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Asnaz OH, Drewes J, Elis M, Strunskus T, Greiner F, Polonskyi O, Faupel F, Kienle L, Vahl A, Benedikt J. A novel method for the synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles for functional applications based on long-term confinement in a radio frequency plasma. Nanoscale Adv 2023; 5:1115-1123. [PMID: 36798508 PMCID: PMC9926887 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00806h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel combined setup of a Haberland type gas aggregation source and a secondary radio frequency discharge is used to generate, confine, and coat nanoparticles over much longer time scales than traditional in-flight treatment. The process is precisely monitored using localized surface plasmon resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy as in situ diagnostics. They indicate that both untreated and treated particles can be confined for extended time periods (at least one hour) with minimal losses. During the entire confinement time, the particle sizes do not show considerable alterations, enabling multiple well-defined modifications of the seed nanoparticles in this synthesis approach. The approach is demonstrated by generating Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles with a well-defined surface coating. The in situ diagnostics provide insights into the growth kinetics of the applied coating and are linked to the coating properties by using ex situ transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Surface coating is shown to occur in two phases: first, singular seeds appear on the particle surface which then grow to cover the entire particle surface over 3 to 5 minutes. Afterwards, deposition occurs via surface growth which coincides with lower deposition rates. Our setup offers full control for various treatment options, which is demonstrated by coating the nanoparticles with a SiO2 layer followed by the etching of the part of the applied coating using hydrogen. Thus, complex multi-step nanofabrication, e.g., using different monomers, as well as very large coating thicknesses is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Han Asnaz
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University Leibnizstr. 19 D-24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Jonas Drewes
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Kiel University Kaiserstr. 2 D-24143 Kiel Germany
| | - Marie Elis
- Chair for Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute of Materials Science, Kiel University Kaiserstr. 2 D-24143 Kiel Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Kiel University Kaiserstr. 2 D-24143 Kiel Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4 D-24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Franko Greiner
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University Leibnizstr. 19 D-24098 Kiel Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4 D-24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Kiel University Kaiserstr. 2 D-24143 Kiel Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Kiel University Kaiserstr. 2 D-24143 Kiel Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4 D-24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Chair for Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute of Materials Science, Kiel University Kaiserstr. 2 D-24143 Kiel Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4 D-24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Alexander Vahl
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Kiel University Kaiserstr. 2 D-24143 Kiel Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4 D-24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Jan Benedikt
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University Leibnizstr. 19 D-24098 Kiel Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4 D-24118 Kiel Germany
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Krüger H, Cavers H, Offermann J, Polonskyi O, Adelung R, Hansen S. Effects of Lithium Polysulfides on the Formation of Solid Electrolyte Interfaces in Silicon Anodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:10203-10211. [PMID: 36786479 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries are one of the most important energy storage devices of the future and pave the way for a greener society. In this context, the demand for batteries with high energy density is increasing significantly and is reaching the limits of the technology currently in use. Therefore, intensive research is being conducted to utilize a new class of materials for energy storage. The most promising alternatives to today's nickel-based cathode and graphite anode materials are silicon and sulfur. Both silicon and sulfur are abundant and cheap and possess extremely high theoretical specific capacities of 4200 mAh/gSi and 1675 mAh/gS, respectively. One of the biggest challenges with sulfur-based batteries is the polysulfide shuttle effect, which occurs with sulfur cathodes, leading to an insulating passivation layer, especially on the commonly used lithium metal anodes. Therefore, to replace lithium metal anodes with silicon, it is of major importance to understand the reactivity of polysulfides with silicon. To investigate the effect of lithium polysulfides on the performance of the anodes in the critical formation cycles, mesoporous silicon anodes were galvanostatically cycled in electrolytes containing different concentrations of polysulfides. In this process, the anodes were analyzed after one, five and ten cycles by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy to determine the composition of the SEI. Higher concentrations of polysulfides in the electrolyte result in more inorganic, oxide-containing species in the SEI. Silicon anodes with lower amounts of surface oxide show little or negative effect on the performance in the presence of polysulfides, while anodes with large amounts of surface oxide show higher impedance during cycling, an effect that is enhanced with increasing polysulfide content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Krüger
- Institute for Material Science, University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Heather Cavers
- Institute for Material Science, University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jakob Offermann
- Institute for Material Science, University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Institute for Material Science, University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Institute for Material Science, University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandra Hansen
- Institute for Material Science, University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
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Gensch M, Schwartzkopf M, Brett CJ, Schaper SJ, Li N, Chen W, Liang S, Drewes J, Polonskyi O, Strunskus T, Faupel F, Müller-Buschbaum P, Roth SV. Correlating Optical Reflectance with the Topology of Aluminum Nanocluster Layers Growing on Partially Conjugated Diblock Copolymer Templates. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:56663-56673. [PMID: 34788001 PMCID: PMC8640968 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale fabrication of metal cluster layers for usage in sensor applications and photovoltaics is a huge challenge. Physical vapor deposition offers large-scale fabrication of metal cluster layers on templates and polymer surfaces. In the case of aluminum (Al), only little is known about the formation and interaction of Al clusters during sputter deposition. Complex polymer surface morphologies can tailor the deposited Al cluster layer. Here, a poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-poly(3-hexylthiophen-2,5-diyl) (PMMA-b-P3HT) diblock copolymer template is used to investigate the nanostructure formation of Al cluster layers on the different polymer domains and to compare it with the respective homopolymers PMMA and P3HT. The optical properties relevant for sensor applications are monitored with ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) measurements during the sputter deposition. The formation of Al clusters is followed in situ with grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), and the chemical interaction is revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) yield topographical information about selective wetting of Al on the P3HT domains and embedding in the PMMA domains in the early stages, followed by four distinct growth stages describing the Al nanostructure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gensch
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl
für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Calvin J. Brett
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department
of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Teknikringen
8, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Teknikringen
56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon J. Schaper
- Lehrstuhl
für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Nian Li
- Lehrstuhl
für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Wei Chen
- Lehrstuhl
für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Suzhe Liang
- Lehrstuhl
für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jonas Drewes
- Lehrstuhl
für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr.2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Gordon
Lab, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Lehrstuhl
für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr.2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Lehrstuhl
für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr.2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl
für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz-Maier-Leibniz
Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität
München, Lichtenbergstraße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan V. Roth
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department
of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal
Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Schaper SJ, Löhrer FC, Xia S, Geiger C, Schwartzkopf M, Pandit P, Rubeck J, Fricke B, Frenzke S, Hinz AM, Carstens N, Polonskyi O, Strunskus T, Faupel F, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. Revealing the growth of copper on polystyrene- block-poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer thin films with in situ GISAXS. Nanoscale 2021; 13:10555-10565. [PMID: 34100512 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01480c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) as an excellent electrical conductor and the amphiphilic diblock copolymer polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) as a polymer electrolyte and ionic conductor can be combined with an active material in composite electrodes for polymer lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). As interfaces are a key issue in LIBs, sputter deposition of Cu contacts on PS-b-PEO thin films with high PEO fraction is investigated with in situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) to follow the formation of the Cu layer in real-time. We observe a hierarchical morphology of Cu clusters building larger Cu agglomerates. Two characteristic distances corresponding to the PS-b-PEO microphase separation and the Cu clusters are determined. A selective agglomeration of Cu clusters on the PS domains explains the origin of the persisting hierarchical morphology of the Cu layer even after a complete surface coverage is reached. The spheroidal shape of the Cu clusters growing within the first few nanometers of sputter deposition causes a highly porous Cu-polymer interface. Four growth stages are distinguished corresponding to different kinetics of the cluster growth of Cu on PS-b-PEO thin films: (I) nucleation, (II) diffusion-driven growth, (III) adsorption-driven growth, and (IV) grain growth of Cu clusters. Percolation is reached at an effective Cu layer thickness of 5.75 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Schaper
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Franziska C Löhrer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Senlin Xia
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Christina Geiger
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schwartzkopf
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pallavi Pandit
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Rubeck
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Fricke
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susann Frenzke
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander M Hinz
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Niko Carstens
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany. and Heinz Maier-Leibniz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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5
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Schwartzkopf M, Wöhnert SJ, Waclawek V, Carstens N, Rothkirch A, Rubeck J, Gensch M, Drewes J, Polonskyi O, Strunskus T, Hinz AM, Schaper SJ, Körstgens V, Müller-Buschbaum P, Faupel F, Roth SV. Real-time insight into nanostructure evolution during the rapid formation of ultra-thin gold layers on polymers. Nanoscale Horiz 2021; 6:132-138. [PMID: 33290482 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00538j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-thin metal layers on polymer thin films attract tremendous research interest for advanced flexible optoelectronic applications, including organic photovoltaics, light emitting diodes and sensors. To realize the large-scale production of such metal-polymer hybrid materials, high rate sputter deposition is of particular interest. Here, we witness the birth of a metal-polymer hybrid material by quantifying in situ with unprecedented time-resolution of 0.5 ms the temporal evolution of interfacial morphology during the rapid formation of ultra-thin gold layers on thin polystyrene films. We monitor average non-equilibrium cluster geometries, transient interface morphologies and the effective near-surface gold diffusion. At 1 s sputter deposition, the polymer matrix has already been enriched with 1% gold and an intermixing layer has formed with a depth of over 3.5 nm. Furthermore, we experimentally observe unexpected changes in aspect ratios of ultra-small gold clusters growing in the vicinity of polymer chains. For the first time, this approach enables four-dimensional insights at atomic scales during the gold growth under non-equilibrium conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schwartzkopf
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
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Cavers H, Krüger H, Polonskyi O, Schütt F, Adelung R, Hansen S. Temperature-Dependent Vapor Infiltration of Sulfur into Highly Porous Hierarchical Three-Dimensional Conductive Carbon Networks for Lithium Ion Battery Applications. ACS Omega 2020; 5:28196-28203. [PMID: 33163802 PMCID: PMC7643246 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical, conductive, porous, three-dimensional (3D) carbon networks based on carbon nanotubes are used as a scaffold material for the incorporation of sulfur in the vapor phase to produce carbon nanotube tube/sulfur (CNTT/S) composites for application in lithium ion batteries (LIBs) as a cathode material. The high conductivity of the carbon nanotube-based scaffold material, in combination with vapor infiltration of sulfur, allows for improved utilization of insulating sulfur as the active material in the cathode. When sulfur is evenly distributed throughout the network via vapor infiltration, the carbon scaffold material confines the sulfur, allowing the sulfur to become electrochemically active in the context of an LIB. The electrochemical performance of the sulfur cathode was further investigated as a function of the temperature used for the vapor infiltration of sulfur into the carbon scaffolds (155, 175, and 200 °C) in order to determine the ideal infiltration temperature to maximize sulfur loading and minimize the polysulfide shuttle effect. In addition, the nature of the incorporation of sulfur at the interfaces within the 3D carbon network at the different vapor infiltration temperatures will be investigated via Raman, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The resulting CNTT/S composites, infiltrated at each temperature, were incorporated into a half-cell using Li metal as a counter electrode and a 0.7 M LiTFSI electrolyte in ether solvents and characterized electrochemically using cyclic voltammetry measurements. The results indicate that the CNTT matrix infiltrated with sulfur at the highest temperature (200 °C) had improved incorporation of sulfur into the carbon network, the best electrochemical performance, and the highest sulfur loading, 8.4 mg/cm2, compared to the CNTT matrices infiltrated at 155 and 175 °C, with sulfur loadings of 4.8 and 6.3 mg/cm2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Cavers
- University of Kiel, Institute
for Material Science, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Helge Krüger
- University of Kiel, Institute
for Material Science, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Fabian Schütt
- University of Kiel, Institute
for Material Science, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- University of Kiel, Institute
for Material Science, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandra Hansen
- University of Kiel, Institute
for Material Science, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
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Al-Dobaei E, Al-Akhali M, Polonskyi O, Strunskus T, Wille S, Kern M. Influence of Cleaning Methods on Resin Bonding to Contaminated Translucent 3Y-TZP ceramic. J Adhes Dent 2020; 22:383-391. [PMID: 32666064 DOI: 10.3290/j.jad.a44869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the influence of different cleaning methods on the resin bond strength to contaminated translucent 3Y-TZP ceramic. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 133 airborne-particle abraded (0.1 MPa) zirconia specimens were divided into 7 groups. Uncontaminated zirconia specimens were either not cleaned (UN) or cleaned with cleaning paste (Ivoclean) (UP1). After contamination by saliva and blood immersion, zirconia specimens were cleaned using either distilled water rinsing (CW), 99% isopropanol in an ultrasonic bath (CI), cleaning paste according to manufacturer's instructions (CP1), cleaning paste with additional rubbing (CP2), or additional airborne-particle abrasion at 0.1 MPa (CA). Three specimens from each group were examined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For each group, sixteen Plexiglas tubes filled with composite resin (Clearfil FII, Kuraray Noritake) were bonded to the zirconia specimens using a primer (Clearfil Ceramic Primer Plus, Kuraray Noritake) and luting composite (Panavia V5, Kuraray Noritake). Before measuring tensile bond strength, specimens were stored in distilled water for 3 or 150 days plus 37,500 thermal cycles. RESULTS After 3 days, no group showed significantly different TBS compared to the control group UN (p > 0.05). However, groups CW and CI showed significantly lower TBS than all other groups after 150 days (p ≤ 0.05). XPS analysis revealed more organic residue on zirconia surfaces of groups CW and CI than on the other groups. CONCLUSION Cleaning with the cleaning paste and airborne-particle abrasion were effective in removing saliva and blood contamination and enhancing bond strength.
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Veziroglu S, Obermann AL, Ullrich M, Hussain M, Kamp M, Kienle L, Leißner T, Rubahn HG, Polonskyi O, Strunskus T, Fiutowski J, Es-Souni M, Adam J, Faupel F, Aktas OC. Photodeposition of Au Nanoclusters for Enhanced Photocatalytic Dye Degradation over TiO 2 Thin Film. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:14983-14992. [PMID: 32069393 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Au nanoparticle (NP) decorated heterogeneous TiO2 catalysts are known to be effective in the degradation of various organic pollutants. The photocatalytic performance of such Au-TiO2 structures remarkably depends on the size, morphology, and surface coverage of the Au NPs decorating TiO2. Here we propose an effective way of preparing a highly active Au nanocluster (NC) decorated TiO2 thin film by a novel photodeposition method. By altering the solvent type as well as the illumination time, we achieved well-controlled surface coverage of TiO2 by Au NCs, which directly influences the photocatalytic performance. Here the Au NCs coverage affects both the electron store capacity and the optical absorption of the hybrid Au-TiO2 system. At low surface coverage, 19.2-29.5%, the Au NCs seem to enhance significantly the optical adsorption of TiO2 at UV wavelengths which therefore leads to a higher photocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih Veziroglu
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Obermann
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marie Ullrich
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Majid Hussain
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marius Kamp
- Synthesis and Real Structure Group, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Synthesis and Real Structure Group, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Till Leißner
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Horst-Günter Rubahn
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jacek Fiutowski
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Es-Souni
- Institute for Materials & Surface Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Sokratesplatz 1, 24149 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jost Adam
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Franz Faupel
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oral Cenk Aktas
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
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Löhrer FC, Körstgens V, Semino G, Schwartzkopf M, Hinz A, Polonskyi O, Strunskus T, Faupel F, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. Following in Situ the Deposition of Gold Electrodes on Low Band Gap Polymer Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:1132-1141. [PMID: 31829550 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Metal top electrodes such as gold are widely used in organic solar cells. The active layer can be optimized by modifications of the polymer band gap via side-chain engineering, and low band gap polymers based on benzodithiophene units such as PTB7 and PTB7-Th are successfully used. The growth of gold contacts on PTB7 and PTB7-Th films is investigated with in situ grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) during the sputter deposition of gold. From GIWAXS, the crystal structure of the gold film is determined. Independent of the type of side chain, gold crystals form in the very early stages and improve in quality during the sputter deposition until the late stages. From GISAXS, the nanoscale structure is determined. Differences in terms of gold cluster size and growth phase limits for the two polymers are caused by the side-chain modification and result in a different surface coverage in the early phases. The changes in the diffusion and coalescence behavior of the forming gold nanoparticles cause differences in the morphology of the gold contact in the fully percolated regime, which is attributed to the different amount of thiophene rings of the side chains acting as nucleation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska C Löhrer
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Volker Körstgens
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Gabriele Semino
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | | | - Alexander Hinz
- Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde , Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstraße 2 , 24143 Kiel , Germany
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde , Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstraße 2 , 24143 Kiel , Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde , Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstraße 2 , 24143 Kiel , Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde , Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstraße 2 , 24143 Kiel , Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Notkestrasse 85 , 22607 Hamburg , Germany
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 56-58 , 10044 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Zentrum , Lichtenbergstr. 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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10
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Rasch F, Schütt F, Saure LM, Kaps S, Strobel J, Polonskyi O, Nia AS, Lohe MR, Mishra YK, Faupel F, Kienle L, Feng X, Adelung R. Wet-Chemical Assembly of 2D Nanomaterials into Lightweight, Microtube-Shaped, and Macroscopic 3D Networks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:44652-44663. [PMID: 31686498 PMCID: PMC7192525 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts toward fabrication of three-dimensional macrostructures of two-dimensional (2D) materials, the existing approaches still lack sufficient control over microscopic (morphology, porosity, pore size) and macroscopic (shape, size) properties of the resulting structures. In this work, a facile fabrication method for the wet-chemical assembly of carbon 2D nanomaterials into macroscopic networks of interconnected, hollow microtubes is introduced. As demonstrated for electrochemically exfoliated graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide, the approach allows for the preparation of highly porous (> 99.9%) and lightweight (<2 mg cm-3) aeromaterials with tailored porosity and pore size as well as tailorable shape and size. The unique tubelike morphology with high aspect ratio enables ultralow-percolation-threshold graphene composites (0.03 S m-1, 0.05 vol%) which even outperform most of the carbon nanotube-based composites, as well as highly conductive aeronetworks (8 S m-1, 4 mg cm-3). On top of that, long-term compression cycling of the aeronetworks demonstrates remarkable mechanical stability over 10 000 cycles, even though no chemical cross-linking is employed. The developed strategy could pave the way for fabrication of various macrostructures of 2D nanomaterials with defined shape, size, as well as micro- and nanostructure, crucial for numerous applications such as batteries, supercapacitors, and filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rasch
- Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for
Materials Science, Chair for Synthesis
and Real Structure, Institute for Materials Science,
and Chair for Multicomponent
Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fabian Schütt
- Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for
Materials Science, Chair for Synthesis
and Real Structure, Institute for Materials Science,
and Chair for Multicomponent
Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
- E-mail:
| | - Lena M. Saure
- Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for
Materials Science, Chair for Synthesis
and Real Structure, Institute for Materials Science,
and Chair for Multicomponent
Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
- Chair
of Engineering Mechanics, Brandenburg University
of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Großenhainer Straße 57, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Sören Kaps
- Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for
Materials Science, Chair for Synthesis
and Real Structure, Institute for Materials Science,
and Chair for Multicomponent
Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Julian Strobel
- Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for
Materials Science, Chair for Synthesis
and Real Structure, Institute for Materials Science,
and Chair for Multicomponent
Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for
Materials Science, Chair for Synthesis
and Real Structure, Institute for Materials Science,
and Chair for Multicomponent
Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ali Shaygan Nia
- Department
of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Center for Advancing Electronics
Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität
Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin R. Lohe
- Department
of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Center for Advancing Electronics
Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität
Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yogendra K. Mishra
- NanoSYD,
Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern
Denmark, Alsion 2, DK-6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Franz Faupel
- Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for
Materials Science, Chair for Synthesis
and Real Structure, Institute for Materials Science,
and Chair for Multicomponent
Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for
Materials Science, Chair for Synthesis
and Real Structure, Institute for Materials Science,
and Chair for Multicomponent
Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Department
of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Center for Advancing Electronics
Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität
Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for
Materials Science, Chair for Synthesis
and Real Structure, Institute for Materials Science,
and Chair for Multicomponent
Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
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11
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Lupan O, Postica V, Wolff N, Su J, Labat F, Ciofini I, Cavers H, Adelung R, Polonskyi O, Faupel F, Kienle L, Viana B, Pauporté T. Low-Temperature Solution Synthesis of Au-Modified ZnO Nanowires for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Nanosensors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:32115-32126. [PMID: 31385698 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this research, the low-temperature single-step electrochemical deposition of arrayed ZnO nanowires (NWs) decorated by Au nanoparticles (NPs) with diameters ranging between 10 and 100 nm is successfully demonstrated for the first time. The AuNPs and ZnO NWs were grown simultaneously in the same growth solution in consideration of the HAuCl4 concentration. Optical, structural, and chemical characterizations were analyzed in detail, proving high crystallinity of the NWs as well as the distribution of Au NPs on the surface of zinc oxide NWs demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. Individual Au NPs-functionalized ZnO NWs (Au-NP/ZnO-NWs) were incorporated into sensor nanodevices using an focused ion bean/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM) scientific instrument. The gas-sensing investigations demonstrated excellent selectivity to hydrogen gas at room temperature (RT) with a gas response, Igas/Iair, as high as 7.5-100 ppm for Au-NP/ZnO-NWs, possessing a AuNP surface coverage of ∼6.4%. The concentration of HAuCl4 in the electrochemical solution was observed to have no significant impact on the gas-sensing parameters in our experiments. This highlights the significant influence of the total Au/ZnO interfacial area establishing Schottky contacts for the achievement of high performances. The most significant performance of H2 response was observed for gas concentrations higher than 500 ppm of H2 in the environment, which was attributed to the surface metallization of ZnO NWs during exposure to hydrogen. For this case, an ultrahigh response of about 32.9 and 47 to 1000 and 5000 ppm of H2 was obtained, respectively. Spin-polarized periodic density functional theory calculations were realized on Au/ZnO bulk and surface-functionalized models, validating the experimental hypothesis. The combination of H2 gas detection at RT, ultralow power consumption, and reduced dimensions makes these micro-nanodevices excellent candidates for hydrogen gas leakage detection, including hydrogen gas monitoring (less than 1 ppm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Lupan
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris-IRCP, Chimie ParisTech , PSL Université , rue Pierre et Marie Curie 11 , 75231 Paris Cedex 05 , France
- Functional Nano Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering , Kiel University , str. Kaiserstraße 2 , D-24143 Kiel , Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Department of Microelectronics & Biomedical Engineering , Technical University of Moldova , Stefan Cel Mare Av. 168 , MD 2004 Chisinau , Republic of Moldova
| | - Vasile Postica
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Department of Microelectronics & Biomedical Engineering , Technical University of Moldova , Stefan Cel Mare Av. 168 , MD 2004 Chisinau , Republic of Moldova
| | - Niklas Wolff
- Institute for Materials Science, Synthesis and Real Structure , Christian Albrechts University Kiel , str. Kaiserstraße 2 , D-24143 Kiel , Germany
| | - Jun Su
- i-CLeHS, Chimie ParisTech , PSL University , rue Pierre et Marie Curie nr. 11 , 75231 Paris Cedex 05 , France
| | - Frédéric Labat
- i-CLeHS, Chimie ParisTech , PSL University , rue Pierre et Marie Curie nr. 11 , 75231 Paris Cedex 05 , France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- i-CLeHS, Chimie ParisTech , PSL University , rue Pierre et Marie Curie nr. 11 , 75231 Paris Cedex 05 , France
| | - Heather Cavers
- Functional Nano Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering , Kiel University , str. Kaiserstraße 2 , D-24143 Kiel , Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Functional Nano Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering , Kiel University , str. Kaiserstraße 2 , D-24143 Kiel , Germany
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Faculty of Engineering, Chair for Multicomponent Materials , Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel , str. Kaiserstraße nr. 2 , D-24143 Kiel , Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Faculty of Engineering, Chair for Multicomponent Materials , Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel , str. Kaiserstraße nr. 2 , D-24143 Kiel , Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Institute for Materials Science, Synthesis and Real Structure , Christian Albrechts University Kiel , str. Kaiserstraße 2 , D-24143 Kiel , Germany
| | - Bruno Viana
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris-IRCP, Chimie ParisTech , PSL Université , rue Pierre et Marie Curie 11 , 75231 Paris Cedex 05 , France
| | - Thierry Pauporté
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris-IRCP, Chimie ParisTech , PSL Université , rue Pierre et Marie Curie 11 , 75231 Paris Cedex 05 , France
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12
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Vahl A, Veziroglu S, Henkel B, Strunskus T, Polonskyi O, Aktas OC, Faupel F. Pathways to Tailor Photocatalytic Performance of TiO 2 Thin Films Deposited by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12172840. [PMID: 31484437 PMCID: PMC6748074 DOI: 10.3390/ma12172840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
TiO2 thin films are used extensively for a broad range of applications including environmental remediation, self-cleaning technologies (windows, building exteriors, and textiles), water splitting, antibacterial, and biomedical surfaces. While a broad range of methods such as wet-chemical synthesis techniques, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and physical vapor deposition (PVD) have been developed for preparation of TiO2 thin films, PVD techniques allow a good control of the homogeneity and thickness as well as provide a good film adhesion. On the other hand, the choice of the PVD technique enormously influences the photocatalytic performance of the TiO2 layer to be deposited. Three important parameters play an important role on the photocatalytic performance of TiO2 thin films: first, the different pathways in crystallization (nucleation and growth); second, anatase/rutile formation; and third, surface area at the interface to the reactants. This study aims to provide a review regarding some strategies developed by our research group in recent years to improve the photocatalytic performance of TiO2 thin films. An innovative approach, which uses thermally induced nanocrack networks as an effective tool to enhance the photocatalytic performance of sputter deposited TiO2 thin films, is presented. Plasmonic and non-plasmonic enhancement of photocatalytic performance by decorating TiO2 thin films with metallic nanostructures are also briefly discussed by case studies. In addition to remediation applications, a new approach, which utilizes highly active photocatalytic TiO2 thin film for micro- and nanostructuring, is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vahl
- Institute for Materials Science-Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Salih Veziroglu
- Institute for Materials Science-Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Bodo Henkel
- Institute for Materials Science-Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Institute for Materials Science-Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Institute for Materials Science-Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Oral Cenk Aktas
- Institute for Materials Science-Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Franz Faupel
- Institute for Materials Science-Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany.
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13
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Güers P, Wille S, Strunskus T, Polonskyi O, Kern M. Durability of resin bonding to zirconia ceramic after contamination and the use of various cleaning methods. Dent Mater 2019; 35:1388-1396. [PMID: 31447058 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of contamination and different cleaning methods on the tensile bond strength with a phosphate monomer containing luting resin to zirconia ceramic. METHODS After the contamination with saliva or silicone disclosing agent, 228 polished and airborne-particle abraded zirconia discs were ultrasonically cleaned with 99% isopropanol. In a second step, the specimens were either treated with argon-oxygen plasma, air plasma, enzymatic cleaning agent or did not undergo an additional cleaning process. Uncontaminated zirconia specimens were used as the control group. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used for chemical analysis of the bonding surfaces of specimens. Plexiglas tubes filled with composite resin were bonded to zirconia specimens with a phosphate monomer containing luting resin. Tensile bond strength (TBS) was tested after 3 days or 150 days water storage with 37,500 thermal cycles. RESULTS XPS revealed a decrease of the carbon/oxygen ratio after plasma treatment and an increase after treatment with an enzymatic cleaning agent in all groups. All contaminated specimens showed high and durable TBS after cleaning with a combination of isopropanol and a non-thermal atmospheric plasma. After the cleaning with enzymatic cleaning agent the TBS was significantly reduced in all groups after 150 days thermal cycling. SIGNIFICANCE The combination of isopropanol and plasma cleaning was effective in removing salvia and disclosing agent contamination. Enzymatic clearing agent was not able to remove contamination effectively and had a negative impact on the TBS of non-contaminated specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Güers
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Wille
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Matthias Kern
- Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 16, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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14
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Gensch M, Schwartzkopf M, Ohm W, Brett CJ, Pandit P, Vayalil SK, Bießmann L, Kreuzer LP, Drewes J, Polonskyi O, Strunskus T, Faupel F, Stierle A, Müller-Buschbaum P, Roth SV. Correlating Nanostructure, Optical and Electronic Properties of Nanogranular Silver Layers during Polymer-Template-Assisted Sputter Deposition. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:29416-29426. [PMID: 31313904 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring the optical and electronic properties of nanostructured polymer-metal composites demonstrates great potential for efficient fabrication of modern organic optical and electronic devices such as flexible sensors, transistors, diodes, or photovoltaics. Self-assembled polymer-metal nanocomposites offer an excellent perspective for creating hierarchical nanostructures on macroscopic scales by simple bottom-up processes. We investigate the growth processes of nanogranular silver (Ag) layers on diblock copolymer thin film templates during sputter deposition. The Ag growth is strongly driven by self-assembly and selective wetting on the lamella structure of polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate). We correlate the emerging nanoscale morphologies with collective optical and electronic properties and quantify the difference in Ag growth on the corresponding homopolymer thin films. Thus, we are able to determine the influence of the respective polymer template and observe substrate effects on the Ag cluster percolation threshold, which affects the insulator-to-metal transition (IMT). Optical spectroscopy in the UV-vis regime reveals localized surface plasmon resonance for the metal-polymer composite. Their maximum absorption is observed around the IMT due to the subsequent long-range electron conduction in percolated nanogranular Ag layers. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, we identify the oxidation of Ag at the acrylate side chains as an essential influencing factor driving the selective wetting behavior in the early growth stages. The results of polymer-templated cluster growth are corroborated by atomic force microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gensch
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Notkestr. 85 , D-22607 Hamburg , Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | | | - Wiebke Ohm
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Notkestr. 85 , D-22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Calvin J Brett
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Notkestr. 85 , D-22607 Hamburg , Germany
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 56-58 , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Pallavi Pandit
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Notkestr. 85 , D-22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | | | - Lorenz Bießmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Lucas P Kreuzer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Jonas Drewes
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft , Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstr. 2 , D-24143 Kiel , Germany
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft , Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstr. 2 , D-24143 Kiel , Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft , Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstr. 2 , D-24143 Kiel , Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft , Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstr. 2 , D-24143 Kiel , Germany
| | - Andreas Stierle
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Notkestr. 85 , D-22607 Hamburg , Germany
- Physics Department , University of Hamburg , Luruper Chaussee 149 , D-22761 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibniz Zentrum (MLZ) , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 1 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Notkestr. 85 , D-22607 Hamburg , Germany
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 56-58 , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
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15
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Veziroglu S, Röder K, Gronenberg O, Vahl A, Polonskyi O, Strunskus T, Rubahn HG, Kienle L, Adam J, Fiutowski J, Faupel F, Aktas OC. Cauliflower-like CeO 2-TiO 2 hybrid nanostructures with extreme photocatalytic and self-cleaning properties. Nanoscale 2019; 11:9840-9844. [PMID: 31038519 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01208g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, heterogeneous photocatalysis has gained enormous interest due to increasing concerns about environmental pollution. Here we propose a facile approach to synthesize cauliflower-like CeO2-TiO2 hybrid structures by magnetron reactive sputtering, exhibiting an extremely high photocatalytic activity. While heating and air-quenching of the sputter deposited TiO2 thin film (first layer) triggered the formation of a nanocrack network, the second heat-treatment led to transformation of the CeO2 film (second layer) into CeO2 nanoclusters (NCs). We attribute the resulting high photocatalytic activity to the confined structure of the CeO2 NCs and the CeO2-TiO2 interface, which allows Ce3+/Ce4+ dynamic shifting. In addition to high photocatalytic activity in an aqueous medium, the prepared CeO2-TiO2 hybrid structures exhibited significant self-cleaning properties in air (non-aqueous).
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih Veziroglu
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Katharina Röder
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Ole Gronenberg
- Synthesis and Real Structures Group, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Vahl
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Horst-Günter Rubahn
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Synthesis and Real Structures Group, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jost Adam
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Jacek Fiutowski
- Mads Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Franz Faupel
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Oral Cenk Aktas
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany.
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16
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Piest C, Wille S, Strunskus T, Polonskyi O, Kern M. Efficacy of Plasma Treatment for Decontaminating Zirconia. J Adhes Dent 2019; 20:289-297. [PMID: 30206571 DOI: 10.3290/j.jad.a40986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the influence of contamination and plasma treatment on the bond strength of resin to zirconia ceramic. MATERIALS AND METHODS After immersion in saliva or the use of a silicone disclosing agent, polished and airborne-particle abraded zirconia specimens were cleaned either ultrasonically in 99% isopropanol or with nonthermal plasma. Uncontaminated zirconia specimens were used as control. For chemical analysis, specimens of all groups were examined with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Plexiglas tubes filled with composite resin were bonded to ceramic specimens with a phosphate-monomer-containing luting resin. The influence of contamination and cleaning methods on ceramic bond durability was examined by tensile testing after 3 and 150 days of water storage, with an additional 37,500 thermocycles during the 150-day storage. RESULTS XPS showed an increase in the amount of oxygen and a decrease in the amount of carbon on the zirconia surface after plasma treatment. After contamination with silicone, XPS revealed a high amount of Si residue on the surface that none of the investigated cleaning processes could completely remove. The tensile bond strength to uncontaminated zirconia ceramic was durable, but was significantly reduced by contamination. CONCLUSION Plasma treatment was effective in removing salivary contamination but not silicone disclosing agent residue from the bonding surface of zirconia.
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Kousal J, Shelemin A, Schwartzkopf M, Polonskyi O, Hanuš J, Solař P, Vaidulych M, Nikitin D, Pleskunov P, Krtouš Z, Strunskus T, Faupel F, Roth SV, Biederman H, Choukourov A. Magnetron-sputtered copper nanoparticles: lost in gas aggregation and found by in situ X-ray scattering. Nanoscale 2018; 10:18275-18281. [PMID: 30246834 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06155f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnetron discharge in a cold buffer gas represents a liquid-free approach to the synthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs) with tailored structure, chemical composition and size. Despite a large number of metal NPs that were successfully produced by this method, the knowledge of the mechanisms of their nucleation and growth in the discharge is still limited, mainly because of the lack of in situ experimental data. In this work, we present the results of in situ Small Angle X-ray Scattering measurements performed in the vicinity of a Cu magnetron target with Ar used as a buffer gas. Condensation of atomic metal vapours is found to occur mainly at several mm distance from the target plane. The NPs are found to be captured preferentially within a region circumscribed by the magnetron plasma ring. In this capture zone, the NPs grow to the size of 90 nm whereas smaller ones sized 10-20 nm may escape and constitute a NP beam. Time-resolved measurements of the discharge indicate that the electrostatic force acting on the charged NPs may be largely responsible for their capturing nearby the magnetron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Kousal
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holesovickach 2, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic.
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18
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Lupan O, Postica V, Hoppe M, Wolff N, Polonskyi O, Pauporté T, Viana B, Majérus O, Kienle L, Faupel F, Adelung R. PdO/PdO 2 functionalized ZnO : Pd films for lower operating temperature H 2 gas sensing. Nanoscale 2018; 10:14107-14127. [PMID: 29999088 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03260b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Noble metals and their oxide nano-clusters are considered to be the most promising candidates for fabricating advanced H2 gas sensors. Through this work, we propose a novel strategy to grow and modulate the density of PdO/PdO2 nanoparticles uniformly on nanostructured Pd-doped ZnO (ZnO : Pd) films by a one-step solution approach followed by thermal annealing at 650 °C, and thus to detect ppm-level H2 gas in a selective manner. The gas sensing properties of such hybridized materials showed that the PdO-functionalized ZnO samples offer significantly improved H2 gas sensing properties in an operating temperature range of 25-200 °C. The deposition of ZnO : Pd films via a simple synthesis from chemical solutions (SCS) approach with an aqueous bath (at relatively low temperatures, <95 °C) is reported. Furthermore, the functionalization of palladium oxide nanoclusters by a simple but highly effective approach on ZnO : Pd film surfaces was performed and is reported here for the first time. The morphological, structural, vibrational, optical, chemical, and electronic properties were studied in detail and the mixed phases of palladium oxide nanoclusters on the ZnO surface were found. Sensor studies of the ZnO : Pd samples (in the range of 25-350 °C operating temperature) showed good selectivity to H2 gas, especially in the range of higher temperatures (>150 °C, up to 350 °C); however, the PdO/PdO2 mixed phases of the nanocluster-modified surface ZnO : Pd films showed a much better selectivity to H2 gas, even at a lower operating temperature, in the range of 25-150 °C. For such PdO-functionalized ZnO : Pd films, even at room temperature, a gas response of ∼12.7 to 1000 ppm of H2 gas was obtained, without response to any other reducing gases or tested vapors. The large recovery time of the samples at room temperatures (>500 s) can be drastically reduced by applying higher bias voltages. Furthermore, we propose and discuss the gas sensing mechanism for these structures in detail. Our study demonstrates that surface functionalization with PdO/PdO2 mixed phase nanoclusters-nanoparticles (NPs) is much more effective than only the Pd doping of nanostructured ZnO films for selective sensing applications. This approach will pave a new way for the controlled functionalization of PdO/PdO2 nanoclusters on ZnO : Pd surfaces to the exact detection of highly explosive H2 gas under various atmospheres by using solid state gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Lupan
- Institute for Materials Science - Functional Nano Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany. and Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Av., MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. and Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP-UMR8247), 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75231, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Vasile Postica
- Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Av., MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.
| | - Mathias Hoppe
- Institute for Materials Science - Functional Nano Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Niklas Wolff
- Institute for Materials Science - Synthesis and Real Structure, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Institute for Materials Science - Functional Nano Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Thierry Pauporté
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP-UMR8247), 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75231, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Viana
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP-UMR8247), 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75231, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Odile Majérus
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP-UMR8247), 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75231, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Institute for Materials Science - Synthesis and Real Structure, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Institute for Materials Science - Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Institute for Materials Science - Functional Nano Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany.
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Ali AA, Haidar A, Polonskyi O, Faupel F, Abdul-Khaliq H, Veith M, Aktas OC. Extreme tuning of wetting on 1D nanostructures: from a superhydrophilic to a perfect hydrophobic surface. Nanoscale 2017; 9:14814-14819. [PMID: 28971205 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05336c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The tuning of wetting over an extreme range, from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic, was demonstrated on 1D Al/Al2O3 nanostructures. While chaotic and tangled 1D Al/Al2O3 nanostructures exhibited complete wetting, they became water repellent (with a water contact angle (CA) ≥173°) after the infiltration of poly[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] (PTFEP) solution. This simple strategy allows the achievement of two extreme wetting regimes, perfect wetting and non-wetting, without altering the nanostructured surface topography. The same surface was also found to exhibit repellency towards artificial blood and hexadecane.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ali
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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20
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Solař P, Polonskyi O, Olbricht A, Hinz A, Shelemin A, Kylián O, Choukourov A, Faupel F, Biederman H. Single-step generation of metal-plasma polymer multicore@shell nanoparticles from the gas phase. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8514. [PMID: 28819149 PMCID: PMC5561131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles composed of multiple silver cores and a plasma polymer shell (multicore@shell) were prepared in a single step with a gas aggregation cluster source operating with Ar/hexamethyldisiloxane mixtures and optionally oxygen. The size distribution of the metal inclusions as well as the chemical composition and the thickness of the shells were found to be controlled by the composition of the working gas mixture. Shell matrices ranging from organosilicon plasma polymer to nearly stoichiometric SiO2 were obtained. The method allows facile fabrication of multicore@shell nanoparticles with tailored functional properties, as demonstrated here with the optical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Solař
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, Prague, 182 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Kiel University, Faculty of Engineering, Chair for Multicomponent Materials, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ansgar Olbricht
- Kiel University, Faculty of Engineering, Chair for Multicomponent Materials, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Kiel University, Faculty of Engineering, Chair for Multicomponent Materials, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Artem Shelemin
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, Prague, 182 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Kylián
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, Prague, 182 00, Czech Republic
| | - Andrei Choukourov
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, Prague, 182 00, Czech Republic
| | - Franz Faupel
- Kiel University, Faculty of Engineering, Chair for Multicomponent Materials, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hynek Biederman
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Macromolecular Physics, Prague, 182 00, Czech Republic
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21
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Vahl A, Strobel J, Reichstein W, Polonskyi O, Strunskus T, Kienle L, Faupel F. Single target sputter deposition of alloy nanoparticles with adjustable composition via a gas aggregation cluster source. Nanotechnology 2017; 28:175703. [PMID: 28294956 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa66ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Alloy nanoparticles with variable compositions add a new dimension to nanoscience and have many applications. Here we suggest a novel approach for the fabrication of variable composition alloy nanoparticles that is based on a Haberland type gas aggregation cluster source with a custom-made multicomponent target for magnetron sputtering. The approach, which was demonstrated here for gold-rich AgAu nanoparticles, combines a narrow nanoparticle size distribution with in operando variation of composition via the gas pressure as well as highly efficient usage of target material. The latter is particularly attractive for precious metals. Varying argon pressure during deposition, we achieved in operando changes of AgAu alloy nanoparticle composition of more than 13 at%. The alloy nanoparticles were characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The characteristic plasmon resonances of multilayer nanoparticle composites were analyzed by UV-vis spectroscopy. Tuning of the number of particles per unit area (particle densities) within individual layers showed an additional degree of freedom to tailor the optical properties of multilayer nanocomposites. By extension of this technique to more complex systems, the presented results are expected to encourage and simplify further research based on plasmonic multi-element nanoparticles. The present method is by no means restricted to plasmonics or nanoparticle based applications, but is also highly relevant for conventional magnetron sputtering of alloys and can be extended to in operando control of alloy concentration by magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vahl
- Institute for Materials Science-Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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22
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Lupan O, Postica V, Wolff N, Polonskyi O, Duppel V, Kaidas V, Lazari E, Ababii N, Faupel F, Kienle L, Adelung R. Localized Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanowires and Fabrication of High Performance Nanosensors Based on a Single Fe 2 O 3 Nanowire. Small 2017; 13:1602868. [PMID: 28186367 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201602868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A composed morphology of iron oxide microstructures covered with very thin nanowires (NWs) with diameter of 15-50 nm has been presented. By oxidizing metallic Fe microparticles at 255 °C for 12 and 24 h, dense iron oxide NW networks bridging prepatterned Au/Cr pads are obtained. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies reveal formation of α-Fe2 O3 and Fe3 O4 on the surface and it is confirmed by detailed high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) investigations that NWs are single phase α-Fe2 O3 and some domains of single phase Fe3 O4 . Localized synthesis of such nano- and microparticles directly on sensor platform/structure at 255 °C for 24 h and reoxidation at 650 °C for 0.2-2 h, yield in highly performance and reliable detection of acetone vapor with fast response and recovery times. First nanosensors on a single α-Fe2 O3 nanowire are fabricated and studied showing excellent performances and an increase in acetone response by decrease of their diameter was developed. The facile technological approach enables this nanomaterial as candidate for a range of applications in the field of nanoelectronics such as nanosensors and biomedicine devices, especially for breath analysis in the treatment of diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Lupan
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Av., MD-2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Vasile Postica
- Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Av., MD-2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Niklas Wolff
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Viola Duppel
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Victor Kaidas
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eugen Lazari
- Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Av., MD-2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Nicolai Ababii
- Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Av., MD-2004, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Franz Faupel
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Materials Science, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143, Kiel, Germany
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23
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Schwartzkopf M, Hinz A, Polonskyi O, Strunskus T, Löhrer FC, Körstgens V, Müller-Buschbaum P, Faupel F, Roth SV. Role of Sputter Deposition Rate in Tailoring Nanogranular Gold Structures on Polymer Surfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:5629-5637. [PMID: 28106380 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The reproducible low-cost fabrication of functional polymer-metal interfaces via self-assembly is of crucial importance in organic electronics and organic photovoltaics. In particular, submonolayer and nanogranular systems expose highly interesting electrical, plasmonic, and catalytic properties. The exploitation of their great potential requires tailoring of the structure on the nanometer scale and below. To obtain full control over the complex nanostructural evolution at the polymer-metal interface, we monitor the evolution of the metallic layer morphology with in situ time-resolved grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering during sputter deposition. We identify the impact of different deposition rates on the growth regimes: the deposition rate affects primarily the nucleation process and the adsorption-mediated growth, whereas rather small effects on diffusion-mediated growth processes are observed. Only at higher rates are initial particle densities higher due to an increasing influence of random nucleation, and an earlier onset of thin film percolation occurs. The obtained results are discussed to identify optimized morphological parameters of the gold cluster ensemble relevant for various applications as a function of the effective layer thickness and deposition rate. Our study opens up new opportunities to improve the fabrication of tailored metal-polymer nanostructures for plasmonic-enhanced applications such as organic photovoltaics and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schwartzkopf
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska C Löhrer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Volker Körstgens
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kaiserstr. 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Schwartzkopf M, Santoro G, Brett CJ, Rothkirch A, Polonskyi O, Hinz A, Metwalli E, Yao Y, Strunskus T, Faupel F, Müller-Buschbaum P, Roth SV. Real-Time Monitoring of Morphology and Optical Properties during Sputter Deposition for Tailoring Metal-Polymer Interfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:13547-56. [PMID: 26030314 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The reproducible low-cost fabrication of functional metal-polymer nanocomposites with tailored optoelectronic properties for advanced applications remains a major challenge in applied nanotechnology. To obtain full control over the nanostructural evolution at the metal-polymer interface and its impact on optoelectronic properties, we employed combined in situ time-resolved microfocus grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (μGISAXS) with in situ UV/vis specular reflectance spectroscopy (SRS) during sputter deposition of gold on thin polystyrene films. On the basis of the temporal evolution of the key scattering features in the real-time μGISAXS experiment, we directly observed four different growth regimes: nucleation, isolated island growth, growth of larger aggregates via partial coalescence, and continuous layer growth. Moreover, their individual thresholds were identified with subnanometer resolution and correlated to the changes in optical properties. During sputter deposition, a change in optical reflectivity of the pristine gray-blue PS film was observed ranging from dark blue color due to the presence of isolated nanoclusters at the interface to bright red color from larger Au aggregates. We used simplified geometrical assumptions to model the evolution of average real space parameters (distance, size, density, contact angle) in excellent agreement with the qualitative observation of key scattering features. A decrease of contact angles was observed during the island-to-percolation transition and confirmed by simulations. Furthermore, a surface diffusion coefficient according to the kinetic freezing model and interfacial energy of Au on PS at room temperature were calculated based on a real-time experiment. The morphological characterization is complemented by X-ray reflectivity, optical, and electron microscopy. Our study permits a better understanding of the growth kinetics of gold clusters and their self-organization into complex nanostructures on polymer substrates. It opens up the opportunity to improve nanofabrication and tailoring of metal-polymer nanostructures for optoelectronic applications, organic photovoltaics, and plasmonic-enhanced technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schwartzkopf
- †Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Santoro
- †Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Calvin J Brett
- †Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - André Rothkirch
- †Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- ‡Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr.2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Hinz
- ‡Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr.2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ezzeldin Metwalli
- §Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yuan Yao
- §Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- ‡Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr.2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- ‡Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr.2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- §Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- †Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
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Choukourov A, Grinevich A, Polonskyi O, Hanus J, Kousal J, Slavinska D, Biederman H. Vacuum Thermal Degradation of Poly(ethylene oxide). J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:2984-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8107107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Choukourov
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, V Holesovickach 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Andrey Grinevich
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, V Holesovickach 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, V Holesovickach 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hanus
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, V Holesovickach 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kousal
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, V Holesovickach 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Danka Slavinska
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, V Holesovickach 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Biederman
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, V Holesovickach 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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