Non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of melamine in dairy products by using CuO decorated carbon nanotubes nanocomposites

Melamine, a typical nitrogen enriched organic compound exhibiting great potential in the industrial sector, is exploited as an adulterant to inflate protein levels in dairy products, can pose serious threats to humans and therefore necessitates its swift detection and precise quantification at its first exposure. In this investigation, sensitive and reliable sensor probes were fabricated using CuO nanoparticles and its nanocomposites (NCs) with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon black (CB), and graphene oxide (GO) to promptly quantify melamine in dairy products. The optical, morphological, and structural characteristics of the CuO-CNT NCs were achieved using diverse instrumental techniques including UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X- ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and etc. The fabrication of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) was accomplished by coating CuO-CNT NCs through a binder (5 % nafion). These sensor probes demonstrated outstanding electrochemical sensor performance with CuO-CNT NCs/Nafion/GCE sensor probe in terms of very low limit of detection (0.27 nM), good linearity range (0.05-0.5 nM), and relatively high sensitivity (93.924 µA µM-1 m-2) for melamine under optimized experimental conditions. Furthermore, the performance of CuO-CNT NCs/Nafion/GCE coated sensor probes was practically validated for the selective melamine detection in the real sample analysis of commercially available milk brands, which revealed significant figures of merit in a very short response time of 10 s. From the results, it was concluded that the current study might be helpful in the development of an efficient commercial sensor based on ultra-sensitive transition metal oxides in the field of health care monitoring, food stuffs in a broader scale as well as food applications.

Architectural design and affecting factors of MXene-based textronics for real-world application

Today, textile-based wearable electronic devices (textronics) have been developed by taking advantage of nanotechnology and textile substrates. Textile substrates offer flexibility, air permeability, breathability, and wearability, whereas, using nanomaterials offers numerous functional properties, like electrical conductivity, hydrophobicity, touch sensitivity, self-healing properties, joule heating properties, and many more. For these reasons, textronics have been extensively used in many applications. Recently, new emerging two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbide and nitride, known as MXene, nanomaterials have been highly considered for developing textronics because the surface functional groups and hydrophilicity of MXene nanoflakes allow the facile fabrication of MXene-based textronics. In addition, MXene nanosheets possess excellent electroconductivity and mechanical properties as well as large surface area, which also give numerous opportunities to develop novel functional MXene/textile-based wearable electronic devices. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent advancements in the architectural design of MXene-based textronics, like fiber, yarn, and fabric. Regarding the fabrication of MXene/textile composites, numerous factors affect the functional properties (e.g. fabric structure, MXene size, etc.). All the crucial affecting parameters, which should be chosen carefully during the fabrication process, are critically discussed here. Next, the recent applications of MXene-based textronics in supercapacitors, thermotherapy, and sensors are elaborately delineated. Finally, the existing challenges and future scopes associated with the development of MXene-based textronics are presented.

Nanosuspensions in ophthalmology: Overcoming challenges and enhancing drug delivery for eye diseases

This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in using nanosuspensions for controlled drug delivery in ophthalmology. It highlights the significance of ophthalmic drug delivery due to the prevalence of eye diseases and delves into various aspects of this field. The article explores molecular mechanisms, drugs used, and physiological factors affecting drug absorption. It also addresses challenges in treating both anterior and posterior eye segments and investigates the role of mucus in obstructing micro- and nanosuspensions. Nanosuspensions are presented as a promising approach to enhance drug solubility and absorption, covering formulation, stability, properties, and functionalization. The review discusses the pros and cons of using nanosuspensions for ocular drug delivery and covers their structure, preparation, characterization, and applications. Several graphical representations illustrate their role in treating various eye conditions. Specific drug categories like anti-inflammatory drugs, antihistamines, glucocorticoids, and more are discussed in detail, with relevant studies. The article also addresses current challenges and future directions, emphasizing the need for improved nanosuspension stability and exploring potential technologies. Nanosuspensions have shown substantial potential in advancing ophthalmic drug delivery by enhancing solubility and absorption. This article is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical professionals in this field, offering insights into recent developments, challenges, and future prospects in nanosuspension use for ocular drug delivery.

Recent Advances in Bioactive Carbon Nanotubes Based on Polymer Composites for Biosensor Applications

Recent breakthroughs in the field of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have opened up unprecedented opportunities for the development of specialized bioactive CNT-polymers for a variety of biosensor applications. The incorporation of bioactive materials, including DNA, aptamers and antibodies, into CNTs to produce composites of bioactive CNTs has attracted considerable attention. In addition, polymers are essential for the development of biosensors as they provide biocompatible conditions and are the ideal matrix for the immobilization of proteins. The numerous applications of bioactive compounds combined with the excellent chemical and physical properties of CNTs have led to the development of bioactive CNT-polymer composites. This article provides a comprehensive overview of CNT-polymer composites and new approaches to encapsulate bioactive compounds and polymers in CNTs. Finally, biosensor applications of bioactive CNT-polymer for the detection of glucose, H2O2 and cholesterol were investigated. The surface of CNT-polymer facilitates the immobilization of bioactive molecules such as DNA, enzymes or antibodies, which in turn enables the construction of state-of-the-art, future-oriented biosensors.

Recent Advancements in Ascribing Several Platinum Free Electrocatalysts Pertinent to Hydrogen Evolution from Water Reduction

The advancement of a sustainable and scalable catalyst for hydrogen production is crucial for the future of the hydrogen economy. Electrochemical water splitting stands out as a promising pathway for sustainable hydrogen production. However, the development of Pt-free electrocatalysts that match the energy efficiency of Pt while remaining economical poses a significant challenge. This review addresses this challenge by highlighting latest breakthroughs in Pt-free catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Specifically, we delve into the catalytic performance of various transition metal phosphides, metal carbides, metal sulphides, and metal nitrides toward HER. Our discussion emphasizes strategies for enhancing catalytic performance and explores the relationship between structural composition and the performance of different electrocatalysts. Through this comprehensive review, we aim to provide insights into the ongoing efforts to overcome barriers to scalable hydrogen production and pave the way for a sustainable hydrogen economy.

Biosensors for metastatic cancer cell detection

Early detection and effective cancer treatment are critical to improving metastatic cancer cell diagnosis and management today. In particular, accurate qualitative diagnosis of metastatic cancer cell represents an important step in the diagnosis of cancer. Today, biosensors have been widely developed due to the daily need to measure different chemical and biological species. Biosensors are utilized to quantify chemical and biological phenomena by generating signals that are directly proportional to the quantity of the analyte present in the reaction. Biosensors are widely used in disease control, drug delivery, infection detection, detection of pathogenic microorganisms, and markers that indicate a specific disease in the body. These devices have been especially popular in the field of metastatic cancer cell diagnosis and treatment due to their portability, high sensitivity, high specificity, ease of use and short response time. This article examines biosensors for metastatic cancer cells. It also studies metastatic cancer cells and the mechanism of metastasis. Finally, the function of biosensors and biomarkers in metastatic cancer cells is investigated.

Assessment of coastal river water quality in Bangladesh: Implications for drinking and irrigation purposes

Saltwater intrusion in the coastal areas of Bangladesh is a prevalent phenomenon. However, it is not conducive to activities such as irrigation, navigation, fish spawning and shelter, and industrial usage. The present study analyzed 45 water samples collected from 15 locations in coastal areas during three seasons: monsoon, pre-monsoon, and post-monsoon. The aim was to comprehend the seasonal variation in physicochemical parameters, including water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, and concentrations of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, HCO3-, PO43-, SO42-, and Cl-. Additionally, parameters essential for agriculture, such as soluble sodium percentage (SSP), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), magnesium absorption ratio (MAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Kelly's ratio (KR), and permeability index (PI), were examined. Their respective values were found to be 63%, 16.83 mg/L, 34.92 mg/L, 145.44 mg/L, 1.28 mg/L, and 89.29%. The integrated water quality index was determined using entropy theory and principal component analysis (PCA). The resulting entropy water quality index (EWQI) and SAR of 49.56% and 63%, respectively, indicated that the samples are suitable for drinking but unsuitable for irrigation. These findings can assist policymakers in implementing the Bangladesh Deltaplan-2100, focusing on sustainable land management, fish cultivation, agricultural production, environmental preservation, water resource management, and environmental protection in the deltaic areas of Bangladesh. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of seasonal variations in the hydrochemistry and water quality of coastal rivers, aiding in the comprehension of salinity intrusion origins, mechanisms, and causes.

Recent advances and synergistic effect of bioactive zeolite imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) for biosensing applications

The rapid developments in the field of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) in recent years have created unparalleled opportunities for the development of unique bioactive ZIFs for a range of biosensor applications. Integrating bioactive molecules such as DNA, aptamers, and antibodies into ZIFs to create bioactive ZIF composites has attracted great interest. Bioactive ZIF composites have been developed that combine the multiple functions of bioactive molecules with the superior chemical and physical properties of ZIFs. This review thoroughly summarizes the ZIFs as well as the novel strategies for incorporating bioactive molecules into ZIFs. They are used in many different applications, especially in biosensors. Finally, biosensor applications of bioactive ZIFs were investigated in optical (fluorescence and colorimetric) and electrochemical (amperometric, conductometric, and impedance) fields. The surface of ZIFs makes it easier to immobilize bioactive molecules like DNA, enzymes, or antibodies, which in turn enables the construction of cutting-edge, futuristic biosensors.

Nanomaterials-Based Targeting of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer: A Cutting-Edge Review of Current Trends

This review article spotlights the burgeoning potential of using nanotherapeutic strategies to target long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer cells. This updated discourse underlines the prominent role of lncRNAs in instigating cancer, facilitating its progression, and metastasis, validating lncRNAs' potential for being effective diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The manuscript offers an in-depth examination of different strategies presently employed to modulate lncRNA expression and function for therapeutic purposes. Among these strategies, Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs), RNA interference (RNAi) technologies, and the innovative clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based gene editing tools garner noteworthy mention. A significant section of the review is dedicated to nanocarriers and their crucial role in drug delivery. These nanocarriers' efficiency in targeting lncRNAs in varied types of cancers is elaborated upon, validating the importance of targeted therapy. The manuscript culminates by reaffirming the promising prospects of targeting lncRNAs to enhance the accuracy of cancer diagnosis and improve treatment efficacy. Consequently, new paths are opened to more research and innovation in employing nanotherapeutic approaches against lncRNAs in cancer cells. Thus, this comprehensive manuscript serves as a valuable resource that underscores the vital role of lncRNAs and the various nano-strategies for targeting them in cancer treatment. Future research should also focus on unraveling the complex regulatory networks involving lncRNAs and identifying fundamental functional interactions to refine therapeutic strategies targeting lncRNAs in cancer.

Recent Progress on Potentiometric Sensor Applications Based on Nanoscale Metal Oxides: A Comprehensive Review

Electrochemical sensors have been the subject of much research and development as of late, with several publications detailing new designs boasting enhanced performance metrics. That is, without a doubt, because such sensors stand out from other analytical tools thanks to their excellent analytical characteristics, low cost, and ease of use. Their progress has shown a trend toward seeking out novel useful nano structure materials. A variety of nanostructure metal oxides have been utilized in the creation of potentiometric sensors, which are the subject of this article. For screen-printed pH sensors, metal oxides have been utilized as sensing layers due to their mixed ion-electron conductivity and as paste-ion-selective electrode components and in solid-contact electrodes. Further significant uses include solid-contact layers. All the metal oxide uses mentioned are within the purview of this article. Nanoscale metal oxides have several potential uses in the potentiometry method, and this paper summarizes such uses, including hybrid materials and single-component layers. Potentiometric sensors with outstanding analytical properties can be manufactured entirely from metal oxides. These novel sensors outperform the more traditional, conventional electrodes in terms of useful characteristics. In this review, we looked at the potentiometric analytical properties of different building solutions with various nanoscale metal oxides.

Photocatalysis air purification systems for coronavirus removal: Current technologies and future trends

Air pollution causes extreme toxicological repercussions for human health and ecology. The management of airborne bacteria and viruses has become an essential goal of air quality control. Existing pathogens in the air, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, can have severe effects on human health. The photocatalysis process is one of the favorable approaches for eliminating them. The oxidative nature of semiconductor-based photocatalysts can be used to fight viral activation as a green, sustainable, and promising approach with significant promise for environmental clean-up. The photocatalysts show wonderful performance under moderate conditions while generating negligible by-products. Airborne viruses can be inactivated by various photocatalytic processes, such as chemical oxidation, toxicity due to the metal ions released from photocatalysts composed of metals, and morphological damage to viruses. This review paper provides a thorough and evaluative analysis of current information on using photocatalytic oxidation to deactivate viruses.

Breast Cancer in Younger and Older Women: A Comparison of Clinicopathological Traits

Breast cancer stands as the prevailing invasive cancer globally, bearing high mortality rates among women. Existing evidence indicates diminished survival rates in younger patients. Consequently, this study endeavors to assess and contrast the pathological features of breast cancer in women under 40 years of age with their older counterparts. Conducted as a cross-sectional analysis, this study encompasses 560 patients diagnosed with breast cancer, seeking treatment at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Community Based Medical College Bangladesh (CBMCB) and several private hospitals in Mymensingh. The gathered data incorporates information such as age, residential area, occupation, tumor histopathology, TNM classification, staging and status of hormone receptor. The patients' mean age (standard deviation) was 49.7±11.9 years, with 20.5% below 40, most were from rural areas and were housewives. Ductal carcinoma prevailed as the most common histopathologic type (87.67%). However, younger patients exhibited a higher prevalence of lobular and other rare carcinomas compared to their older counterparts (p=0.04). Additionally, the younger group demonstrated larger tumor sizes (p=0.01), lymphatic node involvement (p=0.04) and advanced staging (p=0.004). Notably, younger age showed more negativity for estrogen and/or progesterone receptors. The results suggested that women under 40 years old exhibit more aggressive tumor characteristics and a more severe form of breast cancer compared to their older counterparts.

Dysfunction of Thyroid Hormones Following Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka City

In cardiovascular homeostasis thyroid hormone plays an important role. We planned to study the changes in thyroid hormone profile in acute coronary syndrome patients admitted in the coronary care unit and compare them between two groups: unstable angina/non-ST elevated Myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI) and ST elevated Myocardial infarction (STEMI). This study was a hospital based descriptive cross sectional study which was conducted from 01 March 2018 to 01 February 2019 in Coronary Care Unit of Bangladesh Medical College Hospital and laboratory tests were done in Microbiology Department of Bangladesh Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Eighty three cases of acute coronary syndromes were taken for the study. Troponin-I was measured as cardiac marker, Electrocardiogram, Complete blood count, blood glucose level, Blood urea, serum creatinine, serum electrolytes, Fasting lipid profile, Thyroid profile, Echocardiography 2D were done. Most of the respondents were distributed in age group 46-60 years where 34(64.15%) male and 19(35.85%) female. Out of 83 Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) patients, 27(32.53%) hypertensive, 22(26.50%) diabetic and 16(19.27%) were Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Abnormal lipid profile was present in 30(43.47%) patients. Among total 52 male and 31 female 9(17.30%) male and 6(19.35%) female had abnormal thyroid function. We further elaborated abnormal thyroid function tests in STEMI group and UA/Non STEMI group of ACS patients. We found 10 patients in STEMI group and 5 patients in UA/Non STEMI group with abnormal thyroid function 29.41% and 10.20% respectively which was not statistically significant (p=0.025). This study depicts abnormality in thyroid hormone profile in 18.07% patients of ACS. Abnormal thyroid function increases risk of coronary artery disease. TSH level of ACS patients on hospital admission could be helpful to evaluate further prognosis of the disease.

Comparative Study of Serum Zinc Level in Between Preeclamptic Patients and Normal Pregnancy in Bangladesh

Globally preeclampsia is a major cause of maternal & perinatal morbidity & mortality. Zinc is an important trace element which is essential in pregnancy for fetal growth. Essentiality of zinc during pregnancy is evident. The cross sectional study was performed to estimate the comparison of serum zinc level in between preeclamptic patient and normal pregnancy. This study was conducted from July 2016 to June 2017 in the Department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Total 100 pregnant women were included as study population. Out of 100 subjects 50 were preeclamptic patients as case group and another 50 were normal pregnant women as control group. Serum zinc was determined by colorimetric method. The statistical analysis was done by SPSS windows package version 21.0. The mean±SD of case group was 59.30±5.22 and control group was 65.26±5.99mg/dl. Statistical difference was calculated by Student's unpaired 't' test. After analysis it showed that the mean±SD of serum zinc level was highly significantly (p<0.001) decreased in case group that in comparison to control group.

Structural, thermodynamic, and magnetic properties of SrFe12O19 hexaferrite modified by co-substitution of Cu and Gd

A hard magnetic system of SrFe12O19 nanomaterial was modified according to the composition of Sr0.95Gd0.05Fe12-xCuxO19 with x = 0.0, 0.30, and 0.60 using the sol-gel technique. The structures of the samples were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) along with Rietveld refinement, and an M-type hexaferrite with a hexagonal structure was confirmed with a trace amount of the α-Fe2O3 phase. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed polycrystalline nanoplates in all samples. Furthermore, the bond structures of the octahedral and tetrahedral sites along with the thermodynamic properties of these ferrites were extracted from the FTIR spectra at room temperature. The Debye temperature (θD) decreased from 755.9 K to 749.3 K due to the co-substitution of Gd3+ at Sr2+ and Cu2+ at Fe3+. The magnetic hysteresis (M-H) measurements revealed that the coercivity decreased from 5.3 kOe to 1.5 kOe along with the highest magnetization saturation (Ms) of 65.2 emu g-1 for the composition Sr0.95Gd0.05Fe11.7Cu0.3O19, which is suitable for industrial application. The effect of local crystalline anisotropy in magnetization was explored using the law of approach to saturation (LAS). Finally, thermo-magnetization was recorded in the range from 400 K to 5 K for cooling under zero field and in the presence of a 100 Oe field, and magnetic transitions were tracked due to the introduction of the foreign atoms of Gd and Cu into SrFe12O19.

Recent Advancements on Sustainable Electrochemical Water Splitting Hydrogen Energy Applications based on Nanoscale Transition Metal Oxides (TMO) Substrates

The development of green hydrogen generation technologies is increasingly crucial to meeting the growing energy demand for sustainable and environmentally acceptable resources. Many obstacles in the advancement of electrodes prevented water electrolysis, long thought to be an eco-friendly method of producing hydrogen gas with no carbon emissions, from coming to fruition. Because of their great electrical conductivity, maximum supporting capacity, ease of modification in valence states, durability in hard environments, and high redox characteristics, transition metal oxides (TMOs) have recently captured a lot of interest as potential cathodes and anodes. Electrochemical water splitting is the subject of this investigation, namely the role of transition metal oxides as both active and supportive sites. It has suggested various approaches for the logical development of electrode materials based on TMOs. These include adjusting the electronic state, altering the surface structure to control its resistance to air and water, improving the flow of energy and matter, and ensuring the stability of the electrocatalyst in challenging conditions. Here, it has been covered the latest findings in electrocatalysis of the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) and Hydrogen Evaluation Reaction (HER), as well as some of the specific difficulties, opportunities, and current research prospects in this field.

Assessment of heavy metals accumulation by vegetables irrigated with different stages of textile wastewater for evaluation of food and health risk

Wastewater irrigation for vegetable cultivation is greatly concerned about the presence of toxic metals in irrigated soil and vegetables which causes possible threats to human health. This study aimed to ascertain the accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in edible parts of vegetables irrigated with different stages of textile dyeing wastewater (TDW). Bio-concentration factor (BCF), Estimated daily intake (EDI), and target hazard quotient (THQ) were computed to estimate human health risks and speculate the hazard index (HI) of adults and children with the consumption of HMs contaminated vegetables at recommended doses. Five vegetables (red amaranth, Indian spinach, cauliflower, tomato, and radish) in a pot experiment were irrigated with groundwater (T1) and seven stages of TDW (T2∼T8) following a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Among the TDW stages, T8, T7, T4, and T5 exhibited elevated BCF, EDI, THQ, and HI due to a rising trend in the accumulation of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni heavy metals in the edible portion of the red amaranth, followed by radish, Indian spinach, cauliflower, and tomato. The general patterns of heavy metal (HM) accumulation, regarded as vital nutrients for plants, were detected in the following sequence: Zn > Mn/Cu > Fe. Conversely, toxic metals were found to be Cd/Cr > Ni > Pb, regardless of the type of vegetables. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified T8, T7, and T4 of TDW as the primary contributors to the accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetables examined. Furthermore, the analysis of the heavy metals revealed that the BCF, THQ, and HI values for all studied metals were below 1, except for Pb. This suggests that the present consumption rates of different leafy and non-leafy vegetables, whether consumed individually or together, provide a low risk in terms of heavy metal exposure. Nevertheless, the consumption of T8, T7, and T4 irrigated vegetables, specifically Indian spinach alone or in combination with red amaranth and radish, by both adults and children, at the recommended rate, was found to pose potential health risks. On the other hand, T2, T3, and T6 irrigated vegetables were deemed safe for consumption. These findings indicated that the practice of irrigating the vegetables with T8, T7, and T4 stages of TDW has resulted in a significant buildup of heavy metals in the soils and edible parts of vegetables which are posing health risks to adults and children. Hence, it is imperative to discharge the T8, T7, and T4 stages of TDW after ETP to prevent the contamination of vegetables and mitigate potential health risks.

Sensitive Cr3+ sensor based on novel poly(luminol-co-1,8-diaminonaphthalene)/CeO2/MWCNTs nanocomposites

In this study, poly(luminol-co-1,8-diaminonaphthalene) (PLim-DAN) was synthesized and subsequently modified with MWCNTs and CeO2 NPs. The synthesized nanocomposites were analyzed using IR, SEM, TEM, and XRD. Furthermore, a comprehensive set of thermal behavior measurements were taken using TGA/DTG analysis. Next, the electroactivity of the developed nanocomposites was tested as an electrochemical sensor to measure the concentration of Cr3+ ions in phosphate buffers. The GCE adapted with the PLim-DAN/CeO2/CNTs-10% nanocomposite (NC) exhibited the highest current response among the other compositions and copolymers. The fabricated nanocomposite sensor showed high sensitivity, with a value of 19.78 μA μM-1 cm-2, and a low detection limit of 4.80 ± 0.24 pM. The analytical performance was evaluated by plotting a current calibration curve versus the concentration of Cr3+ ions. It was found to be linear (R2 = 0.9908) over the range of 0.1 nM to 0.1 mM, identified as the linear dynamic range (LDR). This electrochemical sensor demonstrated that it could be a useful tool for environmental monitoring by accurately detecting and measuring carcinogenic Cr3+ ions in real-world samples.

Gold Fluorescence Nanoparticles for Enhanced SERS Detection in Biomedical Sensor Applications: Current Trends and Future Directions

Nanotechnology has emerged as a pivotal tool in biomedical research, particularly in developing advanced sensing platforms for disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. Since gold nanoparticles are biocompatible and have special optical characteristics, they are excellent choices for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensing devices. Integrating fluorescence characteristics further enhances their utility in real-time imaging and tracking within biological systems. The synergistic combination of SERS and fluorescence enables sensitive and selective detection of biomolecules at trace levels, providing a versatile platform for early cancer diagnosis and drug monitoring. In cancer detection, AuNPs facilitate the specific targeting of cancer biomarkers, allowing for early-stage diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies. The enhanced sensitivity of SERS, coupled with the tunable fluorescence properties of AuNPs, offers a powerful tool for the identification of cancer cells and their microenvironment. This dual-mode detection not only improves diagnostic accuracy but also enables the monitoring of treatment response and disease progression. In drug detection, integrating AuNPs with SERS provides a robust platform for identifying and quantifying pharmaceutical compounds. The unique spectral fingerprints obtained through SERS enable the discrimination of drug molecules even in complex biological matrices. Furthermore, the fluorescence property of AuNPs makes it easier to track medication distribution in real-time, maximizing therapeutic effectiveness and reducing adverse effects. Furthermore, the review explores the role of gold fluorescence nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy (PDT). By using the complementary effects of targeted drug release and light-induced cytotoxicity, SERS-guided drug delivery and photodynamic therapy (PDT) can increase the effectiveness of treatment against cancer cells. In conclusion, the utilization of gold fluorescence nanoparticles in conjunction with SERS holds tremendous potential for revolutionizing cancer detection, drug analysis, and photodynamic therapy. The dual-mode capabilities of these nanomaterials provide a multifaceted approach to address the challenges in early diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and personalized medicine, thereby advancing the landscape of biomedical applications.

Unveiling the Latest Advancements in Vanadium Carbide MXene based Supercapacitors and their Future Trends

Vanadium-carbide-based MXenes have bewitched the scientific community due to their distinctive characteristics, which make them potential candidates for several technological applications, such as supercapacitors (SCs), batteries, gas separation, biological sensors, and desalination. This article provides an overview of recent developments in the synthesis and applications of vanadium-carbide MXene in SCs. Vanadium carbide is one of the most difficult MXenes to synthesize, and various synthesis techniques, including electrochemical exfoliation and chemical etching, have been utilized to fabricate this material. Additionally, the review article also emphasizes the potential use of vanadium carbide MXene as SCs. Finally, the paper concludes with the challenges faced in the synthesis process and the prospects of vanadium carbide MXene-based material fabrication. Overall, this review article provides in-depth and detailed information on recent research on vanadium carbide MXene and its possible uses.

Recent Progress in Prompt Molecular Detection of Exosomes Using CRISPR/Cas and Microfluidic-Assisted Approaches Toward Smart Cancer Diagnosis and Analysis

Exosomes are essential indicators of molecular mechanisms involved in interacting with cancer cells and the tumor environment. As nanostructures based on lipids and nucleic acids, exosomes provide a communication pathway for information transfer by transporting biomolecules from the target cell to other cells. Importantly, these extracellular vesicles are released into the bloodstream by the most invasive cells, i. e., cancer cells; in this way, they could be considered a promising specific biomarker for cancer diagnosis. In this matter, CRISPR-Cas systems and microfluidic approaches could be considered practical tools for cancer diagnosis and understanding cancer biology. CRISPR-Cas systems, as a genome editing approach, provide a way to inactivate or even remove a target gene from the cell without affecting intracellular mechanisms. These practical systems provide vital information about the factors involved in cancer development that could lead to more effective cancer treatment. Meanwhile, microfluidic approaches can also significantly benefit cancer research due to their proper sensitivity, high throughput, low material consumption, low cost, and advanced spatial and temporal control. Thereby, employing CRISPR-Cas- and microfluidics-based approaches toward exosome monitoring could be considered a valuable source of information for cancer therapy and diagnosis. This review assesses the recent progress in these promising diagnosis approaches toward accurate cancer therapy and in-depth study of cancer cell behavior.

Synthesis of Electrical Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks for Electrochemical Applications

Electrical conductivity is very important property of nanomaterials for using wide range of applications especially energy applications. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are notorious for their low electrical conductivity and less considered for usage in pristine forms. However, the advantages of high surface area, porosity and confined catalytic active sites motivated researchers to improve the conductivity of MOFs. Therefore, 2D electrical conductive MOFs (ECMOF) have been widely synthesized by developing the effective synthetic strategies. In this article, we have summarized the recent trends in developing the 2D ECMOFs, following the summary of potential applications in the various fields with future perspectives.

Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives of ZnO Nanostructure Materials Towards Energy Applications

In this approach, zinc oxide (ZnO) is a multipurpose substance with remarkable characteristics such as high sensitivity, a large specific area, non-toxicity, excellent compatibility, and a high isoelectric point, which make it attractive for discussion with some limitations. It is the most favorable possible option for the collection of nanostructures in terms of structure and their characteristics. The development of numerous ZnO nanostructure-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors used in health diagnosis, pharmaceutical evaluation, food hygiene, and contamination of the environment monitoring is described, as well as the production of ZnO nanostructures. Nanostructured ZnO has good chemical and temperature durability as an n-type semiconducting material, making it useful in a wide range of uses, from luminous materials to supercapacitors, batteries, solar cells, photocatalysis, biosensors, medicinal devices, and more. When compared to the bulk materials, the nanosized materials have both a higher rate of disintegration and a higher solubility. Furthermore, ZnO nanoparticles are regarded as top contenders for electrochemical sensors due to their strong electrochemical behaviors and electron transmission characteristics. The impact of many factors, including selectivity, sensitivity, detection limit, strength, and structures, arrangements, and their respective functioning processes, has been investigated. This study concentrated a substantial amount of its attention on the recent advancements that have been made in ZnO-based nanoparticles, composites, and modified materials for use in the application areas of energy storage and conversion devices as well as biological applications. Supercapacitors, Li-ion batteries, dye-sensitized solar cells, photocatalysis, biosensors, medicinal, and biological systems have been studied. ZnO-based materials are constantly analyzed for their advantages in energy and life science applications.

Frequency of Post Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Acute Pancreatitis in an Academic Hospital of Bangladesh

Post-ERCP acute pancreatitis (PEP) is a common and serious complication with high morbidity and mortality rates. There is a paucity of data on the frequency of PEP in a resource constraint setting like Bangladesh. Hence we have conducted a prospective study to determine the frequency of PEP and the factors associated with its occurrence. This prospective, observational study was carried out in Gastroenterology Department of Dhaka Medical College & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from April 2018 to December 2018 on the consecutive patients who underwent ERCP. PEP and its severity were diagnosed according to consensus definition. Serum lipase was done in all patients before procedure and 24 hours after procedure or if patient develops abdominal pain after the procedure which became earlier. Total 168 patients were included (mean age 46.97±14.35 years; male 72(43.0%). The most common indication of ERCP was choledocholithiasis 97(58.0%) followed by malignant biliary obstruction 45(27.0%), recurrent pyogenic cholangitis 8(5.0%), chronic pancreatitis 4(2.3%), biliary ascariasis 4(2.3%) and others 10(6.0%). Overall post ERCP complication rate was 46(27.3%) including cholangitis 29(17.3%), pancreatitis 16(9.5%), bleeding 12(7.1%), aspiration pneumonia 4(2.4%) and death 3(1.8%). Regarding the severity of PEP, 50.0%, 43.7% and 6.3% patients developed mild, moderate and severe pancreatitis respectively. Number of cannulation attempts >5 times [22(48%) vs. 17(14%); p=0.001], cannulation attempts duration more than 10 minutes [25(55%) vs. 27(22%); p=0.001], unintentional passage of guide wire into the pancreatic duct [8(17%) vs. 18(15%); p=0.001], pancreatic duct contrast injection [12(26%) vs. 2(1.6%); p=0.001] and pre-cut sphincterotomy [16(35%) vs. 6(4.9%); p=0.001] were significantly different between the patients who developed PEP compared to those who did not. In multiple logistic regressions analysis, pancreatic duct contrast injection was significantly associated with PEP [OR 25.523 with 95% CI (4.049- 100.0%)]. Around ten percent patients had developed PEP. Regarding the severity half of them were mild, 44.0% patients had moderate and 6.0% patient had severe type of pancreatitis. Difficult cannulation, unintentional passage of guide wire into the pancreas, pancreatic duct contrast injection and pre-cut sphincterotomy were associated with PEP. Among them pancreatic duct contrast injection had independent significance in the causation of PEP.

Usefulness of Diagnostic Ultrasound for Detection of Common Shoulder Abnormalities Prior to MRI

Shoulder pain is a common musculoskeletal pain in the general population and results in significant disability, quality of life impairment and financial burden to the health care system. This cross-sectional study was carried out among purposively selected 61 adult patients with shoulder pain and or limited range of motion in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from September 2018 to August 2020 to determine the usefulness of USG in detection of common shoulder abnormalities, as an initial imaging modality using MRI as reference standard. The majority of the patients 25(40.98%) were in age group of 51-60 years with mean age of 52.98±10.85 years. In the dectection of rotator cuff pathology, the overall sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of USG for any complete tear were 100.0% each, for any partial tear were 79.71%, 96.57% and 91.80%, for any rotator cuff tear were 83.33%, 96.25% and 91.80%, and for any tendinosis were 90.48%, 99.37% and 96.31% respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of USG were 88.23%, 92.59% & 90.16% for long head of biceps tendon sheath effusion, 100.0% each for long head of biceps tendon dislocation, 71.11%, 87.50% and 75.41% for glenohumeral joint effusion, and 58.06%, 96.67% and 77.05% for bursal effusion respectively. From this study, it is concluded that high resolution USG showed high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy compared to MRI in detecting common shoulder abnormalities, and could be considered as the first line imaging modality in the evaluation of shoulder pain.

Recent Advances of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides-Based Materials for Energy Storage Devices, in View of Monovalent to Divalent Ions

The fast growth of electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems necessitates using innovative, high-performance electrode materials. Among the various EES devices, rechargeable batteries (RBs) with potential features like high energy density and extensive lifetime are well suited to meet rapidly increasing energy demands. Layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), typical two dimensional (2D) nanomaterial, are considered auspicious materials for RBs because of their layered structures and large specific surface areas (SSA) that benefit quick ion transportation. This review summarizes and highlights recent advances in TMDs with improved performance for various RBs. Through novel engineering and functionalization used for high-performance RBs, we briefly discuss the properties, characterizations, and electrochemistry phenomena of TMDs. We summarised that engineering with multiple techniques, like nanocomposites used for TMDs receives special attention. In conclusion, the recent issues and promising upcoming research openings for developing TMDs-based electrodes for RBs are discussed.

Bioresource Polymer Composite for Energy Generation and Storage: Developments and Trends

The ever-growing demand of human society for clean and reliable energy sources spurred a substantial academic interest in exploring the potential of biological resources for developing energy generation and storage systems. As a result, alternative energy sources are needed in populous developing countries to compensate for energy deficits in an environmentally sustainable manner. This review aims to evaluate and summarize the recent progress in bio-based polymer composites (PCs) for energy generation and storage. The articulated review provides an overview of energy storage systems, e. g., supercapacitors and batteries, and discusses the future possibilities of various solar cells (SCs), using both past research progress and possible future developments as a basis for discussion. These studies examine systematic and sequential advances in different generations of SCs. Developing novel PCs that are efficient, stable, and cost-effective is of utmost importance. In addition, the current state of high-performance equipment for each of the technologies is evaluated in detail. We also discuss the prospects, future trends, and opportunities regarding using bioresources for energy generation and storage, as well as the development of low-cost and efficient PCs for SCs.

Progress and Perspectives on Promising Covalent-Organic Frameworks (COFs) Materials for Energy Storage Capacity

In recent years, a new class of highly crystalline advanced permeable materials covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) have garnered a great deal of attention thanks to their remarkable properties, such as their large surface area, highly ordered pores and channels, and controllable crystalline structures. The lower physical stability and electrical conductivity, however, prevent them from being widely used in applications like photocatalytic activities and innovative energy storage and conversion devices. For this reason, many studies have focused on finding ways to improve upon these interesting materials while also minimizing their drawbacks. This review article begins with a brief introduction to the history and major milestones of COFs development before moving on to a comprehensive exploration of the various synthesis methods and recent successes and signposts of their potential applications in carbon dioxide (CO2 ) sequestration, supercapacitors (SCs), lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and hydrogen production (H2 -energy). In conclusion, the difficulties and potential of future developing with highly efficient COFs ideas for photocatalytic as well as electrochemical energy storage applications are highlighted.

NiFe-PANI composites synthesized by electrodeposition for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of diclofenac sodium from wastewater

A simple inexpensive approach was used to synthesize NiFe-PANI nanocomposites and used for photodegradation of diclofenac sodium (DCF) in water sources. Morphological, optical, structural, and catalytic properties of the nanocomposites were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm the cubic structure of NiFe nanoparticles and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) that revealed the presence of NiFe and PANI, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the uniform distribution of NiFe nanoparticles onto the surface of PANI, Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was utilized to validate the composition of the obtained Permalloy NiFe-PANI nanocomposites, optical properties confirmed the decrease of Eg band gap from 2.62 to 2.51 eV by the addition of NiFe. The NiFe-PANI composite showed superior photocatalytic efficiency in degrading DCF, achieving 82.53% degradation in 15 min and 97.89% in 60 min. This was significantly higher than the PANI alone, which achieved 62.72 and 93.48% degradation in the same time intervals respectively. The results indicated that the photocatalytic efficiency remained consistent, with no observable decrease, even after five cycles of recycling. The NiFe-PANI catalyst served as an efficient and cost-effective photocatalyst for DCF degradation, and the study holds promise for the photocatalytic removal of other organic pollutants from water and wastewater.

Fish-tail Plasty: A Secure Technique to Enhance Cosmesis at the Lateral End of Mastectomy Scar and Prevent Dog Ear

Mastectomy is very common surgical procedure for breast cancer. The closure of transverse elliptical mastectomy incisions has been represented with numerous modifications since 1915. The technical challenge is to avoid a fold of skin dogging laterally ("dog-ear"). This might lead to off future discomfort and poor cosmetic result. However, various surgical techniques are reported to tackle this lateral dog ear, there is no standardized technique. We therefore conduct a systematic review of the surgical techniques with the aim of comparing the merits and limitations of every technique. The comparative study among 72 patients was performed in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Anower Khan Modern Medical College & Hospital and Care Medical College & Hospital, Bangladesh from July 2017 to January 2020. Patients were divided randomly into two groups: Group I underwent fishtail technique group (36 patients), Group II underwent modified suturing technique group (36 patients). The follow up periods were 1 month and 3 months post-operatively for determination of the presence of dog ear and patient's satisfaction regarding cosmetic outcome and comfortability. Incidence of dog ear in fish-tail plasty group patients was less than that for Group II yet the difference is not significant less (p value 0.001). In consideration of patient satisfaction, doctor satisfaction and patient comfortability were significantly higher in Group I than Group II (p value 0.476 and 0.001 respectively). Fish-tail plasty was significantly better in patient satisfaction, comfortability and doctor satisfaction than modified suturing techniques and it might be recommended following mastectomy in obese patients for improving cosmesis and avoiding discomfort due to redundant skin.

2D MXenes Nanosheets for Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage Devices: Recent Advances and Future Prospects

Since the initial MXenes were discovered in 2011, several MXene compositions constructed using combinations of various transition metals have been developed. MXenes are ideal candidates for different applications in energy conversion and storage, because of their unique and interesting characteristics, which included good electrical conductivity, hydrophilicity, and simplicity of large-scale synthesis. Herein, we study the current developments in two-dimensional (2D) MXene nanosheets for energy storage and conversion technologies. First, we discuss the introduction to energy storage and conversion devices. Later, we emphasized on 2D MXenes and some specific properties of MXenes. Subsequently, research advances in MXene-based electrode materials for energy storage such as supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries is summarized. We provide the relevant energy storage processes, common challenges, and potential approaches to an acceptable solution for 2D MXene-based energy storage. In addition, recent advances for MXenes used in energy conversion devices like solar cells, fuel cells and catalysis is also summarized. Finally, the future prospective of growing MXene-based energy conversion and storage are highlighted.

Chemistry Aspects and Designing Strategies of Flexible Materials for High-Performance Flexible Lithium-Ion Batteries

In recent years, flexible and wearable electronics such as smart cards, smart fabrics, bio-sensors, soft robotics, and internet-linked electronics have impacted our lives. In order to meet the requirements of more flexible and adaptable paradigm shifts, wearable products may need to be seamlessly integrated. A great deal of effort has been made in the last two decades to develop flexible lithium-ion batteries (FLIBs). The selection of suitable flexible materials is important for the development of flexible electrolytes self-supported and supported electrodes. This review is focused on the critical discussion of the factors that evaluate the flexibility of the materials and their potential path toward achieving the FLIBs. Following this analysis, we present how to evaluate the flexibility of the battery materials and FLIBs. We describe the chemistry of carbon-based materials, covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and MXene-based materials and their flexible cell design that represented excellent electrochemical performances during bending. Furthermore, the application of state-of-the-art solid polymer and solid electrolytes to accelerate the development of FLIBs is introduced. Analyzing the contributions and developments of different countries has also been highlighted in the past decade. In addition, the prospects and potential of flexible materials and their engineering are also discussed, providing the roadmap for further developments in this fast-evolving field of FLIB research.

Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Extended-Release Delivery of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs): A Comprehensive Review

There has been a significant shift in the perception of hypertension as an important contributor to the global disease burden. Approximately 6 % and 8 % of pregnancies are affected by hypertension, which can adversely affect the mother and the fetus. Furthermore, a hypertensive individual is at increased risk of developing kidney disease, arterial hardening, eye damage, and strokes. Using angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) is widespread in treating hypertension, heart failure, coronary artery disease, and diabetic nephropathy. Despite this, some ARBs have limited use due to their poor oral bioavailability and water solubility. To tackle this, a variety of nanoparticle (NP)-based systems, such as polymeric NPs (i. e., dendrimers), polymeric micelles, polymer-drug conjugates, lipid NPs, nanoemulsions, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), solid lipid NPs (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), carbon-based nanocarriers, inorganic NPs, and nanocrystals, have been recently developed for efficient delivery of losartan, Valsartan (Val), Olmesartan (OLM), Telmisartan (TEL), Candesartan, Eprosartan, Irbesartan, and Azilsartan to target cells. This review article provides a literature-based comparison of the various classes of ARBs, their mechanisms of action, and an overview of the nanoformulations developed for ARB delivery and successfully applied to managing hypertension, diabetic complications, and other conditions.

Utilizing Nanostructured Materials for Hydrogen Generation, Storage, and Diverse Applications

The rapid advancement of refined nanostructures and nanotechnologies offers significant potential to boost research activities in hydrogen storage. Recent innovations in hydrogen storage have centered on nanostructured materials, highlighting their effectiveness in molecular hydrogen storage, chemical storage, and as nanoconfined hydride supports. Emphasizing the importance of exploring ultra-high-surface-area nanoporous materials and metals, we advocate for their mechanical stability, rigidity, and high hydride loading capacities to enhance hydrogen storage efficiency. Despite the evident benefits of nanostructured materials in hydrogen storage, we also address the existing challenges and future research directions in this domain. Recent progress in creating intricate nanostructures has had a notable positive impact on the field of hydrogen storage, particularly in the realm of storing molecular hydrogen, where these nanostructured materials are primarily utilized.

Effect of Milk Intake and Calcium-Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum Vitamin D Status

Vitamin D is important for health and disease. Milk is a good natural source of it, and calcium-vitamin D supplements are widely available over-the-counter and prescribed in clinical practice. But the effect of milk intake and calcium-vitamin D supplementation on serum vitamin D status is not known. This cross-sectional study was done to see the relationship between vitamin D status and milk intake or oral calcium-vitamin D supplementation using a structured questionnaire and carried out in a private consultation centre of Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh from July 2017 to March 2018. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level was measured by radioimmunoassay. Out of 259 patients, 64.1% had vitamin D deficiency defined as serum 25(OH)D level <20ng/mL. Sixty one percent of those who had serum 25(OH)D level <20ng/mL did not take milk or milk products, while 53.0% of those having 25(OH)D level ≥20ng/mL did not take milk. Approximately 89.0% of those who had serum 25(OH)D level <20ng/mL did not take oral calcium-vitamin D, whereas 72.0% of those having 25(OH)D level ≥20ng/mL did not take oral calcium-vitamin D (p=0.001). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, there were significantly increased odds of vitamin D deficiency for females as compared to males [odds ratio (OR) 2.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34-4.56] and not taking oral vitamin D as compared to taking oral vitamin D (OR 3.56, 95% CI 1.74-7.28). Vitamin D deficiency is widely prevalent. Lack of milk intake and calcium-vitamin D supplementation are more commonly associated with serum vitamin D deficiency, and calcium-vitamin D supplementation is specially important in females.

Role of Rehabilitation Exercise on Myofascial Pain Syndrome Causing Upper Back Pain

Upper back pain is as painful or troublesome as the pain in the lower back or the neck. Myofascial pain syndrome which is most common cause of upper back pain is characterized by localized musculoskeletal pain and tenderness in association with trigger points. The aim of the study was to correlate the improvement of myofascial pain syndrome patients with proper and timely physical therapy. This quasi experimental study was conducted in the department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Bangladesh, from 1st January 2008 to 31st August 2008 to see the role of rehabilitation exercise on myofascial pain syndrome causing upper back pain. Sixty (60) patients of myofascial pain syndrome causing upper back pain were randomly assigned for treatment; out of which 23(38.33%) were male and 37(61.66%) were female. The male and female ratio was 1:1.6. The patients selected for the trial were divided into two groups: Group A and Group B. In group A (n=28) the patients were treated with thermotherapy- Microwave diathermy, non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs and activities of daily living instructions and in Group B (n=32) with same interventions in addition to rehabilitation exercises. Treatment duration was 6 weeks. The difference of treatment improvement was statistically significant (p<0.05) from 1st week up to 6th week. After complete course of treatment 67.86% patients in Group A and 78.13% patients in group B reported improvement. So rehabilitation exercises can be a valuable adjunct to other modalities of treatment of myofascial pain syndrome causing upper back pain.

Utility of Median-to-Ulnar Sensory Comparative Nerve Conduction Study to Increase Diagnostic Accuracy in Mild Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Electro-physiological diagnosis of mild Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) based on traditional median motor and sensory studies are often inconclusive. Therefore, we wanted to investigate the utility of Median-to-Ulnar Sensory Conduction studies in diagnosis of mild CTS. Data from Nerve conduction study (NCS) of 82 cases with symptoms suggestive of CTS from September 2017 to October 2020 attending electrophysiology department of Mount Adora Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh was selected for study. About 54(66.0%) out of 82 symptomatic patients were diagnosed as CTS by the conventional method, and 28(34.0%) patients required further investigation as their test report were found to be inconclusive. combining methods showed 70(85.37%) were found to be positive and 12(14.63%) were negative in comparison study. Thus, it can be concluded that those patients found to be negative in conventional methods; comparison method is an option for diagnostic confirmation.

Early Inflammatory Response of Dental Pulp in Response to Biodentin and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate as Pulp-capping Agents

This study was carried out to observe immediate inflammatory response of Human Dental Pulp capped with Biodentin and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA). This prospective clinical study was carried out in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics together with the Department of Orthodontia, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Bangladesh from 2016 to 2018. A total number of eighty (80) permanent premolars teeth planned to be extracted for orthodontic alignment of occlusion were used as study sample. Those teeth were divided into two groups; Group A and Group B, having 40 teeth in each (n=40). An occlusal exposure of approximately 1.5mm in diameter was made. Then in -group A, exposed pulp were capped with 2-mm-thick layer of sterile Biodentin (Septodont) and in-group B with ProRoot White MTA (Dentsply). After pulp capping with the experimental material in respective group, cavities in all teeth were restored with glass ionomer cement. After 24 hours the teeth were extracted, fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, then decalcified by 10.0% nitric acid and embedded in paraffin. Now 2 to 3-micron-thick serial sections were made in the linguo-buccal plane and finally stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Now pulpal inflammation in respect of type, intensity and extension, were determined by using a predetermined evaluation criterion under an optical microscope at 40× magnifications. Statistical differences among the experimental groups were analyzed by Descriptive analysis (Cross Tabulation) (p<0.05). Histologically both the tested materials produced immediate pulpal tissue reaction. 'Biodentin' found to be most immediate pulpal tissue reactive (reactive in 100% cases), Whereas, MTA produced immediate tissue reaction only in 50.0% cases. Immediate pulpal inflammatory reaction in response to tested material found to be statistically significant different between 'Biodentin' and 'MTA' (p=0.001). According to present study Biodentin is found to be more immediate pulpal tissue reactive than MTA when used as a pulp capping material.

Different RT-PCR Protocol used in SARS-Cov2 PCR Laboratory of Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh

The novel corona virus (SARS CoV-2) was first detected on Wuhan, China. After that it spread worldwide and has caused many deaths till now. This virus is also known as novel corona virus because of being newly discovered. Scientifically it is named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has positive-single stranded RNA and several proteins such as spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N) and the other helper proteins. On the basis of phylogenic evidence, it is the new member of beta corona viruses and this group of viruses causes respiratory illness in human. This virus is detected in laboratory by using RT-PCR, by which different target gene such as E gene, S gene, N gene and RdRP (ORF1a-ORF1b) etc. are detected. This study was carried out at Mymensingh Medical College from April 2020 to December 2020. Around 65000 samples (nasopharyngeal swab) were tested during this period by three PCR protocols. By Sansure PCR kit N and ORF1a target genes were detected, Basphore's target genes were E and ORF and by Neoplex PCR kit N and RdRp genes were detected. Most of samples were tested by Sansure kit (62500), 2000 samples were screened by Bosphore kit and 500 samples by Neoplex. Among them, 6876(11.0%) samples were positive by Sansure, 120(6.0%) by Bosphore and 66(13.2%) by Neoplex. Among the positive samples, N gene 6188(90.0%) was mostly found by Sansure kit, whereas ORF was 120(100.0%) mostly found by Bosphore.

Exploration of the structural, vibrational, electronic, mechanical and thermal properties of Ru4Al3B2 and Ru9Al3B8: a DFT study

The structural, dynamical, electro-optical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics of the newly synthesized intermetallic compounds Ru4Al3B2 and Ru9Al3B8 have been studied under ambient and elevated pressure through density functional theory (DFT). The obtained lattice parameters of the compounds are consistent with the experimental values. The metallic character of these compounds is established by the band structure and density of states (DOS). The electronic charge density distribution and bond analysis imply that Ru4Al3B2 and Ru9Al3B8 have mainly both ionic and covalent bonding. The non-negative phonon dispersion frequency of the compounds reaffirms their dynamical stability. Both compounds are tough as well as have high melting points, and hence, can be applied in harsh conditions. Mechanical properties are significantly improved under pressure. Thermal barrier coating (TBC) is a possible field of application for both compounds. The different thermal properties such as the Debye temperature (ΘD), Grüneisen parameter (γ), melting temperature (Tm), minimum thermal conductivity (Kmin) and lattice thermal conductivity (κph) of these compounds have been studied to figure out the suitable application areas in thermally demanding situations. The pressure and temperature dependent bulk modulus (B) and other thermodynamic properties have also been analyzed, which suggested that the present compounds are strong candidates for device applications at high temperature and pressure. Owing to their high optical absorptivity and reflectivity in the UV region, they are also candidates for UV-based applications. Furthermore, they also have applicability in the fields of electronics, aviation, energy storage, and supercapacitor devices for their superior electronic, thermal and mechanical properties.

Orange Dye and Silicone Glue Composite Gel-Based Optimized Impedimetric and Capacitive Surface-Type Proximity Sensors

Optimized surface-type impedimetric and capacitive proximity sensors have been fabricated on paper substrates by using rubbing-in technology. The orange dye (OD) and silicone glue (SG) composite-gel films were deposited on the zig-zag gap between two aluminum electrodes fixed on a paper (dielectric) substrate. The effect of proximity of various objects (receivers) on the impedance and the capacitance of the sensors was investigated. These objects were semi-cylindrical aluminum (metallic) foil, a cylindrical plastic tube filled with water, a kopeck-shaped plastic tube filled with carbon nanotubes and a human finger. The mechanism of sensing was based on the change in impedance and/or the capacitance of the sensors with variation of proximity between the surfaces of the sensor and the object. On decreasing proximity, the impedance of the sensors increased while the capacitance decreased. The impedimetric proximity sensitivities of CNT, water, metal-based receivers and the finger were up to 60 × 103 Ω/mm, 35 × 103 Ω/mm, 44 × 103 Ω/mm and 6.2 × 103 Ω/mm, respectively, while their capacitive sensitivities were -19.0 × 10-2 pF/mm, -16.0 × 10-2 pF/mm, -16.4 × 10-2 pF/mm and -1.8 × 10-2 pF/mm. If needed for practical application, the sensors can be built in to the Wheatstone bridge, which can also increase the sensitivity of the measurement. Moreover, the sensor's materials are low cost, while the fabrication technique is easy and ecologically friendly. The sensor can also be used for demonstrative purposes in school and college laboratories.

Easy synthesis of PPy/TiO2/ZnO composites with superior photocatalytic performance, efficient supercapacitors and nitrite sensor

The synthesis of Polypyrrole (PPy)/TiO2/ZnO composites involved a chemical oxidative polymerization process, wherein the addition of TiO2/ZnO was varied from 1 to 10 wt%. The composites' photocatalytic capabilities, supercapacitor performance, and potential use as a nitrite sensor were thoroughly assessed, alongside investigations into their photoluminescence (PL) and morphological characteristics. The strong interaction between TiO2/ZnO and PPy was confirmed using FTIR, UV-Vis, and PL spectroscopy techniques. The composites demonstrated aggregated and spherical-shaped morphological features investigated by FESEM. Such morphological structures of the composites were distinct from the TiO2/ZnO (rod-like) and similar to PPy structure (spherical). However, such composites showed dominating spherical-shaped morphology ensuring a diameter in the range of 50-200 nm. The PPy/TiO2/ZnO composites exhibited significantly enhanced photocatalytic efficiency in methylene blue (MB) removal, achieving a range of 88-93% compared to PPy alone, which only achieved 77.2% MB removal. The Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) data exhibited a promising hybrid supercapacitor performance of the composites with a high capacitance value, good energy density, as well as an excellent power density. The fabricated supercapacitor was capable of lightened up a single red 5 mm LED for a few minutes, indicating the commendable energy storage capacity. A newly developed PPy/TiO2/ZnO composite is potentially used to develop as a sensor probe for the detection of nitrite chemicals using the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) technique in three electrodes system in room conditions. It is found an excellent sensor results in terms of sensitivity as well as detection limit and satisfactory results when validated with the real samples. These results offer novel insights into the fabrication of PPy/TiO2/ZnO photocatalysts for addressing organic waste treatment, while also presenting promising prospects for potential applications in supercapacitors and sensors.

Easy fabrication of l-glutamic acid/ZnS composites for efficient photo-catalytic and supercapacitor performance

l-Glutamic acid/ZnS (L-GA/ZnS) composites were prepared by varying the amount of ZnS addition ranging from 1-5 wt% by means of an easy solvent casting approach. The morphological investigation, antimicrobial activity, photocatalytic enactment, and electrochemical properties of the composites were evaluated. The formation of L-GA/ZnS composites was confirmed by FTIR, UV-Vis, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Besides, FTIR, UV-Visible, and PL data revealed the possible incorporation of ZnS into L-GA. The L-GA/ZnS composites demonstrated similar plate-like structure of L-GA with agglomerated ZnS morphology on the plate surface with diameter in the range of 50-500 nm, confirmed by FESEM/EDS measurements. The prepared composites showed excellent photocatalytic depiction towards methylene blue (MB) degradation in comparison to L-GA and ZnS. A set of supercapacitor devices were fabricated using L-GA/ZnS composites. The performance of the supercapacitor was assessed by GCD and exhibited good energy storage capacity. The prepared composites showed promising prospects for hybrid supercapacitor application. These outcomes may offer new insight into the fabrication of L-GA/ZnS composites as photocatalysts for organic contaminants treatment.

Bacteriological Profile of Hospital Acquired Infection and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns in a Tertiary Care Hospital

A hospital-acquired infection (HAI) is acquired in a hospital or other health care facilities. This is an extra burden in every unit of hospital as it increases the morbidity, mortality, cost of treatment and also duration of the hospital stays for the patients. This study aimed to find out the causative bacterial agents of HAI from different clinical samples and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in the Department of Microbiology and Virology, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, in collaboration with in-patient departments of Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital from January 2019 to December 2019. A total of 123 patients of different ages, sex were enrolled in this study. Samples were collected from postoperative wounds, post catheterized urinary tract infections, diabetic wounds and intravenous cannula from Surgery ward, Medicine ward and Obstetrics & Gynecology ward. Standard laboratory procedures were applied to isolate and identify the bacteria. The identified organisms were then tested for anti biogram. Among 123 patients 46 (37.4%) were affected by hospital acquired infections. Higher prevalence (n=28, 60.87%) of HAI was found in Surgery ward and the lower prevalence (n=9, 19.56%) was found in Medicine ward and Obstetrics & Gynecology ward. The most common type of infection was surgical wound infection (20, 43.48%). Out of all the HAIs irrespective of source and site, highest number were done by Staphylococcus aureus (15, 30.61%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (08, 16.33%), Escherichia coli (07, 14.29%), Serratia spp. (05, 6.12%), Aeromonas spp. (05, 6.12%), Acinetobacter spp. (02, 4.08%), Proteus spp. (02, 4.08%), Citrobacter spp. (02, 4.08%), Klebsiella spp. (02, 4.08%), CoNS (02, 4.08%), Enterobacter spp. (01, 2.04%) and Morganella morganii (01, 2.04%). The antimicrobial susceptibility data suggested that Gram positive bacteria are more susceptible to doxycycline, vancomycin and linezolid; while Gram negative bacteria were more susceptible to imipenem, levofloxacin and meropenem.

Biliary Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Case Report

A 10 years old boy who was initially diagnosed as choledochal cyst underwent laparotomy. There was presence of necrotic and soft tissue growth within common bile duct (CBD). After extensive toileting of bile duct, a T-tube was placed. His histopathology followed by immunohistochemistry revealed Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma. Later the patient received VAC regime chemotherapy. On follow-up imaging, there was no tumour mass in CBD. So, T-tube removed and now the patient is doing well.

Comparison of Serum Phosphorus Level among Women with Preeclampsia and Normal Pregnancy

Pregnancy is a physiological state. During pregnancy increased physiological changes may lead to many biochemical and anatomical alterations. The biochemical changes that seen in blood of the pregnant mother are exaggerated in various complications of pregnancy like preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is a dangerous complication that may leads to maternal and neonatal mortality. Globally it affects 3.0-5.0% of pregnant women. The study was done to analyze the changes in serum phosphorus level in pre-eclamsia compared with normal pregnancy. The study was cross sectional and was performed from July 2016 to June 2017 in the department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Total 100 subjects were included in this study. Among them 50 preeclamptic patients were taken as case and another 50 normal pregnant women were taken as control. Statistical difference was calculated by Student's unpaired 't' test. Biochemical values were expressed as mean±SD. The mean±SD of serum phosphorus levels in case and control group were 2.81±0.79 and 3.40±0.87mg/dl respectively. The difference in mean±SD of serum phosphorus were highly significant (p<0.001) when compared between case and control.

Outcomes of Varus Derotation Femoral Osteotomy By Angle Blade Plate in Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease for Patient Above Eight Years of Age in The Lateral Pillar B or B/C Group

Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (LCPD) that starts after 8 years (late onset) usually follow more aggressive course and the long-term outcome is also poor. Treatment method of LCPD that will produce best results is controversial particularly if the patients are with late-onset presentation. This prospective study was conducted from January 2015 to January 2019 at Dhaka Medical College Hospital and Health N Hope Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. We evaluated the radiographic outcomes for patients who had varus derotation femoral osteotomy (VDRO). We followed up 16 patients who had femoral varus osteotomy. All patients were above 8 years of age at clinical onset. The involvement of femoral epiphysis was in either in B or B/C in lateral pillar classification. All patients had MRI done to confirm radiological diagnosis and classification. The mean age was 9.5 years (range, 8 to 12 years). Final outcome was evaluated by using the Stulberg classification which was radiological. Important exclusion criteria were patient with bilateral involvement and requirement of femoral varus >30 degree. We had 81.25% of our patient with satisfactory outcomes. Among them there were Stulberg grade I, 0 cases; Stulberg grade II, 13 cases (81.25%); Stulberg III, 3 cases (18.75%), Stulberg IV and V both 0 case each. The surgical outcomes for varus derotation femoral osteotomy in late onset LCPD patients over 8 years old were showing the good results than other modalities of non surgical and surgical methods.

Shockproof Deformable Infrared Radiation Sensors Based on a Polymeric Rubber and Organic Semiconductor H2Pc-CNT Composite

Polymeric rubber and organic semiconductor H₂Pc-CNT-composite-based surface- and sandwich-type shockproof deformable infrared radiation (IR) sensors were fabricated using a rubbing-in technique. CNT and CNT-H₂Pc (30:70 wt.%) composite layers were deposited on a polymeric rubber substrate as electrodes and active layers, respectively. Under the effect of IR irradiation (0 to 3700 W/m²), the resistance and the impedance of the surface-type sensors decreased up to 1.49 and 1.36 times, respectively. In the same conditions, the resistance and the impedance of the sandwich-type sensors decreased up to 1.46 and 1.35 times, respectively. The temperature coefficients of resistance (TCR) of the surface- and sandwich-type sensors are 1.2 and 1.1, respectively. The novel ratio of the H₂Pc-CNT composite ingredients and comparably high value of the TCR make the devices attractive for bolometric applications meant to measure the intensity of infrared radiation. Moreover, given their easy fabrication and low-cost materials, the fabricated devices have great potential for commercialization.

A Modified Approach for Harvesting Non Vascularized Fibular Graft for Pediatric Age Group

The conventional technique of harvesting free non-vascularized fibular grafting is associated with different scale of morbidity and usually a long scar. We follow a technique that causes minimum interference to the surrounding soft tissues to harvest the desired length of fibula. This prospective study was performed at Department of Orthopaedics, Dhaka Medical College Hospital from January 2018 to December 2018. Thirty patients of average age 10.5 years (range 8 to 14 years) were taken up for the study. The fibula was harvested by two separate incisions, 1 cm each at proximal and distal extent of proposed length of graft after elevating the periosteum circumferentially using a periosteum elevator. Compression bandage and above knee plaster immobilization was applied that help to reduce hematoma formation. The mean follow up is 12 months. The patients were evaluated clinically and by radiology. Twenty nine patients showed good results. One patient had delayed wound healing resulting in fair result. This modified approach of harvesting fibula reduces donor site morbidity and is safer and easier than conventional approach.

Predicting Difficult Intubation by using Modified Mallampati (MMT) with or without Thyromental Height Test (TMHT)

Failed Tracheal Intubation with Subsequent inability to maintain an open airway and adequate oxygenation is the most frequent cause of brain damage or death during anesthesia. Recognizing before anesthesia the potential for difficult intubation allows time for optimal preparation. Proper Selection of equipment and techniques is needed to avoid unwanted situation. To find out difficulties associated with endotracheal intubation using Modified Mallampati Test (MMT) combined with Thyromental Height Test (TMHT) and MMT without TMHT. This prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Anesthesia in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from April 2018 to September 2018. Two hundred two patients with different surgical procedures under general anaesthesia in different operation theaters of BSMMU, Dhaka were selected as study population. After taking written consents from each patient or his/her attendant elaborate history of illness, meticulous clinical examinations were performed and relevant laboratory investigations were done. All information was recorded in a preformed data sheet and statistical analysis was done by SPSS-22.0. Mean age ±SD of the study subjects was 42.49±14.29 years in MMT with TMHT group and 43.40±15.39 years in MMT without TMHT group. Females were enrolled more than males in both the groups. BMI was 28.75±3.59kg/m² in MMT with TMHT group and 29.44±8.64kg/m² in MMT without TMHT group. There were no significant differences in age, gender and BMI between the groups. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy were 100.0%, 96.0%, 96.2%, 100.0% and 98.0% respectively of MMT with TMHT in predicting intubation difficulty. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy were 100.0%, 96.0%, 96.2%, 100.0% and 98.0% respectively of MMT only in predicting intubation difficulty. MMT combined with TMHT is a better predictor of intubation difficulty than MMT alone.