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Song E, Lee SK, Dykxhoorn DM, Novina C, Zhang D, Crawford K, Cerny J, Sharp PA, Lieberman J, Manjunath N, Shankar P. Correction for Song et al., "Sustained Small Interfering RNA-Mediated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Inhibition in Primary Macrophages". J Virol 2023; 97:e0093623. [PMID: 37830822 PMCID: PMC10617386 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00936-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
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Zhang L, Puneeth V, Ijaz Khan M, El-Zahar ER, Manjunath N, Shah NA, Chung JD, Khan SU, Khan MI. Applications of bioconvection for tiny particles due to two concentric cylinders when role of Lorentz force is significant. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265026. [PMID: 35503769 PMCID: PMC9064088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioconvection flow of tiny fluid conveying the nanoparticles has been investigated between two concentric cylinders. The contribution of Lorenz force is also focused to inspect the bioconvection thermal transport of tiny particles. The tiny particles are assumed to flow between two concentric cylinders of different radii. The first cylinder remains at rest while flow is induced due to second cylinder which rotates with uniform velocity. Furthermore, the movement of tiny particles follows the principle of thermophoresis and Brownian motion as a part of thermal and mass gradient. Similarly, the gyro-tactic microorganisms swim in the nanofluid as a response to the density gradient and constitute bio-convection. The problem is modeled by using the certain laws. The numerical outcomes are computed by using RKF -45 method. The graphical simulations are performed for flow parameters with specific range like 1≤Re≤5, 1≤Ha≤5, 0.5≤Nt≤2.5, 1≤Nb≤3, 0.2≤Sc≤1.8, 0.2≤Pe≤1.0 and 0.2≤Ω≤1.0. It is observed that the flow velocity decreases with the increase in the Hartmann number that signifies the magnetic field. This outcome indicates that the flow velocity can be controlled externally through the magnetic field. Also, the increase in the Schmidt numbers increases the nanoparticle concentration and the motile density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, YRCC, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Hydropower Engineering Abrasion Test and Protection, Zhengzhou, China
| | - V. Puneeth
- Department of Mathematics, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
| | - Muhammad Ijaz Khan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Essam Roshdy El-Zahar
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Basic Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - N. Manjunath
- Department of Sciences and Humanities, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India
| | - Nehad Ali Shah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Dong Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Sami Ullah Khan
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - M. Imran Khan
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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Raghu C, Ragavendran S, Prasad SR, Arasu T, Nagaraja PS, Singh N, Manjunath N, Muralikrishna N, Yogananth N. Comparison of epidural analgesia with ultrasound-guided bilateral erector spinae plane block in aorto-femoral arterial bypass surgery. Ann Card Anaesth 2022; 25:26-33. [PMID: 35075017 PMCID: PMC8865342 DOI: 10.4103/aca.aca_23_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Thoracic Epidural Analgesia (TEA) was compared with ultrasound-guided bilateral erector spinae plane (ESP) block in aorto-femoral arterial bypass surgery for analgesic efficacy, hemodynamic effects, and pulmonary rehabilitation. Design: Prospective randomized. Setting: Tertiary care centre. Participants: Adult patients, who were scheduled for elective aorto-femoral arterial bypass surgery. Interventions: It was a prospective pilot study enrolling 20 adult patients who were randomized to group A (ESP block = 10) and group B (TEA = 10). Monitoring of heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pain assessment at rest and deep breathing using visual analog scale (VAS) were done till 48-h post-extubation. Rescue analgesic requirement, Incentive spirometry, oxygenation, duration of ventilation and stay in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) were reported as outcome measures. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired Student T-test or Mann-Whitney U test. A value of P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: HR was lower in group B than group A at 1 and 2 h post- surgery and at 0.5, 16, 20, and 32 h post-extubation (P < 0.05). MAP were lower in group B than A at 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 minutes and at 0 hour post-surgery and at 4 hours, every 4 hours till 32 hours post-extubation (P < 0.05). Intraoperative midazolam and fentanyl consumption, ventilatory hours, VAS at rest, incentive spirometry, oxygenation, and ICU stay were comparable between the two groups. VAS during deep breathing was more in group A than B at 0.5, 4 hours and every 4 hours till 44 hours post-extubation. The time to receive the first rescue analgesia was shorter in group A than B (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Both ESP block and TEA provided comparable analgesia at rest. Further studies with larger sample size are required to evaluate whether ESP block could be an alternative to TEA in aorto-femoral arterial bypass surgery.
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Bansal A, Gehre MN, Qin K, Sterrett S, Ali A, Dang Y, Abraham S, Costanzo MC, Venegas LA, Tang J, Manjunath N, Brockman MA, Yang OO, Kan-Mitchell J, Goepfert PA. HLA-E-restricted HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses in natural infection. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:148979. [PMID: 34228645 PMCID: PMC8363272 DOI: 10.1172/jci148979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell responses restricted by MHC-E, a nonclassical MHC molecule, have been associated with protection in an SIV/rhesus macaque model. The biological relevance of HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T cell responses in HIV infection, however, remains unknown. In this study, CD8+ T cells responding to HIV-1 Gag peptides presented by HLA-E were analyzed. Using in vitro assays, we observed HLA-E-restricted T cell responses to what we believe to be a newly identified subdominant Gag-KL9 as well as a well-described immunodominant Gag-KF11 epitope in T cell lines derived from chronically HIV-infected patients and also primed from healthy donors. Blocking of the HLA-E/KF11 binding by the B7 signal peptide resulted in decreased CD8+ T cell responses. KF11 presented via HLA-E in HIV-infected cells was recognized by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Importantly, bulk CD8+ T cells obtained from HIV-infected individuals recognized infected cells via HLA-E presentation. Ex vivo analyses at the epitope level showed a higher responder frequency of HLA-E-restricted responses to KF11 compared with KL9. Taken together, our findings of HLA-E-restricted HIV-specific immune responses offer intriguing and possibly paradigm-shifting insights into factors that contribute to the immunodominance of CD8+ T cell responses in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Bansal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mika N. Gehre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Kai Qin
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sarah Sterrett
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ayub Ali
- Department of Medicine and AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ying Dang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Sojan Abraham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Margaret C. Costanzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Leon A. Venegas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - N. Manjunath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | | | - Otto O. Yang
- Department of Medicine and AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - June Kan-Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Paul A. Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Bhavya G, Nagaraja PS, Singh NG, Ragavendran S, Sathish N, Manjunath N, Kumar KA, Nayak VB. Comparison of continuous cardiac output monitoring derived from regional impedance cardiography with continuous thermodilution technique in cardiac surgical patients. Ann Card Anaesth 2021; 23:189-192. [PMID: 32275034 PMCID: PMC7336960 DOI: 10.4103/aca.aca_1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cardiac output (CO) assessment is a corner stone in advanced haemodynamic management, especially in critical ill patients. The present study was conducted to validate cardiac index and cardiac output by NICaS™ with the thermodilution technique using pulmonary artery catheter in post-operative cardiac surgical patients. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational clinical study conducted at a tertiary care hospital. 23 adult patients in the age range of 18-65 years who had undergone for elective coronary artery bypass grafting were included in the study. Results: Spearman's correlation coefficient of cardiac index between continuous Thermodilution (cTD) and Non-Invasive Cardiac System (NICaS™) showed a good correlation (r = 0.765, 95% confidence interval 0.70 to 0.82, P < 0.0001). There was a good correlation between cTD and NICaS™ for cardiac output (r = 0.759, 95% confidence interval 0.69 to 0.81, P < 0.0001), Bland-Altman plot for cardiac index between cTD and NICaS™ showed a mean bias of −0.66 ± 0.6919 with limits of agreement being −2.02 to 0.6936. Bland-Altman plot for cardiac output between cTD and NICaS™ showed a mean bias of −1.0386 ± 1.17 with limits of agreement being −3.34 to + 1.26. Percentage error for cardiac index and cardiac output were 64.78% and 64% respectively. Polar plot analysis showed an angular bias of 6.32° with radial limits of agreement being −8.114° to 20.75° for cardiac index and angular bias of 5.6682° with radial limits of agreement being −9.1422° to 20.4784° for cardiac output. Conclusion: NICaS™ demonstrated a good trending ability for both CI and CO. However, NICaS™ derived parameters are not interchangeable with the values derived from continuous thermodilution technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bhavya
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Jayanagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - P S Nagaraja
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Jayanagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Naveen G Singh
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Jayanagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Ragavendran
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Jayanagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - N Sathish
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Jayanagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - N Manjunath
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Jayanagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K Ashok Kumar
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Jayanagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinayak B Nayak
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Jayanagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Burra V, Simha PP, Manjunath N. Role of percutaneous left stellate ganglion blockade (LSGB) as a rescue therapy in refractory ventricular tachycardia. Indian J Anaesth 2020; 64:812-814. [PMID: 33162582 PMCID: PMC7641084 DOI: 10.4103/ija.ija_387_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vijitha Burra
- Department of Cardiac Anaesthesia, SRM Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parimala Prasanna Simha
- Department of Cardiac Anaesthesia, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - N Manjunath
- Department of Cardiac Anaesthesia, SRM Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Janarthinakani M, Kalaiselvi S, Priyadarshini R, Arun S, Shashidhar K, Krishnakumar R, Manjunath N, Roopa S, Raman SG. Does Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Increase the Survival in Patients with Locally Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients? – A Real‑World Evidence. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_188_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background: In locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC), perioperative chemotherapy has shown to improve the survival to a larger extent compared to surgery alone. In India, the treatment followed for gastric carcinoma widely varies based on the type of health-care provider and treatment access. There is a paucity of data on the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on survival among LAGC patients in the Indian context. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) between neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapies among LAGC patients. Subjects and Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study involving clinical record review of LAGC patients enrolled between 2015 and 2017 from four tertiary cancer centers in South India. The date for the following events, namely diagnosis, recurrence, death, and last day of visit, was extracted in a mobile-based open-access tool. The median duration of OS and DFS between the neoadjuvant and adjuvant groups was compared using Kaplan–Meier survival curves. Results: Of the 137 patients, 70 (51%) had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery and 67 (49%) had adjuvant chemotherapy following the surgery. The mean (standard deviation) age of participants was 55.4 (11.4) years. Seventy-eight percent of the patients were diagnosed at Stage 3 or 4. Regional lymph nodes were involved in 83.9%. The median duration of follow-up was 15 months. The OS in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant groups was 18.6 months and 8.3 months, respectively. Nonregional lymph node involvement and adjacent organ involvement had independently increased the risk of death. Conclusion: Among LAGC patients, the neoadjuvant chemotherapy indicated a better median and DFS compared to the adjuvant group. However, these findings were statistically not significant. The current study has contributed an important finding to the existing evidences of clinical practice in an Indian setting. Further large-scale studies are required to validate the promising trend of using neoadjuvant chemotherapy in LAGC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajamani Priyadarshini
- Department of Research, Fenivi Research Solutions Private Limited, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Seshachalam Arun
- Department of Medical Oncology, GVN Cancer Institute, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Shashidhar
- Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R Krishnakumar
- Meenakshi Mission Hospital and Research Centre, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Manjunath
- Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sirigeri Roopa
- Department of Oncology, Columbia Asia, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - SG Raman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Madras Cancer Care Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Lahiri S, Banerjee A, Bhutda S, Palaniappan M, Bahubali VH, Manjunath N, Maji S, Siddaiah N. In vitro expression of vital virulent genes of clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans/gattii in endothelial cells of human blood-brain barrier. J Mycol Med 2019; 29:239-244. [PMID: 31221506 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of the pathogenesis of clinical and environmental cryptococcal isolates to the central nervous system is necessary for understanding the risk. This study was designed to determine the in vitro expression of six important virulent genes of Cryptococcus neoformans/gattii in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial cells (hBMEC). METHODS The hBMEC were infected with Cryptococcus to determine invasion and survival rate at 3, 12 and 24hours by subsequent colony count of internalized yeasts. The whole RNA of the intracellular Cryptococcus was extracted to quantify the expression of CAP10, PLB1, ENA1, URE1, LAC1, and MATα genes by real-time quantitative PCR for 3 and 12hours of infection. RESULTS Invasion and survival rates were higher in clinical and standard strains of C. neoformans. A significant difference was observed among the clinical and environmental isolates for the expression of CAP10, ENA1, LAC1, MATα and URE1 at 3hours, and ENA1, LAC1, MATα, PLB1 and URE1 at 12hours. Clinical isolates showed significant upregulation of all the genes except PLB1, which was higher in environmental isolates. Relative expressions at the two time-points showed statistically significant (P=0.043) changes for the clinical isolates and no significance (P=0.063) for environmental isolates. CONCLUSION The C. gattii (VGI) isolates showed significantly lower invasion and survival than C. neoformans (VNI, and VNII) irrespective of their sources. Clinical isolates exhibited higher expression for the majority of the virulent genes until 12hours of infection, probably due to their better adaptation in the host system and enhanced pathogenicity than the environmental counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lahiri
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - A Banerjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - S Bhutda
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - M Palaniappan
- Department of Biostatistics, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
| | - V H Bahubali
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - N Manjunath
- Department of Neurology, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
| | - S Maji
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - N Siddaiah
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.
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Nagaraja PS, Ragavendran S, Singh NG, Asai O, Bhavya G, Manjunath N, Rajesh K. Comparison of continuous thoracic epidural analgesia with bilateral erector spinae plane block for perioperative pain management in cardiac surgery. Ann Card Anaesth 2019; 21:323-327. [PMID: 30052229 PMCID: PMC6078032 DOI: 10.4103/aca.aca_16_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Continuous thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) is compared with erector spinae plane (ESP) block for the perioperative pain management in patients undergoing cardiac surgery for the quality of analgesia, incentive spirometry, ventilator duration, and intensive care unit (ICU) duration. Methodology: A prospective, randomized comparative clinical study was conducted. A total of 50 patients were enrolled, who were randomized to either Group A: TEA (n = 25) or Group B: ESP block (n = 25). Visual analog scale (VAS) was recorded in both the groups during rest and cough at the various time intervals postextubation. Both the groups were also compared for incentive spirometry, ventilator, and ICU duration. Statistical analysis was performed using the independent Student's t-test. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Comparable VAS scores were revealed at 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 12 h (P > 0.05) at rest and during cough in both the groups. Group A had a statistically significant VAS score than Group B (P ≤ 0.05) at 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h but mean VAS in either of the Group was ≤4 both at rest and during cough. Incentive spirometry, ventilator, and ICU duration were comparable between the groups. Conclusion: ESP block is easy to perform and can serve as a promising alternative to TEA in optimal perioperative pain management in cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Nagaraja
- Department of Cardiac Anaesthesiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Ragavendran
- Department of Cardiac Anaesthesiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Naveen G Singh
- Department of Cardiac Anaesthesiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Omshubham Asai
- Department of Cardiac Anaesthesiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G Bhavya
- Department of Cardiac Anaesthesiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - N Manjunath
- Department of Cardiac Anaesthesiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K Rajesh
- Department of CTVS, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Yi G, Xu X, Abraham S, Petersen S, Guo H, Ortega N, Shankar P, Manjunath N. A DNA Vaccine Protects Human Immune Cells against Zika Virus Infection in Humanized Mice. EBioMedicine 2017; 25:87-94. [PMID: 29033368 PMCID: PMC5704055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A DNA vaccine encoding prM and E protein has been shown to induce protection against Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in mice and monkeys. However, its effectiveness in humans remains undefined. Moreover, identification of which immune cell types are specifically infected in humans is unclear. We show that human myeloid cells and B cells are primary targets of ZIKV in humanized mice. We also show that a DNA vaccine encoding full length prM and E protein protects humanized mice from ZIKV infection. Following administration of the DNA vaccine, humanized DRAG mice developed antibodies targeting ZIKV as measured by ELISA and neutralization assays. Moreover, following ZIKV challenge, vaccinated animals presented virtually no detectable virus in human cells and in serum, whereas unvaccinated animals displayed robust infection, as measured by qRT-PCR. Our results utilizing humanized mice show potential efficacy for a targeted DNA vaccine against ZIKV in humans. Zika DNA vaccine elicits protective antibody response in humanized DRAG mice. Human myeloid cells and B cells are targets of Zika virus.
A Zika virus vaccine requires testing in human immune cells to determine its effectiveness. In this communication, we report that a DNA vaccine encoding Zika prM and E protein is able to elicit protective neutralizing antibodies against Zika virus in humanized DRAG mice, and that human myeloid cells and B cells are primary targets of Zika virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Yi
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States.
| | - Xuequn Xu
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Sojan Abraham
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Sean Petersen
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Hua Guo
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Nora Ortega
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Premlata Shankar
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - N Manjunath
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States.
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Abraham S, Guo H, Choi JG, Ye C, Thomas MB, Ortega N, Dwivedi A, Manjunath N, Yi G, Shankar P. Combination of IL-10 and IL-2 induces oligoclonal human CD4 T cell expansion during xenogeneic and allogeneic GVHD in humanized mice. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00276. [PMID: 28409183 PMCID: PMC5382148 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10 is a crucial anti-inflammatory cytokine which can also exert a seemingly divergent immunostimulatory effects under certain conditions. We found high levels of the cytokine in a xenogeneic GVHD model where NOD-scid IL2rγcnull (NSG) mice were transplanted with human PBMCs in presence of IL-2. Presence of exogenous IL-10 altered the kinetics of IL-2 induced human T cell reconstitution in vivo, showing an initial delay, followed by rapid expansion. Further, compared to IL-2 alone, treatment with IL-2 in combination with IL-10 increased survival in most animals and completely protected ∼20% of mice from GVHD. Additionally, IL-2 induced expansion of both CD4+ and CD8+ xenoreactive T cells whereas a combination of IL-2 and IL-10 resulted in selective expansion of CD4+ T cells only. TCR Vβ repertoire analysis of CD4+ T cells showed that in contrast to IL-2 alone, simultaneous presence of both cytokines drastically reduced the Vβ repertoire of the expanded CD4+ T cells. Highly restricted Vβ usage was also observed when the cytokine combination was tested in an allogeneic GVHD model where NOD-scid IL2rγcnull mice expressing HLA-DR4 (NSG-DR4) were transplanted with purified CD4+ T cells from HLA-DR4 negative donors. Taken together, our results demonstrate that IL-10 can profoundly modulate the subset composition and repertoire of responding T cells during GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojan Abraham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA.,Department of Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development, Southern Research Institute, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Jang-Gi Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA.,KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Chemdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunting Ye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA.,The Jackson Laboratory-west, 1650 Santa Ana Avenue, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Midhun Ben Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Nora Ortega
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Alok Dwivedi
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - N Manjunath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Guohua Yi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Premlata Shankar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
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12
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Ma H, Wu Y, Niu Q, Zhang J, Jia G, Manjunath N, Wu H. A sliding-bulge structure at the Dicer processing site of pre-miRNAs regulates alternative Dicer processing to generate 5'-isomiRs. Heliyon 2016; 2:e00148. [PMID: 27656682 PMCID: PMC5021778 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
5′-isomiRs expand the repertoire of miRNA targets. However, how they are generated is not well understood. Previously, we showed that for some miRNAs in mammalian cells, Drosha cleaves at multiple sites to generate multiple pre-miRNAs that give rise to multiple 5′-isomiRs. Here, we showed that for some other miRNAs, 5′-isomiRs are generated by alternative Dicer processing. In addition, we showed that in miR-203, alternative Dicer processing is regulated by a conserved sliding-bulge structure at the Dicer processing site, which allows the pre-miRNA molecule to fold into two different structures that are processed differently by Dicer. So far no RNA motif that slides to change conformation and alter a protein–RNA interaction has been reported. Thus, our study revealed a novel RNA motif that regulates 5′-isomiR generation in some miRNAs. It might also contribute to regulating protein–RNA interactions in other biological processes, since it takes only one point mutation to generate the sliding bulge, and there are a large number of different RNAs in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Ma
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Yonggan Wu
- Labii Inc., Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Qi Niu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Gengxiang Jia
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - N Manjunath
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Haoquan Wu
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
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13
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Choi JG, Dang Y, Abraham S, Ma H, Zhang J, Guo H, Cai Y, Mikkelsen JG, Wu H, Shankar P, Manjunath N. Lentivirus pre-packed with Cas9 protein for safer gene editing. Gene Ther 2016; 23:627-33. [PMID: 27052803 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system provides an easy way to edit specific site/s in the genome and thus offers tremendous opportunity for human gene therapy for a wide range of diseases. However, one major concern is off-target effects, particularly with long-term expression of Cas9 nuclease when traditional expression methods such as via plasmid/viral vectors are used. To overcome this limitation, we pre-packaged Cas9 protein (Cas9P LV) in lentiviral particles for transient exposure and showed its effectiveness for gene disruption in cells, including primary T cells expressing specific single guide RNAs (sgRNAs). We then constructed an 'all in one virus' to express sgRNAs in association with pre-packaged Cas9 protein (sgRNA/Cas9P LV). We successfully edited CCR5 in TZM-bl cells by this approach. Using an sgRNA-targeting HIV long terminal repeat, we also were able to disrupt HIV provirus in the J-LAT model of viral latency. Moreover, we also found that pre-packaging Cas9 protein in LV particle reduced off-target editing of chromosome 4:-29134166 locus by CCR5 sgRNA, compared with continued expression from the vector. These results show that sgRNA/Cas9P LV can be used as a safer approach for human gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Y Dang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - S Abraham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - H Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - H Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Y Cai
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - J G Mikkelsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - H Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - P Shankar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - N Manjunath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Disease, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
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14
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Conceição M, Mendonça L, Nóbrega C, Gomes C, Costa P, Hirai H, Moreira JN, Lima MC, Manjunath N, Pereira de Almeida L. Intravenous administration of brain-targeted stable nucleic acid lipid particles alleviates Machado-Joseph disease neurological phenotype. Biomaterials 2016; 82:124-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Conceição M, Mendonça L, Nóbrega C, Gomes C, Costa P, Hirai H, Moreira JN, Lima MC, Manjunath N, de Almeida LP. Safety profile of the intravenous administration of brain-targeted stable nucleic acid lipid particles. Data Brief 2016; 6:700-5. [PMID: 26958628 PMCID: PMC4773411 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In a clinical setting, where multiple administrations of the therapeutic agent are usually required to improve the therapeutic outcome, it is crucial to assess the immunogenicity of the administered nanoparticles. In this data work, we investigated the safety profile of the repeated intravenous administration of brain-targeted stable nucleic acid lipid particles (RVG-9r-targeted SNALPs). To evaluate local activation of the immune system, we performed analysis of mouse tissue homogenates and sections from cerebellum. To investigate peripheral activation of the immune system, we used serum of mice that were intravenously injected with RVG-9r-targeted SNALPs. These data are related and were discussed in the accompanying research article entitled “Intravenous administration of brain-targeted stable nucleic acid lipid particles alleviates Machado–Joseph disease neurological phenotype” (Conceição et al., in press) [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Conceição
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Mendonça
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Clévio Nóbrega
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Célia Gomes
- IBILI - Institute of Biomedical Research in Light and Image, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Costa
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - João Nuno Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria C Lima
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - N Manjunath
- Center of Excellence in Infectious Diseases, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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16
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Choi JG, Bharaj P, Abraham S, Ma H, Yi G, Ye C, Dang Y, Manjunath N, Wu H, Shankar P. Multiplexing seven miRNA-Based shRNAs to suppress HIV replication. Mol Ther 2015; 23:310-20. [PMID: 25358251 PMCID: PMC4445613 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiplexed miRNA-based shRNAs (shRNA-miRs) could have wide potential to simultaneously suppress multiple genes. Here, we describe a simple strategy to express a large number of shRNA-miRs using minimal flanking sequences from multiple endogenous miRNAs. We found that a sequence of 30 nucleotides flanking the miRNA duplex was sufficient for efficient processing of shRNA-miRs. We inserted multiple shRNAs in tandem, each containing minimal flanking sequence from a different miRNA. Deep sequencing of transfected cells showed accurate processing of individual shRNA-miRs and that their expression did not decrease with the distance from the promoter. Moreover, each shRNA was as functionally competent as its singly expressed counterpart. We used this system to express one shRNA-miR targeting CCR5 and six shRNA-miRs targeting the HIV-1 genome. The lentiviral construct was pseudotyped with HIV-1 envelope to allow transduction of both resting and activated primary CD4 T cells. Unlike one shRNA-miR, the seven shRNA-miR transduced T cells nearly abrogated HIV-1 infection in vitro. Additionally, when PBMCs from HIV-1 seropositive individuals were transduced and transplanted into NOD/SCID/IL-2R γc(-/-) mice (Hu-PBL model) efficient suppression of endogenous HIV-1 replication with restoration of CD4 T cell counts was observed. Thus, our multiplexed shRNA appears to provide a promising gene therapeutic approach for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Gi Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Preeti Bharaj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Sojan Abraham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Hongming Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Guohua Yi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Chunting Ye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Ying Dang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - N Manjunath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Haoquan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Premlata Shankar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
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17
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Ye C, Choi JG, Abraham S, Shankar P, Manjunath N. Targeting DNA vaccines to myeloid cells using a small peptide. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:82-8. [PMID: 25270431 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Targeting DNA vaccines to dendritic cells (DCs) greatly enhances immunity. Although several approaches have been used to target protein Ags to DCs, currently there is no method that targets DNA vaccines directly to DCs. Here, we show that a small peptide derived from the rabies virus glycoprotein fused to protamine residues (RVG-P) can target DNA to myeloid cells, including DCs, which results in enhanced humoral and T-cell responses. DCs targeted with a DNA vaccine encoding the immunodominant vaccinia B8R gene via RVG-P were able to restimulate vaccinia-specific memory T cells in vitro. Importantly, a single i.v. injection of B8R gene bound to RVG-P was able to prime a vaccinia-specific T-cell response that was able to rapidly clear a subsequent vaccinia challenge in mice. Moreover, delivery of DNA in DCs was enough to induce DC maturation and efficient Ag presentation without the need for adjuvants. Finally, immunization of mice with a DNA-vaccine encoding West Nile virus (WNV) prM and E proteins via RVG-P elicited high titers of WNV-neutralizing Abs that protected mice from lethal WNV challenge. Thus, RVG-P provides a reagent to target DNA vaccines to myeloid cells and elicit robust T-cell and humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunting Ye
- Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
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18
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Bharaj P, Chahar HS, Alozie OK, Rodarte L, Bansal A, Goepfert PA, Dwivedi A, Manjunath N, Shankar P. Characterization of programmed death-1 homologue-1 (PD-1H) expression and function in normal and HIV infected individuals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109103. [PMID: 25279955 PMCID: PMC4184823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation that persists despite anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is the strongest predictor of disease progression in HIV infection. Monocyte/macrophages in HIV-infected individuals are known to spontaneously secrete cytokines, although neither the mechanism nor the molecules involved are known. Here we show that overexpression of the newly described co-stimulatory molecule, PD1 homologue (PD-1H) in human monocyte/macrophages is sufficient to induce spontaneous secretion of multiple cytokines. The process requires signaling via PD-1H as cytokine secretion could be abrogated by deletion of the cytoplasmic domain. Such overexpression of PD-1H, associated with spontaneous cytokine expression is seen in monocytes from chronically HIV-infected individuals and this correlates with immune activation and CD4 depletion, but not viral load. Moreover, antigen presentation by PD-1H-overexpressing monocytes results in enhanced cytokine secretion by HIV-specific T cells. These results suggest that PD-1H might play a crucial role in modulating immune activation and immune response in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Bharaj
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States of America
| | - Harendra Singh Chahar
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States of America
| | - Ogechika K. Alozie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States of America
| | - Lizette Rodarte
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States of America
| | - Anju Bansal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Alok Dwivedi
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States of America
| | - N. Manjunath
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NM); (PS)
| | - Premlata Shankar
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NM); (PS)
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Abraham S, Choi JG, Manjunath N, Shankar P. Human IL-10 exacerbates graft versus host disease in NOD-scid IL2rγcnull mice transplanted with human PBMCs (TRAN3P.910). The Journal of Immunology 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.202.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Dysregulated cytokine production plays an important role in the clinical manifestation of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The role of IL-10, anti-inflammatory cytokine in GVHD pathogenesis remains ambiguous. There are reports showing both beneficial and adverse effects of this cytokine in GVHD progression. Hence to determine the role of IL-10 in GVHD progression, we expressed hIL-10 in NOD-scid IL2rγcnull mice (NSG) by hydrodynamic gene delivery and evaluated its effect on xeogenic GVHD manifestations. We demonstrate that hIL-10 is capable of accelerating the hPBMC induced xeno-GVHD in NSG mice. The marked human T cell infiltration and tissue destruction observed in presence of IL-10 suggest that human IL-10 potently activates and expands pathogenic human T cells with the capacity to induce xeno GVHD. The significant reduction in the number of human cells at the initial phase and robust expansion at later stage suggests that those escapes IL-10 mediated suppression is responsible for the development of xeno-GVHD. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that xenografted human T cells expand in response to IL-10 and mediate tissue damage in xeno GVHD mouse model. These finding provide caution against using rhIL-10 as an immunosuppressive cytokine after allogenic BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojan Abraham
- 1Biomedical Sciences, Paul L foster school of medicine, Texas Tech University health sciences center, El Paso, TX
| | - Jang Gi Choi
- 1Biomedical Sciences, Paul L foster school of medicine, Texas Tech University health sciences center, El Paso, TX
| | - N. Manjunath
- 1Biomedical Sciences, Paul L foster school of medicine, Texas Tech University health sciences center, El Paso, TX
| | - Premlata Shankar
- 1Biomedical Sciences, Paul L foster school of medicine, Texas Tech University health sciences center, El Paso, TX
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20
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Abraham S, Choi JG, Manjunath N, Shankar P. Impact of IL-2 and IL-10 on human CD4/CD8 T cell composition and Vβ repertoire in a mouse xenogenic GVHD model (TRAN1P.873). The Journal of Immunology 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.70.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
High level of IL-10 is present in sera of patients with Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Our studies with NSG mouse model of GVHD induced by transfer of human PBMCs also revealed high levels of IL-10 in the sera, particularly in presence of IL-2, which accelerates the disease. Blocking antibody to IL-10 was unable to protect the animals from GVHD progression. To directly test the effect of IL-10, GVHD was induced after hydrodynamic injection of plasmids encoding human IL-10 singly or in combination with IL-2. When administered alone, IL-10 treatment resulted in more severe GVHD manifestation. Further, in IL-2 accelerated GVHD, IL-10 was unable to ameliorate the course of the disease. There was a marked difference in the composition of the repopulating human T cells in blood and spleen of mice treated with IL-2 or IL-10 alone compared to a combination of the two cytokines. Singly, both cytokines induced expansion of CD4+ as well as CD8+ T cells with a relatively diverse repertoire but in combination, they induced large oligoclonal expansions of CD4+ T cells with very limited Vβ repertoire and near complete absence of CD8+ T cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that IL-10 directly contributes to GVHD pathogenesis. Further, when used in combination with IL-2, IL-10 has a major impact on the repertoire of the responding T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojan Abraham
- 1Biomedical Sciences, Paul L foster school of medicine, Texas Tech University health sciences center, El Paso, TX
| | - Jang Gi Choi
- 1Biomedical Sciences, Paul L foster school of medicine, Texas Tech University health sciences center, El Paso, TX
| | - N. Manjunath
- 1Biomedical Sciences, Paul L foster school of medicine, Texas Tech University health sciences center, El Paso, TX
| | - Premlata Shankar
- 1Biomedical Sciences, Paul L foster school of medicine, Texas Tech University health sciences center, El Paso, TX
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Ganesan P, Rejiv R, Manjunath N, Sanju C, Sagar TG. Report of chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase from Cancer Institute (Women India Association), Chennai, 2002-2009. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2014; 34:206-7. [PMID: 24516312 PMCID: PMC3902627 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5851.123744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer Institute Chennai is the first Institute of Oncological sciences to be established in the country. In ICON meeting, they presented the data of 516 patients, of which 91% patients achieved complete hematological response. The overall survival was 88% and event free survival was 65% at 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Ganesan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Rejiv
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Manjunath
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C Sanju
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T G Sagar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Manjunath N, Yi G, Dang Y, Shankar P. Newer gene editing technologies toward HIV gene therapy. Viruses 2013; 5:2748-66. [PMID: 24284874 PMCID: PMC3856413 DOI: 10.3390/v5112748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great success of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in ameliorating the course of HIV infection, alternative therapeutic approaches are being pursued because of practical problems associated with life-long therapy. The eradication of HIV in the so-called "Berlin patient" who received a bone marrow transplant from a CCR5-negative donor has rekindled interest in genome engineering strategies to achieve the same effect. Precise gene editing within the cells is now a realistic possibility with recent advances in understanding the DNA repair mechanisms, DNA interaction with transcription factors and bacterial defense mechanisms. Within the past few years, four novel technologies have emerged that can be engineered for recognition of specific DNA target sequences to enable site-specific gene editing: Homing Endonuclease, ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas9 system. The most recent CRISPR/Cas9 system uses a short stretch of complementary RNA bound to Cas9 nuclease to recognize and cleave target DNA, as opposed to the previous technologies that use DNA binding motifs of either zinc finger proteins or transcription activator-like effector molecules fused to an endonuclease to mediate sequence-specific DNA cleavage. Unlike RNA interference, which requires the continued presence of effector moieties to maintain gene silencing, the newer technologies allow permanent disruption of the targeted gene after a single treatment. Here, we review the applications, limitations and future prospects of novel gene-editing strategies for use as HIV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Manjunath
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (N.M.); (P.S.); Tel.: +1-915-215-4241 (N.M.); +1-915-215-4242 (P.S); Fax: +1-915-783-1271 (N.M. and P.S)
| | | | | | - Premlata Shankar
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (N.M.); (P.S.); Tel.: +1-915-215-4241 (N.M.); +1-915-215-4242 (P.S); Fax: +1-915-783-1271 (N.M. and P.S)
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Abraham S, Pahwa R, Ye C, Pahwa S, Jaggaiahgari S, Manjunath N, Shankar P. In vivo reconstitution of human natural T regulatory cells in NOD/SCID IL2rγcnull mice by expression of human IL-2 (P2174). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.69.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (TRegs) can suppress a wide range of immune cells, making them an ideal candidate for the treatment graft versus host disease (GVHD). The potential clinical translation of targeted therapy with in vitro expanded human nTRegs is being tested to prevent GVHD, which is a major cause for morbidity and mortality associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Their usefulness in therapy will depend on their capacity to survive, migrate and retain suppressive activity when introduced into a transplant recipient. The lack of a suitable animal model is a major impediment for investigating the behavior of adoptively transferred nTRegs in vivo. The aim of this study is to develop TRegs reconstituted humanized mice as a preclinical model for understanding their therapeutic usefulness in the transplantation setting. We show that injection of a plasmid encoding human IL-2 is necessary and sufficient for long term engraftment of in vitro expanded nTRegs in NOD-SCID IL2rγcnull mice. Furthermore, the reconstituted TRegs trafficked to different organs of the body and retained their characteristic suppressive function. Finally, in an IL-2 accelerated GVHD model, we show that these in vivo reconstituted TRegs are capable of preventing severe xenogenic response of human PBMCs. Thus, this novel hu-TReg mouse model offers a pre-clinical platform to study the in vivo function and stability of human nTRegs and their ability to modulate autoimmune diseases and GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojan Abraham
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX
| | - Rajendra Pahwa
- 2Max Healthcare Super Specialty Hospital, Max Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Chunting Ye
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX
| | - Savita Pahwa
- 3Developmental Center for AIDS Research, Microbiology and Immunology,Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | | | - N. Manjunath
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX
| | - Premlata Shankar
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX
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Ye C, Choi JG, Abraham S, Shankar P, Manjunath N. Targeted delivery of HMGB1 siRNA to macrophages and dendritic cells for sepsis treatment in humanized mouse model (P6223). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.115.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Over expression cytokine by innate immune cells is thought to initiate multiple organ failure in murine models of sepsis. Whether human cytokine storm also plays a similar role is not clear. Here we show that human hematopoietic cells are required to induce sepsis-induced mortality following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in the severely immunodeficient NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ-/- mice and siRNA treatment to inhibit HMGB1 release by human macrophages and dendritic cells dramatically reduces sepsis-induced mortality. Following CLP, as compared to immunocompetent WT mice, NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ-/- mice did not show high levels of serum HMGB1 or murine proinflammatory cytokines and were relatively resistant to sepsis-induced mortality. In contrast, NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ-/- mice transplanted with human hematopoietic stem cells (humanized BLT mice) showed high serum levels of HMGB1 as well as multiple human, but not murine proinflammatory cytokines and uniformly succumbed, suggesting human cytokines are sufficient to induce organ failure in this model. Moreover, targeted delivery of HMGB1 siRNA to human macrophages and dendritic cells using a short AchR binding peptide (RVG-9R) effectively suppressed secretion of HMGB1, reduced the human cytokine storm, human lymphocyte apoptosis and rescued humanized mice from CLP-induced mortality. SiRNA treatment was also effective when started after the appearance of sepsis symptoms. These results show that: CLP in humanized mice provides a model to study human sepsis; HMGB1 siRNA might provide a treatment strategy for human sepsis; and RVG-9R provides a tool to deliver siRNA to human macrophages and dendritic cells that could potentially be used suppress a variety of human inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunting Ye
- 1Biomedical sciences, Texas Tech Univ. Hlth. Sci. Ctr., El Paso, TX
| | - Jang-Gi Choi
- 1Biomedical sciences, Texas Tech Univ. Hlth. Sci. Ctr., El Paso, TX
| | - Sojan Abraham
- 1Biomedical sciences, Texas Tech Univ. Hlth. Sci. Ctr., El Paso, TX
| | - Premlata Shankar
- 1Biomedical sciences, Texas Tech Univ. Hlth. Sci. Ctr., El Paso, TX
| | - N. Manjunath
- 1Biomedical sciences, Texas Tech Univ. Hlth. Sci. Ctr., El Paso, TX
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Ye C, Bhan AK, Deshpande V, Shankar P, Manjunath N. Silencing TNF-α in macrophages and dendritic cells for arthritis treatment. Scand J Rheumatol 2013; 42:266-9. [DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2013.777779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In developing countries, acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) cause considerable morbidity, hospitalisation and mortality in children aged <5 years. METHODS A prospective case-control study was conducted to identify potential socio-demographic, nutritional and environmental risk factors for ALRTI. The World Health Organization definition for ALRTI was used for cases. Healthy children attending child immunisation services were enrolled as controls. RESULTS A total of 214 children, 107 cases and 107 controls, were enrolled. Among the cases, pneumonia, severe pneumonia and very severe disease constituted respectively 23.3%, 47.7% and 29%. Among cases and controls, the male-to-female ratio (1.3:1 vs. 0.9:1) and the proportion of infants (64.5% vs. 70.1%) were identical. Parents' literacy level was negatively associated with ALRTI. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, low socio-economic status (OR 4.89, 95%CI 1.93-12.36), upper respiratory infections in family members (OR 5.32, 95%CI 2.11-13.45), inappropriate weaning period (OR 3.01, 95%CI 1.12-8.07), malnutrition (OR 1.75, 95%CI 1.84-3.67), pallor (OR 7.18, 95%CI 2.08-24.82) and cooking fuel other than liquid petroleum gas (OR 3.58, 95%CI 1.23-10.45) were found to be significant risk factors (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present study identified various risk factors for ALRTI, some of which are modifiable by effective community education and public health measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Y Bhat
- Department of Paediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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27
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Abraham S, Pahwa R, Ye C, Choi JG, Pahwa S, Jaggaiahgari S, Raut A, Chen S, Manjunath N, Shankar P. Long-term engraftment of human natural T regulatory cells in NOD/SCID IL2rγc(null) mice by expression of human IL-2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51832. [PMID: 23272176 PMCID: PMC3525660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells are essential to maintain immune homeostasis and prevent autoimmunity. Therapy with in vitro expanded human nTRegs is being tested to prevent graft versus host disease, which is a major cause for morbidity and mortality associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Their usefulness in therapy will depend on their capacity to survive, migrate appropriately and retain suppressive activity when introduced into a transplant recipient. The lack of a suitable animal model for studying the in vivo reconstitutive capability of human nTRegs is a major impediment for investigating the behavior of adoptively transferred nTRegsin vivo. We show that injection of a plasmid encoding human IL-2 is necessary and sufficient for long term engraftment of in vitro expanded nTRegs in NOD-SCID IL2rγcnull mice. We also demonstrate that these in vivo reconstituted TRegs traffic to different organs of the body and retain suppressive function. Finally, in an IL-2 accelerated GVHD model, we show that these in vivo reconstituted TRegs are capable of preventing severe xenogenic response of human PBMCs. Thus, this novel ‘hu-TReg mouse’ model offers a pre-clinical platform to study the in vivo function and stability of human nTRegs and their ability to modulate autoimmune diseases and GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojan Abraham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rajendra Pahwa
- Max Healthcare Super Specialty Hospital and Max Research Institute 1, Saket New Delhi, India
| | - Chunting Ye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jang-gi Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Developmental Center for AIDS Research, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shashidhar Jaggaiahgari
- Max Healthcare Super Specialty Hospital and Max Research Institute 1, Saket New Delhi, India
| | - Ashwin Raut
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shuiping Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - N. Manjunath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Premlata Shankar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chahar HS, Chen S, Manjunath N. P-body components LSM1, GW182, DDX3, DDX6 and XRN1 are recruited to WNV replication sites and positively regulate viral replication. Virology 2012; 436:1-7. [PMID: 23102969 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, proteins involved in mRNA silencing and degradation localize to discrete cytoplasmic foci called processing or P-bodies. Here we show that microscopically visible P-bodies are greatly diminished following West Nile viral infection, but the component proteins are not depleted. On the other hand, many P-body components including LSM1, GW182, DDX3, DDX6 and XRN1, but not others like DCP1a and EDC4 are recruited to the viral replication sites, as evidenced by their colocalization at perinuclear region with viral NS3. Kinetic studies suggest that the component proteins are first released from P-bodies in response to WNV infection within 12 h post-infection, followed by recruitment to the viral replication sites by 24-36 h post-infection. Silencing of the recruited proteins individually with siRNA interfered with viral replication to varying extents suggesting that the recruited proteins are required for efficient viral replication. Thus, the P-body proteins might provide novel drug targets for inhibiting viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harendra S Chahar
- Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
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Ramesh Bhat Y, Manjunath N, Sanjay D, Dhanya Y. Association of indoor air pollution with acute lower respiratory tract infections in children under 5 years of age. Paediatr Int Child Health 2012; 32:132-5. [PMID: 22824659 DOI: 10.1179/2046905512y.0000000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoor air pollution is an important risk factor for acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) in developing countries. AIM To determine the relationship of indoor air pollution with ALRTI in children under 5 years of age. METHODS A prospective, case-control study of risk factors, particularly indoor air pollution, for developing ALRTI in children under 5 years of age was conducted in Udupi District Hospital. The WHO definition of ALRTI was used. Healthy children attending immunisation services were enrolled as controls. Data pertaining to important factors causing indoor air pollution such as cooking fuel other than liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and passive smoking were collected along with potential socio-demographic factors and nutrition in both groups and analysed. RESULTS A total of 202 children including 101 cases and 101 controls were studied. The proportions of infants (1-12 months) among cases and controls were 62.4% and 71.3%, respectively. Of those with ALRTI, 24.8% had pneumonia, 45.5% had severe pneumonia and 29.7% had very severe disease. Exposure to passive smoking was not associated with ALRTI. Cooking fuel other than LPG was significantly associated with ALRTI (OR 26.3, 95% CI 10.5-65.7). On logistic regression analysis of multiple risk factors, cooking fuel other than LPG emerged as a significant risk factor for developing ALRTI (adjusted OR 4.73, 95% CI 1.67-13.45) along with poor socio-economic status (adjusted OR 3.38, 95% CI 1.63-7.03). Other than LPG, the main fuels used were wood (95%), kerosene and dung and crop residues. CONCLUSION Indoor air pollution caused by using cooking fuel other than LPG and socio-economic factors are significantly associated with ALRTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ramesh Bhat
- Department of Paediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Udupi, Karnataka, India.
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Wu H, Ma H, Ye C, Ramirez D, Chen S, Montoya J, Shankar P, Wang XA, Manjunath N. Improved siRNA/shRNA functionality by mismatched duplex. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28580. [PMID: 22174840 PMCID: PMC3235145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
siRNA (small interfering RNA) and shRNA (small hairpin RNA) are powerful and commonly used tools in biomedical research. Currently, siRNAs are generally designed as two 21 nt strands of RNA that include a 19 nt completely complementary part and a 2 nt overhang. However, since the si/shRNAs use the endogenous miRNA machinery for gene silencing and the miRNAs are generally 22 nt in length and contain multiple internal mismatches, we tested if the functionality can be increased by designing the si/shRNAs to mimic a miRNA structure. We systematically investigated the effect of single or multiple mismatches introduced in the passenger strand at different positions on siRNA functionality. Mismatches at certain positions could significantly increase the functionality of siRNAs and also, in some cases decreased the unwanted passenger strand functionality. The same strategy could also be used to design shRNAs. Finally, we showed that both si and miRNA structured oligos (siRNA with or without mismatches in the passenger strand) can repress targets in all individual Ago containing cells, suggesting that the Ago proteins do not differentiate between si/miRNA-based structure for silencing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoquan Wu
- Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HW); (NM)
| | - Hongming Ma
- Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chunting Ye
- Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Danielle Ramirez
- Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shuiping Chen
- Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jessica Montoya
- Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Premlata Shankar
- Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaozhong A. Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - N. Manjunath
- Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HW); (NM)
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Chen S, Chahar HS, Abraham S, Wu H, Pierson TC, Wang XA, Manjunath N. Ago-2-mediated slicer activity is essential for anti-flaviviral efficacy of RNAi. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27551. [PMID: 22102908 PMCID: PMC3213142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference can be mediated by fully complementary siRNA or partially complementary miRNA. siRNAs are widely used to suppress viral replication and the fully complementary siRNA bound Ago-2 in the RISC is known to degrade the target RNA. Although other argonaute proteins lacking slicer activity can also bind oligonucleotides with both si and miRNA structures, whether they can also contribute to antiviral effects is not entirely clear. We tested si and miRNA structured oligos for target repression in dual luciferase assays as well as for inhibition of Dengue and West Nile virus replication in ES cells expressing individual Ago proteins. In luciferase assays, both fully complementary and partially complementary oligos effectively repressed their targets in all individual Ago expressing cell lines, although the efficacy with fully complementary oligos was higher in Ago-2+ cells. However, partially complementary oligos had no effect on virus replication in any cell line, while fully complementary siRNAs were highly effective in Ago-2 expressing, but not in cells expressing other Ago proteins. This occurred irrespective of whether the target sequences were located in the coding region or 3'UTR of the virus. We conclude that Ago-2 slicer activity is essential for anti-viral efficacy of siRNAs and miRNA-mediated translational repression/transcript destabilization is too weak to suppress the abundantly expressed flaviviral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiping Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Harendra S. Chahar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sojan Abraham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Haoquan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Theodore C. Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiaozhong A. Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - N. Manjunath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
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Joshi A, Garg H, Ablan S, Freed EO, Nagashima K, Manjunath N, Shankar P. Targeting the HIV entry, assembly and release pathways for anti-HIV gene therapy. Virology 2011; 415:95-106. [PMID: 21529874 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the HIV entry and assembly pathways holds promise for development of novel anti-HIV gene therapy vectors. We characterized discrete dominant negative (DN) Gag and Envelope mutants for their anti-HIV-1 activity. We show here that capsid mutants (Q155N and Y164A) are more potent inhibitors of WT HIV than the matrix mutant 1GA. Both the Envelope mutants tested, V513E and R515A, were equally effective and a combination of Gag and Envelope DN genes significantly enhanced potency. Interestingly, the DN mutants acted at multiple steps in the virus life cycle rather than solely disrupting virus release or infection. Inhibition mediated by R515A could be partially attributed to the Envelope cytoplasmic tail, as deletion of R515A tail partially abrogated its DN effect. Finally, the Y164A/R515A double mutant expressed in a lentiviral vector was effective at inhibiting HIV replication in CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell-derived macrophages, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Joshi
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Disease, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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Jagadeesh A, Manjunath N, Rao VR, Sathyakumari SA. Anaesthetic management of closed mitral valvotomy for severe mitral stenosis with traumatic kyphoscoliosis. Indian J Anaesth 2010; 54:62-4. [PMID: 20532077 PMCID: PMC2876897 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5049.60502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A 42-year-old male patient with rheumatic mitral stenosis was posted for percutaneous transluminal mitral commissurotomy. He had associated traumatic kyphoscoliosis and osteoarthritis of hip and knee joints, causing severe permanent flexion of these joints. This position caused technical difficulty in approach to the femoral vessels. So he was rescheduled for closed mitral valvotomy. This also posed similar problems, but was successfully managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Am Jagadeesh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology, Bangalore, India
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Manjunath N, Dykxhoorn DM. Advances in synthetic siRNA delivery. Discov Med 2010; 9:418-430. [PMID: 20515610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The application of RNA interference-based gene silencing technologies has the potential to treat a variety of illness. Preclinical studies and some early clinical trials have already demonstrated the utility of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) as a potential novel therapy for the treatment of cancer, viral infections, as well as a wide range of additional diseases. To be effective, an siRNA must be taken up by specific cells, enter the cytoplasm, and be loaded onto the Argonaute protein, the catalytic core of the RNA induced silencing complex (RISC) to direct the cleavage of the homologous transcripts. To meet this need, a variety of novel siRNA delivery strategies have been developed. As our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the RNAi pathway has increased so has the ability to rationally design effective silencing and delivery strategies. This review will examine the latest advances in non-viral delivery of siRNA, with special reference to targeted siRNA delivery to specific target tissues and cell types in vivo in preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Manjunath
- Center of Excellence in Infectious Diseases, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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35
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Manjunath N. RNA Interference and Viruses: Current Innovations and Future Trends. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kim SS, Ye C, Kumar P, Chiu I, Subramanya S, Wu H, Shankar P, Manjunath N. Targeted delivery of siRNA to macrophages for anti-inflammatory treatment. Mol Ther 2010; 18:993-1001. [PMID: 20216529 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation mediated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and the associated neuronal apoptosis characterizes a number of neurologic disorders. Macrophages and microglial cells are believed to be the major source of TNF-alpha in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we show that suppression of TNF-alpha by targeted delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to macrophage/microglial cells dramatically reduces lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis in vivo. Because macrophage/microglia express the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AchR) on their surface, we used a short AchR-binding peptide derived from the rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) as a targeting ligand. This peptide was fused to nona-D-arginine residues (RVG-9dR) to enable siRNA binding. RVG-9dR was able to deliver siRNA to induce gene silencing in macrophages and microglia cells from wild type, but not AchR-deficient mice, confirming targeting specificity. Treatment with anti-TNF-alpha siRNA complexed to RVG-9dR achieved efficient silencing of LPS-induced TNF-alpha production by primary macrophages and microglia cells in vitro. Moreover, intravenous injection with RVG-9dR-complexed siRNA in mice reduced the LPS-induced TNF-alpha levels in blood as well as in the brain, leading to a significant reduction in neuronal apoptosis. These results demonstrate that RVG-9dR provides a tool for siRNA delivery to macrophages and microglia and that suppression of TNF-alpha can potentially be used to suppress neuroinflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Soo Kim
- Center of Excellence in Infectious Diseases, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905, USA
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Subramanya S, Kim SS, Manjunath N, Shankar P. RNA interference-based therapeutics for human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 treatment: synthetic siRNA or vector-based shRNA? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:201-13. [PMID: 20088715 PMCID: PMC3745298 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903448158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Despite the clinical benefits of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the prospect of life-long antiretroviral treatment poses significant problems, which has spurred interest in developing new drugs and strategies to treat HIV infection and eliminate persistent viral reservoirs. RNAi has emerged as a therapeutic possibility for HIV. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We discuss progress in overcoming hurdles to translating transient and stable RNAi enabling technologies to clinical application for HIV; covering the past 2 - 3 years. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN HIV inhibition can be achieved by transfection of chemically or enzymatically synthesized siRNAs or by DNA-based vector systems expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) that are processed intracellularly into siRNA. We compare these approaches, focusing on technical and safety issues that will guide the choice of strategy for clinical use. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Introduction of synthetic siRNA into cells or its stable endogenous production using vector-driven shRNA have been shown to suppress HIV replication in vitro and, in some instances, in vivo. Each method has advantages and limitations in terms of ease of delivery, duration of silencing, emergence of escape mutants and potential toxicity. Both appear to have potential as future therapeutics for HIV, once the technical and safety issues of each approach are overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh Subramanya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905
| | - Sang-Soo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905
| | - N Manjunath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905
| | - Premlata Shankar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905
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Wu H, Ye C, Ramirez D, Manjunath N. Alternative processing of primary microRNA transcripts by Drosha generates 5' end variation of mature microRNA. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7566. [PMID: 19859542 PMCID: PMC2762519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is generally believed that the miRNA processing machinery ensures the generation of a mature miRNA with a fixed sequence, particularly at its 5' end. However, we and others have recently noted that the ends of a given mature miRNA are not absolutely fixed, but subject to variation. Neither the significance nor the mechanism behind the generation of such miRNA polymorphism is understood. miR-142 is an abundantly expressed miRNA in hematopoietic cells and exhibits a high frequency of 5' end polymorphism. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we show that a shift in the Drosha processing of pri-miRNA generates multiple forms of miR-142s in vivo with differing 5' ends that might target different genes. Sequence analysis of several pre-miRNA ends cloned from T cells reveals that unlike many other pri-miRNAs that are processed into a single pre-miRNA, pri-miR-142 is processed into 3 distinct pre-miR-142s. Dicer processing studies suggest that each of the 3 pre-miR-142s is processed into a distinct double-stranded miRNA, giving rise to 4 mature miRNA variants that might regulate different target gene pools. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Thus, alternative Drosha processing might be a novel mechanism for diversification of the miRNA target gene pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoquan Wu
- Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NM); (HW)
| | - Chunting Ye
- Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Danielle Ramirez
- Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - N. Manjunath
- Center of Excellence in Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NM); (HW)
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Abstract
In less than a decade after discovery, RNA interference-mediated gene silencing is already being tested as potential therapy in clinical trials for a number of diseases. Lentiviral vectors provide a means to express short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to induce stable and long-term gene silencing in both dividing and non-dividing cells and thus, are being intensively investigated for this purpose. However, induction of long-term shRNA expression can also cause toxicities by inducing off-target effects and interference with the endogenous micro-RNA (miRNA) pathway that regulates cellular gene expression. Recently, several advances have been made in the shRNA vector design to mimic cellular miRNA processing and to express multiplex siRNAs in a tightly regulated and reversible manner to overcome toxicities. In this review we describe some of these advances, focusing on the progress made in the development of lentiviral shRNA delivery strategies to combat viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Manjunath
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Wu Haoquan
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Subramanya Sandesh
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Shankar Premlata
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
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Manocha M, Rietdijk S, Svend R, Laouar A, Liao G, Bhan A, Borst J, Borst J, Terhorst C, Manjunath N. Blocking CD27-CD70 costimulatory pathway suppresses experimental colitis. J Immunol 2009; 183:270-6. [PMID: 19525396 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and most experimental models of IBD is dependent on the activation and expansion of CD4(+) T cells via interaction with mucosal APCs. The costimulatory receptor CD70 is transiently expressed on the surface of conventional dendritic cells, but is constitutively expressed by a unique APC population in the intestinal lamina propria. We used two experimental IBD models to evaluate whether interfering the interaction between CD70 and its T cell ligand CD27 would affect the development of colitis. Adoptive transfer of naive CD27-deficient CD45RB(high) CD4(+) T cells into Rag-1(-/-) mice resulted in significantly less disease than when wild-type CD45RB(high)CD4(+) T cells were used. Moreover, a monoclonal anti-CD70 Ab prevented the disease caused by the transfer of wild-type CD45RB(high) CD4(+) T cells into Rag-1(-/-) mice and the same Ab also ameliorated an established disease. The colitis associated proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma were significantly reduced after anti-CD70 Ab treatment, suggesting an overall reduction in inflammation due to blockade of pathogenic T cell expansion. Anti-CD70 Ab treatment also suppressed trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in SJL/J mice. Because anti-CD70 Ab treatment suppressed multiple proinflammatory cytokines, this may be a more potent therapeutic approach for IBD than blockade of individual cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Manocha
- Department of Pediatrics, Immune Disease Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA
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Biswajit D, Rejiv R, Manjunath N, Prasad G, Lakshmi S, Devika P, Geetha K, Sagar TG. Imatinib mesylate experience of young patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase—Care to cure. J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.7072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
7072 Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with introduction of imatinib has been transformed into a chronic illness. The options of treatment in a patient less than 35 years include imatinib or allogenic stem cell transplantation. Hence we studied this unique subset to look at the response rates, adverse effects, progression free survival, and overall survival with imatinib mesylate. Methods: 477 patients with Philadelphia positive CML in chronic phase were retrospectively analyzed from January 2002 to December 2007 at Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India. Standard criteria were used for response evaluation and adverse effects. Results: A total of 248 young CML patients with age less than 35 years (51.9%) were diagnosed in chronic phase. The median age of study population was 27 years (4–35). The male to female ratio was 1.9: 1. Risk stratification was done using Sokal index and were classified into low (32.3%), intermediate (50.4%), and high (17.3%). All patients received imatinib 400 mg as the initial dose. Complete hematological remission (CHR) was seen in 96.7%.Cytogenetic (FISH) and molecular (RTPCR) monitoring was possible in 53.2% and 17.3%, respectively. 72% of the patients had major cytogenetic response. Major molecular response was seen in 34.8% while complete molecular response occurred in 23.2% of the patients. Primary and secondary imatinib failure was seen in 3.1% and 16.9%, respectively. 6.7% had grade 3 and grade 4 hematological toxicities. The other common non hematological toxicities included pedal edema (13.7%), hypo or hyper pigmentation (60.0%), hyalgia (14.5%), diarrhea (1.6%), and liver dysfunction (1.6%). None of the patients discontinued imatinib due to toxicities. The 3-year DFS and OS was 86.2% and 89.5%, respectively. Patients with male sex (p = 0.04), spleen > 8 cm (p = 0.02), high sokal index (p = 0.02), and loss of CHR (p < 0.001) were associated with poor outcome. Conclusions: Imatinib in young patients have an excellent tolerance and response. A small subset does not respond to therapy or develop resistance during treatment. Hence it is essential to identify these poor responders and to offer stem cell transplantation at the earliest. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Rejiv
- Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
| | | | - G. Prasad
- Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
| | | | - P. Devika
- Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
| | - K. Geetha
- Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
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Laouar A, Manocha M, Haridas V, Manjunath N. Concurrent generation of effector and central memory CD8 T cells during vaccinia virus infection. PLoS One 2008; 3:e4089. [PMID: 19116651 PMCID: PMC2605255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally thought that during the contraction phase of an acute anti-viral T cell reponse, the effector T cells that escape activation-induced cell death eventually differentiate into central memory T cells over the next several weeks. Here we report that antigen-specific CD8T cells with the phenotype and function of central memory cells develop concomitantly with effector T cells during vaccinia virus (vv) infection. As soon as 5 days after an intraperitoneal infection with vv, we could identify a subset of CD44hi and CD62L+ vv-specific CD8 T cells in the peritoneal exudate lymphocytes. This population constituted approximately 10% of all antigen-specific T cells and like central memory T cells, they also expressed high levels of CCR7 and IL-7R but expressed little granzyme B. Importantly, upon adoptive transfer into naïve congenic hosts, CD62L+, but not CD62L− CD8 T cells were able to expand and mediate a rapid recall response to a new vv challenge initiated 6 weeks after transfer, confirming that the CD62L+ vv-specific CD8 T cells are bonafide memory cells. Our results are thus consistent with the branched differentiation model, where effector and memory cells develop simultaneously. These results are likely to have implications in the context of vaccine design, particularly those based on vaccinia virus recombinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amale Laouar
- Immune Disease Institute, Inc and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of Ameirca
- * E-mail: (AL); (NM)
| | - Monika Manocha
- Immune Disease Institute, Inc and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of Ameirca
| | - Viraga Haridas
- Immune Disease Institute, Inc and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of Ameirca
| | - N. Manjunath
- Immune Disease Institute, Inc and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of Ameirca
- * E-mail: (AL); (NM)
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Bhat Y, Dhanya Y, Sanjay D, Manjunath N, Sithara R. Risk Factors for Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Under-five Children of Developing Country. Int J Infect Dis 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.05.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Kumar P, Ban HS, Kim SS, Wu H, Pearson T, Greiner DL, Laouar A, Yao J, Haridas V, Habiro K, Yang YG, Jeong JH, Lee KY, Kim YH, Kim SW, Peipp M, Fey GH, Manjunath N, Shultz LD, Lee SK, Shankar P. T cell-specific siRNA delivery suppresses HIV-1 infection in humanized mice. Cell 2008; 134:577-86. [PMID: 18691745 PMCID: PMC2943428 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of RNAi for HIV infection has been hampered by the challenges of siRNA delivery and lack of suitable animal models. Using a delivery method for T cells, we show that siRNA treatment can dramatically suppress HIV infection. A CD7-specific single-chain antibody was conjugated to oligo-9-arginine peptide (scFvCD7-9R) for T cell-specific siRNA delivery in NOD/SCIDIL2rgamma-/- mice reconstituted with human lymphocytes (Hu-PBL) or CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (Hu-HSC). In HIV-infected Hu-PBL mice, treatment with anti-CCR5 (viral coreceptor) and antiviral siRNAs complexed to scFvCD7-9R controlled viral replication and prevented the disease-associated CD4 T cell loss. This treatment also suppressed endogenous virus and restored CD4 T cell counts in mice reconstituted with HIV+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, scFvCD7-9R could deliver antiviral siRNAs to naive T cells in Hu-HSC mice and effectively suppress viremia in infected mice. Thus, siRNA therapy for HIV infection appears to be feasible in a preclinical animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Kumar
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hong-Seok Ban
- Department of Bioengineering and Hanyang Fusion Materials Program,, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Kim
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Haoquan Wu
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Todd Pearson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01605, MA, USA
| | - Dale. L. Greiner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01605, MA, USA
| | - Amale Laouar
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jiahong Yao
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Viraga Haridas
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Katsuyoshi Habiro
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Ji-Hoon Jeong
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Kuen-Yong Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Hanyang Fusion Materials Program,, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Hanyang Fusion Materials Program,, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Korea
| | - Sung Wan Kim
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Georg H. Fey
- University of Erlangen, D 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - N Manjunath
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Sang-Kyung Lee
- Department of Bioengineering and Hanyang Fusion Materials Program,, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Korea
| | - Premlata Shankar
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Wu H, Neilson JR, Kumar P, Manocha M, Shankar P, Sharp PA, Manjunath N. miRNA profiling of naïve, effector and memory CD8 T cells. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1020. [PMID: 17925868 PMCID: PMC2000354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs have recently emerged as master regulators of gene expression during development and cell differentiation. Although profound changes in gene expression also occur during antigen-induced T cell differentiation, the role of miRNAs in the process is not known. We compared the miRNA expression profiles between antigen-specific naïve, effector and memory CD8+ T cells using 3 different methods-small RNA cloning, miRNA microarray analysis and real-time PCR. Although many miRNAs were expressed in all the T cell subsets, the frequency of 7 miRNAs (miR-16, miR-21, miR-142-3p, miR-142-5p, miR-150, miR-15b and let-7f) alone accounted for ∼60% of all miRNAs, and their expression was several fold higher than the other expressed miRNAs. Global downregulation of miRNAs (including 6/7 dominantly expressed miRNAs) was observed in effector T cells compared to naïve cells and the miRNA expression levels tended to come back up in memory T cells. However, a few miRNAs, notably miR-21 were higher in effector and memory T cells compared to naïve T cells. These results suggest that concomitant with profound changes in gene expression, miRNA profile also changes dynamically during T cell differentiation. Sequence analysis of the cloned mature miRNAs revealed an extensive degree of end polymorphism. While 3′end polymorphisms dominated, heterogeneity at both ends, resembling drosha/dicer processing shift was also seen in miR-142, suggesting a possible novel mechanism to generate new miRNA and/or to diversify miRNA target selection. Overall, our results suggest that dynamic changes in the expression of miRNAs may be important for the regulation of gene expression during antigen-induced T cell differentiation. Our study also suggests possible novel mechanisms for miRNA biogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoquan Wu
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joel R. Neilson
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Priti Kumar
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Monika Manocha
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Premlata Shankar
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Phillip A. Sharp
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - N. Manjunath
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Scott JE, ElKhal A, Freyschmidt EJ, MacArthur DH, McDonald D, Howell MD, Leung DYM, Laouar A, Manjunath N, Bianchi T, Boes M, Oettgen HC, Geha RS. Impaired immune response to vaccinia virus inoculated at the site of cutaneous allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:1382-8. [PMID: 17889291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) exposed to the vaccinia virus (VV) smallpox vaccine have an increased risk of developing eczema vaccinatum. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of local allergic skin inflammation on vaccinia immunity. METHODS BALB/c mice were epicutaneously sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) to induce allergic skin inflammation or with saline control, then inoculated with an attenuated VV strain by skin scarification or intraperitoneally. After 8 days, serum IgG anti-VV and cytokine secretion by splenocytes were measured. RESULTS Mice inoculated with VV at sites of epicutaneous sensitization with OVA, but not control mice inoculated at saline exposed sites, developed satellite pox lesions and had impaired secretion of T(H)1 cytokines in response to VV, decreased VV specific serum IgG(2a), increased VV specific serum IgG(1), and impaired upregulation of IFN-alpha, but not the cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide, at the infection site. The VV immune response of OVA-sensitized mice inoculated with VV at distant skin sites or intraperitoneally was normal. CONCLUSION Local immune dysregulation at sites of allergic skin inflammation underlies the impaired T(H)1 immune response to VV introduced at these sites and the increased susceptibility to develop satellite pox lesions, a characteristic of eczema vaccinatum in patients with AD. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS In a mouse model of AD, inoculation of VV at inflamed skin sites is associated with increased numbers of satellite pox lesions and an abnormal immune response to the virus. This may contribute to the susceptibility of patients with AD to virus dissemination after smallpox vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Scott
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Kumar P, Wu H, McBride JL, Jung KE, Kim MH, Davidson BL, Lee SK, Shankar P, Manjunath N. Transvascular delivery of small interfering RNA to the central nervous system. Nature 2007; 448:39-43. [PMID: 17572664 DOI: 10.1038/nature05901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 906] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A major impediment in the treatment of neurological diseases is the presence of the blood-brain barrier, which precludes the entry of therapeutic molecules from blood to brain. Here we show that a short peptide derived from rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) enables the transvascular delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to the brain. This 29-amino-acid peptide specifically binds to the acetylcholine receptor expressed by neuronal cells. To enable siRNA binding, a chimaeric peptide was synthesized by adding nonamer arginine residues at the carboxy terminus of RVG. This RVG-9R peptide was able to bind and transduce siRNA to neuronal cells in vitro, resulting in efficient gene silencing. After intravenous injection into mice, RVG-9R delivered siRNA to the neuronal cells, resulting in specific gene silencing within the brain. Furthermore, intravenous treatment with RVG-9R-bound antiviral siRNA afforded robust protection against fatal viral encephalitis in mice. Repeated administration of RVG-9R-bound siRNA did not induce inflammatory cytokines or anti-peptide antibodies. Thus, RVG-9R provides a safe and noninvasive approach for the delivery of siRNA and potentially other therapeutic molecules across the blood-brain barrier.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blood-Brain Barrier
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/virology
- Cell Line
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Gene Silencing
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Liposomes
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/virology
- Oligopeptides/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Rabies virus/genetics
- Rabies virus/physiology
- Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Superoxide Dismutase/genetics
- Superoxide Dismutase-1
- Viral Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Kumar
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Laouar A, Manocha M, Wan M, Yagita H, van Lier RAW, Manjunath N. Cutting Edge: Distinct NK receptor profiles are imprinted on CD8 T cells in the mucosa and periphery during the same antigen challenge: role of tissue-specific factors. J Immunol 2007; 178:652-6. [PMID: 17202324 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.2.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cell receptors (NKRs) modulate T lymphocyte responses by modifying the Ag activation threshold. However, what governs their expression on T cells remains unclear. In this study we show that different NKRs are imprinted on CD8 T cells in the gut mucosa and periphery during the same Ag challenge. After a viral, bacterial, and tumor challenge, most CD8 peritoneal exudate lymphocytes expressed NKG2A but not 2B4. In contrast, most CD8 intraepithelial lymphocytes exhibited 2B4 but not NKG2A. Our data suggest that tissue-specific factors may determine the pattern of NKR expression. In the gut, CD70 licensing appears to promote 2B4 induction on mucosal CD8 T cells. Conversely, retinoic acid produced by the intestinal dendritic cells may suppress NKG2A expression. Thus, tissue-specific factors regulate NKR expression and may confer T cells with differing effector functions in a tissue and site-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amale Laouar
- CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Manjunath N, Kumar P, Lee SK, Shankar P. Interfering antiviral immunity: application, subversion, hope? Trends Immunol 2006; 27:328-35. [PMID: 16753342 PMCID: PMC7185794 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi), initially recognized as a natural antiviral mechanism in plants, has rapidly emerged as an invaluable tool to suppress gene expression in a sequence-specific manner in all organisms, including mammals. Its potential to inhibit the replication of a variety of viruses has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo in mouse and monkey models. These results have generated profound interest in the use of this technology as a potential treatment strategy for viral infections for which vaccines and drugs are unavailable or inadequate. In this review, we discuss the progress made within the past 2–3 years towards harnessing the potential of RNAi for clinical application in viral infections and the hurdles that have yet to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Manjunath
- The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are neurotropic flaviviruses that can cause acute encephalitis with a high fatality rate. Currently there is no effective treatment for these infections. METHODS AND FINDINGS We tested RNA interference (RNAi)-based intervention to suppress lethal JE and WN encephalitis in mice. To induce RNAi, we used either lentivirally expressed short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or synthetic short interfering RNA (siRNA). As target, we selected the cd loop-coding sequence in domain II of the viral Envelope protein, which is highly conserved among all flaviviruses because of its essential role in membrane fusion. Using as a target a species-specific sequence in the cd loop that is conserved only among the different strains of either JEV or WNV, we could achieve specific protection against the corresponding virus. However, by targeting a cross-species conserved sequence within the cd loop, we were able to protect mice against encephalitis induced by both viruses. A single intracranial administration of lentivirally delivered shRNA or lipid-complexed siRNA before viral challenge or siRNA treatment after viral challenge was sufficient for protection against lethal encephalitis. CONCLUSIONS RNAi-based intervention affords near complete protection from both JEV- and WNV- induced encephalitis in mice. Our results show, to our knowledge for the first time, that siRNA can be used as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent for treating encephalitis caused by multiple related viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Kumar
- 1The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sang Kyung Lee
- 2Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Premlata Shankar
- 1The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
(PS); E-mail:
(NM)
| | - N Manjunath
- 1The CBR Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
(PS); E-mail:
(NM)
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