1
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Via CW, Grauso L, McManus KM, Kirk RD, Kim AM, Webb EA, Held NA, Saito MA, Scarpato S, Zimba PV, Moeller PDR, Mangoni A, Bertin MJ. Spatial and Temporal Resolution of Cyanobacterial Bloom Chemistry Reveals an Open-Ocean Trichodesmium thiebautii as a Talented Producer of Specialized Metabolites. Environ Sci Technol 2024. [PMID: 38758591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
While the ecological role that Trichodesmium sp. play in nitrogen fixation has been widely studied, little information is available on potential specialized metabolites that are associated with blooms and standing stock Trichodesmium colonies. While a collection of biological material from a T. thiebautii bloom event from North Padre Island, Texas, in 2014 indicated that this species was a prolific producer of chlorinated specialized metabolites, additional spatial and temporal resolution was needed. We have completed these metabolite comparison studies, detailed in the current report, utilizing LC-MS/MS-based molecular networking to visualize and annotate the specialized metabolite composition of these Trichodesmium blooms and colonies in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and other waters. Our results showed that T. thiebautii blooms and colonies found in the GoM have a remarkably consistent specialized metabolome. Additionally, we isolated and characterized one new macrocyclic compound from T. thiebautii, trichothilone A (1), which was also detected in three independent cultures of T. erythraeum. Genome mining identified genes predicted to synthesize certain functional groups in the T. thiebautii metabolites. These results provoke intriguing questions of how these specialized metabolites affect Trichodesmium ecophysiology, symbioses with marine invertebrates, and niche development in the global oligotrophic ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Via
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Laura Grauso
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Universita 100, Portici Napoli 80055, Italy
| | - Kelly M McManus
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Riley D Kirk
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Andrew M Kim
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Eric A Webb
- Marine and Environmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Noelle A Held
- Marine and Environmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mak A Saito
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Silvia Scarpato
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Paul V Zimba
- Rice Rivers Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Peter D R Moeller
- Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring and Reference Branch, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, National Ocean Service/NOAA, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, United States
| | - Alfonso Mangoni
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Matthew J Bertin
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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2
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Oza M, Becker W, Gummadidala PM, Dias T, Omebeyinje MH, Chen L, Mitra C, Jesmin R, Chakraborty P, Sajish M, Hofseth LJ, Banerjee K, Wang Q, Moeller PDR, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P, Chanda A. Acute and short-term administrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol modulate major gut metabolomic regulatory pathways in C57BL/6 mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10520. [PMID: 31324830 PMCID: PMC6642200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive compound in Cannabis, which is studied extensively for its medicinal value. A central gap in the science is the underlying mechanisms surrounding THC's therapeutic effects and the role of gut metabolite profiles. Using a mass-spectrometry based metabolomics, we show here that intraperitoneal injection of THC in C57BL/6 mice modulates metabolic profiles that have previously been identified as integral to health. Specifically, we investigated the effects of acute (single THC injection denoted here as '1X') and short -term (five THC injections on alternate days denoted as '5X') THC administration on fecal and intestinal tissue metabolite profiles. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that THC administration alters host metabolism by targeting two prominent lipid metabolism pathways: glycerophospholipid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Oza
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - William Becker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Phani M Gummadidala
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Travis Dias
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mayomi H Omebeyinje
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Creative Proteomics Inc., Shirley, New York, USA
| | - Chandrani Mitra
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Rubaiya Jesmin
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Mathew Sajish
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Lorne J Hofseth
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Peter D R Moeller
- National Ocean Service, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Anindya Chanda
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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3
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He H, Bertin MJ, Wu S, Wahome PG, Beauchesne KR, Youngs RO, Zimba PV, Moeller PDR, Sauri J, Carter GT. Cyanobufalins: Cardioactive Toxins from Cyanobacterial Blooms. J Nat Prod 2018; 81:2576-2581. [PMID: 30369239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobufalins A-C (1-3), a new series of cardiotoxic steroids, have been discovered from cyanobacterial blooms in Buckeye Lake and Grand Lake St. Marys in Ohio. Compounds 1-3 contain distinctive structural features, including geminal methyl groups at C-4, a 7,8 double bond, and a C-16 chlorine substituent that distinguish them from plant- or animal-derived congeners. Despite these structural differences, the compounds are qualitatively identical to bufalin in their cytotoxic profiles versus cell lines in tissue culture and cardiac activity, as demonstrated in an impedance-based cellular assay conducted with IPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Cyanobufalins are nonselectively toxic to human cells in the single-digit nanomolar range and show stimulation of contractility in cardiomyocytes at sub-nanomolar concentrations. The estimated combined concentration of 1-3 in the environment is in the same nanomolar range, and consequently more precise quantitative analyses are recommended along with more detailed cardiotoxicity studies. This is the first time that cardioactive steroid toxins have been found associated with microorganisms in an aquatic environment. Several factors point to a microbial biosynthetic origin for the cyanobufalins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyin He
- Biosortia Pharmaceuticals , Hollings Marine Laboratory , 331 Ft. Johnson Road , Charleston , South Carolina 29412 , United States
| | - Matthew J Bertin
- Biosortia Pharmaceuticals , Hollings Marine Laboratory , 331 Ft. Johnson Road , Charleston , South Carolina 29412 , United States
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Rhode Island , Kingston , Rhode Island 02881 , United States
| | - ShiBiao Wu
- Biosortia Pharmaceuticals , Hollings Marine Laboratory , 331 Ft. Johnson Road , Charleston , South Carolina 29412 , United States
| | - Paul G Wahome
- Biosortia Pharmaceuticals , Hollings Marine Laboratory , 331 Ft. Johnson Road , Charleston , South Carolina 29412 , United States
| | - Kevin R Beauchesne
- Biosortia Pharmaceuticals , Hollings Marine Laboratory , 331 Ft. Johnson Road , Charleston , South Carolina 29412 , United States
| | - Ross O Youngs
- Biosortia Pharmaceuticals , Hollings Marine Laboratory , 331 Ft. Johnson Road , Charleston , South Carolina 29412 , United States
| | - Paul V Zimba
- Center for Coastal Studies , Texas A & M University Corpus Christi , 6300 Ocean Drive , Corpus Christi , Texas 78412 , United States
| | - Peter D R Moeller
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Hollings Marine Laboratory , 331 Ft. Johnson Road , Charleston , South Carolina 29412 , United States
| | - Josep Sauri
- Structure Elucidation, Analytical Research & Development , Merck & Co., Inc. , 126 E. Lincoln Avenue , Rahway , New Jersey 07735 , United States
| | - Guy T Carter
- Biosortia Pharmaceuticals , Hollings Marine Laboratory , 331 Ft. Johnson Road , Charleston , South Carolina 29412 , United States
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4
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Via CW, Glukhov E, Costa S, Zimba PV, Moeller PDR, Gerwick WH, Bertin MJ. The Metabolome of a Cyanobacterial Bloom Visualized by MS/MS-Based Molecular Networking Reveals New Neurotoxic Smenamide Analogs (C, D, and E). Front Chem 2018; 6:316. [PMID: 30094232 PMCID: PMC6071517 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the cyanobacterial genus Trichodesmium are well known for their substantial impact on nitrogen influx in ocean ecosystems and the enormous surface blooms they form in tropical and subtropical locations. However, the secondary metabolite composition of these complex environmental bloom events is not well known, nor the possibility of the production of potent toxins that have been observed in other bloom-forming marine and freshwater cyanobacteria species. In the present work, we aimed to characterize the metabolome of a Trichodesmium bloom utilizing MS/MS-based molecular networking. Furthermore, we integrated cytotoxicity assays in order to identify and ultimately isolate potential cyanotoxins from the bloom. These efforts led to the isolation and identification of several members of the smenamide family, including three new smenamide analogs (1-3) as well as the previously reported smenothiazole A-hybrid polyketide-peptide compounds. Two of these new smenamides possessed cytotoxicity to neuro-2A cells (1 and 3) and their presence elicits further questions as to their potential ecological roles. HPLC profiling and molecular networking of chromatography fractions from the bloom revealed an elaborate secondary metabolome, generating hypotheses with respect to the environmental role of these metabolites and the consistency of this chemical composition across genera, space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W. Via
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Evgenia Glukhov
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Samuel Costa
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Paul V. Zimba
- Center for Coastal Studies and Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, United States
| | - Peter D. R. Moeller
- Emerging Toxins Program, Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Ocean Service/NOAA, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - William H. Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Matthew J. Bertin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
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5
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He H, Wu S, Wahome PG, Bertin MJ, Pedone AC, Beauchesne KR, Moeller PDR, Carter GT. Microcystins Containing Doubly Homologated Tyrosine Residues from a Microcystis aeruginosa Bloom: Structures and Cytotoxicity. J Nat Prod 2018; 81:1368-1375. [PMID: 29847132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Four new microcystin congeners are described including the first three examples of microcystins containing the rare doubly homologated tyrosine residue 2-amino-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pentanoic acid (Ahppa) (1-4). Large-scale harvesting and biomass processing allowed the isolation of substantial quantities of these compounds, thus enabling complete structure determination by NMR as well as cytotoxicity evaluation against selected cancer cell lines. The new Ahppa-toxins all incorporate Ahppa residues at the 2-position, and one of these also has a second Ahppa at position 4. The two most lipophilic Ahppa-containing microcystins showed 10-fold greater cytotoxic potency against human tumor cell lines (A549 and HCT-116) compared to microcystin-LR (5). The presence of an Ahppa residue in microcystin congeners is difficult to ascertain by MS methods alone, due to the lack of characteristic fragment ions derived from the doubly homologated side chain. Owing to their unexpected cytotoxic potency, the potential impact of the compounds on human health should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyin He
- Biosortia Pharmaceuticals, Hollings Marine Laboratory , 331 Ft. Johnson Road , Charleston , South Carolina 29412 , United States
| | - ShiBiao Wu
- Biosortia Pharmaceuticals, Hollings Marine Laboratory , 331 Ft. Johnson Road , Charleston , South Carolina 29412 , United States
| | - Paul G Wahome
- Biosortia Pharmaceuticals, Hollings Marine Laboratory , 331 Ft. Johnson Road , Charleston , South Carolina 29412 , United States
| | - Matthew J Bertin
- Biosortia Pharmaceuticals, Hollings Marine Laboratory , 331 Ft. Johnson Road , Charleston , South Carolina 29412 , United States
| | - Anna C Pedone
- Biosortia Pharmaceuticals, Hollings Marine Laboratory , 331 Ft. Johnson Road , Charleston , South Carolina 29412 , United States
| | - Kevin R Beauchesne
- Biosortia Pharmaceuticals, Hollings Marine Laboratory , 331 Ft. Johnson Road , Charleston , South Carolina 29412 , United States
| | - Peter D R Moeller
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Hollings Marine Laboratory , 331 Ft. Johnson Road , Charleston , South Carolina 29412 , United States
| | - Guy T Carter
- Biosortia Pharmaceuticals, Hollings Marine Laboratory , 331 Ft. Johnson Road , Charleston , South Carolina 29412 , United States
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6
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Belisle RS, Via CW, Schock TB, Villareal TA, Zimba PV, Beauchesne KR, Moeller PDR, Bertin MJ. Trichothiazole A, a dichlorinated polyketide containing an embedded thiazole isolated from Trichodesmium blooms. Tetrahedron Lett 2017; 58:4066-4068. [PMID: 32189813 PMCID: PMC7079771 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-guided isolation of the lipophilic extract of Trichodesmium bloom material led to the isolation and structure characterization of a new thiazole-containing di-chlorinated polyketide (1). The structure of 1 was deduced using 1D and 2D NMR analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis and complementary spectroscopic procedures. Trichothiazole A possesses interesting structural features, such as a terminal alkyne, two vinyl chlorides and a 2,4-disubstituted thiazole. Trichothiazole A showed moderate cytotoxicity to Neuro-2A cells (EC50: 13.3 ± 1.1 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Belisle
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Christopher W. Via
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Tracey B. Schock
- National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Tracy A. Villareal
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, Texas 78373, United States
| | - Paul V. Zimba
- Center for Coastal Studies and Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M, Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, United States
| | - Kevin R. Beauchesne
- Emerging Toxins Program, National Ocean Service/NOAA, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Peter D. R. Moeller
- Emerging Toxins Program, National Ocean Service/NOAA, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Matthew J. Bertin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
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7
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Bertin MJ, Roduit AF, Sun J, Alves GE, Via CW, Gonzalez MA, Zimba PV, Moeller PDR. Tricholides A and B and Unnarmicin D: New Hybrid PKS-NRPS Macrocycles Isolated from an Environmental Collection of Trichodesmium thiebautii. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E206. [PMID: 28665343 PMCID: PMC5532648 DOI: 10.3390/md15070206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioassay-guided isolation of the lipophilic extract of Trichodesmium thiebautii bloom material led to the purification and structure characterization of two new hybrid polyketide-non-ribosomal peptide (PKS-NRPS) macrocyclic compounds, tricholides A and B (1 and 2). A third macrocyclic compound, unnarmicin D (3), was identified as a new depsipeptide in the unnarmicin family, given its structural similarity to the existing compounds in this group. The planar structures of 1-3 were determined using 1D and 2D NMR spectra and complementary spectroscopic and spectrometric procedures. The absolute configurations of the amino acid components of 1-3 were determined via acid hydrolysis, derivitization with Marfey's reagent and HPLC-UV comparison to authentic amino acid standards. The absolute configuration of the 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid moiety in 3 was determined using a modified Mosher's esterification procedure on a linear derivative of tricharmicin (4) and additionally by a comparison of 13C NMR shifts of 3 to known depsipeptides with β-hydroxy acid subunits. Tricholide B (2) showed moderate cytotoxicity to Neuro-2A murine neuroblastoma cells (EC50: 14.5 ± 6.2 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Bertin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Alexandre F Roduit
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Jiadong Sun
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Gabriella E Alves
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Christopher W Via
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Miguel A Gonzalez
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Paul V Zimba
- Center for Coastal Studies and Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA.
| | - Peter D R Moeller
- Emerging Toxins Program, National Ocean Service/NOAA, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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8
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Work TM, Moeller PDR, Beauchesne KR, Dagenais J, Breeden R, Rameyer R, Walsh WJ, Abecassis M, Kobayashi DR, Conway C, Winton J. Pufferfish mortality associated with novel polar marine toxins in Hawaii. Dis Aquat Organ 2017; 123:87-99. [PMID: 28262632 DOI: 10.3354/dao03096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fish die-offs are important signals in tropical marine ecosystems. In 2010, a mass mortality of pufferfish in Hawaii (USA) was dominated by Arothron hispidus showing aberrant neurological behaviors. Using pathology, toxinology, and field surveys, we implicated a series of novel, polar, marine toxins as a likely cause of this mass mortality. Our findings are striking in that (1) a marine toxin was associated with a kill of a fish species that is itself toxic; (2) we provide a plausible mechanism to explain clinical signs of affected fish; and (3) this epizootic likely depleted puffer populations. Whilst our data are compelling, we did not synthesize the toxin de novo, and we were unable to categorically prove that the polar toxins caused mortality or that they were metabolites of an undefined parent compound. However, our approach does provide a template for marine fish kill investigations associated with marine toxins and inherent limitations of existing methods. Our study also highlights the need for more rapid and cost-effective tools to identify new marine toxins, particularly small, highly polar molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry M Work
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center-Honolulu Field Station, Honolulu, HI 96850, USA
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9
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Bertin MJ, Wahome PG, Zimba PV, He H, Moeller PDR. Trichophycin A, a Cytotoxic Linear Polyketide Isolated from a Trichodesmium thiebautii Bloom. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E10. [PMID: 28067831 PMCID: PMC5295230 DOI: 10.3390/md15010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to isolate and characterize bioactive secondary metabolites from Trichodesmium thiebautii blooms, collected cyanobacteria biomass was subjected to bioassay-guided extraction and fractionation using the human colon cancer cell line HCT-116, resulting in the isolation and subsequent structure characterization of a linear polyketide trichophycin A (1). The planar structure of 1 was completed using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS). Trichophycin A was moderately toxic against the murine neuroblastoma cell line Neuro-2A (EC50: 6.5 μM) and HCT-116 cells (EC50: 11.7 μM). Trichophycin A was significantly more cytotoxic than the previously isolated polyketides trichotoxin A and trichotoxin B. These cytotoxicity observations suggest that toxicity may be related to the polyol character of these polyketide compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Bertin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Paul G Wahome
- Biosortia Pharmaceuticals, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
| | - Paul V Zimba
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA.
| | - Haiyin He
- Biosortia Pharmaceuticals, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
| | - Peter D R Moeller
- Emerging Toxins Program, National Ocean Service/NOAA, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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10
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Gummadidala PM, Chen YP, Beauchesne KR, Miller KP, Mitra C, Banaszek N, Velez-Martinez M, Moeller PDR, Ferry JL, Decho AW, Chanda A. Aflatoxin-Exposure of Vibrio gazogenes as a Novel System for the Generation of Aflatoxin Synthesis Inhibitors. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:814. [PMID: 27375561 PMCID: PMC4891353 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin is a mycotoxin and a secondary metabolite, and the most potent known liver carcinogen that contaminates several important crops, and represents a significant threat to public health and the economy. Available approaches reported thus far have been insufficient to eliminate this threat, and therefore provide the rational to explore novel methods for preventing aflatoxin accumulation in the environment. Many terrestrial plants and microbes that share ecological niches and encounter the aflatoxin producers have the ability to synthesize compounds that inhibit aflatoxin synthesis. However, reports of natural aflatoxin inhibitors from marine ecosystem components that do not share ecological niches with the aflatoxin producers are rare. Here, we show that a non-pathogenic marine bacterium, Vibrio gazogenes, when exposed to low non-toxic doses of aflatoxin B1, demonstrates a shift in its metabolic output and synthesizes a metabolite fraction that inhibits aflatoxin synthesis without affecting hyphal growth in the model aflatoxin producer, Aspergillus parasiticus. The molecular mass of the predominant metabolite in this fraction was also different from the known prodigiosins, which are the known antifungal secondary metabolites synthesized by this Vibrio. Gene expression analyses using RT-PCR demonstrate that this metabolite fraction inhibits aflatoxin synthesis by down-regulating the expression of early-, middle-, and late- growth stage aflatoxin genes, the aflatoxin pathway regulator, aflR and one global regulator of secondary metabolism, laeA. Our study establishes a novel system for generation of aflatoxin synthesis inhibitors, and emphasizes the potential of the under-explored Vibrio’s silent genome for generating new modulators of fungal secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phani M Gummadidala
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC, USA
| | - Yung Pin Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC, USA
| | | | - Kristen P Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC, USA
| | - Chandrani Mitra
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC, USA
| | - Nora Banaszek
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC, USA
| | - Michelle Velez-Martinez
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC, USA
| | - Peter D R Moeller
- National Ocean Service, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston SC, USA
| | - John L Ferry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC, USA
| | - Alan W Decho
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC, USA
| | - Anindya Chanda
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC, USA
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Bagwell CE, Abernathy A, Barnwell R, Milliken CE, Noble PA, Dale T, Beauchesne KR, Moeller PDR. Discovery of Bioactive Metabolites in Biofuel Microalgae That Offer Protection against Predatory Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:516. [PMID: 27148205 PMCID: PMC4834574 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae could become an important resource for addressing increasing global demand for food, energy, and commodities while helping to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gasses. Even though Chlorophytes are generally regarded safe for human consumption, there is still much we do not understand about the metabolic and biochemical potential of microscopic algae. The aim of this study was to evaluate biofuel candidate strains of Chlorella and Scenedesmus for the potential to produce bioactive metabolites when grown under nutrient depletion regimes intended to stimulate production of triacylglycerides. Strain specific combinations of macro- and micro-nutrient restricted growth media did stimulate neutral lipid accumulation by microalgal cultures. However, cultures that were restricted for iron consistently and reliably tested positive for cytotoxicity by in vivo bioassays. The addition of iron back to these cultures resulted in the disappearance of the bioactive components by LC/MS fingerprinting and loss of cytotoxicity by in vivo bioassay. Incomplete NMR characterization of the most abundant cytotoxic fractions suggested that small molecular weight peptides and glycosides could be responsible for Chlorella cytotoxicity. Experiments were conducted to determine if the bioactive metabolites induced by Fe-limitation in Chlorella sp. cultures would elicit protection against Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus, an obligate predator of Chlorella. Introduction of V. chlorellavorus resulted in a 72% decrease in algal biomass in the experimental controls after 7 days. Conversely, only slight losses of algal biomass were measured for the iron limited Chlorella cultures (0–9%). This study demonstrates a causal linkage between iron bioavailability and bioactive metabolite production in strains of Chlorella and Scenedesmus. Further study of this phenomenon could contribute to the development of new strategies to extend algal production cycles in open, outdoor systems while ensuring the protection of biomass from predatory losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Bagwell
- Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken SC, USA
| | - Amanda Abernathy
- Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken SC, USA
| | - Remy Barnwell
- Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken SC, USA
| | - Charles E Milliken
- Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken SC, USA
| | - Peter A Noble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery AL, USA
| | - Taraka Dale
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos NM, USA
| | - Kevin R Beauchesne
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science's Center for Human Health Research Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston SC, USA
| | - Peter D R Moeller
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science's Center for Human Health Research Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston SC, USA
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12
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Bertin MJ, Voronca DC, Chapman RW, Moeller PDR. The effect of pH on the toxicity of fatty acids and fatty acid amides to rainbow trout gill cells. Aquat Toxicol 2014; 146:1-11. [PMID: 24240104 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) expose aquatic organisms to multiple physical and chemical stressors during an acute time period. Algal toxins themselves may be altered by water chemistry parameters affecting their bioavailability and resultant toxicity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two abiotic parameters (pH, inorganic metal salts) on the toxicity of fatty acid amides and fatty acids, two classes of lipids produced by harmful algae, including the golden alga, Prymnesium parvum, that are toxic to aquatic organisms. Rainbow trout gill cells were used as a model of the fish gill and exposed to single compounds and mixtures of compounds along with variations in pH level and concentration of inorganic metal salts. We employed artificial neural networks (ANNs) and standard ANOVA statistical analysis to examine and predict the effects of these abiotic parameters on the toxicity of fatty acid amides and fatty acids. Our results demonstrate that increasing pH levels increases the toxicity of fatty acid amides and inhibits the toxicity of fatty acids. This phenomenon is reversed at lower pH levels. Exposing gill cells to complex mixtures of chemical factors resulted in dramatic increases in toxicity compared to tests of single compounds for both the fatty acid amides and fatty acids. These findings highlight the potential of physicochemical factors to affect the toxicity of chemicals released during algal blooms and demonstrate drastic differences in the effect of pH on fatty acid amides and fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Bertin
- Medical Univeristy of South Carolina, Marine Biomedicine & Environmental Sciences, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Delia C Voronca
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, 135 Cannon Street, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Robert W Chapman
- Marine Resources Research Institute, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Peter D R Moeller
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science/NOAA Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, United States.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Wenkert
- Department of Chemistry (D‐006), University of California‐San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peter D. R. Moeller
- Department of Chemistry (D‐006), University of California‐San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Schock TB, Huncik K, Beauchesne KR, Villareal TA, Moeller PDR. Identification of trichotoxin, a novel chlorinated compound associated with the bloom forming Cyanobacterium, Trichodesmium thiebautii. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:7503-7509. [PMID: 21740025 DOI: 10.1021/es201034r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Trichodesmium is a suspected toxin-producing nonheterocystous cyanobacteria ubiquitous in tropical, subtropical, and temperate seas. The genus is known for its ability to fix nitrogen and form massive blooms. In oligotrophic seas, it can dominate the biomass and be a major component of oceanic primary production and global nitrogen cycling. Numerous reports suggest Trichodesmium-derived toxins are a cause of death of fish, crabs, and bivalves. Laboratory studies have demonstrated neurotoxic effects in T. thiebautii cell extracts and field reports suggest respiratory distress and contact dermatitis of humans at collection sites. However, Trichodesmium toxins have not been identified and characterized. Here, we report the extraction of a lipophilic toxin from field-collected T. thiebautii using a purification method of several chromatographic techniques, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectroscopy (MS), and Fourier transformed-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Trichotoxin has a molecular formula of C(20)H(27)ClO and a mass of 318 m/z and possesses cytotoxic activity against GH(4)C(1) rat pituitary and Neuro-2a mouse neuroblastoma cells. A detection method using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was developed. This compound is the first reported cytotoxic natural product isolated and fully characterized from a Trichodesmium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey B Schock
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
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15
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Vizcaino MI, Johnson WR, Kimes NE, Williams K, Torralba M, Nelson KE, Smith GW, Weil E, Moeller PDR, Morris PJ. Antimicrobial resistance of the coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus and Caribbean sister phylotypes isolated from a diseased octocoral. Microb Ecol 2010; 59:646-657. [PMID: 20309538 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-010-9644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio coralliilyticus is a global marine pathogen that has been found to cause disease in several marine organisms, including corals. This study is the first report of the isolation of V. coralliilyticus from a diseased Caribbean octocoral, Pseudopterogorgia americana. Five sister phylotypes were positively identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, recA probes specific for V. coralliilyticus, and rep-PCR fingerprinting. The antimicrobial resistance was compared between pathogenic strains of V. coralliilyticus and the Caribbean strains. First, the antimicrobial resistance of V. coralliilyticus-type strain ATCC BAA-450 was determined using an agar-overlay antimicrobial bioassay at 24 degrees C and 27 degrees C, temperatures which are relevant to its known temperature-dependent virulence. From 108 distinct bacteria isolated from P. americana, 12 inhibited the V. coralliilyticus-type strain at 24 degrees C and five at 27 degrees C. Next, the phenotypic comparison of two Caribbean phylotypes and three V. coralliilyticus reference strains against a subset of 30 bacteria demonstrated a similar resistance trend. At both temperatures, the reference strains were inhibited by three bacteria isolates, while the Caribbean strains were inhibited by four to nine bacteria. Additionally, V. coralliilyticus-type strain ATCC BAA-450 and one of the Caribbean strains were inhibited by a higher number of bacteria at 24 degrees C compared with 27 degrees C. Together, these results highlight that V. coralliilyticus strains have antimicrobial resistance to the majority of coral-associated bacteria tested, which may be temperature-dependent in some strains. Furthermore, all V. coralliilyticus strains tested showed multi-drug resistance to a range of 11-16 (out of 26) commercial antibiotics. This study establishes V. coralliilyticus in association with a Caribbean octocoral and demonstrates its resistance to the antimicrobial activity of coral-associated bacteria and to commercial antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Vizcaino
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and Pathobiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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16
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Melander C, Moeller PDR, Ballard TE, Richards JJ, Huigens RW, Cavanagh J. Evaluation of dihydrooroidin as an antifouling additive in marine paint. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 2009; 63:529-532. [PMID: 23874076 PMCID: PMC3714116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Methods used to deter biofouling of underwater structures and marine vessels present a serious environmental issue and are both problematic and costly for government and commercial marine vessels worldwide. Current antifouling methods include compounds that are toxic to aquatic wildlife and marine ecosystems. Dihydrooroidin (DHO) was shown to completely inhibit Halomonas pacifica biofilms at 100 μM in a static biofilm inhibition assay giving precedence for the inhibition of other marine-biofilm-forming organisms. Herein we present DHO as an effective paint-based, non-cytotoxic, antifouling agent against marine biofouling processes in a marine mesocosm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Melander
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Peter D. R. Moeller
- Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412-9110, USA
| | - T. Eric Ballard
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Justin J. Richards
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Robert W. Huigens
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - John Cavanagh
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7622, USA
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17
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Huigens III RW, Ma L, Gambino C, Moeller PDR, Basso A, Cavanagh J, Wozniak DJ, Melander C. Control of bacterial biofilms with marine alkaloid derivatives. Mol BioSyst 2008; 4:614-21. [DOI: 10.1039/b719989a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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18
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Abstract
The environmental degradation of a mixture of domoic acid (DA) and kainic acid (KA) in seawater with and without added transition metals is reported. The association constants for kainic acid with Fe (III) and Cu (II) were determined using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR; K1,Fe(III) = 2.27 x 10(12), K2,Fe(III) = 8.99 x 10(8), K1,Cu(II) = 1.38 x 10(10), and K2,Cu(II) = 4.35 x 10(7)). The photochemical half-life of kainic acid has been determined to be significantly longer (40-100 h) than that of domoic acid in corresponding marine systems (12-34 h). The significance of this finding was highlighted by a comparison of the quantification of a mixture of kainic and domoic acids during photodegradation by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques and the widely used competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA; Biosense Laboratories) method. The MS-based analysis showed that approximately 50% of the DA was photodegraded within 15 h. In contrast, the domoic acid cELISA assay reported that the concentration essentially remained unchanged over this period. The possibility of interference from naturally occurring kainic acid during cELISA measurements could lead to the overestimation of total domoic acid, especially if they occur in mixtures in sunlit waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina M Burns
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
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19
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Moeller PDR, Beauchesne KR, Huncik KM, Davis WC, Christopher SJ, Riggs-Gelasco P, Gelasco AK. Metal complexes and free radical toxins produced by Pfiesteria piscicida. Environ Sci Technol 2007; 41:1166-72. [PMID: 17598275 DOI: 10.1021/es0617993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal-containing organic toxins produced by Pfiesteria piscicida were characterized, for the first time, by corroborating data obtained from five distinct instrumental methods: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), liquid chromatography particle beam glow discharge mass spectrometry (LC/PB-G DMS), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The high toxicity of the metal-containing toxins is due to metal-mediated free radical production. This mode of activity explains the toxicity of Pfiesteria, as well as previously reported difficulty in observing the molecular target, due to the ephemeral nature of radical species. The toxins are highly labile in purified form, maintaining activity for only 2-5 days before all activity is lost. The multiple toxin congeners in active extracts are also susceptible to decomposition in the presence of white light, pH variations, and prolonged heat. These findings represent the first formal isolation and characterization of a radical forming toxic organic-ligated metal complex isolated from estuarine/marine dinoflagellates. These findings add to an increased understanding regarding the active role of metals interacting with biological systems in the estuarine environment, as well as their links and implications to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D R Moeller
- Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA.
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20
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Levin ED, Blackwelder WP, Glasgow HB, Burkholder JM, Moeller PDR, Ramsdell JS. Learning impairment caused by a toxin produced by Pfiesteria piscicida infused into the hippocampus of rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2003; 25:419-26. [PMID: 12798959 DOI: 10.1016/s0892-0362(03)00011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pfiesteria piscicida, an estuarine dinoflagellate, which has been shown to kill fish, has also been associated with neurocognitive deficits in humans. With a rat model, we have demonstrated the cause-and-effect relationship between Pfiesteria exposure and learning impairment. In several studies, we have replicated the finding in Sprague-Dawley rats that exposure to fixed acute doses of Pfiesteria cells or filtrates caused radial-arm maze learning impairment. Recently, this finding of Pfiesteria-induced learning impairment in rats has been independently replicated in another laboratory as well. We have demonstrated significant Pfiesteria-induced learning impairment in both the win-shift and repeated-acquisition tasks in the radial-arm maze and in reversal learning in a visual operant signal detection task. These learning impairments have been seen as long as 10 weeks after a single acute exposure to Pfiesteria. In the current study, we used a hydrophilic toxin isolated from clonal P. piscicida cultures (PfTx) and tested its effect when applied locally to the ventral hippocampus on repeated acquisition of rats in the radial-arm maze. Toxin exposure impaired choice accuracy in the radial-arm maze repeated acquisition procedure. The PfTx-induced impairment was seen at the beginning of the session and the early learning deficit was persistent across 6 weeks of testing after a single administration of the toxin. Eventually, with enough practice, in each session, the PfTx-exposed rats did learn that session's problem as did control rats. This model has demonstrated the cause-and-effect relationship between exposure to a hydrophilic toxin produced by P. piscicida and learning impairment, and specifically that the ventral hippocampus was critically involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Pettus BJ, Bielawska A, Kroesen BJ, Moeller PDR, Szulc ZM, Hannun YA, Busman M. Observation of different ceramide species from crude cellular extracts by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2003; 17:1203-1211. [PMID: 12772277 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) allows qualitative analysis of endogenous ceramide and dihydroceramide species from crude lipid extracts utilizing chromatographic methods readily adaptable from commonly used thin layer chromatography (TLC) conditions. Qualitative information for the species comes from observation of differences in chromatographic and mass spectrometric behavior between species. Application to the analysis of ceramide and dihydroceramide from various cell lines is demonstrated. The results show the species profile in each cell line to be unique despite growth under identical conditions. The results from APCI-MS analysis corroborate and enhance information acquired from use of the diacylglycerol kinase assay for total ceramide measurement. This technique readily allows the previously difficult distinction between ceramide and dihydroceramide species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Pettus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Wenkert E, Angell EC, Drexler J, Moeller PDR, Pyrek JS, Shi YJ, Sultana M, Vankar YD. Carbon-carbon bond-forming additions to 1-alkyl-3-acylpyridinium salts. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00365a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Wenkert E, Moeller PDR, Piettre SR. Five-membered aromatic heterocycles as dienophiles in Diels-Alder reactions. Furan, pyrrole, and indole. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00229a039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Macleod JK, Moeller PDR, Molinski TF, Koul O. Antifeedant activity againstSpodoptera litera larvae and [13C]NMR spectral assignments of the meliatoxins. J Chem Ecol 1990; 16:2511-8. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01017474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/1989] [Accepted: 03/01/1990] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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