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Paramanya A, Abiodun AO, Ola MS, Ali A. Antiglycating Effects of Spirulina platensis Aqueous Extract on Glucose-Induced Glycation of Bovine Serum Albumin. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202400281. [PMID: 38687533 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Glucose, the predominant carbohydrate in the human body, initiates nonenzymatic reactions in hyperglycemia, potentially leading to adverse biochemical interactions. This study investigates the interaction between glucose and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), along with the protective effects of Spirulina platensis PCC 7345 aqueous extract. Phycobiliproteins (phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, and allophycocyanin) in the extract were quantified using spectrophotometry. The extract's anti-glycation potential was assessed by analyzing its effects on albumin glycation, fluorescent advanced glycation end products (AGEs), thiol group oxidation, and β-amyloid structure generation. Additionally, its antidiabetic potential was evaluated by measuring α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition. Results indicate that the Spirulina extract significantly mitigated ketoamine levels, fluorescence, and protein-carbonyl production induced by glucose, demonstrating a 67.81% suppression of AGE formation after 28 days. Moreover, it effectively inhibited amyloid formation in BSA cross-linkages. These findings suggest the potential of S. platensis as an anti-glycation and antidiabetic agent, supporting its consideration for dietary inclusion to manage diabetes and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Additiya Paramanya
- University of Mumbai - Kalina Campus, Life Sciences, Vidyanagari, Mumbai, INDIA
| | - Abeeb Oyesiji Abiodun
- Louisiana State University, Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, UNITED STATES
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- King Saud University, Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University,, 11451, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA
| | - Ahmad Ali
- University of Mumbai - Kalina Campus, Life Sciences, Department of Life Sciences University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai, 400098, Mumbai, INDIA
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Ali MZ, Anushree, Ahsan A, Ola MS, Haque R, Ahsan J. Ionotropic receptors mediate olfactory learning and memory in Drosophila. Insect Sci 2023. [PMID: 38114448 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Phenylacetaldehyde (PAH), an aromatic compound, is present in a diverse range of fruits including overripe bananas and prickly pear cactus, the two major host fruits for Drosophila melanogaster. PAH acts as a potent ligand for the ionotropic receptor 84a (IR84a) in the adult fruit fly and it is detected by the IR84a/IR8a heterotetrameric complex. Its role in the male courtship behavior through IR84a as an environmental aphrodisiac is of additional importance. In D. melanogaster, two distinct kinds of olfactory receptors, that is, odorant receptors (ORs) and ionotropic receptors (IRs), perceive the odorant stimuli. They display unique structural, molecular, and functional characteristics in addition to having different evolutionary origins. Traditionally, olfactory cues detected by the ORs such as ethyl acetate, 1-butanol, isoamyl acetate, 1-octanol, 4-methylcyclohexanol, etc. classified as aliphatic esters and alcohols have been employed in olfactory classical conditioning using fruit flies. This underlines the participation of OR-activated olfactory pathways in learning and memory formation. Our study elucidates that likewise ethyl acetate (EA) (an OR-responsive odorant), PAH (an IR-responsive aromatic compound) too can form learning and memory when associated with an appetitive gustatory reinforcer. The association of PAH with sucrose (PAH/SUC) led to learning and formation of the long-term memory (LTM). Additionally, the Orco1 , Ir84aMI00501 , and Ir8a1 mutant flies were used to confirm the exclusive participation of the IR84a/IR8a complex in PAH/SUC olfactory associative conditioning. These results highlight the involvement of IRs via an IR-activated pathway in facilitating robust olfactory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zeeshan Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Anushree
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Aarif Ahsan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Jawaid Ahsan
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
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Ali MZ, Anushree A, Bilgrami AL, Ahsan A, Ola MS, Haque R, Ahsan J. Phenylacetaldehyde induced olfactory conditioning in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) larvae. J Insect Sci 2023; 23:25. [PMID: 38092368 PMCID: PMC10718815 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Phenylacetaldehyde (PAH), an aromatic odorant, exists in varied fruits including overripe bananas and prickly pear cactus, the 2 major host fruits of Drosophila melanogaster. It acts as a potent ligand for the Ionotropic receptor 84a (IR84a) and the Odorant receptor 67a (OR67a), serving as an important food and courtship cue for adult fruit flies. Drosophila melanogaster larvae respond robustly to diverse feeding odorants, such as ethyl acetate (EA), an aliphatic ester. Since the chemical identity and concentration of an odorant are vital neural information handled by the olfactory system, we studied how larvae respond to PAH, an aromatic food odorant with aphrodisiac properties for adult flies. Our findings revealed that PAH attracted larvae significantly in a dose-dependent manner. Larvae could also be trained with PAH associated to appetitive and aversive reinforcers. Thus, like EA, PAH might serve as an important odorant cue for larvae, aiding in food tracking and survival in the wild. Since IR84a/IR8a complex primarily governs PAH response in adult flies, we examined expression of Ir84a and Ir8a in early third-instar larvae. Our experiments showed the presence of Ir8a, a novel finding. However, contrary to adult flies, PAH-responsive Ir84a was not found. Our behavioral experiments with Ir8a1 mutant larvae exhibited normal chemotaxis to PAH, whereas Orco1 mutant showed markedly reduced chemotaxis, indicating an OR-mediated neural circuitry for sensing of PAH in larvae. The results obtained through this study are significantly important as information on how larvae perceive and process PAH odorant at the neuronal level is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zeeshan Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Anushree Anushree
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Anwar L Bilgrami
- Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aarif Ahsan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Jawaid Ahsan
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
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Oyesiji Abiodun A, AlDosari DI, Alghamdi A, Aziz Al-Amri A, Ahmad S, Ola MS. Diabetes-induced stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system in the rat brain cortex. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103779. [PMID: 37663397 PMCID: PMC10470205 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease is a threat to people with diabetes and hypertension. Diabetes can damage the brain by stimulating the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), leading to neurological deficits and brain strokes. Diabetes-induced components of the RAS, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin-II (Ang-II), and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R), have been linked to various neurological disorders in the brain. In this study, we investigated how diabetes and high blood pressure affected the regulation of these major RAS components in the frontal cortex of the rat brain. We dissected, homogenized, and processed the brain cortex tissues of control, streptozotocin-induced diabetic, spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), and streptozotocin-induced SHR rats for biochemical and Western blot analyses. We found that systolic blood pressure was elevated in SHR rats, but there was no significant difference between SHR and diabetic-SHR rats. In contrast to SHR rats, the heartbeat of diabetic SHR rats was low. Western blot analysis showed that the frontal cortexes of the brain expressed angiotensinogen, AT1R, and MAS receptor. There were no significant differences in angiotensinogen levels across the rat groups. However, the AT1R level was increased in diabetic and hypertensive rats compared to controls, whereas the MAS receptor was downregulated (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that RAS overactivation caused by diabetes may have negative consequences for the brain's cortex, leading to neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeeb Oyesiji Abiodun
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia I AlDosari
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Alghamdi
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Aziz Al-Amri
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Departments of Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine,
Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Khan M, Shah MA, Kamal M, Ola MS, Ali M, Panichayupakaranant P. Comparative Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Lawsone Methyl Ether and Lawsone in Nicotinamide-Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Metabolites 2023; 13:863. [PMID: 37512570 PMCID: PMC10386053 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study uncovered potent inhibitory effects of two naphthoquinones from Impatiens balsamina, namely lawsone methyl ether (2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, LME) and lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone), against α-glucosidase. This gave us the insight to compare the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of LME and lawsone in high-fat/high-fructose-diet- and nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats for 28 days. LME and lawsone at the doses of 15, 30, and 45 mg/kg, respectively, produced a substantial and dose-dependent reduction in the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, and food/water intake while boosting the insulin levels and body weights of diabetic rats. Additionally, the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in diabetic rats were significantly normalized by LME and lawsone, without affecting the normal rats. LME at a dose of 45 mg/kg exhibited the most potent antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects, which were significantly comparable to glibenclamide but higher than those of lawsone. Furthermore, the toxicity evaluation indicated that both naphthoquinones were entirely safe for use in rodent models at doses ≤ 50 mg/kg. Therefore, the remarkable antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic potentials of LME make it a promising option for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi 75300, Pakistan
| | | | - Mustafa Kamal
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehboob Ali
- Senior Scientist Toxicology Invivotek Nexus, a Genesis Biotech Group LLC Company, 17 Black Forest RD, Hamilton, NJ 08690, USA
| | - Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand
- Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand
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Lekmine S, Benslama O, Kadi K, Martín-García AI, Yilmaz MA, Akkal S, Boumegoura A, Alhomida AS, Ola MS, Ali A. LC/MS-MS Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Hyoscyamus albus L. Extract: In Vitro Antidiabetic Activity, In Silico Molecular Docking, and In Vivo Investigation against STZ-Induced Diabetic Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1015. [PMID: 37513927 PMCID: PMC10384095 DOI: 10.3390/ph16071015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and antidiabetic properties of cultivated Hyoscyamus albus L. The ethanol extract was analyzed using LC-MS/MS, and 18 distinct phenolic compounds were identified. Among these, p-coumaric acid (6656.8 ± 3.4 µg/g), gallic acid (6516 ± 1.7 µg/g), luteolin (6251.9 ± 1.3 µg/g), apigenin (6209.9 ± 1.1 µg/g), and rutin (5213.9 ± 1.3 µg/g) were identified as the most abundant polyphenolic molecules. In the in vitro antidiabetic experiment, the ability of the plant extract to inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities was examined. The results indicated that the extract from H. albus L. exhibited a higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase compared to α-glucosidase, with an IC50 of 146.63 ± 1.1 µg/mL and 270.43 ± 1.1 µg/mL, respectively. Docking simulations revealed that luteolin, fisetin, and rutin exhibited the most promising inhibitory activity against both enzymes, as indicated by their high contrasting inhibition scores. To further investigate the in vivo antidiabetic effects of H. albus L., an experiment was conducted using STZ-induced diabetic mice. The results demonstrated that the plant extract effectively reduced the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. These findings suggest that H. albus L. may have therapeutic potential for managing hyperlipidemia, a common complication associated with diabetes. This highlights its potential as a natural remedy for diabetes and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Lekmine
- Biotechnology, Water, Environment and Health Laboratory, Abbes Laghrour University, Khenchela 40000, Algeria
| | - Ouided Benslama
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Biomolecules, and Biotechnological Applications, Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Larbi Ben M'Hidi University, Oum El Bouaghi 04000, Algeria
| | - Kenza Kadi
- Biotechnology, Water, Environment and Health Laboratory, Abbes Laghrour University, Khenchela 40000, Algeria
| | | | - Mustafa Abdullah Yilmaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakir, Türkiye
| | - Salah Akkal
- Valorization of Natural Resources, Bioactive Molecules and Biological Analysis Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria
| | - Ali Boumegoura
- Biotechnology Research Center (C.R.Bt), Ali Mendjeli, Nouvelle Ville, UV 03 BP, Constantine P.O. Box E73, Algeria
| | - Abdullah S Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Ali
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai 400098, India
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Samy JVRA, Sayanam RRA, Balasubramanian C, Vijayakumar N, Sung-JinKim, Vijayakumar S, Gatasheh MK, Ola MS, Basudan OA, Daoud MS, Al-Bagmi MS, Hazazi BT. Effect of a polyherbal formulation on L-thyroxine induced hyperthyroidism in a rat model: In vitro and in vivo analysis and identification of bioactive phytochemicals. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:124140. [PMID: 36965568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
An excess of thyroid hormones in the blood characterizes hyperthyroidism. Long-term use of prescription medications to treat hyperthyroidism has substantial adverse effects, and when discontinued, the symptoms frequently recur. Several plant species have been utilized to cure hyperthyroidism. In the present work, we investigated the impact of polyherbal extract (POH) of four medicinal plants to treat hyperthyroidism. Biochemical analysis revealed the presence of a high concentration of phytochemicals in the POHs. The in vitro antioxidant study revealed their antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacity. The gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry analysis of the POHs showed the presence of 13 bioactive phytochemical compounds. The effect of various concentrations of POHs on L-thyroxine-induced hyperthyroidism in Wistar albino rats was evaluated for 18 days. The TSH, T3, and T4 levels increased significantly and reduced the increase of liver enzymes caused by hyperthyroidism in POH-treated rats. The data showed that POH therapy could restore thyroid function to normal. The injection of POH increased the size comprising vacuolated cells, columnar follicular cells, and highly coloured nuclei with increasing POH content, and the number of normal thyroid follicles rose. The findings indicate that polyherbal formulations of these medicinal plants include credible antithyroid compounds that may offer a protective and effective alternative treatment to synthetic thyroid medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Vinoth Raja Antony Samy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Chitra Balasubramanian
- Department of Biotechnology, Srimad Andavan Arts and Science College (Autonomous) affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Thiruvanaikoil 620005, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Natesan Vijayakumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sung-JinKim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Metabolic Diseases Research Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Mansour K Gatasheh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Ahmed Basudan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Saad Daoud
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moneera Saud Al-Bagmi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Tayeb Hazazi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Malik A, Khan JM, Alhomida AS, Ola MS, Alokail MS, Khan MS, Alenad AM, Altwaijry N, Alafaleq NO, Odeibat H. Agitation does not induce fibrillation in reduced hen egg-white lysozyme at physiological temperature and pH. J Mol Recognit 2023; 36:e3009. [PMID: 36841950 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Several proteins and peptides tend to form an amyloid fibril, causing a range of unrelated diseases, from neurodegenerative to certain types of cancer. In the native state, these proteins are folded and soluble. However, these proteins acquired β-sheet amyloid fibril due to unfolding and aggregation. The conversion mechanism from well-folded soluble into amorphous or amyloid fibril is not well understood yet. Here, we induced unfolding and aggregation of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) by reducing agent dithiothreitol and applied mechanical sheering force by constant shaking (1000 rpm) on the thermostat for 7 days. Our turbidity results showed that reduced HEWL rapidly formed aggregates, and a plateau was attained in nearly 5 h of incubation in both shaking and non-shaking conditions. The turbidity was lower in the shaking condition than in the non-shaking condition. The thioflavin T binding and transmission electron micrographs showed that reduced HEWL formed amorphous aggregates in both conditions. Far-UV circular dichroism results showed that reduced HEWL lost nearly all alpha-helical structure, and β-sheet secondary structure was not formed in both conditions. All the spectroscopic and microscopic results showed that reduced HEWL formed amorphous aggregates under both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajamaluddin Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal M Alenad
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nojood Altwaijry
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Omar Alafaleq
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamza Odeibat
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Rather TB, Parveiz I, Bhat GA, Rashid G, Akhtar K, Haque R, Ola MS, Ali M, Wani RA, Khan IY, Besina S, Mudassar S. Colorectal Cancer (CRC): Investigating the Expression of the Suppressor of Fused ( SuFu) Gene and Its Relationship with Several Inflammatory Blood-Based Biomarkers. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020540. [PMID: 36831076 PMCID: PMC9953361 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suppressor of fused (SuFu) is a tumor-suppressor gene that regulates hedgehog signaling. Its involvement in some malignancies is broadly accepted. However, its association with colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis is not clear. Likewise, no study has clearly associated blood-based inflammatory biomarkers with cancer diagnosis/prognosis as yet. AIM Our goal was to look at SuFu expression levels in CRC patients and its relationship with other clinicopathological factors. Additionally, we looked into the function of a few blood-based biomarkers in CRC and whether or not a combined strategy at the genetic and clinical levels can be applied in CRC. METHODS The investigation included 98 histopathologically confirmed CRC samples and adjacent normal tissues (controls). A colonoscopy was followed by a targeted biopsy for each suspected colon cancer patient. A CT scan and MRI were also performed on every patient with rectal cancer. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used for assessment. A Beckman Coulter DxH900 was used to examine blood parameters. A Beckman Coulter DxI800 was used to identify pretreatment carcinoma embryonic antigens (CEA) and carbohydrate antigens (CA 19-9) in CRC patients. RESULTS The expression of SuFu was associated with gender, education, passive smoking, tumor grade, perineural invasion (PNI), lymph node metastasis (LNM), node status, stage, vital status, and recurrence (p < 0.05). In the combined analysis, the areas under the curve produced by the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and red cell distribution width (RDW) were the greatest (AUCRDW+PLR+NLR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86-0.93, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the most severe pathological features were linked to RDW, PLR, NLR, and HPR. SuFu expression, node status, LNM, PNI, and stage all had significant correlations with OS and DFS rates in IHC-based univariate survival analysis (p < 0.05). According to the Cox regression, CA-19.9 had a strong independent predictive link with 3-year DFS (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In CRC, SuFu was downregulated both transcriptionally and translationally, was primarily nucleo-cytoplasmic, and was expressed less in high-grade tumors. In addition, SuFu was linked to a poor overall and disease-free survival rate. It may be possible to use SuFu as a therapeutic target for CRC in the future. However, SuFu expression had no effect on RDW, PLR, NLR, or HPR serum levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahseen Bilal Rather
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar 190011, India
| | - Ishrat Parveiz
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar 190011, India
| | - Gulzar A Bhat
- Scientist Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar 190011, India
| | - Gowhar Rashid
- Department of Amity Medical School, Amity University Haryana, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Kulsum Akhtar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar 190011, India
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology, SEBES, Central University of South Bihar (Gaya), Bihar 824236, India
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehboob Ali
- Senior Scientist Toxicology Invivotek Nexus, a Genesis Biotech Group LLC Company, 17 Black Forest RD, Hamilton, NJ 08690, USA
| | - Rauf A Wani
- Department of General Surgery, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar 190011, India
| | - Ishrat Younas Khan
- Department of Pathology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar 190011, India
| | - Syed Besina
- Department of Pathology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar 190011, India
| | - Syed Mudassar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar 190011, India
- Correspondence:
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10
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Casini G, Ola MS, Koulen P. Editorial: Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection in Retinal Disease, Volume II. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1009228. [PMID: 36081660 PMCID: PMC9446143 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1009228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter Koulen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Peter Koulen
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11
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Malik A, Khan JM, Alhomida AS, Ola MS. Modulation of the Structure and Stability of Novel Camel Lens Alpha-Crystallin by pH and Thermal Stress. Gels 2022; 8:gels8050273. [PMID: 35621572 PMCID: PMC9140948 DOI: 10.3390/gels8050273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-crystallin protein performs structural and chaperone functions in the lens and comprises alphaA and alphaB subunits at a molar ratio of 3:1. The highly complex alpha-crystallin structure challenges structural biologists because of its large dynamic quaternary structure (300−1000 kDa). Camel lens alpha-crystallin is a poorly characterized molecular chaperone, and the alphaB subunit possesses a novel extension at the N-terminal domain. We purified camel lens alpha-crystallin using size exclusion chromatography, and the purity was analyzed by gradient (4−12%) sodium dodecyl sulfate−polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Alpha-crystallin was equilibrated in the pH range of 1.0 to 7.5. Subsequently, thermal stress (20−94 °C) was applied to the alpha-crystallin samples, and changes in the conformation and stability were recorded by dynamic multimode spectroscopy and intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence spectroscopic methods. Camel lens alpha-crystallin formed a random coil-like structure without losing its native-like beta-sheeted structure under two conditions: >50 °C at pH 7.5 and all temperatures at pH 2.0. The calculated enthalpy of denaturation, as determined by dynamic multimode spectroscopy at pH 7.5, 4.0, 2.0, and 1.0 revealed that alpha-crystallin never completely denatures under acidic conditions or thermal denaturation. Alpha-crystallin undergoes a single, reversible thermal transition at pH 7.5. The thermodynamic data (unfolding enthalpy and heat capacity change) and chaperone activities indicated that alpha-crystallin does not completely unfold above the thermal transition. Camels adapted to live in hot desert climates naturally exhibit the abovementioned unique features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajamaluddin Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.S.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah S. Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.S.O.)
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.S.O.)
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12
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Abstract
Diabetes, being a metabolic disease dysregulates a large number of metabolites and factors. However, among those altered metabolites, hyperglycemia is considered as the major factor to cause an increase in oxidative stress that initiates the pathophysiology of retinal damage leading to diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes-induced oxidative stress in the diabetic retina and its damaging effects are well known, but still, the exact source and the mechanism of hyperglycemia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation especially through mitochondria remains uncertain. In this study, we analyzed precisely the generation of ROS and the antioxidant capacity of enzymes in a real-time situation under ex vivo and in vivo conditions in the control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retinas. We also measured the rate of flux through the citric acid cycle by determining the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and glutamate, under ex vivo conditions in the control and diabetic retinas. Measurements of H2O2 clearance from the ex vivo control and diabetic retinas indicated that activities of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes are intact in the diabetic retina. Short-term hyperglycemia seems to influence a decrease in ROS generation in the diabetic retina compared to controls, which is also correlated with a decreased oxidation rate of glucose in the diabetic retina. However, an increase in the formation of ROS was observed in the diabetic retinas compared to controls under in vivo conditions. Thus, our results suggest of diabetes/hyperglycemia-induced non-mitochondrial sources may serve as major sources of ROS generation in the diabetic retina as opposed to widely believed hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial sources of excess ROS. Therefore, hyperglycemia per se may not cause an increase in oxidative stress, especially through mitochondria to damage the retina as in the case of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, 2B10, Building 5, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Syed R, Jamil K, Asimuddin M, Alqahtani MS, Alshehri M, Mateen A, Wahab Ali Aduderman A, Ola MS, Malik A. Molecular & biochemical analysis of Pro12Ala variant of PPAR-γ2 gene in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:2439-2443. [PMID: 32884427 PMCID: PMC7451741 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has emerged as a major threat to human life globally. Genomic studies have found a significant link between the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-γ2 gene with incidence as well as occurrence of the risk of metabolic syndrome. The present study was aimed at assessing the PPAR-γ2 variant in an Asian Indian cohort of type 2 diabetes patients and its correlation with metabolic parameters. The present case-control study involved 100 type 2 diabetic patients and 100 asymptomatic healthy volunteers enrolled in random. Assessment of demographic factors and biochemical parameters were done for all enrolled. In addition, genotyping for the Pro12Ala (CCA to GCA) polymorphism was done by polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technology. The genotyping study detected the frequency of the CC genotype (Pro12Pro) to be higher in frequency in comparison to the heterozygous CG genotype in both, cases and controls. The homozygous GG genotype (Ala12Ala) was not detected in any of the cases or controls assessed. Biochemical analysis of the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) detected a significant increase (p < 0.0001). Additionally, increase in levels of fasting and postprandial glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and parameters of the liver and renal function tests were detected. This study detected the PPAR-γ2 to be a significant biomarker for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabbani Syed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kaiser Jamil
- Genetics Department of Genetics, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad 500004, Telangana, India
| | - M Asimuddin
- Genetics Department of Genetics, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad 500004, Telangana, India
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshal Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Mateen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Wahab Ali Aduderman
- Basic Medical Science Department, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Wang J, Ansari AA, Malik A, Syed R, Ola MS, Kumar A, AlGhamdi KM, Khan S. Highly Water-Soluble Luminescent Silica-Coated Cerium Fluoride Nanoparticles Synthesis, Characterizations, and In Vitro Evaluation of Possible Cytotoxicity. ACS Omega 2020; 5:19174-19180. [PMID: 32775919 PMCID: PMC7409243 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A coprecipitation process was utilized for the preparation of terbium fluoride nanocrystals by cerium fluoride. Silica was used to modify the surface of these core/shell nanocrystals. The synthesized CeF3:Tb@LaF3 and CeF3:Tb@LaF3@SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV/vis spectrophotometry, and photoluminescence spectrophotometry. XRD patterns showed resolved reflection planes with broad widths, confirming the nanocrystalline nature of the CeF3:Tb@LaF3@SiO2 NPs. Fourier transform infrared spectra clearly revealed a uniform, smooth silica layer encapsulating the luminescent seed core and confirmed the polycrystalline nature of the CeF3:Tb@LaF3@SiO2 NPs. The TEM result showed an average crystalline size of 18 nm, which illustrated good agreement with the XRD results. The results of photoluminescence spectrophotometry confirmed the doping of terbium ions in the CeF3 crystal lattice. The cytotoxicity results of the MTT assay showed that CeF3:Tb@LaF3@SiO2 NPs have minimum toxicity with respect to CeF3:Tb@LaF3 NPs and the control drug dasatinib on HT-29 and HepG2 cell lines. Moreover, results of inverted microscopy confirmed the nontoxic and biocompatible nature of CeF3:Tb@LaF3@SiO2 NPs. These findings show that CeF3:Tb@LaF3@SiO2 NPs are promising candidates for applications in biomedical science in the future, such as bioimaging, biolabeling, biodetection or bio-probing, labeling of cells and tissue, drug delivery, cancer therapy, and multiplexed analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department
of Anus-intestines, Ankang Hospital of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Ankang City, Shann’xi Province 725000, China
| | - Anees A. Ansari
- King
Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Malik
- Nanomedicine
& Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College
of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabbani Syed
- Nanomedicine
& Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College
of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department
of Biochemistry, College of Science, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Vitiligo
Research Chair, College of Medicine, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M. AlGhamdi
- Vitiligo
Research Chair, College of Medicine, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Dermatology, College of Medicine, King
Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Nanomedicine
& Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College
of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Bioinformatics
and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biosciences, SRGC, Muzaffarnagar 251001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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15
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Li J, Zakariah M, Malik A, Ola MS, Syed R, Chaudhary AA, Khan S. Analysis of Salmonella typhimurium Protein-Targeting in the Nucleus of Host Cells and the Implications in Colon Cancer: An in-silico Approach. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:2433-2442. [PMID: 32765017 PMCID: PMC7381790 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s258037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infections of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) are major threats to health, threats include diarrhoea, fever, acute intestinal inflammation, and cancer. Nevertheless, little information is available about the involvement of S. typhimurium in colon cancer etiology. Methods The present study was designed to predict nuclear targeting of S. typhimurium proteins in the host cell through computational tools, including nuclear localization signal (NLS) mapper, Balanced Subcellular Localization predictor (BaCeILo), and Hum-mPLoc using next-generation sequencing data. Results Several gene expression-associated proteins of S. typhimurium have been predicted to target the host nucleus during intracellular infections. Nuclear targeting of S. typhimurium proteins can lead to competitive interactions between the host and pathogen proteins with similar cellular substrates, and it may have a possible involvement in colon cancer growth. Our results suggested that S. typhimurium releases its proteins within compartments of the host cell, where they act as a component of the host cell proteome. Protein targeting is possibly involved in colon cancer etiology during intracellular bacterial infection. Conclusion The results of current in-silico study showed the potential involvement of S. typhimurium infection with alteration in normal functioning of host cell which act as possible factor to connect with the growth and development of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Li
- Department of General Surgery Ⅰ, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Xinxiang City, Henan Province 453000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohammed Zakariah
- Research Center, College of Computer and Information Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabbani Syed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Bioinformatics and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Bioscience, Shri Ram Group of College (SRGC), Muzaffarnagar, UP, India.,Nano-Biotechnology Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Ola MS, Al-Dosari D, Alhomida AS. Role of Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Retinopathy and the Beneficial Effects of Flavonoids. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:2180-2187. [PMID: 29766782 DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180515151043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of decreased vision and blindness in developed countries. Diabetes-induced metabolic disorder is believed to increase oxidative stress in the retina. This results in deleterious change through dysregulation of cellular physiology that damages both neuronal and vascular cells. In this review, we first highlight the evidence of potential metabolic sources and pathways which increase oxidative stress that contribute to retinal pathology in diabetes. As oxidative stress is a central factor in the pathophysiology of DR, antioxidants therapy would be beneficial towards preventing the retinal damage. A number of experimental studies by our group and others showed that dietary flavonoids cause reduction in increased oxidative stress and other beneficial effects in diabetic retina. We then discuss the beneficial effects of the six major flavonoid families, such as flavanones, flavanols, flavonols, isoflavones, flavones and anthocyanins, which have been studied to improve retinal damage. Flavanoids, being known antioxidants, may ameliorate the retinal degenerative factors including apoptosis, inflammation and neurodegeneration in diabetes. Therefore, intake of potential dietary flavonoids would limit oxidative stress and thereby prevent the retinal damage, and subsequently the development of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Al-Dosari
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Abuderman AWA, Syed R, Mateen A, Malik A, Ola MS. Epidemiological characterization, genetic alterations of Helicobacter pylori infection in chronic gastric disorder and prognostic values of heterozygosity loss in chromosome 3p. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4323-4332. [PMID: 31250359 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
From the literature review, there seem to be no studies conducted on infection caused by Helicobacter pylori in patients with gastric MALT lymphoma in the KSA region. The present research is an attempt to understand the prevalence of patients infected with H. pylori in the selected region and the role of allelic imbalance of chromosome 3p regions to understand the clinical manifestations and features associated with MALT lymphomagenesis. The researcher analyzed the frequency of infection in patients from the region of Saudi Arabia by examining the data collected from hospitals and biopsy tissue samples as per the recommended protocol. The endoscopic diagnosis was performed to collect biopsy samples. Histology and AP-PCR DNA fingerprinting analyses were performed from the endoscopic gastric mucosal biopsies collected from patients with associated gastric MALT lymphoma. The existence of H. pylori was examined based on the results of gastric mucosal biopsies stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Steiner's silver stains. MALT, MALT lymphoma tissue samples and H. pylori-positive chronic gastritis were examined for LOH at chromosome 3p24 using standard procedures and techniques. The findings of the paper revealed the H. pylori was found to be positive in 17% of the cases significantly high among the age group of 31-50 years. Patients with MALT, MALT lymphoma, and H. pylori-associated gastritis presented features such as lymphocyte accumulation, vacuolation, Peyer's patch appearance, and lymphatic follicles. H. pylori were found to appear as a dense colored accumulated mass in the gastric epithelial layer. The findings from AP-PCR generated DNA fingerprints revealed intense band including two prominent bands in MALT lymphoma. Among other loci, 3p24 was the only one locus that showed high percentages of LOH as reported earlier in all cancer-related cases. The findings of this research paper empower the fact that allelic imbalances play a vital role in the development of MALT lymphoma. However, future researches should be conducted to identify the chromosome regions of the AP-PCR generated DNA fingerprints of human gastric MALT lymphoma in order to confirm this proposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahab Ali Abuderman
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabbani Syed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ayesha Mateen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Ola MS, Alhomida AS, LaNoue KF. Gabapentin Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in the Diabetic Rat Retina. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:81-90. [PMID: 30830678 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00018-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration in diabetic retina has been widely considered as initiating factor that may lead to vascular damage, the classical hallmark of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes induced altered glutamate metabolism in the retina, especially through glutamate excitotoxicity might play a major role in the neurodegeneration. Increased level of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) measured in diabetic retina might cause an increase in the neurotoxic level of glutamate by transamination of citric acid cycle intermediates. In order to analyze the transamination of BCAAs and their influence on neurodegenerative factors, we treated streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with gabapentin, a leucine analogue and an inhibitor of branched chain amino transferase (BCATc). Interestingly, gabapentin lowered the retinal level of BCAAs in diabetic rats. Furthermore, gabapentin treatments ameliorated the reduced antioxidant glutathione level and increased malondialdehyde (MDA), the marker of lipid peroxidation in diabetic rat retinas. In addition, gabapentin also reduced the expression of proapoptotic caspase-3, a marker of apoptosis and increased anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2 in diabetic retinas. Thus, these results suggest that gabapentin stimulates glutamate disposal, and ameliorates apoptosis and oxidative stress in diabetic rat retina. The influence of gabapentin may be due to its capacity to increase the ratio of BCKA to BCAA which in turn would reduce glutamate excitotoxicity in diabetic retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah S Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kathryn F LaNoue
- Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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19
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Ola MS, LaNoue KF. Molecular basis for increased lactate formation in the Müller glial cells of retina. Brain Res Bull 2018; 144:158-163. [PMID: 30503222 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Müller glial cells are highly metabolic active cells that compensate for the high energy demand of retinal neurons. It has been believed that glucose provides the energy needs by the complete oxidation within Müller cells. However, numerous studies indicated that glial cells convert the majority of glucose to lactate, which may serve as an energy source for neurons. It is still not well understood why within glia, glucose is not completely oxidized under aerobic glycolysis conditions. The aspartate glutamate carrier (AGC) is a major component of the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) responsible for transporting the reducing equivalent of glycolysis to the mitochondria for the complete oxidation of glucose. Here, we report the absence of AGC within Müller glial cells which impairs the ability to oxidize glucose. We investigated the expression and localization of AGC and its isoforms (aralar and citrin) in the intact rat retina. We also analyzed the expression and regulation of AGC and its metabolic activity within cultured Müller cells (TR-MUL). The results suggest that AGC and its isoforms seem to be neuronal, with no or low expression within Müller cells of the intact retina. The study of cultured Müller cells suggests a very low expression of AGC and a decreased metabolic activity of the carrier especially under cell differentiation conditions due to low serum and hydrocortisone treatments. Thus, these data give a molecular explanation of increased levels of lactate formation due to a lack of AGC in the retina by Müller glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kathryn F LaNoue
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
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20
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Ola MS, Alhomida AS, Ferrario CM, Ahmad S. Role of Tissue Renin-angiotensin System and the Chymase/angiotensin-( 1-12) Axis in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:3104-3114. [PMID: 28403787 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170407141955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major diabetes complication and the leading cause for vision loss and blindness in the adult human population. Diabetes, being an endocrinological disorder dysregulates a number of hormonal systems including the renin angiotensin system (RAS), which thereby may damage both vascular and neuronal cells in the retina. Angiotensin II (Ang II), an active component of the RAS is increased in diabetic retina, and may play a significant role in neurovascular damage leading to the progression of DR. In this review article, we highlight the role of Ang II in the pathogenesis of retinal damage in diabetes and discuss a newly identified mechanism involving tissue chymase and angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)] pathways. We also discuss the therapeutic effects of potential RAS inhibitors targeting blockade of cellular Ang II formation to prevent/ protect the retinal damage. Thus, a better understanding of Ang II formation pathways in the diabetic retina will elucidate early molecular mechanism of vision loss. These concepts may provide a novel strategy for preventing and/or treating diabetic retinopathy, a leading cause of blindness worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud, University, Riyadh 11451. Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud, University, Riyadh 11451. Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest University Health Science, Winston-Salem, NC 27157. United States
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest University Health Science, Winston-Salem, NC 27157. United States
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21
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Siddiqui MR, Wabaidur SM, Ola MS, AlOthman ZA, Rafiquee MZA, Khan MA. High-Throughput UPLC-MS Method for the Determination of N-Acetyl-l-Cysteine: Application in Tissue Distribution Study in Wistar Rats. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:1244-52. [PMID: 27102930 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is the N-acetyl derivative of the amino acid l-cysteine and is extensively used as a medicine to treat a variety of diseases. High-throughput ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) method has been developed for the quantitative assessment of N-acetyl-l-cysteine. The method was further applied to study the distribution of the intraperitoneal injected drug into different tissues and plasma of Wistar rats, including liver, kidney, heart, lungs and spleen. The drug was having highest concentration in plasma and liver followed by kidney, lungs, heart and spleen. Method validation studies suggested being linear in the range of 1-15 µg mL(-1) for liver, kidney, heart, lungs and spleen and 1-120 µg mL(-1) for the plasma. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 0.20 and 0.66 µg mL(-1), respectively. The recovery studies suggested that in all the cases, the obtained recovery was in the range of 98.51-101.88%. Our analyses provide a validated UPLC-MS method for the determination of NAC and its successful application for the analysis in plasma and tissues obtained from Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Advanced Materials Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saikh Mohammad Wabaidur
- Advanced Materials Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid A AlOthman
- Advanced Materials Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Moonis Ali Khan
- Advanced Materials Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Ola MS, Ahmed MM, Ahmad R, Abuohashish HM, Al-Rejaie SS, Alhomida AS. Neuroprotective Effects of Rutin in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Retina. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:440-8. [PMID: 25929832 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is widely recognized as a neurodegenerative disease of the eye. Increased oxidative stress has been considered the central factor in damaging neural retina in diabetes. Flavonoids, being powerful antioxidants, play protective roles in several oxidative stress-mediated neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we analyzed the neuroprotective effects of a potential flavonoid, rutin, in the diabetic rat retina. Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by single injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). In age-matched control (non-diabetic) and 1 week of diabetic rats, rutin (100 mg/kg/day) was orally administered and continued for 5 weeks. In another group of diabetic rats, only saline was supplemented. After treatments, retinas from all the groups were isolated and analyzed for potential neurotrophic factors and apoptotic and oxidative stress markers using biochemical and immunoblotting techniques. Our results indicate that rutin possesses antidiabetic activity, as blood glucose level decreased and insulin level increased in diabetic rats. In the diabetic retina, rutin supplementation enhanced the reduced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and glutathione (GSH) (P < 0.05), and reduced the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) (P < 0.05). In addition, rutin treatment showed antiapoptotic activity by decreasing the level of caspase-3 and increasing the level of Bcl-2 in the diabetic retina. These results suggest the effectiveness of rutin in ameliorating the levels of neuroprotective factors in diabetic retina. Therefore, rutin might be a potential flavonoid that can prevent the retinal damage and subsequently the development of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11415, Saudi Arabia,
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Ola MS, Alhomida AS. Neurodegeneration in diabetic retina and its potential drug targets. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:380-6. [PMID: 25342945 PMCID: PMC4207077 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x12666140619205024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the major complications of diabetes causing vision loss and blindness worldwide. DR is widely recognized as a neurodegenerative disease as evidenced from early changes at cellular and molecular levels in the neuronal component of the diabetic retina, which is further supported by various retinal functional tests indicating functional deficits in the retina soon after diabetes progression. Diabetes alters the level of a number of neurodegenerative metabolites, which increases influx through several metabolic pathways which in turn induce an increase in oxidative stress and a decrease in neurotrophic factors, thereby damage retinal neurons. Loss of neurons may implicate in vascular pathology, a clinical signs of DR observed at later stages of the disease. Here, we discuss diabetes-induced potential metabolites known to be detrimental to neuronal damage and their mechanism of action. In addition, we highlight important neurotrophic factors, whose level have been found to be dysregulated in diabetic retina and may damage neurons. Furthermore, we discuss potential drugs and strategies based on targeting diabetes-induced metabolites, metabolic pathways, oxidative stress, and neurotrophins to protect retinal neurons, which may ameliorate vision loss and vascular damage in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA, Saudi Arabia
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Ola MS. Effect of hyperglycemia on insulin receptor signaling in the cultured retinal Müller glial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444:264-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Khan HA, Ola MS, Alhomida AS, Sobki SH, Khan SA. Evaluation of HbA1c criteria for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study of 12 785 type 2 Saudi male patients. Endocr Res 2014; 39:61-5. [PMID: 24067131 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2013.828740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, American Diabetic Association has recommended glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c ≥6.5%) as an alternate to fasting plasma glucose (FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L) for diagnosis of diabetes. However, studies from different groups showed inconsistent results with the use of HbA1c criteria. We examined the validity of HbA1c cut-point of 6.5% for diagnosis of diabetes. A total of 12 785 male diabetic patients (FGP ≥7.0 mmol/L), aged 56.27 ± 13.32 years were included. The average values of FPG and HbA1c of all the 12 785 patients were 10.127 ± 0.026 mmol/L and 8.729 ± 0.013%, respectively. Sub-grouping of patients into different age categories showed significantly high levels of FPG (10.934 ± 0.123 mmol/L) in the youngest group (age, ≥20-35 years) as compared to FPG (ranged from 10.021 ± 0.052 to 10.190 ± 0.050 mmol/L) in patients with other age categories. The level of HbA1c was highest in the youngest group (8.809 ± 0.056%) and lowest in the oldest group (8.653 ± 0.082%). There was a significant correlation between FPG and HbA1c (R = 0.571, p < 0.001). There were 484 patients below the diagnostic threshold (HbA1c <6.5%), resulting in 3.78% false negative predictions. Majority of the false negative patients were in the age group of 40-75 years and had borderline FPG (7.0-8.0 mmol/L) and HbA1c (6.0-6.5%). These findings suggest that Saudi individuals with HbA1c between 6.0% and 6.5% may be considered as "probable diabetic" and their status should be verified by combined FPG and HbA1c criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Ahmad Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia and
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Abu El-Asrar AM, Nawaz MI, Kangave D, Siddiquei MM, Ola MS, Opdenakker G. Angiogenesis regulatory factors in the vitreous from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Acta Diabetol 2013; 50:545-51. [PMID: 21947384 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-011-0330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We determined the levels of the endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1), thrombospondin (TSP)-1 and TSP-2 in the vitreous fluid from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and correlated their levels with clinical disease activity and the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Vitreous samples from 30 PDR and 25 nondiabetic patients were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TSP-1 was not detected. VEGF and TSP-2 levels were significantly higher in PDR with active neovascularization compared with inactive PDR and nondiabetic patients (P < 0.001 for both comparisons). VEGF, sVEGFR-1 and TSP-2 levels were significantly higher in PDR with hemorrhage compared with PDR without hemorrhage and nondiabetic patients (P = 0.0063; 0.0144; <0.001, respectively). VEGF and sVEGFR-1 levels were significantly higher in PDR without traction retinal detachment (TRD) compared with PDR with TRD and nondiabetic patients (P = 0.038; 0.022, respectively). TSP-2 levels were significantly higher in PDR with TRD compared with PDR without TRD and nondiabetic patients (P < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between levels of VEGF and sVEGFR-1 (r = 0.427, P = 0.038). Our findings suggest that upregulation of sVEGFR-1 and TSP-2 may be a protective mechanism against progression of angiogenesis associated with PDR. TSP-2 might be associated with TRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abu El-Asrar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,
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Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication of diabetes. It causes vision loss, and the incidence is increasing with the growth of the diabetes epidemic worldwide. Over the past few decades a number of clinical trials have confirmed that careful control of glycemia and blood pressure can reduce the risk of developing DR and control its progression. In recent years, many treatment options have been developed for clinical management of the complications of DR (e.g., proliferative DR and macular edema) using laser-based therapies, intravitreal corticosteroids and anti-vascular endothelial growth factors, and vitrectomy to remove scarring and hemorrhage, but all these have limited benefits. In this review, we highlight and discuss potential molecular targets and new approaches that have shown great promise for the treatment of DR. New drugs and strategies are based on targeting a number of hyperglycemia-induced metabolic stress pathways, oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways, the renin-angiotensin system, and neurodegeneration, in addition to the use of stem cells and ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) technologies. At present, clinical trials of some of these newer drugs in humans are yet to begin or are in early stages. Together, the new therapeutic drugs and approaches discussed may control the incidence and progression of DR with greater efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Imtiaz Nawaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwan Abouammoh
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haseeb A. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak F. Alfaran
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding Author: Mohammad Shamsul Ola, e-mail: and
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Ola MS, Nawaz MI, Khan HA, Alhomida AS. Neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in diabetic retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:2559-72. [PMID: 23358247 PMCID: PMC3588002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14022559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is widely considered to be a neurovascular disease. This is in contrast to its previous identity as solely a vascular disease. Early in the disease progression of diabetes, the major cells in the neuronal component of the retina consist of retinal ganglion cells and glial cells, both of which have been found to be compromised. A number of retinal function tests also indicated a functional deficit in diabetic retina, which further supports dysfunction of neuronal cells. As an endocrinological disorder, diabetes alters metabolism both systemically and locally in several body organs, including the retina. A growing body of evidences indicates increased levels of excitotoxic metabolites, including glutamate, branched chain amino acids and homocysteine in cases of diabetic retinopathy. Also present, early in the disease, are decreased levels of folic acid and vitamin-B12, which are potential metabolites capable of damaging neurons. These altered levels of metabolites are found to activate several metabolic pathways, leading to increases in oxidative stress and decreases in the level of neurotrophic factors. As a consequence, they may damage retinal neurons in diabetic patients. In this review, we have discussed those potential excitotoxic metabolites and their implications in neuronal damage. Possible therapeutic targets to protect neurons are also discussed. However, further research is needed to understand the exact molecular mechanism of neurodegeneration so that effective neuroprotection strategies can be developed. By protecting retinal neurons early in diabetic retinopathy cases, damage of retinal vessels can be protected, thereby helping to ameliorate the progression of diabetic retinopathy, a leading cause of blindness worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11415, Saudi Arabia.
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Ola MS, Nawaz MI, Siddiquei MM, Al-Amro S, Abu El-Asrar AM. Recent advances in understanding the biochemical and molecular mechanism of diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Complications 2012; 26:56-64. [PMID: 22226482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the major complications in patients with diabetes is diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of blindness worldwide. It takes several years before any clinical signs of retinopathy appear in diabetic patients, which gives an ample opportunity for scientists to uncover biochemical and molecular mechanism implicated early in the development and progression of the disease. During the past few decades, research progress has been made in investigating the pathophysiology of the disease; however, due to nonavailability of human retinal samples at different stages of the disease and also due to lack of a proper animal model of DR, the exact molecular mechanism has not been elucidated, making therapeutic a difficult task. In this review article, we have discussed a number of diabetes-induced metabolites such as glucose, lipids, amino acids, and other related factors and molecules that are implicated in the pathophysiology of the DR. Furthermore, we have highlighted neurodegeneration and regulation of neurotrophic factors, being recognized as early events that may be involved in the pathology of the disease in the course of DR. An understanding of the biochemical and molecular changes especially early in the diabetic retina may lead to new and effective therapies towards prevention and amelioration of DR, which is important for the millions of individuals who already have or are likely to develop the disease before a cure becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, KAUH, Riyadh, KSA.
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Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS), a Müller cell specific enzyme in the retina, is the key enzyme involve in glutamate metabolism. The goal of this study was to investigate the expression and regulation of GS by insulin in the cultured rat retinal Müller cells. Immunocytochemical and immunoblotting experiments showed that the cultured Müller cells express GS protein under normal cell culture conditions. Insulin treatments decreased the GS expression both in a time and dose dependent manner. Insulin also decreased the hydrocortisone induced GS expression. Furthermore, we investigated the expression and regulation of two other Müller cell specific enzymes known to be involved in glutamate metabolism, the mitochondrial branched chain aminotransferase (BCATm) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC). Immunoblotting experiments showed that Müller cells expressed both BCATm and PC. Treatments of cells with hydrocortisone or insulin did not influence the BCATm expression level. Hydrocortisone treatment of cells increased the PC expression but this induced expression was suppressed by insulin treatment. Müller cells expressed insulin receptor proteins (IRβ and IRS-1) and insulin activation induced the phosphotyrosine level of insulin receptor proteins. Moreover, hydrocortisone did not influence the expression or activation of these receptor proteins. The data suggests that insulin modulates the GS synthesis and may influence glutamate metabolism in the cultured retinal Müller cells but not by influencing the insulin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Old Airport Road, KAUH, P.O. Box 245, Riyadh 11411, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Ola MS, Hosoya KI, LaNoue KF. Regulation of glutamate metabolism by hydrocortisone and branched chain keto acids in cultured rat retinal Müller cells (TR-MUL). Neurochem Int 2011; 59:656-63. [PMID: 21756956 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate released from retinal neurons during neurotransmission is taken up by retinal Müller cells, where much of the amino acid is subsequently amidated to glutamine or transaminated to α-ketoglutarate for oxidation. Müller cell glutamate levels may have to be carefully maintained at fairly low concentrations to avoid excesses of glutamate in extracellular spaces of the retina that would otherwise cause excitotoxicity. We employed a cultured rat retinal Müller cell line in order to study the metabolism and the role of Müller cell specific enzymes on the glutamate disposal pathways. We found that the TR-MUL cells express the glial specific enzymes, glutamine synthetase, the mitochondrial isoform of branched chain aminotransferase (BCATm) and pyruvate carboxylase, all of which are involved in glutamate metabolism and homeostasis in the retina. Hydrocortisone treatment of TR-MUL cells increased glutamine synthetase expression and the rate of glutamate amidation to glutamine. Addition of branched chain keto acids (BCKAs) increased lactate and aspartate formation from glutamate and also oxidation of glutamate to CO(2) and H(2)O. The two glutamate disposal pathways (amidation and oxidation) did not influence each other. When glutamate levels were independently depleted within TR-MUL cells, the uptake of glutamate from the extracellular fluid increased compared to uptake from control (undepleted) cells suggesting that the level of intracellular glutamate may influence clearing of extracellular glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Old Airport Road, KAUH, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia.
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Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, plays a pivotal role in the elimination of unwanted, damaged, or infected cells in multicellular organisms and also in diverse biological processes, including development, cell differentiation, and proliferation. Apoptosis is a highly regulated form of cell death, and dysregulation of apoptosis results in pathological conditions including cancer, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. The Bcl-2 family proteins are key regulators of apoptosis, which include both anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins, and a slight change in the dynamic balance of these proteins may result either in inhibition or promotion of cell death. Execution of apoptosis by various stimuli is initiated by activating either intrinsic or extrinsic pathways which lead to a series of downstream cascade of events, releasing of various apoptotic mediators from mitochondria and activation of caspases, important for the cell fate. In view of recent research advances about underlying mechanism of apoptosis, this review highlights the basics concept of apoptosis and its regulation by Bcl-2 family of protein. Furthermore, this review discusses the interplay of various apoptotic mediators and caspases to decide the fate of the cell. We expect that this review will add to the pool of basic information necessary to understand the mechanism of apoptosis which may implicate in designing better strategy to develop biomedical therapy to control apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, KSA
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Abstract
In this study, cellular distribution and activity of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport as well as oxoglutarate transport across brain mitochondrial membranes were investigated. A goal was to establish cell-type-specific expression of key transporters and enzymes involved in neurotransmitter metabolism in order to estimate neurotransmitter and metabolite traffic between neurons and astrocytes. Two methods were used to isolate brain mitochondria. One method excludes synaptosomes and the organelles may therefore be enriched in astrocytic mitochondria. The other method isolates mitochondria derived from all regions of the brain. Immunological and enzymatic methods were used to measure enzymes and carriers in the different preparations, in addition to studying transport kinetics. Immunohistochemistry was also employed using brain slices to confirm cell type specificity of enzymes and carriers. The data suggest that the aspartate/glutamate carriers (AGC) are expressed predominantly in neurons, not astrocytes, and that one of two glutamate/hydroxyl carriers is expressed predominantly in astrocytes. The GABA carrier and the oxoglutarate carrier appear to be equally distributed in astrocytes and neurons. As expected, pyruvate carboxylase and branched-chain aminotransferase were predominantly astrocytic. Insofar as the aspartate/glutamate exchange carriers are required for the malate/aspartate shuttle and for reoxidation of cytosolic NADH, the data suggest a compartmentation of glucose metabolism in which astrocytes catalyze glycolytic conversion of glucose to lactate, whereas neurons are capable of oxidizing both lactate and glucose to CO(2) + H(2)O.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Berkich
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Xu Y, Ola MS, Berkich DA, Gardner TW, Barber AJ, Palmieri F, Hutson SM, LaNoue KF. Energy sources for glutamate neurotransmission in the retina: absence of the aspartate/glutamate carrier produces reliance on glycolysis in glia. J Neurochem 2007; 101:120-31. [PMID: 17394462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial transporter, the aspartate/glutamate carrier (AGC), is a necessary component of the malate/aspartate cycle, which promotes the transfer into mitochondria of reducing equivalents generated in the cytosol during glycolysis. Without transfer of cytosolic reducing equivalents into mitochondria, neither glucose nor lactate can be completely oxidized. In the present study, immunohistochemistry was used to demonstrate the absence of AGC from retinal glia (Müller cells), but its presence in neurons and photoreceptor cells. To determine the influence of the absence of AGC on sources of ATP for glutamate neurotransmission, neurotransmission was estimated in both light- and dark-adapted retinas by measuring flux through the glutamate/glutamine cycle and the effect of light on ATP-generating reactions. Neurotransmission was 80% faster in the dark as expected, because photoreceptors become depolarized in the dark and this depolarization induces release of excitatory glutamate neurotransmitter. Oxidation of [U-14C]glucose, [1-14C]lactate, and [1-14C]pyruvate in light- and dark-adapted excised retinas was estimated by collecting 14CO2. Neither glucose nor lactate oxidation that require participation of the malate/aspartate shuttle increased in the dark, but pyruvate oxidation that does not require the malate/aspartate shuttle increased to 36% in the dark. Aerobic glycolysis was estimated by measuring the rate of lactate appearance. Glycolysis was 37% faster in the dark. It appears that in the retina, ATP consumed during glutamatergic neurotransmission is replenished by ATP generated glycolytically within the retinal Müller cells and that oxidation of glucose within the Müller cells does not occur or occurs only slowly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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Bridges CC, Ola MS, Prasad PD, El-Sherbeny A, Ganapathy V, Smith SB. Regulation of taurine transporter expression by NO in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 281:C1825-36. [PMID: 11698241 PMCID: PMC4637984 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.6.c1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Taurine is actively transported at the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) apical membrane in an Na(+)- and Cl(-)-dependent manner. Diabetes may alter the function of the taurine transporter. Because nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes, we asked whether NO would alter the activity of the taurine transporter in cultured ARPE-19 cells. The activity of the transporter was stimulated in the presence of the NO donor 3-morpholinosydnonimine. The stimulatory effects of 3-morpholinosydnonimine were not observed during the initial 16-h treatment; however, stimulation of taurine uptake was elevated dramatically above control values with 20- and 24-h treatments. Kinetic analysis revealed that the stimulation was associated with an increase in the maximal velocity of the transporter with no significant change in the substrate affinity. The NO-induced increase in taurine uptake was inhibited by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. RT-PCR analysis and nuclear run-on assays provided evidence for upregulation of the transporter gene. This study provides the first evidence of an increase in taurine transporter gene expression in human RPE cells cultured under conditions of elevated levels of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Bridges
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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Bridges CC, El-Sherbeny A, Roon P, Ola MS, Kekuda R, Ganapathy V, Camero RS, Cameron PL, Smith SB. A comparison of caveolae and caveolin-1 to folate receptor alpha in retina and retinal pigment epithelium. Histochem J 2001; 33:149-58. [PMID: 11508338 PMCID: PMC4638127 DOI: 10.1023/a:1017991925821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Caveolae are flask-shaped membrane invaginations present in most mammalian cells. They are distinguished by the presence of a striated coat composed of the protein, caveolin. Caveolae have been implicated in numerous cellular processes, including potocytosis in which caveolae are hypothesized to co-localize with folate receptor alpha and participate in folate uptake. Our laboratory has recently localized folate receptor alpha to the basolateral surface of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). It is present also in many other cells of the retina. In the present study, we asked whether caveolae were present in the RPE, and if so, whether their pattern of distribution was similar to folate receptor alpha. We also examined the distribution pattern of caveolin-1, which can be a marker of caveolae. Extensive electron microscopical analysis revealed caveolae associated with endothelial cells. However, none were detected in intact or cultured RPE. Laser scanning confocal microscopical analysis of intact RPE localized caveolin-1 to the apical and basal surfaces, a distribution unlike folate receptor alpha. Western analysis confirmed the presence of caveolin-1 in cultured RPE cells and laser scanning confocal microscopy localized the protein to the basal plasma membrane of the RPE, a distribution like that of folate receptor alpha. This distribution was confirmed by electron microscopic immunolocalization. The lack of caveolae in the RPE suggests that these structures may not be essential for folate internalization in the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Bridges
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
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