K. A line shape analysis of the thermal diffuse scattering results in the most precise experimental determination to date of the critical exponent gamma. The microscopic mechanism behind the anomalous "central peak" critical scattering component is clarified here by the first-ever observation of a static coherent diffraction pattern (speckle pattern) within the anomalous critical scattering of SrTiO3. This observation allows us to directly attribute the origins of the central peak to Bragg diffraction from remnant static disorder above T(C).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holt
- X-ray Imaging Group, Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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Shu D, Maser J, Holt M, Winarski R, Preissner C, Smolyanitskiy A, Lai B, Vogt S, Stephenson GB. Optomechanical Design of a Hard X-ray Nanoprobe Instrument with Nanometer-Scale Active Vibration Control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2436307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
We evaluated 2 strains of mice for their utility in the investigation of nutritional and molecular regulatory mechanisms of lactation. The lactational performance and milk composition were characterized for an inbred mouse strain, inbred Quackenbush Swiss line 5 (QSi5) selected persistently for fecundity, and a nonselected strain, CBA. The milk yield assessed by changes in BW in response to suckling of sustainable litter sizes for each strain was 3-fold greater (P < 0.001) in QSi5 mice than the CBA strain. The QSi5 mice also produced milk more efficiently (P < 0.001) than CBA mice, despite having the same quantity of mammary tissue per unit of BW. Milk composition did not vary between strains or by stage of lactation, with the exception of lactose concentration, which was greater (P = 0.003) in QSi5 mice. Expression of epsilon-casein was > or = 10-fold greater, and alpha(S1)-casein was > or = 3-fold greater, during mid and late lactation compared with early lactation in both strains, whereas kappa-casein underwent an apparent alteration in posttranslational modifications in both strains from early to mid lactation. Changes in casein composition coincided with an increased susceptibility to proteolytic degradation; hence milk from early lactation may be more readily degraded to facilitate digestion in the neonate. The greater milk synthetic capacity of QSi5 mice over the lactation cycle provides a useful model for studies of nutritional and molecular regulation of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Riley
- Centre for Advanced Technologies in Animal Genetics and Reproduction (ReproGen), Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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Haggis P, Yates P, Blakeway C, Fick D, Morgan DAF, Holt M, Wood D. Compartment syndrome following total knee arthroplasty: a report of seven cases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 88:331-4. [PMID: 16498006 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.88b3.16919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Compartment syndrome is a rare complication of total knee arthroplasty that requires early recognition and prompt decompression in order to prevent long-term disability. We have found only one previous case report in the literature. We present a series of seven cases from four hospitals and five surgeons. Six of the cases resulted in the loss of at least one compartment, and one resulted in amputation. Four of the cases resulted in legal action. We suggest that important risk factors contributing to the development of this condition include complex surgery, soft-tissue compromise, previous surgery, and possibly vascular disease. Delay in the diagnosis and hence delay in decompression was common in our series, and in five cases appeared to be related to the use of a postoperative epidural infusion for pain relief. The presence of associated neurological compromise may have also been a significant factor in the delay to diagnosis in two cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Haggis
- Whittington Hospital, Highgate Hill, London N19 5NF, UK.
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Holt M, Hassani K, Sutton M. Microstructure of ferroelectric domains in BaTiO3 observed via x-ray microdiffraction. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 95:085504. [PMID: 16196871 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.085504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
X-ray microdiffraction utilizing Fresnel zone plate focusing optics has been used to study microstructural properties of individual 90 degree ferroelectric domains in BaTiO3. Diffraction measurements at a microfocused spot resolution of 0.3 microm over domain widths of approximately 10 microm unambiguously reveal features of lattice buckling, rotation, and strain near domain boundaries. Our results may be understood within the context of bound residual strain due to lattice mismatch and elastic interactions between neighboring domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holt
- Physics Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T8.
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Holt M, Meuwissen T, Vangen O. Long-term responses, changes in genetic variances and inbreeding depression from 122 generations of selection on increased litter size in mice. J Anim Breed Genet 2005; 122:199-209. [PMID: 16130472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.2005.00526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Data on mice selected for litter size over 122 generations have been analysed in order to reveal the effect of long-term selection on responses and changes in variances over a long selection period. Originally, three lines were established from the same base population, namely an H line selected for large litter size, an L line selected for small litter size and a K line without selection. In generation 122, the mean number of pups born alive (NBA) was 22 for the H line and 11 for the K line. Phenotypic response to selection is reduced over generations, but crossing of plateaued lines increased responses and realized heritabilities. Both realized heritabilities and heritabilities from residual maximal likelihood (REML) analyses were, in general, calculated from generation (-1)-44 (period 1), 45-70 (period 2) and 71-122 (period 3) separately. Realized heritabilities were in general smaller than heritabilities estimated from mixed model analysis. An overall estimate of heritability for NBA was found to be 0.19 (+/- 0.01) by REML analysis. Additive variance is constant over all periods in the high line and the control line, but is reduced over periods in the low line. The reduction of additive variance in the low line could probably be explained by changes in gene frequencies. In all lines, environmental variances increased over periods. Inbreeding reduced the mean litter size by 0.72 (+/- 0.10) pups per 10% increase in inbreeding, with substantial variance between periods and lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holt
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway, Norway.
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate how ovulation rate and survival rate through pregnancy had been affected by more than 110 generations of upwards selection on litter size in mice. The mean number of pups born alive was 22 in the high line (selected line) and 11 in the control line (an increase in 2.6 standard deviations). Selection on litter size increased ovulation rate by 4.6 standard deviations, and it is suggested that selection also increased embryonic mortality in late pregnancy. Embryo survival from ovulation until birth was 66% in the selected line and 69% in the control line, and the observed loss in litter size from day 16 of pregnancy until birth was possibly higher in the high line compared with the control line. Selection for higher litter size has significantly increased body weight in both males and females, as the mean weight at mating for the females was 46 g in the high line and 33 g in the control line respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holt
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway, PO Box 5025, 1432 As, Norway.
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Khan ZH, Simpson EJ, Cole AT, Holt M, MacDonald I, Pye D, Austin A, Freeman JG. Oesophageal cancer and cachexia: the effect of short-term treatment with thalidomide on weight loss and lean body mass. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17:677-82. [PMID: 12641516 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia is common in patients with advanced cancer and has a direct impact on well-being and mortality. AIM To test the hypothesis that thalidomide can promote weight gain and lean body mass in patients with advanced oesophageal cancer. METHODS In an open-label study, 11 patients with non-obstructing and inoperable oesophageal cancer were established on an isocaloric diet for 2 weeks, followed by 2 weeks on thalidomide, 200 mg daily. The primary end-points were weight change and lean body mass. Secondary end-points were quality of life and changes in resting energy expenditure. RESULTS Ten patients completed the study protocol. The average caloric intake remained the same throughout the study period in all patients. Nine of 10 patients (95% confidence interval, 0.60, 0.98) lost weight on diet alone. The mean weight gain on thalidomide in the following 2 weeks was 1.29 kg (median, 1.25 kg). A similar trend was shown in the lean body mass. Eight of nine patients (95% confidence interval, 0.57, 0.98) initially lost lean body mass on diet alone (missing data in one patient). The mean gain in lean body mass on thalidomide in the following 2 weeks was 1.75 kg (median, 1.33 kg). CONCLUSIONS Thalidomide treatment appeared to reverse the loss of weight and lean body mass over the 2-week trial period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H Khan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Research and Developent, Derby City Hospital, NHS Trust, UK.
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Hong H, Wei CM, Chou MY, Wu Z, Basile L, Chen H, Holt M, Chiang TC. Alternating layer and island growth of Pb on Si by spontaneous quantum phase separation. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 90:076104. [PMID: 12633252 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.076104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Real-time in situ x-ray studies of continuous Pb deposition on Si(111)-(7x7) at 180 K reveal an unusual growth behavior. A wetting layer forms first to cover the entire surface. Then islands of a fairly uniform height of about five monolayers form on top of the wetting layer and grow to fill the surface. The growth then switches to a layer-by-layer mode upon further deposition. This behavior of alternating layer and island growth can be attributed to spontaneous quantum phase separation based on a first-principles calculation of the system energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawoong Hong
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 S. Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801-2902, USA
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Skelly RH, Kupfer RM, Metcalfe ME, Allison SP, Holt M, Hull MA, Rawlings JK. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG): change in practice since 1988. Clin Nutr 2002; 21:389-94. [PMID: 12381336 DOI: 10.1054/clnu.2002.0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We previously reported a 30-day mortality following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) of 8% (1988-92). Concerns over increasing mortality rates prompted us to survey current practice compared with 1988-92: assess case mix, outcome, risk factors for early death, and review practice guidelines. METHODS 78 consecutive adults were referred for PEG over 7 months. Baseline characteristics, including age and functional status (Barthel Index), and outcome at 30 and 180 days were prospectively evaluated. RESULTS 74 patients. Median age 69 years; male 55%. Major underlying diagnoses: cerebrovascular disease 42%, head and neck tumours 19%, motor neurone disease 4% (33%, 16% and 27% in 1988-92). Mortality rates at 30, 90 and 180 days were 19%, 35% and 42% respectively (8%, 20% and 37% in 1988-92). Univariate analysis showed that age >75 years, Barthel Index <1 and Glasgow Coma Scale < or =10 were significant risk factors for death at 30 days: odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) 3.9 (1.1-13), 5.9 (1.4-25) and 4.4 (1.2-15) respectively. CONCLUSIONS 30-day mortality was increased from 8% to 19% between 1988-92 and 1998-99 reflecting a change in referral patterns: more elderly with cerebrovascular disease and fewer with motor neurone disease. Age and functional status should be considered when advising on PEG feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Skelly
- Southern Derbyshire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
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Abstract
A continuous culture study was conducted to evaluate the effect of two different yeast cultures on ruminal microbial metabolism. The treatments were a) control lactation ration, b) yeast culture 1 (YC1, Diamond-V XP) and c) yeast culture 2 (YC2, A-Max), both fed at an equivalent of 57 g/head per day. The results showed that both yeast culture products increased dry matter (DM) digestion, propionic acid production, and protein digestion compared with the control. Yeast culture 1 demonstrated an increase in molar percentage of propionic acid, a reduction in acetic acid, and a lower mean nadir (daily low) pH compared with YC2. Ruminal cultures treated with YC digested more protein and contributed less bypass N than control. Supplementing YC2 resulted in a tendency for higher microbial N/kg DM digestion than YC1. Yeast culture 1 resulted in production of rumen microbes containing less protein and more ash than YC2. These results support previous research findings that yeast culture does influence microbial metabolism, and specific yeast cultures may have different modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miller-Webster
- Rumen Fermentation Profiling Lab, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA
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Harrop J, Donnelly R, Rowbottom A, Holt M, Scott AR. Improvements in total mortality and lipid levels after acute myocardial infarction in an English health district (1995-1999). Heart 2002; 87:428-31. [PMID: 11997410 PMCID: PMC1767095 DOI: 10.1136/heart.87.5.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify changes in 30 day and one year mortality among patients with acute myocardial infarction in southern Derbyshire (population 560 000) in each of five consecutive years (1995-1999) before the publication of the National Service Framework for coronary heart disease, and to assess the proportion of one year survivors in whom serum lipids were measured and were below target values. DESIGN All hospital admissions coded on the patient administration system (PAS) as "AMI" (ICD codes I-21, I-22, and I-23) and with a creatine kinase measurement in the pathology database were identified over a five year period (n = 4912). All deaths in the district are automatically notified to the PAS. Total mortality after acute myocardial infarction (30 days and one year) and lipid levels were analysed by year of admission, age group (35-74 years v > or = 75 years), and sex using unconditional logistic regression analysis. SETTING An acute hospitals trust and pathology laboratory, as sole service providers for a catchment population of 560 000. RESULTS The number of admissions for acute myocardial infarction was similar in each of the five years (n = 4912, 62% male, 63% < 75 years old). Overall, among patients aged 35-74 years there were 396 deaths (13%) at 30 days and 585 (19%) at one year; mortality was higher in women (1.28-fold at 30 days, p = 0.02) and in subjects aged 75 years or more (3.26-fold at 30 days, p < 0.0001). There was a progressive reduction in 30 day mortality of 9%/year over the five year period (95% confidence interval, 4% to 13%, p = 0.012). The proportion of one year survivors (35-74 years) in whom serum lipids were measured at least once increased from 74% in 1995 to 88% in 1999; of these, 27% of men and 23% of women had a total serum cholesterol of < 5 mmol/l in 1995, increasing to 65% and 74%, respectively, in 1998 and 1999 (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS In the five year period 1995-1999, there was a significant year on year decline in 30 day and one year mortality after admission for acute myocardial infarction, and progressively more patients achieved cholesterol levels below 5 mmol/l. Men were more likely than women to have their lipids measured after myocardial infarction. Mortality at one year was 1.32-fold higher among women than among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Harrop
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Southern Derbyshire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Derby, UK
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O'Brien JA, Holt M, Whiteside G, Lummis SC, Hastings MH. Modifications to the hand-held Gene Gun: improvements for in vitro biolistic transfection of organotypic neuronal tissue. J Neurosci Methods 2001; 112:57-64. [PMID: 11640958 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(01)00457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transfection and subsequent expression of DNA in living neuronal tissue is problematic and no technique has emerged that is completely non-damaging, efficient and reproducible. The Bio-Rad hand-held Gene Gun has overcome some of these problems by exploiting a biolistic method in which small gold particles carrying plasmid DNA are propelled into neurons whilst causing minimal detectable cell damage. In its current configuration, however, the Bio-Rad Gene Gun is optimised for transfecting cells in dispersed cultures, and therefore delivers particles superficially over a relatively wide area. Here we report modifications to the Bio-Rad Gene Gun that both enhance its accuracy by restricting its target area, and increase the depth penetration achieved by gold particles, thereby allowing smaller and deeper tissues to be transfected. These alterations make the modified Gene Gun more applicable for in vitro transfection of organotypic cultures and enhance its potential utility for in vivo gene delivery. Moreover, the modified configuration operates successfully at lower gas pressures, thereby reducing even further the degree of cell damage incurred during transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A O'Brien
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
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Leung KM, Morritt D, Wheeler JR, Whitehouse P, Sorokin N, Toy R, Holt M, Crane M. Can saltwater toxicity be predicted from freshwater data? Mar Pollut Bull 2001; 42:1007-1013. [PMID: 11763210 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of substances discharged to estuarine and coastal environments relies upon data derived from ecotoxicity tests. Most such data are generated for freshwater rather than saltwater species. If freshwater toxicity data are related to saltwater toxic effects in a systematic and predictable way, the former can be used to predict the latter. This would have economic advantages due to a reduction in toxicity testing of saltwater species. If toxicity data are plotted as species sensitivity distributions, four theoretical relationships between freshwater and saltwater can be envisaged. Examples show that each one of these relationships is supported by empirical data. These examples show that although there is considerable potential for freshwater to saltwater prediction, species parity and representativeness need to be examined for each chemical substance to avoid bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK.
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