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Foster C, Wignall J, Kovach S, Choksi N, Allen D, Trgovcich J, Rochester JR, Ceger P, Daniel A, Hamm J, Truax J, Blake B, McIntyre B, Sutherland V, Stout MD, Kleinstreuer N. Standardizing Extracted Data Using Automated Application of Controlled Vocabularies. Environ Health Perspect 2024; 132:27006. [PMID: 38349723 PMCID: PMC10863721 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extraction of toxicological end points from primary sources is a central component of systematic reviews and human health risk assessments. To ensure optimal use of these data, consistent language should be used for end point descriptions. However, primary source language describing treatment-related end points can vary greatly, resulting in large labor efforts to manually standardize extractions before data are fit for use. OBJECTIVES To minimize these labor efforts, we applied an augmented intelligence approach and developed automated tools to support standardization of extracted information via application of preexisting controlled vocabularies. METHODS We created and applied a harmonized controlled vocabulary crosswalk, consisting of Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) codes, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) DevTox harmonized terms, and The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) end point vocabularies, to roughly 34,000 extractions from prenatal developmental toxicology studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) and 6,400 extractions from European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) prenatal developmental toxicology studies, all recorded based on the original study report language. RESULTS We automatically applied standardized controlled vocabulary terms to 75% of the NTP extracted end points and 57% of the ECHA extracted end points. Of all the standardized extracted end points, about half (51%) required manual review for potential extraneous matches or inaccuracies. Extracted end points that were not mapped to standardized terms tended to be too general or required human logic to find a good match. We estimate that this augmented intelligence approach saved > 350 hours of manual effort and yielded valuable resources including a controlled vocabulary crosswalk, organized related terms lists, code for implementing an automated mapping workflow, and a computationally accessible dataset. DISCUSSION Augmenting manual efforts with automation tools increased the efficiency of producing a findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) dataset of regulatory guideline studies. This open-source approach can be readily applied to other legacy developmental toxicology datasets, and the code design is customizable for other study types. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13215.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Neepa Choksi
- ILS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dave Allen
- ILS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amber Daniel
- ILS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jon Hamm
- ILS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jim Truax
- ILS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bevin Blake
- Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barry McIntyre
- Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vicki Sutherland
- Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew D. Stout
- Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM), DTT, NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Vliet SM, Markey KJ, Lynn SG, Adetona A, Fallacara D, Ceger P, Choksi N, Karmaus AL, Watson A, Ewans A, Daniel AB, Hamm J, Vitense K, Wolf KA, Thomas A, LaLone CA. Weight of evidence for cross-species conservation of androgen receptor-based biological activity. Toxicol Sci 2023; 193:131-145. [PMID: 37071731 PMCID: PMC10796108 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP) is tasked with assessing chemicals for their potential to perturb endocrine pathways, including those controlled by androgen receptor (AR). To address challenges associated with traditional testing strategies, EDSP is considering in vitro high-throughput screening assays to screen and prioritize chemicals more efficiently. The ability of these assays to accurately reflect chemical interactions in nonmammalian species remains uncertain. Therefore, a goal of the EDSP is to evaluate how broadly results can be extrapolated across taxa. To assess the cross-species conservation of AR-modulated pathways, computational analyses and systematic literature review approaches were used to conduct a comprehensive analysis of existing in silico, in vitro, and in vivo data. First, molecular target conservation was assessed across 585 diverse species based on the structural similarity of ARs. These results indicate that ARs are conserved across vertebrates and are predicted to share similarly susceptibility to chemicals that interact with the human AR. Systematic analysis of over 5000 published manuscripts was used to compile in vitro and in vivo cross-species toxicity data. Assessment of in vitro data indicates conservation of responses occurs across vertebrate ARs, with potential differences in sensitivity. Similarly, in vivo data indicate strong conservation of the AR signaling pathways across vertebrate species, although sensitivity may vary. Overall, this study demonstrates a framework for utilizing bioinformatics and existing data to build weight of evidence for cross-species extrapolation and provides a technical basis for extrapolating hAR-based data to prioritize hazard in nonmammalian vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M.F. Vliet
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Scientific Computing and Data Curation Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Kristan J. Markey
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Scott G. Lynn
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kelsey Vitense
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Scientific Computing and Data Curation Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | | | - Amy Thomas
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carlie A. LaLone
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
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3
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Bonilla H, Peluso MJ, Rodgers K, Aberg JA, Patterson TF, Tamburro R, Baizer L, Goldman JD, Rouphael N, Deitchman A, Fine J, Fontelo P, Kim AY, Shaw G, Stratford J, Ceger P, Costantine MM, Fisher L, O’Brien L, Maughan C, Quigley JG, Gabbay V, Mohandas S, Williams D, McComsey GA. Therapeutic trials for long COVID-19: A call to action from the interventions taskforce of the RECOVER initiative. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1129459. [PMID: 36969241 PMCID: PMC10034329 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most individuals recover from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, a significant number continue to suffer from Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC), including the unexplained symptoms that are frequently referred to as long COVID, which could last for weeks, months, or even years after the acute phase of illness. The National Institutes of Health is currently funding large multi-center research programs as part of its Researching COVID to Enhance Recover (RECOVER) initiative to understand why some individuals do not recover fully from COVID-19. Several ongoing pathobiology studies have provided clues to potential mechanisms contributing to this condition. These include persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antigen and/or genetic material, immune dysregulation, reactivation of other latent viral infections, microvascular dysfunction, and gut dysbiosis, among others. Although our understanding of the causes of long COVID remains incomplete, these early pathophysiologic studies suggest biological pathways that could be targeted in therapeutic trials that aim to ameliorate symptoms. Repurposed medicines and novel therapeutics deserve formal testing in clinical trial settings prior to adoption. While we endorse clinical trials, especially those that prioritize inclusion of the diverse populations most affected by COVID-19 and long COVID, we discourage off-label experimentation in uncontrolled and/or unsupervised settings. Here, we review ongoing, planned, and potential future therapeutic interventions for long COVID based on the current understanding of the pathobiological processes underlying this condition. We focus on clinical, pharmacological, and feasibility data, with the goal of informing future interventional research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Bonilla
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Michael J. Peluso
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kathleen Rodgers
- Center for Innovations in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Judith A. Aberg
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Chief, Division of Infectious Disease, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas F. Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Robert Tamburro
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lawrence Baizer
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Division of Lung Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jason D. Goldman
- Department of Medicine, Organ Transplant and Liver Center, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Amelia Deitchman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Fine
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine at New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, New York University (NYU), New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Paul Fontelo
- Applied Clinical Informatics Branch, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Arthur Y. Kim
- Department of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, Division of Infectious Disease, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gwendolyn Shaw
- Research Triangle Institute (RTI), International, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jeran Stratford
- Research Triangle Institute (RTI), International, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Patricia Ceger
- Research Triangle Institute (RTI), International, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Maged M. Costantine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Liza Fisher
- Long COVID Families, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lisa O’Brien
- Utah Covid-19 Long Haulers, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | | | - John G. Quigley
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Vilma Gabbay
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sindhu Mohandas
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David Williams
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Grace A. McComsey
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Ceger P, Allen D, Blankinship A, Choksi N, Daniel A, Eckel WP, Hamm J, Harwood DE, Johnson T, Kleinstreuer N, Sprankle CS, Truax J, Lowit M. Evaluation of the fish acute toxicity test for pesticide registration. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 139:105340. [PMID: 36702196 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) uses the in vivo fish acute toxicity test to assess potential risk of substances to non-target aquatic vertebrates. The test is typically conducted on a cold and a warm freshwater species and a saltwater species for a conventional pesticide registration, potentially requiring upwards of 200 or more fish. A retrospective data evaluation was conducted to explore the potential for using fewer fish species to support conventional pesticide risk assessments. Lethal concentration 50% (LC50) values and experimental details were extracted and curated from 718 studies on fish acute toxicity submitted to USEPA. The LC50 data were analysed to determine, when possible, the relative sensitivity of the tested species to each pesticide. One of the tested freshwater species was most sensitive in 85% of those cases. The tested cold freshwater species was the most sensitive overall among cases with established relative sensitivity and was within 3X of the LC50 value of the most sensitive species tested in 98% of those cases. The results support potentially using fewer than three fish species to conduct ecological risk assessments for the registration of conventional pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ceger
- Inotiv, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - David Allen
- Inotiv, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Amy Blankinship
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507M, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Neepa Choksi
- Inotiv, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Amber Daniel
- Inotiv, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - William P Eckel
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507M, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Jon Hamm
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - D Ethan Harwood
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507M, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Tamara Johnson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507M, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | | | - James Truax
- Inotiv, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Michael Lowit
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507M, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
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5
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Daniel AB, Choksi N, Abedini J, Bell S, Ceger P, Cook B, Karmaus AL, Rooney J, To KT, Allen D, Kleinstreuer N. Data curation to support toxicity assessments using the Integrated Chemical Environment. Front Toxicol 2022; 4:987848. [PMID: 36408349 PMCID: PMC9669273 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.987848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to large numbers of chemicals during their daily activities. To assess and understand potential health impacts of chemical exposure, investigators and regulators need access to reliable toxicity data. In particular, reliable toxicity data for a wide range of chemistries are needed to support development of new approach methodologies (NAMs) such as computational models, which offer increased throughput relative to traditional approaches and reduce or replace animal use. NAMs development and evaluation require chemically diverse data sets that are typically constructed by incorporating results from multiple studies into a single, integrated view; however, integrating data is not always a straightforward task. Primary study sources often vary in the way data are organized and reported. Metadata and information needed to support interoperability and provide context are often lacking, which necessitates literature research on the assay prior to attempting data integration. The Integrated Chemical Environment (ICE) was developed to support the development, evaluation, and application of NAMs. ICE provides curated toxicity data and computational tools to integrate and explore available information, thus facilitating knowledge discovery and interoperability. This paper describes the data curation workflow for integrating data into ICE. Data destined for ICE undergo rigorous harmonization, standardization, and formatting processes using both automated and manual expert-driven approaches. These processes improve the utility of the data for diverse analyses and facilitate application within ICE or a user's external workflow while preserving data integrity and context. ICE data curation provides the structure, reliability, and accessibility needed for data to support chemical assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neepa Choksi
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Shannon Bell
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Bethany Cook
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - John Rooney
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - David Allen
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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6
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Chang X, Palmer J, Lumen A, Lee UJ, Ceger P, Mansouri K, Sprankle C, Donley E, Bell S, Knudsen TB, Wambaugh J, Cook B, Allen D, Kleinstreuer N. Quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation for developmental toxicity potency of valproic acid analogues. Birth Defects Res 2022; 114:1037-1055. [PMID: 35532929 PMCID: PMC9790683 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The developmental toxicity potential (dTP) concentration from the devTOX quickPredict (devTOXqP ) assay, a metabolomics-based human induced pluripotent stem cell assay, predicts a chemical's developmental toxicity potency. Here, in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) approaches were applied to address whether the devTOXqP assay could quantitatively predict in vivo developmental toxicity lowest effect levels (LELs) for the prototypical teratogen valproic acid (VPA) and a group of structural analogues. METHODS VPA and a series of structural analogues were tested with the devTOXqP assay to determine dTP concentration and we estimated the equivalent administered doses (EADs) that would lead to plasma concentrations equivalent to the in vitro dTP concentrations. The EADs were compared to the LELs in rat developmental toxicity studies, human clinical doses, and EADs reported using other in vitro assays. To evaluate the impact of different pharmacokinetic (PK) models on IVIVE outcomes, we compared EADs predicted using various open-source and commercially available PK and physiologically based PK (PBPK) models. To evaluate the effect of in vitro kinetics, an equilibrium distribution model was applied to translate dTP concentrations to free medium concentrations before subsequent IVIVE analyses. RESULTS The EAD estimates for the VPA analogues based on different PK/PBPK models were quantitatively similar to in vivo data from both rats and humans, where available, and the derived rank order of the chemicals was consistent with observed in vivo developmental toxicity. Different models were identified that provided accurate predictions for rat prenatal LELs and conservative estimates of human safe exposure. The impact of in vitro kinetics on EAD estimates is chemical-dependent. EADs from this study were within range of predicted doses from other in vitro and model organism data. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of pharmacokinetic considerations when using in vitro assays and demonstrates the utility of the devTOXqP human stem cell-based platform to quantitatively assess a chemical's developmental toxicity potency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annie Lumen
- National Center for Toxicological ResearchU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationJeffersonArkansasUSA,Present address:
Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling and SimulationsAmgenSouth San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Un Jung Lee
- National Center for Toxicological ResearchU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationJeffersonArkansasUSA,Present address:
Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Kamel Mansouri
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological MethodsNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Thomas B. Knudsen
- Center for Computational Toxicology and ExposureEnvironmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - John Wambaugh
- Center for Computational Toxicology and ExposureEnvironmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | | | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological MethodsNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkNorth CarolinaUSA
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Ceger P, Garcia-Reyero Vinas N, Allen D, Arnold E, Bloom R, Brennan JC, Clarke C, Eisenreich K, Fay K, Hamm J, Henry PFP, Horak K, Hunter W, Judkins D, Klein P, Kleinstreuer N, Koehrn K, LaLone CA, Laurenson JP, Leet JK, Lowit A, Lynn SG, Norberg-King T, Perkins EJ, Petersen EJ, Rattner BA, Sprankle CS, Steeger T, Warren JE, Winfield S, Odenkirchen E. Current ecotoxicity testing needs among selected U.S. federal agencies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 133:105195. [PMID: 35660046 PMCID: PMC9623878 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
U.S. regulatory and research agencies use ecotoxicity test data to assess the hazards associated with substances that may be released into the environment, including but not limited to industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, food additives, and color additives. These data are used to conduct hazard assessments and evaluate potential risks to aquatic life (e.g., invertebrates, fish), birds, wildlife species, or the environment. To identify opportunities for regulatory uses of non-animal replacements for ecotoxicity tests, the needs and uses for data from tests utilizing animals must first be clarified. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to identify the ecotoxicity test data relied upon by U.S. federal agencies. The standards, test guidelines, guidance documents, and/or endpoints that are used to address each of the agencies' regulatory and research needs regarding ecotoxicity testing are described in the context of their application to decision-making. Testing and information use, needs, and/or requirements relevant to the regulatory or programmatic mandates of the agencies taking part in the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods Ecotoxicology Workgroup are captured. This information will be useful for coordinating efforts to develop and implement alternative test methods to reduce, refine, or replace animal use in chemical safety evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ceger
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | | | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Elyssa Arnold
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Raanan Bloom
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| | - Jennifer C Brennan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 7401M, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Carol Clarke
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1400 Independence Ave. SW, Washington, DC, 20250, USA.
| | - Karen Eisenreich
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 7401M, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Kellie Fay
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 7401M, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Jonathan Hamm
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Paula F P Henry
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA.
| | - Katherine Horak
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave. Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA.
| | - Wesley Hunter
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, HFV-161, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville, MD, 20855, USA.
| | - Donna Judkins
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Patrice Klein
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1400 Independence Ave. SW, Washington, DC, 20250, USA.
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Kara Koehrn
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 7401M, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Carlie A LaLone
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 8101R, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN, 55804, USA.
| | - James P Laurenson
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| | - Jessica K Leet
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center (CERC), Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.
| | - Anna Lowit
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Scott G Lynn
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Teresa Norberg-King
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 8101R, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN, 55804, USA.
| | - Edward J Perkins
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
| | - Elijah J Petersen
- U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 2089, USA.
| | - Barnett A Rattner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave, BARC-EAST Bldg. 308, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Catherine S Sprankle
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Thomas Steeger
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Jim E Warren
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1400 Independence Ave. SW, Washington, DC, 20250, USA.
| | - Sarah Winfield
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, HFS-009, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| | - Edward Odenkirchen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
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8
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Chang X, Tan YM, Allen DG, Bell S, Brown PC, Browning L, Ceger P, Gearhart J, Hakkinen PJ, Kabadi SV, Kleinstreuer NC, Lumen A, Matheson J, Paini A, Pangburn HA, Petersen EJ, Reinke EN, Ribeiro AJS, Sipes N, Sweeney LM, Wambaugh JF, Wange R, Wetmore BA, Mumtaz M. IVIVE: Facilitating the Use of In Vitro Toxicity Data in Risk Assessment and Decision Making. Toxics 2022; 10:232. [PMID: 35622645 PMCID: PMC9143724 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During the past few decades, the science of toxicology has been undergoing a transformation from observational to predictive science. New approach methodologies (NAMs), including in vitro assays, in silico models, read-across, and in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), are being developed to reduce, refine, or replace whole animal testing, encouraging the judicious use of time and resources. Some of these methods have advanced past the exploratory research stage and are beginning to gain acceptance for the risk assessment of chemicals. A review of the recent literature reveals a burst of IVIVE publications over the past decade. In this review, we propose operational definitions for IVIVE, present literature examples for several common toxicity endpoints, and highlight their implications in decision-making processes across various federal agencies, as well as international organizations, including those in the European Union (EU). The current challenges and future needs are also summarized for IVIVE. In addition to refining and reducing the number of animals in traditional toxicity testing protocols and being used for prioritizing chemical testing, the goal to use IVIVE to facilitate the replacement of animal models can be achieved through their continued evolution and development, including a strategic plan to qualify IVIVE methods for regulatory acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Chang
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Yu-Mei Tan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Durham, NC 27709, USA;
| | - David G. Allen
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Shannon Bell
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Paul C. Brown
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; (P.C.B.); (A.J.S.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Lauren Browning
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Patricia Ceger
- Inotiv-RTP, 601 Keystone Park Drive, Suite 200, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA; (X.C.); (D.G.A.); (S.B.); (L.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Jeffery Gearhart
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA;
| | - Pertti J. Hakkinen
- National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA;
| | - Shruti V. Kabadi
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Additive Safety, 5001 Campus Drive, HFS-275, College Park, MD 20740, USA;
| | - Nicole C. Kleinstreuer
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Annie Lumen
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA;
| | - Joanna Matheson
- U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Division of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, 5 Research Place, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
| | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy;
| | - Heather A. Pangburn
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, 2729 R Street, Area B, Building 837, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA;
| | - Elijah J. Petersen
- U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - Emily N. Reinke
- U.S. Army Public Health Center, 8252 Blackhawk Rd., Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, USA;
| | - Alexandre J. S. Ribeiro
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; (P.C.B.); (A.J.S.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Nisha Sipes
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; (N.S.); (J.F.W.); (B.A.W.)
| | - Lisa M. Sweeney
- UES, Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Road, Beavercreek, OH 45432, Assigned to Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA;
| | - John F. Wambaugh
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; (N.S.); (J.F.W.); (B.A.W.)
| | - Ronald Wange
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA; (P.C.B.); (A.J.S.R.); (R.W.)
| | - Barbara A. Wetmore
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; (N.S.); (J.F.W.); (B.A.W.)
| | - Moiz Mumtaz
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Office of the Associate Director for Science, 1600 Clifton Road, S102-2, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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9
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Petersen EJ, Ceger P, Allen DG, Coyle J, Derk R, Garcia-Reyero N, Gordon J, Kleinstreuer NC, Matheson J, McShan D, Nelson BC, Patri AK, Rice P, Rojanasakul L, Sasidharan A, Scarano L, Chang X. U.S. Federal Agency interests and key considerations for new approach methodologies for nanomaterials. ALTEX 2022; 39:183–206. [PMID: 34874455 PMCID: PMC9115850 DOI: 10.14573/altex.2105041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) come in a wide array of shapes, sizes, surface coatings, and compositions, and often possess novel or enhanced properties compared to larger sized particles of the same elemental composition. To ensure the safe commercialization of products containing ENMs, it is important to thoroughly understand their potential risks. Given that ENMs can be created in an almost infinite number of variations, it is not feasible to conduct in vivo testing on each type of ENM. Instead, new approach methodologies (NAMs) such as in vitro or in chemico test methods may be needed, given their capacity for higher throughput testing, lower cost, and ability to provide information on toxicological mechanisms. However, the different behaviors of ENMs compared to dissolved chemicals may challenge safety testing of ENMs using NAMs. In this study, member agencies within the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods were queried about what types of ENMs are of agency interest and whether there is agency-specific guidance for ENM toxicity testing. To support the ability of NAMs to provide robust results in ENM testing, two key issues in the usage of NAMs, namely dosimetry and interference/bias controls, are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah J Petersen
- U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Patricia Ceger
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David G Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jayme Coyle
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Current affiliation: UES, Inc., Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Raymond Derk
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - John Gordon
- U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole C Kleinstreuer
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Danielle McShan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bryant C Nelson
- U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Anil K Patri
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Penelope Rice
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Liying Rojanasakul
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Abhilash Sasidharan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Louis Scarano
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Chang
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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10
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Hamm J, Allen D, Ceger P, Flint T, Lowit A, O'Dell L, Tao J, Kleinstreuer N. Performance of the GHS Mixtures Equation for Predicting Acute Oral Toxicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 125:105007. [PMID: 34298086 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute oral toxicity classifications are based on the estimated chemical dose causing lethality in 50 % of laboratory animals tested (LD50). Given the large number of pesticide registration applications that require acute toxicity data, an alternative to the in vivo test could greatly reduce animal testing. The United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) Mixtures Equation estimates the acute toxicity of mixtures using the toxicities of mixture components. The goal of this study was to evaluate the concordance of LD50s predicted using the GHS Mixtures Equation and LD50s from the in vivo test results. Using the EPA classification system, concordance was 55 % for the full dataset (N = 671), 52 % for agrochemical formulations (N = 620), and 84 % for antimicrobial cleaning products (N = 51). Most discordant results were from substances LD50 > 2000 mg/kg (limit test) or 2000 < LD50 < 5000 mg/kg that were predicted as LD50 > 5000 mg/kg. A supplementary analysis combining all formulations with an LD50 > 500 mg/kg produced a concordance of 82 %. The lack of more toxic formulations in this dataset prevented a thorough evaluation of the GHS equation for such substances. Accordingly, our results suggest the GHS equation is helpful to predict the toxicity of mixtures, particularly those with lower toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Hamm
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - David Allen
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Patricia Ceger
- ILS, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Tara Flint
- Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Anna Lowit
- Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Lindsay O'Dell
- Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Jenny Tao
- Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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11
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Rooney JP, Choksi NY, Ceger P, Daniel AB, Truax J, Allen D, Kleinstreuer N. Analysis of variability in the rabbit skin irritation assay. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 122:104920. [PMID: 33757807 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo rabbit test is the benchmark against which new approach methodologies for skin irritation are usually compared. No alternative method offers a complete replacement of animal use for this endpoint for all regulatory applications. Variability in the animal reference data may be a limiting factor in identifying a replacement. We established a curated data set of 2624 test records, representing 990 substances, each tested at least twice, to characterize the reproducibility of the in vivo assay. Methodological deviations from guidelines were noted, and multiple data sets with differing tolerances for deviations were created. Conditional probabilities were used to evaluate the reproducibility of the in vivo method in identification of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or Globally Harmonized System hazard categories. Chemicals classified as moderate irritants at least once were classified as mild or non-irritants at least 40% of the time when tested repeatedly. Variability was greatest between mild and moderate irritants, which both had less than a 50% likelihood of being replicated. Increased reproducibility was observed when a binary categorization between corrosives/moderate irritants and mild/non-irritants was used. This analysis indicates that variability present in the rabbit skin irritation test should be considered when evaluating nonanimal alternative methods as potential replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Rooney
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, 601 Keystone Park Dr, Suite 800, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA.
| | - Neepa Y Choksi
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, 601 Keystone Park Dr, Suite 800, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - Patricia Ceger
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, 601 Keystone Park Dr, Suite 800, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - Amber B Daniel
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, 601 Keystone Park Dr, Suite 800, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - James Truax
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, 601 Keystone Park Dr, Suite 800, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, 601 Keystone Park Dr, Suite 800, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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12
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Bell S, Abedini J, Ceger P, Chang X, Cook B, Karmaus AL, Lea I, Mansouri K, Phillips J, McAfee E, Rai R, Rooney J, Sprankle C, Tandon A, Allen D, Casey W, Kleinstreuer N. An integrated chemical environment with tools for chemical safety testing. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104916. [PMID: 32553663 PMCID: PMC7393692 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Moving toward species-relevant chemical safety assessments and away from animal testing requires access to reliable data to develop and build confidence in new approaches. The Integrated Chemical Environment (ICE) provides tools and curated data centered around chemical safety assessment. This article describes updates to ICE, including improved accessibility and interpretability of in vitro data via mechanistic target mapping and enhanced interactive tools for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE). Mapping of in vitro assay targets to toxicity endpoints of regulatory importance uses literature-based mode-of-action information and controlled terminology from existing knowledge organization systems to support data interoperability with external resources. The most recent ICE update includes Tox21 high-throughput screening data curated using analytical chemistry data and assay-specific parameters to eliminate potential artifacts or unreliable activity. Also included are physicochemical/ADME parameters for over 800,000 chemicals predicted by quantitative structure-activity relationship models. These parameters are used by the new ICE IVIVE tool in combination with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's httk R package to estimate in vivo exposures corresponding to in vitro bioactivity concentrations from stored or user-defined assay data. These new ICE features allow users to explore the applications of an expanded data space and facilitate building confidence in non-animal approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Bell
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Jaleh Abedini
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Patricia Ceger
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Xiaoqing Chang
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Bethany Cook
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Agnes L Karmaus
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Isabel Lea
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Kamel Mansouri
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jason Phillips
- Sciome LLC, 2 Davis Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Eric McAfee
- Sciome LLC, 2 Davis Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Ruhi Rai
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - John Rooney
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Catherine Sprankle
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Arpit Tandon
- Sciome LLC, 2 Davis Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Warren Casey
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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13
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Hamm JT, Ceger P, Allen D, Stout M, Maull EA, Baker G, Zmarowski A, Padilla S, Perkins E, Planchart A, Stedman D, Tal T, Tanguay RL, Volz DC, Wilbanks MS, Walker NJ. Characterizing sources of variability in zebrafish embryo screening protocols. ALTEX 2018; 36:103-120. [PMID: 30415271 PMCID: PMC10424490 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1804162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for fast, efficient, and cost-effective hazard identification and characterization of chemical hazards. This need is generating increased interest in the use of zebrafish embryos as both a screening tool and an alternative to mammalian test methods. A Collaborative Workshop on Aquatic Models and 21st Century Toxicology identified the lack of appropriate and consistent testing protocols as a challenge to the broader application of the zebrafish embryo model. The National Toxicology Program established the Systematic Evaluation of the Application of Zebrafish in Toxicology (SEAZIT) initiative to address the lack of consistent testing guidelines and identify sources of variability for zebrafish-based assays. This report summarizes initial SEAZIT information-gathering efforts. Investigators in academic, government, and industry laboratories that routinely use zebrafish embryos for chemical toxicity testing were asked about their husbandry practices and standard protocols. Information was collected about protocol components including zebrafish strains, feed, system water, disease surveillance, embryo exposure conditions, and endpoints. Literature was reviewed to assess issues raised by the investigators. Interviews revealed substantial variability across design parameters, data collected, and analysis procedures. The presence of the chorion and renewal of exposure media (static versus static-renewal) were identified as design parameters that could potentially influence study outcomes and should be investigated further with studies to determine chemical uptake from treatment solution into embryos. The information gathered in this effort provides a basis for future SEAZIT activities to promote more consistent practices among researchers using zebrafish embryos for toxicity evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon T Hamm
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Patricia Ceger
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matt Stout
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Maull
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Greg Baker
- Battelle, Life Sciences Research, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Stephanie Padilla
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Edward Perkins
- United States Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Antonio Planchart
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Tamara Tal
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - David C Volz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Mitch S Wilbanks
- United States Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Nigel J Walker
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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14
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Hamm JT, Ceger P, Allen D, Stout M, Maull EA, Baker G, Zmarowski A, Padilla S, Perkins E, Planchart A, Stedman D, Tal T, Tanguay RL, Volz DC, Wilbanks MS, Walker NJ. Characterizing sources of variability in zebrafish embryo screening protocols. ALTEX 2018; 36:103-120. [PMID: 30415271 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1804162s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for fast, efficient, and cost-effective hazard identification and characterization of chemical hazards. This need is generating increased interest in the use of zebrafish embryos as both a screening tool and an alternative to mammalian test methods. A Collaborative Workshop on Aquatic Models and 21st Century Toxicology identified the lack of appropriate and consistent testing protocols as a challenge to the broader application of the zebrafish embryo model. The National Toxicology Program established the Systematic Evaluation of the Application of Zebrafish in Toxicology (SEAZIT) initiative to address the lack of consistent testing guidelines and identify sources of variability for zebrafish-based assays. This report summarizes initial SEAZIT information-gathering efforts. Investigators in academic, government, and industry laboratories that routinely use zebrafish embryos for chemical toxicity testing were asked about their husbandry practices and standard protocols. Information was collected about protocol components including zebrafish strains, feed, system water, disease surveillance, embryo exposure conditions, and endpoints. Literature was reviewed to assess issues raised by the investigators. Interviews revealed substantial variability across design parameters, data collected, and analysis procedures. The presence of the chorion and renewal of exposure media (static versus static-renewal) were identified as design parameters that could potentially influence study outcomes and should be investigated further with studies to determine chemical uptake from treatment solution into embryos. The information gathered in this effort provides a basis for future SEAZIT activities to promote more consistent practices among researchers using zebrafish embryos for toxicity evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon T Hamm
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Patricia Ceger
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matt Stout
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Maull
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Greg Baker
- Battelle, Life Sciences Research, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Stephanie Padilla
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Edward Perkins
- United States Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Antonio Planchart
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Tamara Tal
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - David C Volz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Mitch S Wilbanks
- United States Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Nigel J Walker
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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15
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Kleinstreuer NC, Browne P, Chang X, Judson R, Casey W, Ceger P, Deisenroth C, Baker N, Markey K, Thomas RS. Evaluation of androgen assay results using a curated Hershberger database. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 81:272-280. [PMID: 30205137 PMCID: PMC7171594 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A set of 39 reference chemicals with reproducible androgen pathway effects in vivo, identified in the companion manuscript [1], were used to interrogate the performance of the ToxCast/Tox 21 androgen receptor (AR) model based on 11 high throughput assays. Cytotoxicity data and specificity confirmation assays were used to distinguish assay loss-of-function from true antagonistic signaling suppression. Overall agreement was 66% (19/29), with ten additional inconclusive chemicals. Most discrepancies were explained using in vitro to in vivo extrapolation to estimate equivalent administered doses. The AR model had 100% positive predictive value for the in vivo response, i.e. there were no false positives, and chemicals with conclusive AR model results (agonist or antagonist) were consistently positive in vivo. Considering the lack of reproducibility of the in vivo Hershberger assay, the in vitro AR model may better predict specific AR interaction and can rapidly and cost-effectively screen thousands of chemicals without using animals.
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Browne P, Kleinstreuer NC, Ceger P, Deisenroth C, Baker N, Markey K, Thomas RS, Judson RJ, Casey W. Development of a curated Hershberger database. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 81:259-271. [PMID: 30205136 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A systematic literature review was conducted to identify Hershberger bioassays for ∼3200 chemicals including those used to validate the OECD/US EPA guideline assay, US EPA's chemicals screened for endocrine activity, and the library of chemicals run in US EPA 's ToxCast in vitro assays. For 134 chemicals that met pre-defined criteria, experimental results were extracted into a database used to characterize uncertainty in results and evaluate the concordance of the Hershberger assay with other in vivo rodent studies that measure androgen-responsive endpoints. Of 25 chemicals tested in >1 Hershberger study, 28% had disagreements between studies (i.e. ≥1 positive and ≥1 negative study), and of the 65 chemicals tested in Hershberger studies and other in vivo studies with androgen-responsive endpoints, 43% indicated disagreements, though in some cases these may be explained by differences in study designs or physiology of the animal model. Ultimately, 49 chemicals were identified with reproducible androgen pathway responses confirmed in ≥2 in vivo rodent studies that could be considered reference chemicals useful for validating alternative methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - W Casey
- NIH/NIEHS/DNTP/NICEATM, RTP, NC, USA
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Kleinstreuer NC, Ceger P, Watt ED, Martin M, Houck K, Browne P, Thomas RS, Casey WM, Dix DJ, Allen D, Sakamuru S, Xia M, Huang R, Judson R. Development and Validation of a Computational Model for Androgen Receptor Activity. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:946-964. [PMID: 27933809 PMCID: PMC5396026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Testing thousands of chemicals to identify potential androgen receptor (AR) agonists or antagonists would cost millions of dollars and take decades to complete using current validated methods. High-throughput in vitro screening (HTS) and computational toxicology approaches can more rapidly and inexpensively identify potential androgen-active chemicals. We integrated 11 HTS ToxCast/Tox21 in vitro assays into a computational network model to distinguish true AR pathway activity from technology-specific assay interference. The in vitro HTS assays probed perturbations of the AR pathway at multiple points (receptor binding, coregulator recruitment, gene transcription, and protein production) and multiple cell types. Confirmatory in vitro antagonist assay data and cytotoxicity information were used as additional flags for potential nonspecific activity. Validating such alternative testing strategies requires high-quality reference data. We compiled 158 putative androgen-active and -inactive chemicals from a combination of international test method validation efforts and semiautomated systematic literature reviews. Detailed in vitro assay information and results were compiled into a single database using a standardized ontology. Reference chemical concentrations that activated or inhibited AR pathway activity were identified to establish a range of potencies with reproducible reference chemical results. Comparison with existing Tier 1 AR binding data from the U.S. EPA Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program revealed that the model identified binders at relevant test concentrations (<100 μM) and was more sensitive to antagonist activity. The AR pathway model based on the ToxCast/Tox21 assays had balanced accuracies of 95.2% for agonist (n = 29) and 97.5% for antagonist (n = 28) reference chemicals. Out of 1855 chemicals screened in the AR pathway model, 220 chemicals demonstrated AR agonist or antagonist activity and an additional 174 chemicals were predicted to have potential weak AR pathway activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Kleinstreuer
- NIH/NIEHS/DNTP/The NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | - Patricia Ceger
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc. , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | - Eric D Watt
- EPA/ORD/National Center for Computational Toxicology , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Matthew Martin
- EPA/ORD/National Center for Computational Toxicology , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Keith Houck
- EPA/ORD/National Center for Computational Toxicology , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Patience Browne
- OECD Environment Directorate, Environment Health and Safety Division , Paris 75775, France
| | - Russell S Thomas
- EPA/ORD/National Center for Computational Toxicology , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Warren M Casey
- NIH/NIEHS/DNTP/The NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | - David J Dix
- EPA/OCSPP/Office of Science Coordination and Policy , Washington, DC, 20460, United States
| | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc. , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | - Srilatha Sakamuru
- NIH/National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Menghang Xia
- NIH/National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ruili Huang
- NIH/National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Richard Judson
- EPA/ORD/National Center for Computational Toxicology , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
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Planchart A, Mattingly CJ, Allen D, Ceger P, Casey W, Hinton D, Kanungo J, Kullman SW, Tal T, Bondesson M, Burgess SM, Sullivan C, Kim C, Behl M, Padilla S, Reif DM, Tanguay RL, Hamm J. Advancing toxicology research using in vivo high throughput toxicology with small fish models. ALTEX 2016; 33:435-452. [PMID: 27328013 PMCID: PMC5270630 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1601281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small freshwater fish models, especially zebrafish, offer advantages over traditional rodent models, including low maintenance and husbandry costs, high fecundity, genetic diversity, physiology similar to that of traditional biomedical models, and reduced animal welfare concerns. The Collaborative Workshop on Aquatic Models and 21st Century Toxicology was held at North Carolina State University on May 5-6, 2014, in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. Participants discussed the ways in which small fish are being used as models to screen toxicants and understand mechanisms of toxicity. Workshop participants agreed that the lack of standardized protocols is an impediment to broader acceptance of these models, whereas development of standardized protocols, validation, and subsequent regulatory acceptance would facilitate greater usage. Given the advantages and increasing application of small fish models, there was widespread interest in follow-up workshops to review and discuss developments in their use. In this article, we summarize the recommendations formulated by workshop participants to enhance the utility of small fish species in toxicology studies, as well as many of the advances in the field of toxicology that resulted from using small fish species, including advances in developmental toxicology, cardiovascular toxicology, neurotoxicology, and immunotoxicology. We alsoreview many emerging issues that will benefit from using small fish species, especially zebrafish, and new technologies that will enable using these organisms to yield results unprecedented in their information content to better understand how toxicants affect development and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Planchart
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Carolyn J. Mattingly
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Patricia Ceger
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Warren Casey
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David Hinton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jyotshna Kanungo
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Seth W. Kullman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Tamara Tal
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Maria Bondesson
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Con Sullivan
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Carol Kim
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Mamta Behl
- Division of National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie Padilla
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David M. Reif
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Robert L. Tanguay
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jon Hamm
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Ceger P, Allen D, Huang R, Xia M, Casey W. Corrigendum to Performance of the BG1Luc ER TA method in a qHTS format. ALTEX 2016; 33:79. [PMID: 26776439 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1512041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ceger
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Warren Casey
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
In 2012, the BG1Luc4E2 estrogen receptor (ER) transactivation (TA) method (BG1Luc ER TA) was accepted by U.S. regulatory agencies and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to detect substances with ER agonist activity. The method is now part of the Tier 1 testing battery in the Environmental Protection Agency's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program. The BG1Luc ER TA method uses the BG1 ovarian cell line that endogenously expresses full-length ER (α and β) and is stably transfected with a plasmid containing four estrogen responsive elements upstream of a luciferase reporter gene. To allow increased throughput and testing efficiency, the BG1Luc ER TA ("BG1 manual") method was adapted for quantitative high-throughput screening (BG1 qHTS) in the U.S. Tox21 testing program. The BG1 qHTS test method was used to test approximately 10,000 chemicals three times each, and concentration-response data (n=15) were analyzed to evaluate test method performance. The balanced accuracy of the BG1 qHTS test method (97% [32/33]) was determined by comparing results to ER TA performance standards for the BG1 manual method. Concordance between the BG1 manual and qHTS methods was 92% (57/62) when calculated for a larger set of non-reference chemicals tested in both methods. These data demonstrate that the performance of the BG1 qHTS is similar to the currently accepted BG1 manual method, thereby establishing the utility of the BG1 qHTS method for identifying ER active environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ceger
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Warren Casey
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Chang X, Kleinstreuer N, Ceger P, Hsieh JH, Allen D, Casey W. Application of Reverse Dosimetry to Compare In Vitro and In Vivo Estrogen Receptor Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2014.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Chang
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc./NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Morrisville, North Carolina
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc./NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Morrisville, North Carolina
| | - Patricia Ceger
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc./NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Morrisville, North Carolina
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Dave Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc./NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Morrisville, North Carolina
| | - Warren Casey
- NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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22
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Wielgus AR, Chignell CF, Ceger P, Roberts JE. Comparison of A2E cytotoxicity and phototoxicity with all-trans-retinal in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:781-91. [PMID: 20497365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
All-trans-retinal is the precursor of A2E, a fluorophore within lipofuscin, which accumulates in human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells and contributes to age-related macular degeneration. Here we have compared the in vitro dark cytotoxicity and visible-light-mediated photoreactivity of all-trans-retinal and A2E in hRPE cells. All-trans-retinal caused distinct cytotoxicity in hRPE cells measured with cell metabolic activity (MTS) and lactate dehydrogenase release assays. Significant increases in intracellular oxidized glutathione (GSSG), extracellular GSH and GSSG levels and lipid hydroperoxide production were observed in cells incubated in the dark with 25 and 50 microM all-trans-retinal. Light modified all-trans-retinal's harmful action and decreased extracellular glutathione and hydroperoxide levels. A2E (<25 microM) did not affect cell metabolism or cytoplasmic membrane integrity in the dark or when irradiated. 25 microM A2E raised the intracellular GSSG level in hRPE cells to a much smaller extent than 25 microM all-trans-retinal. A2E did not induce glutathione efflux or hydroperoxide generation in the dark or after irradiation. These studies support our previous conclusions that although A2E may be harmful at high concentrations or when oxidized, its phototoxic properties are insignificant compared to those of all-trans-retinal. The endogenous production of A2E may serve as a protective mechanism to prevent damage to the retina by free all-trans-retinal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert R Wielgus
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Abstract
RATIONALE Treatment of developing rat pups with morphine (MOR) causes the development of physical dependence, but the relationship of the withdrawal syndrome to the duration/intensity of treatment has not been described. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to characterize the emergence of various behavioral components of withdrawal in neonatal rats, and to develop a useful measure of overall intensity of withdrawal (OIW). METHODS Rat pups were treated with morphine (MOR) (20 mg/kg, SC, b.i.d.) for 0-5 days. On postnatal day 10 (P10), animals received saline (SAL) or a challenge dose of MOR (25 mg/kg). Withdrawal was precipitated with naloxone HCl (NAL) (0.1, 0.5 or 2.5 mg/kg) 2 h after the MOR injection, and behaviors were quantitated for 10 min. To investigate the ability of clonidine HCl (CLON) to suppress withdrawal, pups were treated for 0 or 5 days with MOR, given a MOR challenge and either SAL or CLON (0.2 mg/kg), followed by SAL or NAL (2.5 mg/kg, SC). To evaluate endocrine components of withdrawal, growth hormone responses to withdrawal were examined. RESULTS The OIW and NAL-induced GH suppression increased with increasing NAL dose and duration of morphine treatment. However, individual behaviors showed differing patterns of expression. Clonidine decreased the severity of tremor and reduced the OIW. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the intensity of neonatal opiate withdrawal is related to the duration and intensity of treatment. The profile of observed withdrawal behaviors may reflect the involvement of the noradrenergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ceger
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Abstract
Recent studies have shown that structural modifications of alpha-crystallin during lens aging decrease it's effectiveness as a molecular chaperone. Some of these posttranslational modifications have been linked to UV radiation, and this study was undertaken to investigate the effect of UV irradiation on the ability of alpha-crystallin to suppress nonspecific aggregation. The effect of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) was also investigated as a model for its glucoside (3-HKG), a main lens chromophore that has been linked to photochemical changes in the human lens. Alpha- and gamma-crystallin solutions (1 mg/mL, 1:0.125 wt/wt) were photolyzed (transmission above 295 nm) for various time intervals. Thermal denaturation of gamma-crystallin with or without alpha-crystallin was carried out at 70 degrees C and increases in light scattering were measured at 360b nm. We found that (1) irradiation of gamma-crystallin increased its susceptibility to heat-induced scattering. The addition of alpha-crystallin protects it against thermal denaturation, although its ability to do so decreases the longer gamma-crystallin is irradiated and (2) irradiation of alpha-crystallin decreases its ability to suppress nonspecific aggregating and the presence of of 3-HK during irradiation decreases it further. Our results indicate that posttranslational modifications of alpha-crystallin due to UV irradiation affect the sites and mechanisms by which it interacts with gamma-crystallin. The kinetics of gamma-crystallin unfolding during thermal denaturation were also analyzed. We found that a simple two state model applies for nonirradiated gamma-crystallin. This model does not hold when gamma-crystallin is irradiated in the presence or absence of alpha-crystallin. In these cases, two step or multistep mechanisms are more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Ellozy
- Fordham University at Lincoln Center, New York, NY 10023, USA
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