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Magaret C, Li L, deCamp A, Rolland M, Juraska M, Williamson B, Ludwig J, Molitor C, Benkeser D, Luedtke A, Simpkins B, Carpp L, Bai H, Deariove B, Greninger A, Roychoudhury P, Sadoff J, Gray G, Roels S, Vandebosch A, Stieh D, Le Gars M, Vingerhoets J, Grinsztejn B, Goepfert P, Truyers C, Van Dromme I, Swann E, Marovich M, Follmann D, Neuzil K, Corey L, Hyrien O, Paiva de Sousa L, Casapia M, Losso M, Little S, Gaur A, Bekker LG, Garrett N, Heng F, Sun Y, Gilbert P. Quantifying how single dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine efficacy depends on Spike sequence features. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2743022. [PMID: 37398105 PMCID: PMC10312950 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2743022/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
It is of interest to pinpoint SARS-CoV-2 sequence features defining vaccine resistance. In the ENSEMBLE randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial, estimated single-dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine efficacy (VE) was 56% against moderate to severe-critical COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 Spike sequences were measured from 484 vaccine and 1,067 placebo recipients who acquired COVID-19 during the trial. In Latin America, where Spike diversity was greatest, VE was significantly lower against Lambda than against Reference and against all non-Lambda variants [family-wise error rate (FWER) p < 0.05]. VE also differed by residue match vs. mismatch to the vaccine-strain residue at 16 amino acid positions (4 FWER p < 0.05; 12 q-value ≤ 0.20). VE significantly decreased with physicochemical-weighted Hamming distance to the vaccine-strain sequence for Spike, receptor-binding domain, N-terminal domain, and S1 (FWER p < 0.001); differed (FWER ≤ 0.05) by distance to the vaccine strain measured by 9 different antibody-epitope escape scores and by 4 NTD neutralization-impacting features; and decreased (p = 0.011) with neutralization resistance level to vaccine recipient sera. VE against severe-critical COVID-19 was stable across most sequence features but lower against viruses with greatest distances. These results help map antigenic specificity of in vivo vaccine protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Li
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz
| | - Paul Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | | | | | | | - Mary Marovich
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan Little
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92903
| | | | | | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa 4041
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Wan ATK, Zhao W, Gilbert P, Zhou Y. A varying-coefficient partially linear transformation model for length-biased data with an application to HIV vaccine studies. Int J Biostat 2023; 19:131-162. [PMID: 35801995 PMCID: PMC9832178 DOI: 10.1515/ijb-2021-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Prevalent cohort studies in medical research often give rise to length-biased survival data that require special treatments. The recently proposed varying-coefficient partially linear transformation (VCPLT) model has the virtue of providing a more dynamic content of the effects of the covariates on survival times than the well-known partially linear transformation (PLT) model by allowing flexible interactions between the covariates. However, no existing analysis of the VCPLT model has considered length-biased sampling. In this paper, we consider the VCPLT model when the data are length-biased and right censored, thereby extending the reach of this flexible and powerful tool. We develop a martingale estimating function-based approach to the estimation of this model, provide theoretical underpinnings, evaluate finite sample performance via simulations, and showcase its practical appeal via an empirical application using data from two HIV vaccine clinical trials conducted by the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T. K. Wan
- Department of Biostatistics, Department of Management Sciences and School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Zhao
- Zhongtai Securities Institute for Financial Studies, Shandong University, Jinan, China, 250100
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, U.S.A
| | - Yong Zhou
- Faculty of Economics and Management, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China, 200241
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3
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Bentridi A, Hazout S, Tradi F, Hadjadj A, Gilbert P, Therasse E, Giroux M, Soulez G. Abstract No. 150 Endovascular Treatment of Pelvic Congestion Syndrome (PCS) in 246 women, Long Term Results, and Analysis of Patient Satisfaction. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2022.12.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
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4
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Mena Lora AJ, Long JE, Huang Y, Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Follmann D, Goepfert P, Gray G, Grinsztejn B, Kotloff K, Rouphael N, Sobieszczyk M, Walsh SR, Andriesen J, Shah KA, Zhang Y, Gilbert P, Janes H, Gay CL, Falsey AR, Tripp RL, Gorman RL, Tong T, Marovich M, Neuzil K, Corey L, Kublin JG. Rapid Development of an Integrated Network Infrastructure to Conduct Phase 3 COVID-19 Vaccine Trials. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2251974. [PMID: 36689221 PMCID: PMC10546713 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.51974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance The COVID-19 pandemic has caused millions of infections and deaths and resulted in unprecedented international public health social and economic crises. As SARS-CoV-2 spread across the globe and its impact became evident, the development of safe and effective vaccines became a priority. Outlining the processes used to establish and support the conduct of the phase 3 randomized clinical trials that led to the rapid emergency use authorization and approval of several COVID-19 vaccines is of major significance for current and future pandemic response efforts. Observations To support the rapid development of vaccines for the US population and the rest of the world, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases established the COVID-19 Prevention Network (CoVPN) to assist in the coordination and implementation of phase 3 efficacy trials for COVID-19 vaccine candidates and monoclonal antibodies. By bringing together multiple networks, CoVPN was able to draw on existing clinical and laboratory infrastructure, community partnerships, and research expertise to quickly pivot clinical trial sites to conduct COVID-19 vaccine trials as soon as the investigational products were ready for phase 3 testing. The mission of CoVPN was to operationalize phase 3 vaccine trials using harmonized protocols, laboratory assays, and a single data and safety monitoring board to oversee the various studies. These trials, while staggered in time of initiation, overlapped in time and course of conduct and ultimately led to the successful completion of multiple studies and US Food and Drug Administration-licensed or -authorized vaccines, the first of which was available to the public less than 1 year from the discovery of the virus. Conclusions and Relevance This Special Communication describes the design, geographic distribution, and underlying principles of conduct of these efficacy trials and summarizes data from 136 382 prospectively followed-up participants, including more than 2500 with documented COVID-19. These successful efforts can be replicated for other important research initiatives and point to the importance of investments in clinical trial infrastructure integral to pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo J Mena Lora
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Jessica E Long
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research & Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hana M El Sahly
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dean Follmann
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul Goepfert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Glenda Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- HIV/STI Clinical Research Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karen Kotloff
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Magdelena Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Stephen R Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica Andriesen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Karan A Shah
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research & Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research & Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Holly Janes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
- Bioinformatics and Epidemiology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cynthia L Gay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
| | - Ann R Falsey
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Rebecca L Tripp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Richard L Gorman
- Division of Clinical Development, Biomedical Advanced Research & Development Authority, Washington, DC
| | - Tina Tong
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary Marovich
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - James G Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
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5
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Nolan GS, Dunne JA, Lee AE, Wade RG, Kiely AL, Pritchard Jones RO, Gardiner MD, Abbassi O, Abdelaty M, Ahmed F, Ahmed R, Ali S, Allan A, Allen L, Anderson I, Bakir A, Berwick D, Sarala BBN, Bhat W, Bloom O, Bolton L, Brady N, Campbell E, Capitelli-McMahon H, Cassell O, Chalhoub X, Chalmers R, Chan J, Chu HO, Collin T, Cooper K, Curran TA, Cussons D, Daruwalla M, Dearden A, Delikonstantinou I, Dobbs T, Dunlop R, El-Muttardi N, Eleftheriadou A, Elamin SE, Eriksson S, Exton R, Fourie LR, Freethy A, Gardner E, Geh JL, Georgiou A, Georgiou M, Gilbert P, Gkorila A, Green D, Haeney J, Hamilton S, Harper F, Harrison C, Heinze Z, Hemington-Gorse S, Hever P, Hili S, Holmes W, Hughes W, Ibrahim N, Ismail A, Jallali N, James NK, Jemec B, Jica R, Kaur A, Kazzazi D, Khan M, Khan N, Khashaba H, Khera B, Khoury A, Kiely J, Kumar S, Patel PK, Kumbasar DE, Kundasamy P, Kyle D, Langridge B, Liu C, Lo M, Macdonald C, Anandan SM, Mahdi M, Mandal A, Manning A, Markeson D, Matteucci P, McClymont L, Mikhail M, Miller MC, Munro S, Musajee A, Nasrallah F, Ng L, Nicholas R, Nicola A, Nikkhah D, O'Hara N, Odili J, Oudit D, Patel A, Patel C, Patel N, Patel P, Peach H, Phillips B, Pinder R, Pinto-Lopes R, Plonczak A, Quinnen N, Rafiq S, Rahman K, Ramjeeawon A, Rinkoff S, Sainsbury D, Schumacher K, Segaren N, Shahzad F, Shariff Z, Siddiqui A, Singh P, Sludden E, Smith JRO, Song M, Stodell M, Tanos G, Taylor K, Taylor L, Thomson D, Tiernan E, Totty JP, Vaingankar N, Toh V, Wensley K, Whitehead C, Whittam A, Wiener M, Wilson A, Wong KY, Wood S, Yeoh T, Yii NW, Yim G, Young R, Zberea D, Jain A. National audit of non-melanoma skin cancer excisions performed by plastic surgery in the UK. Br J Surg 2022; 109:1040-1043. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A national, multi-centre audit of non-melanoma skin cancer excisions by plastic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant S Nolan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , Fulwood, Preston , UK
| | - Jonathan A Dunne
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Charing Cross and St Mary’s Hospitals, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust , London , UK
| | - Alice E Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Charing Cross and St Mary’s Hospitals, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust , London , UK
| | - Ryckie G Wade
- Leeds Institute for Medical Research, University of Leeds , Leeds , UK
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , Leeds , UK
| | - Ailbhe L Kiely
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , Fulwood, Preston , UK
| | - Rowan O Pritchard Jones
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Whiston Hospital, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , Prescot , UK
| | - Matthew D Gardiner
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Wexham , Slough , UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Abhilash Jain
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Charing Cross and St Mary’s Hospitals, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust , London , UK
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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Huang Y, Zhuang Y, Gilbert P. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR EVALUATING PRINCIPAL SURROGATE ENDPOINTS RELAXING THE EQUAL EARLY CLINICAL RISK ASSUMPTION. Ann Appl Stat 2022; 16:1774-1794. [PMID: 37008748 PMCID: PMC10065750 DOI: 10.1214/21-aoas1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This article addresses the evaluation of post-randomization immune response biomarkers as principal surrogate endpoints of a vaccine's protective effect, based on data from randomized vaccine trials. An important metric for quantifying a biomarker's principal surrogacy in vaccine research is the vaccine efficacy curve, which shows a vaccine's efficacy as a function of potential biomarker values if receiving vaccine, among an 'early-always-at-risk' principal stratum of trial participants who remain disease-free at the time of biomarker measurement whether having received vaccine or placebo. Earlier work in principal surrogate evaluation relied on an 'equal-early-clinical-risk' assumption for identifiability of the vaccine curve, based on observed disease status at the time of biomarker measurement. This assumption is violated in the common setting that the vaccine has an early effect on the clinical endpoint before the biomarker is measured. In particular, a vaccine's early protective effect observed in two phase III dengue vaccine trials (CYD14/CYD15) has motivated our current research development. We relax the 'equal-early-clinical-risk' assumption and propose a new sensitivity analysis framework for principal surrogate evaluation allowing for early vaccine efficacy. Under this framework, we develop inference procedures for vaccine efficacy curve estimators based on the estimated maximum likelihood approach. We then use the proposed methodology to assess the surrogacy of post-randomization neutralization titer in the motivating dengue application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | | | - Peter Gilbert
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109
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7
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Zhao LP, Lybrand TP, Gilbert P, Madeleine M, Payne TH, Cohen S, Geraghty DE, Jerome KR, Corey L. Application of Statistical Learning to Identify Omicron Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Viral Genome Sequence Data From Populations in Africa and the United States. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2230293. [PMID: 36069983 PMCID: PMC9453543 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.30293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE With timely collection of SARS-CoV-2 viral genome sequences, it is important to apply efficient data analytics to detect emerging variants at the earliest time. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the application of a statistical learning strategy (SLS) to improve early detection of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants using viral sequence data from global surveillance. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This case series applied an SLS to viral genomic sequence data collected from 63 686 individuals in Africa and 531 827 individuals in the United States with SARS-CoV-2. Data were collected from January 1, 2020, to December 28, 2021. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The outcome was an indicator of Omicron variant derived from viral sequences. Centering on a temporally collected outcome, the SLS used the generalized additive model to estimate locally averaged Omicron caseload percentages (OCPs) over time to characterize Omicron expansion and to estimate when OCP exceeded 10%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of the caseload. Additionally, an unsupervised learning technique was applied to visualize Omicron expansions, and temporal and spatial distributions of Omicron cases were investigated. RESULTS In total, there were 2698 cases of Omicron in Africa and 12 141 in the United States. The SLS found that Omicron was detectable in South Africa as early as December 31, 2020. With 10% OCP as a threshold, it may have been possible to declare Omicron a variant of concern as early as November 4, 2021, in South Africa. In the United States, the application of SLS suggested that the first case was detectable on November 21, 2021. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The application of SLS demonstrates how the Omicron variant may have emerged and expanded in Africa and the United States. Earlier detection could help the global effort in disease prevention and control. To optimize early detection, efficient data analytics, such as SLS, could assist in the rapid identification of new variants as soon as they emerge, with or without lineages designated, using viral sequence data from global surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lue Ping Zhao
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Terry P. Lybrand
- Quintepa Computing LLC, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Margaret Madeleine
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas H. Payne
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Seth Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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8
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Nemes E, Fiore-Gartland A, Boggiano C, Coccia M, D'Souza P, Gilbert P, Ginsberg A, Hyrien O, Laddy D, Makar K, McElrath MJ, Ramachandra L, Schmidt AC, Shororbani S, Sunshine J, Tomaras G, Yu WH, Scriba TJ, Frahm N. The quest for vaccine-induced immune correlates of protection against tuberculosis. Vaccine Insights 2022; 1:165-181. [PMID: 37091190 PMCID: PMC10117634 DOI: 10.18609/vac/2022.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Immunization strategies against tuberculosis (TB) that confer better protection than neonatal vaccination with the 101-year-old Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) are urgently needed to control the epidemic, but clinical development is hampered by a lack of established immune correlates of protection (CoPs). Two phase 2b clinical trials offer the first opportunity to discover human CoPs against TB. Adolescent BCG re-vaccination showed partial protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, as measured by sustained IFNγ release assay (IGRA) conversion. Adult M72/AS01E vaccination showed partial protection against pulmonary TB. We describe two collaborative research programs to discover CoPs against TB and ensure rigorous, streamlined use of available samples, involving international immunology experts in TB and state-of-the-art technologies, sponsors and funders. Hypotheses covering immune responses thought to be important in protection against TB have been defined and prioritized. A statistical framework to integrate the data analysis strategy was developed. Exploratory analyses will be performed to generate novel hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Nemes
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cesar Boggiano
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | | | - Patricia D'Souza
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ann Ginsberg
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Karen Makar
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lakshmi Ramachandra
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | | | - Solmaz Shororbani
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Justine Sunshine
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Georgia Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wen-Han Yu
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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9
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Zhao LP, Lybrand T, Gilbert P, Payne TH, Pyo CW, Geraghty D, Jerome K. Rapidly Identifying New Coronavirus Mutations of Potential Concern in the Omicron Variant Using an Unsupervised Learning Strategy. Res Sq 2022:rs.3.rs-1280819. [PMID: 35233566 PMCID: PMC8887078 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1280819/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Extensive mutations in the Omicron spike protein appear to accelerate the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and rapid infections increase the odds that additional mutants will emerge. To build an investigative framework, we have applied an unsupervised machine learning approach to 4296 Omicron viral genomes collected and deposited to GISAID as of December 14, 2021, and have identified a core haplotype of 28 polymutants (A67V, T95I, G339D, R346K, S371L, S373P, S375F, K417N, N440K, G446S, S477N, T478K, E484A, Q493R, G496S, Q498R, N501Y, Y505H, T547K, D614G, H655Y, N679K, P681H, N764K, K796Y, N856K, Q954H, N69K, L981F) in the spike protein and a separate core haplotype of 17 polymutants in non-spike genes: (K38, A1892) in nsp3, T492 in nsp4, (P132, V247, T280, S284) in 3C-like proteinase, I189 in nsp6, P323 in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, I42 in Exonuclease, T9 in envelope protein, (D3, Q19, A63) in membrane glycoprotein, and (P13, R203, G204) in nucleocapsid phosphoprotein. Using these core haplotypes as reference, we have identified four newly emerging polymutants (R346, A701, I1081, N1192) in the spike protein (p-value=9.37*10 -4 , 1.0*10 -15 , 4.76*10 -7 and 1.56*10 -4 , respectively), and five additional polymutants in non-spike genes (D343G in nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, V1069I in nsp3, V94A in nsp4, F694Y in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and L106L/F of ORF3a) that exhibit significant increasing trajectories (all p-values < 1.0*10 -15 ). In the absence of relevant clinical data for these newly emerging mutations, it is important to monitor them closely. Two emerging mutations may be of particular concern: the N1192S mutation in spike protein locates in an extremely highly conserved region of all human coronaviruses that is integral to the viral fusion process, and the F694Y mutation in the RNA polymerase may induce conformational changes that could impact Remdesivir binding.
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Zhao LP, Roychoudhury P, Gilbert P, Schiffer J, Lybrand TP, Payne TH, Randhawa A, Thiebaud S, Mills M, Greninger A, Pyo CW, Wang R, Li R, Thomas A, Norris B, Nelson WC, Jerome KR, Geraghty DE. Mutations in viral nucleocapsid protein and endoRNase are discovered to associate with COVID19 hospitalization risk. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1206. [PMID: 35075180 PMCID: PMC8786941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is spreading worldwide with continuously evolving variants, some of which occur in the Spike protein and appear to increase viral transmissibility. However, variants that cause severe COVID-19 or lead to other breakthroughs have not been well characterized. To discover such viral variants, we assembled a cohort of 683 COVID-19 patients; 388 inpatients ("cases") and 295 outpatients ("controls") from April to August 2020 using electronically captured COVID test request forms and sequenced their viral genomes. To improve the analytical power, we accessed 7137 viral sequences in Washington State to filter out viral single nucleotide variants (SNVs) that did not have significant expansions over the collection period. Applying this filter led to the identification of 53 SNVs that were statistically significant, of which 13 SNVs each had 3 or more variant copies in the discovery cohort. Correlating these selected SNVs with case/control status, eight SNVs were found to significantly associate with inpatient status (q-values < 0.01). Using temporal synchrony, we identified a four SNV-haplotype (t19839-g28881-g28882-g28883) that was significantly associated with case/control status (Fisher's exact p = 2.84 × 10-11). This haplotype appeared in April 2020, peaked in June, and persisted into January 2021. The association was replicated (OR = 5.46, p-value = 4.71 × 10-12) in an independent cohort of 964 COVID-19 patients (June 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021). The haplotype included a synonymous change N73N in endoRNase, and three non-synonymous changes coding residues R203K, R203S and G204R in the nucleocapsid protein. This discovery points to the potential functional role of the nucleocapsid protein in triggering "cytokine storms" and severe COVID-19 that led to hospitalization. The study further emphasizes a need for tracking and analyzing viral sequences in correlations with clinical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lue Ping Zhao
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Joshua Schiffer
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Terry P Lybrand
- Quintepa Computing LLC, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas H Payne
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - April Randhawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Sara Thiebaud
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Margaret Mills
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Alex Greninger
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Chul-Woo Pyo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Scisco Genetics Inc., Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Ruihan Wang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Scisco Genetics Inc., Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Renyu Li
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Alexander Thomas
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Brandon Norris
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Scisco Genetics Inc., Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Wyatt C Nelson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Scisco Genetics Inc., Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel E Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Scisco Genetics Inc., Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.
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11
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El Sahly HM, Baden LR, Essink B, Doblecki-Lewis S, Martin JM, Anderson EJ, Campbell TB, Clark J, Jackson LA, Fichtenbaum CJ, Zervos M, Rankin B, Eder F, Feldman G, Kennelly C, Han-Conrad L, Levin M, Neuzil KM, Corey L, Gilbert P, Janes H, Follmann D, Marovich M, Polakowski L, Mascola JR, Ledgerwood JE, Graham BS, August A, Clouting H, Deng W, Han S, Leav B, Manzo D, Pajon R, Schödel F, Tomassini JE, Zhou H, Miller J. Efficacy of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine at Completion of Blinded Phase. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:1774-1785. [PMID: 34551225 PMCID: PMC8482810 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2113017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At interim analysis in a phase 3, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, the mRNA-1273 vaccine showed 94.1% efficacy in preventing coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). After emergency use of the vaccine was authorized, the protocol was amended to include an open-label phase. Final analyses of efficacy and safety data from the blinded phase of the trial are reported. METHODS We enrolled volunteers who were at high risk for Covid-19 or its complications; participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive two intramuscular injections of mRNA-1273 (100 μg) or placebo, 28 days apart, at 99 centers across the United States. The primary end point was prevention of Covid-19 illness with onset at least 14 days after the second injection in participants who had not previously been infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The data cutoff date was March 26, 2021. RESULTS The trial enrolled 30,415 participants; 15,209 were assigned to receive the mRNA-1273 vaccine, and 15,206 to receive placebo. More than 96% of participants received both injections, 2.3% had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection at baseline, and the median follow-up was 5.3 months in the blinded phase. Vaccine efficacy in preventing Covid-19 illness was 93.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 91.0 to 94.8), with 55 confirmed cases in the mRNA-1273 group (9.6 per 1000 person-years; 95% CI, 7.2 to 12.5) and 744 in the placebo group (136.6 per 1000 person-years; 95% CI, 127.0 to 146.8). The efficacy in preventing severe disease was 98.2% (95% CI, 92.8 to 99.6), with 2 cases in the mRNA-1273 group and 106 in the placebo group, and the efficacy in preventing asymptomatic infection starting 14 days after the second injection was 63.0% (95% CI, 56.6 to 68.5), with 214 cases in the mRNA-1273 group and 498 in the placebo group. Vaccine efficacy was consistent across ethnic and racial groups, age groups, and participants with coexisting conditions. No safety concerns were identified. CONCLUSIONS The mRNA-1273 vaccine continued to be efficacious in preventing Covid-19 illness and severe disease at more than 5 months, with an acceptable safety profile, and protection against asymptomatic infection was observed. (Funded by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; COVE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04470427.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana M El Sahly
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Brandon Essink
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Susanne Doblecki-Lewis
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Judith M Martin
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Evan J Anderson
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Thomas B Campbell
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Jesse Clark
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Lisa A Jackson
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Carl J Fichtenbaum
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Marcus Zervos
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Bruce Rankin
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Frank Eder
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Gregory Feldman
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Christina Kennelly
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Laurie Han-Conrad
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Michael Levin
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Lawrence Corey
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Peter Gilbert
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Holly Janes
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Dean Follmann
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Mary Marovich
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Laura Polakowski
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - John R Mascola
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Barney S Graham
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Allison August
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Heather Clouting
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Weiping Deng
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Shu Han
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Brett Leav
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Deb Manzo
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Rolando Pajon
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Florian Schödel
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Joanne E Tomassini
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Honghong Zhou
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
| | - Jacqueline Miller
- From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland
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Shangguan S, Ehrenberg PK, Geretz A, Yum L, Kundu G, May K, Fourati S, Nganou-Makamdop K, Williams LD, Sawant S, Lewitus E, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, Chariyalertsak S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Rolland M, Douek DC, Gilbert P, Tomaras GD, Michael NL, Vasan S, Thomas R. Monocyte-derived transcriptome signature indicates antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis as a potential mechanism of vaccine-induced protection against HIV-1. eLife 2021; 10:69577. [PMID: 34533134 PMCID: PMC8514236 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene signature was previously found to be correlated with mosaic adenovirus 26 vaccine protection in simian immunodeficiency virus and simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenge models in non-human primates. In this report, we investigated the presence of this signature as a correlate of reduced risk in human clinical trials and potential mechanisms of protection. The absence of this gene signature in the DNA/rAd5 human vaccine trial, which did not show efficacy, strengthens our hypothesis that this signature is only enriched in studies that demonstrated protection. This gene signature was enriched in the partially effective RV144 human trial that administered the ALVAC/protein vaccine, and we find that the signature associates with both decreased risk of HIV-1 acquisition and increased vaccine efficacy (VE). Total RNA-seq in a clinical trial that used the same vaccine regimen as the RV144 HIV vaccine implicated antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) as a potential mechanism of vaccine protection. CITE-seq profiling of 53 surface markers and transcriptomes of 53,777 single cells from the same trial showed that genes in this signature were primarily expressed in cells belonging to the myeloid lineage, including monocytes, which are major effector cells for ADCP. The consistent association of this transcriptome signature with VE represents a tool both to identify potential mechanisms, as with ADCP here, and to screen novel approaches to accelerate the development of new vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shida Shangguan
- US Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, United States
| | - Philip K Ehrenberg
- US Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States
| | - Aviva Geretz
- US Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, United States
| | - Lauren Yum
- US Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, United States
| | - Gautam Kundu
- US Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, United States
| | - Kelly May
- US Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, United States
| | - Slim Fourati
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | | | - LaTonya D Williams
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Eric Lewitus
- US Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, United States
| | - Punnee Pitisuttithum
- Vaccine Trial Centre, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Suwat Chariyalertsak
- Research Institute for Health Sciences and Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Morgane Rolland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, United States
| | | | - Peter Gilbert
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
| | - Nelson L Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- US Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, United States
| | - Rasmi Thomas
- US Military HIV Research Program (MHRP), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, United States
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13
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Follmann D, Fay M, Magaret C, Gilbert P. Estimation of Vaccine Efficacy for Variants that Emerge After the Placebo Group Is Vaccinated. medRxiv 2021. [PMID: 34494032 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.31.21262908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve and the vaccine efficacy against variants is challenging to estimate. It is now common in phase III vaccine trials to provide vaccine to those randomized to placebo once efficacy has been demonstrated, precluding a direct assessment of placebo controlled vaccine efficacy after placebo vaccination. In this work we extend methods developed for estimating vaccine efficacy post placebo vaccination to allow variant specific time varying vaccine efficacy, where time is measured since vaccination. The key idea is to infer counterfactual strain specific placebo case counts by using surveillance data that provide the proportions of the different strains. This blending of clinical trial and observational data allows estimation of strain-specific time varying vaccine efficacy, or sieve effects, including for strains that emergent after placebo vaccination. The key requirements are that surveillance strain distribution accurately reflect the strain distribution for a placebo group, throughout follow-up after placebo group vaccination and that at least one strain is present before and after placebo vaccination. For illustration, we develop a Poisson approach for an idealized design under a rare disease assumption and then use a proportional hazards modeling to better reflect the complexities of field trials with staggered entry, crossover, and smoothly varying strain specific vaccine efficacy We evaluate these by theoretical work and simulations, and demonstrate that useful estimation of the efficacy profile is possible for strains that emerge after vaccination of the placebo group. An important principle is to incorporate sensitivity analyses to guard against mis-specfication of the strain distribution. We also provide an approach for use when genotyping of the infecting strains of the trial participants has not been done.
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14
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Reeves DB, Rolland M, Dearlove BL, Li Y, Robb ML, Schiffer JT, Gilbert P, Cardozo-Ojeda EF, Mayer BT. Timing HIV infection with a simple and accurate population viral dynamics model. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210314. [PMID: 34186015 PMCID: PMC8241492 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials for HIV prevention can require knowledge of infection times to subsequently determine protective drug levels. Yet, infection timing is difficult when study visits are sparse. Using population nonlinear mixed-effects (pNLME) statistical inference and viral loads from 46 RV217 study participants, we developed a relatively simple HIV primary infection model that achieved an excellent fit to all data. We also discovered that Aptima assay values from the study strongly correlated with viral loads, enabling imputation of very early viral loads for 28/46 participants. Estimated times between infecting exposures and first positives were generally longer than prior estimates (average of two weeks) and were robust to missing viral upslope data. On simulated data, we found that tighter sampling before diagnosis improved estimation more than tighter sampling after diagnosis. Sampling weekly before and monthly after diagnosis was a pragmatic design for good timing accuracy. Our pNLME timing approach is widely applicable to other infections with existing mathematical models. The present model could be used to simulate future HIV trials and may help estimate protective thresholds from the recently completed antibody-mediated prevention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Reeves
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Morgane Rolland
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bethany L. Dearlove
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yifan Li
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E. Fabian Cardozo-Ojeda
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bryan T. Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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15
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Mdluli T, Jian N, Slike B, Paquin-Proulx D, Donofrio G, Alrubayyi A, Gift S, Grande R, Bryson M, Lee A, Dussupt V, Mendez-Rivera L, Sanders-Buell E, Chenine AL, Tran U, Li Y, Brown E, Edlefsen PT, O'Connell R, Gilbert P, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttihum P, Rerks-Ngarm S, Robb ML, Gramzinski R, Alter G, Tovanabutra S, Georgiev IS, Ackerman ME, Polonis VR, Vasan S, Michael NL, Kim JH, Eller MA, Krebs SJ, Rolland M. Correction: RV144 HIV-1 vaccination impacts post-infection antibody responses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009386. [PMID: 33651828 PMCID: PMC7924741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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16
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Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B, Kotloff K, Frey S, Novak R, Diemert D, Spector SA, Rouphael N, Creech CB, McGettigan J, Khetan S, Segall N, Solis J, Brosz A, Fierro C, Schwartz H, Neuzil K, Corey L, Gilbert P, Janes H, Follmann D, Marovich M, Mascola J, Polakowski L, Ledgerwood J, Graham BS, Bennett H, Pajon R, Knightly C, Leav B, Deng W, Zhou H, Han S, Ivarsson M, Miller J, Zaks T. Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. N Engl J Med 2021. [PMID: 33378609 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2035389/suppl_file/nejmoa2035389_data-sharing.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines are needed to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) and to protect persons who are at high risk for complications. The mRNA-1273 vaccine is a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA-based vaccine that encodes the prefusion stabilized full-length spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes Covid-19. METHODS This phase 3 randomized, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at 99 centers across the United States. Persons at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection or its complications were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive two intramuscular injections of mRNA-1273 (100 μg) or placebo 28 days apart. The primary end point was prevention of Covid-19 illness with onset at least 14 days after the second injection in participants who had not previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS The trial enrolled 30,420 volunteers who were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either vaccine or placebo (15,210 participants in each group). More than 96% of participants received both injections, and 2.2% had evidence (serologic, virologic, or both) of SARS-CoV-2 infection at baseline. Symptomatic Covid-19 illness was confirmed in 185 participants in the placebo group (56.5 per 1000 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 48.7 to 65.3) and in 11 participants in the mRNA-1273 group (3.3 per 1000 person-years; 95% CI, 1.7 to 6.0); vaccine efficacy was 94.1% (95% CI, 89.3 to 96.8%; P<0.001). Efficacy was similar across key secondary analyses, including assessment 14 days after the first dose, analyses that included participants who had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection at baseline, and analyses in participants 65 years of age or older. Severe Covid-19 occurred in 30 participants, with one fatality; all 30 were in the placebo group. Moderate, transient reactogenicity after vaccination occurred more frequently in the mRNA-1273 group. Serious adverse events were rare, and the incidence was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The mRNA-1273 vaccine showed 94.1% efficacy at preventing Covid-19 illness, including severe disease. Aside from transient local and systemic reactions, no safety concerns were identified. (Funded by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; COVE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04470427.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R Baden
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Hana M El Sahly
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Brandon Essink
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Karen Kotloff
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Sharon Frey
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Rick Novak
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - David Diemert
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Stephen A Spector
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - C Buddy Creech
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - John McGettigan
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Shishir Khetan
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Nathan Segall
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Joel Solis
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Adam Brosz
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Carlos Fierro
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Howard Schwartz
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Kathleen Neuzil
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Larry Corey
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Peter Gilbert
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Holly Janes
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Dean Follmann
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Mary Marovich
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - John Mascola
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Laura Polakowski
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Julie Ledgerwood
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Barney S Graham
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Hamilton Bennett
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Rolando Pajon
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Conor Knightly
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Brett Leav
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Weiping Deng
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Honghong Zhou
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Shu Han
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Melanie Ivarsson
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Jacqueline Miller
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Tal Zaks
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
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Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B, Kotloff K, Frey S, Novak R, Diemert D, Spector SA, Rouphael N, Creech CB, McGettigan J, Khetan S, Segall N, Solis J, Brosz A, Fierro C, Schwartz H, Neuzil K, Corey L, Gilbert P, Janes H, Follmann D, Marovich M, Mascola J, Polakowski L, Ledgerwood J, Graham BS, Bennett H, Pajon R, Knightly C, Leav B, Deng W, Zhou H, Han S, Ivarsson M, Miller J, Zaks T. Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:403-416. [PMID: 33378609 PMCID: PMC7787219 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2035389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6505] [Impact Index Per Article: 2168.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines are needed to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) and to protect persons who are at high risk for complications. The mRNA-1273 vaccine is a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA-based vaccine that encodes the prefusion stabilized full-length spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes Covid-19. METHODS This phase 3 randomized, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at 99 centers across the United States. Persons at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection or its complications were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive two intramuscular injections of mRNA-1273 (100 μg) or placebo 28 days apart. The primary end point was prevention of Covid-19 illness with onset at least 14 days after the second injection in participants who had not previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS The trial enrolled 30,420 volunteers who were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either vaccine or placebo (15,210 participants in each group). More than 96% of participants received both injections, and 2.2% had evidence (serologic, virologic, or both) of SARS-CoV-2 infection at baseline. Symptomatic Covid-19 illness was confirmed in 185 participants in the placebo group (56.5 per 1000 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 48.7 to 65.3) and in 11 participants in the mRNA-1273 group (3.3 per 1000 person-years; 95% CI, 1.7 to 6.0); vaccine efficacy was 94.1% (95% CI, 89.3 to 96.8%; P<0.001). Efficacy was similar across key secondary analyses, including assessment 14 days after the first dose, analyses that included participants who had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection at baseline, and analyses in participants 65 years of age or older. Severe Covid-19 occurred in 30 participants, with one fatality; all 30 were in the placebo group. Moderate, transient reactogenicity after vaccination occurred more frequently in the mRNA-1273 group. Serious adverse events were rare, and the incidence was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The mRNA-1273 vaccine showed 94.1% efficacy at preventing Covid-19 illness, including severe disease. Aside from transient local and systemic reactions, no safety concerns were identified. (Funded by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; COVE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04470427.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R Baden
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Hana M El Sahly
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Brandon Essink
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Karen Kotloff
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Sharon Frey
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Rick Novak
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - David Diemert
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Stephen A Spector
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - C Buddy Creech
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - John McGettigan
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Shishir Khetan
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Nathan Segall
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Joel Solis
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Adam Brosz
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Carlos Fierro
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Howard Schwartz
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Kathleen Neuzil
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Larry Corey
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Peter Gilbert
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Holly Janes
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Dean Follmann
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Mary Marovich
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - John Mascola
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Laura Polakowski
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Julie Ledgerwood
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Barney S Graham
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Hamilton Bennett
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Rolando Pajon
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Conor Knightly
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Brett Leav
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Weiping Deng
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Honghong Zhou
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Shu Han
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Melanie Ivarsson
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Jacqueline Miller
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
| | - Tal Zaks
- From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.)
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Abstract
In observational studies, potential confounders may distort the causal relationship between an exposure and an outcome. However, under some conditions, a causal dose-response curve can be recovered using the G-computation formula. Most classical methods for estimating such curves when the exposure is continuous rely on restrictive parametric assumptions, which carry significant risk of model misspecification. Nonparametric estimation in this context is challenging because in a nonparametric model these curves cannot be estimated at regular rates. Many available nonparametric estimators are sensitive to the selection of certain tuning parameters, and performing valid inference with such estimators can be difficult. In this work, we propose a nonparametric estimator of a causal dose-response curve known to be monotone. We show that our proposed estimation procedure generalizes the classical least-squares isotonic regression estimator of a monotone regression function. Specifically, it does not involve tuning parameters, and is invariant to strictly monotone transformations of the exposure variable. We describe theoretical properties of our proposed estimator, including its irregular limit distribution and the potential for doubly-robust inference. Furthermore, we illustrate its performance via numerical studies, and use it to assess the relationship between BMI and immune response in HIV vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Westling
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Marco Carone
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington
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Morris T, Sandow T, Gimenez J, Gulotta P, Thevenot P, Nunez K, Gilbert P, Marsala A, Bohorquez H, Cohen A, Kay D, Ramalingam V. 3:36 PM Abstract No. 302 Effect of bridging locoregional therapy on hepatic arterial complications following liver transplant: 3-year, multicenter, retrospective analysis of 608 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.12.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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20
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Ditse Z, Mkhize NN, Yin M, Keefer M, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Churchyard G, Mayer KH, Karuna S, Morgan C, Bekker LG, Mlisana K, Gray G, Moodie Z, Gilbert P, Moore PL, Williamson C, Morris L. Effect of HIV Envelope Vaccination on the Subsequent Antibody Response to HIV Infection. mSphere 2020; 5:e00738-19. [PMID: 31996422 PMCID: PMC6992371 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00738-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of breakthrough HIV-1 infections could elucidate whether prior vaccination primes relevant immune responses. Here, we measured HIV-specific antibody responses in 14 South African volunteers who acquired HIV infection after participating in phase 1/2 trials of envelope-containing immunogens. Serum samples were collected annually following HIV-1 infection from participants in trials HVTN 073 (subtype C, DNA/MVA, phase 1 trial, n = 1), HVTN 086 (subtype C, DNA/MVA/gp140 protein, phase 1 trial, n = 2), and HVTN 204 (multisubtype, DNA/adenovirus serotype 5 [Ad5], phase 2 trial, n = 7) and 4 placebo recipients. Binding and neutralizing antibody responses to Env proteins and peptides were determined pre- and post-HIV infection using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the TZM-bl cell neutralization assay, respectively. HIV-infected South African individuals served as unvaccinated controls. Binding antibodies to gp41, V3, V2, the membrane-proximal external region (MPER), and the CD4 binding site were detected from the first year of HIV-1 subtype C infection, and the levels were similar in vaccinated and placebo recipients. Neutralizing antibody responses against tier 1A viruses were detected in all participants, with the highest titers being to a subtype C virus, MW965.26. No responses were observed just prior to infection, indicating that vaccine-primed HIV-specific antibodies had waned. Sporadic neutralization activity against tier 2 isolates was observed after 2 to 3 years of HIV infection, but these responses were similar in the vaccinated and placebo groups as well as the unvaccinated controls. Our data suggest that prior vaccination with these immunogens did not alter the antibody responses to HIV-1 infection, nor did it accelerate the development of HIV neutralization breadth.IMPORTANCE There is a wealth of information on HIV-specific vaccine-induced immune responses among HIV-uninfected participants; however, data on immune responses among participants who acquire HIV after vaccination are limited. Here we show that HIV-specific binding antibody responses in individuals with breakthrough HIV infections were not affected by prior vaccination with HIV envelope-containing immunogens. We also found that these vectored vaccines did not prime tier 2 virus-neutralizing antibody responses, which are thought to be required for prevention against HIV acquisition, or accelerate the development of neutralization breadth. Although this study is limited, such studies can provide insights into whether vaccine-elicited antibody responses are boosted by HIV infection to acquire broader neutralizing activity, which may help to identify antigens relevant to the design of more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanele Ditse
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla N Mkhize
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michael Yin
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Keefer
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gavin Churchyard
- Aurum Institute, Parktown, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- Fenway Health, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cecilia Morgan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Koleka Mlisana
- University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Glenda Gray
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Penny L Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Schiaffino M, Murphy J, Moore A, Gilbert P. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH TIME-TO-TREATMENT RISK FOR DIVERSE OLDER ADULT CANCER PATIENTS. J Geriatr Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1879-4068(19)31324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mustafa A, Beltran-Najera I, Gilbert P, Graves L, Holden H, Lopez F, Sumida C, Van etten E. A-46 Impairments in Memory for “Who”, “When”, and “Where” are Detectable in Middle-Aged Adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acz034.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
We conducted a cross-sectional study to examine age-¬related differences in performance on a new test assessing memory for “who, when, and where” and associations among these elements. The test was designed to assess aspects of episodic memory by simulating an everyday experience of meeting a series of different people in different places across time.
Method
Healthy young (ages 18¬-25), middle-aged (ages 40-55), and older adults (ages 60+) were asked to remember a sequence of pictures of different faces paired with different places. After viewing the sequence, the participants were asked to pair each face with the correct place and put the face-place pairs in the correct sequence. Participants also completed a battery of standardized neuropsychological tests.
Results
Young adults remembered significantly more face-place pairs in the correct sequence than middle-aged (p < .05) and older adults (p < .05). There were no significant differences between middle-aged and older adults in the number of face-place pairs in correct sequence. Furthermore, young adults remembered significantly more face-place pairs irrespective of sequence than older adults (p < .05). There were no significant differences between young and middle-aged adults or between middle-aged and older adults in the number of correct face-place pairs irrespective of sequence.
Conclusions
Using a new test that incorporates aspects of episodic memory, we found evidence for age-related differences in test performance beginning in middle age. We found that performance on the test correlated with performance on standardized measures of verbal memory and executive functioning but not visual confrontation naming.
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Yu T, Wu L, Gilbert P. New approaches for censored longitudinal data in joint modelling of longitudinal and survival data, with application to HIV vaccine studies. Lifetime Data Anal 2019; 25:229-258. [PMID: 29948579 PMCID: PMC6286694 DOI: 10.1007/s10985-018-9434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In HIV vaccine studies, longitudinal immune response biomarker data are often left-censored due to lower limits of quantification of the employed immunological assays. The censoring information is important for predicting HIV infection, the failure event of interest. We propose two approaches to addressing left censoring in longitudinal data: one that makes no distributional assumptions for the censored data-treating left censored values as a "point mass" subgroup-and the other makes a distributional assumption for a subset of the censored data but not for the remaining subset. We develop these two approaches to handling censoring for joint modelling of longitudinal and survival data via a Cox proportional hazards model fit by h-likelihood. We evaluate the new methods via simulation and analyze an HIV vaccine trial data set, finding that longitudinal characteristics of the immune response biomarkers are highly associated with the risk of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yu
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Lang Wu
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-7232, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease and Public Health Sciences Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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Tramel R, April D, Sandow T, Gulotta P, Gilbert P, Marsala A, Gimenez J, Milburn J, Kay D, Ramalingam V. 03:27 PM Abstract No. 309 Safety and feasibility of percutaneous gastrostomy tube placement on patients receiving antiplatelet therapy after cerebral vascular accident. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.12.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Sandow T, Nunez K, Gimenez J, Ramalingam V, Gulotta P, Robertson S, Gilbert P, Marsala A, DeVun D, Kay D, Cohen A, Thevenot P. 03:45 PM Abstract No. 213 Synthetic liver function and absolute lymphocyte count are associated with tumor response to locoregional therapy as well as immunosuppressive cell populations in transplant waitlist patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: single-center, prospective, observational trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.12.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Arndt S, Sandow T, Gimenez J, Ramalingam V, Gilbert P, Gulotta P. 03:36 PM Abstract No. 106 Final results of a prospective study of lung shunt fraction as related to chemoembolization outcomes and predictors of lung shunt fraction. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.12.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Bravo AG, Kothawala DN, Attermeyer K, Tessier E, Bodmer P, Ledesma JLJ, Audet J, Casas-Ruiz JP, Catalán N, Cauvy-Fraunié S, Colls M, Deininger A, Evtimova VV, Fonvielle JA, Fuß T, Gilbert P, Herrero Ortega S, Liu L, Mendoza-Lera C, Monteiro J, Mor JR, Nagler M, Niedrist GH, Nydahl AC, Pastor A, Pegg J, Gutmann Roberts C, Pilotto F, Portela AP, González-Quijano CR, Romero F, Rulík M, Amouroux D. The interplay between total mercury, methylmercury and dissolved organic matter in fluvial systems: A latitudinal study across Europe. Water Res 2018; 144:172-182. [PMID: 30029076 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale studies are needed to identify the drivers of total mercury (THg) and monomethyl-mercury (MeHg) concentrations in aquatic ecosystems. Studies attempting to link dissolved organic matter (DOM) to levels of THg or MeHg are few and geographically constrained. Additionally, stream and river systems have been understudied as compared to lakes. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine the influence of DOM concentration and composition, morphological descriptors, land uses and water chemistry on THg and MeHg concentrations and the percentage of THg as MeHg (%MeHg) in 29 streams across Europe spanning from 41°N to 64 °N. THg concentrations (0.06-2.78 ng L-1) were highest in streams characterized by DOM with a high terrestrial soil signature and low nutrient content. MeHg concentrations (7.8-159 pg L-1) varied non-systematically across systems. Relationships between DOM bulk characteristics and THg and MeHg suggest that while soil derived DOM inputs control THg concentrations, autochthonous DOM (aquatically produced) and the availability of electron acceptors for Hg methylating microorganisms (e.g. sulfate) drive %MeHg and potentially MeHg concentration. Overall, these results highlight the large spatial variability in THg and MeHg concentrations at the European scale, and underscore the importance of DOM composition on mercury cycling in fluvial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Bravo
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Dolly N Kothawala
- Limnology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katrin Attermeyer
- Limnology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emmanuel Tessier
- CNRS/ UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Materiaux, UMR5254, MIRA, Pau, France
| | - Pascal Bodmer
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany; Chemical Analytics and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - José L J Ledesma
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joachim Audet
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Núria Catalán
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain
| | | | - Miriam Colls
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain
| | - Anne Deininger
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vesela V Evtimova
- Department of Aquatic Ecosystems, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jérémy A Fonvielle
- Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Stechlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Fuß
- Ecohydrology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany; WasserCluster Biological Station Lunz, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Peter Gilbert
- The Environmental Research Institute, North Highland College, University of Highlands and Islands, Thurso, Scotland, UK
| | - Sonia Herrero Ortega
- Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Stechlin, Germany
| | - Liu Liu
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Clara Mendoza-Lera
- IRSTEA, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, Villeurbanne, Cedex, France
| | - Juliana Monteiro
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jordi-René Mor
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magdalena Nagler
- Microbial Resource Management, Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg H Niedrist
- River and Conservation Research, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna C Nydahl
- Limnology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ada Pastor
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain
| | - Josephine Pegg
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, UK; University Centre Sparsholt, Winchester, UK
| | | | - Francesca Pilotto
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ana Paula Portela
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ferran Romero
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain
| | - Martin Rulík
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Amouroux
- CNRS/ UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Materiaux, UMR5254, MIRA, Pau, France.
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Sandow T, Thevenot P, Gimenez J, Arndt S, Nunez K, DeVun D, Gulotta P, Ramalingam V, Gilbert P, Kirsch D, Bohorquez H, Kay D, Cohen A. 3:18 PM Abstract No. 35 ■ DISTINGUISHED ABSTRACT Lymphopenia selects poor DEB-TACE response in transplant waitlist patients: prospective, single-center, observational study. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Arndt S, Gilbert P, Sandow T, Kay D, DeVun D, Goldman D, Gimenez J, Ramalingam V. Abstract No. 488 Overall survival and survival after second primary in thermal ablation, resection, and transplantation in patients with cured primary and subsequent second primary hepatocellular carcinoma, a SEER study. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.01.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Arndt S, Sandow T, Gimenez J, Kay D, Gulotta P, DeVun D, Gilbert P, Ramalingam V. Abstract No. 504 Drug-eluting bead TACE response predicts post liver transplant recurrence in a 6-year cohort. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.01.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Goldman D, Sandow T, Gimenez J, Arndt S, Thevenot P, Nunez K, DeVun D, Gulotta P, Ramalingam V, Gilbert P, Kirsch D, Bohorquez H, Galliano G, Cohen A, Kay D. 3:00 PM Abstract No. 33 Pre-TACE immune status correlates with treatment response and necrosis rates in HCC as a bridge to liver transplant. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Perez LG, Martinez DR, deCamp AC, Pinter A, Berman PW, Francis D, Sinangil F, Lee C, Greene K, Gao H, Nitayaphan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Kaewkungwal J, Pitisuttithum P, Tartaglia J, O’Connell RJ, Robb ML, Michael NL, Kim JH, Gilbert P, Montefiori DC. V1V2-specific complement activating serum IgG as a correlate of reduced HIV-1 infection risk in RV144. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180720. [PMID: 28678869 PMCID: PMC5498072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-neutralizing IgG to the V1V2 loop of HIV-1 gp120 correlates with a decreased risk of HIV-1 infection but the mechanism of protection remains unknown. This V1V2 IgG correlate was identified in RV144 Thai trial vaccine recipients, who were primed with a canarypox vector expressing membrane-bound gp120 (vCP1521) and boosted with vCP1521 plus a mixture gp120 proteins from clade B and clade CRF01_AE (B/E gp120). We sought to determine whether the mechanism of vaccine protection might involve antibody-dependent complement activation. Complement activation was measured as a function of complement component C3d deposition on V1V2-coated beads in the presence of RV144 sera. Variable levels of complement activation were detected two weeks post final boosting in RV144, which is when the V1V2 IgG correlate was identified. The magnitude of complement activation correlated with V1V2-specific serum IgG and was stronger and more common in RV144 than in HIV-1 infected individuals and two related HIV-1 vaccine trials, VAX003 and VAX004, where no protection was seen. After adjusting for gp120 IgA, V1V2 IgG, gender, and risk score, complement activation by case-control plasmas from RV144 correlated inversely with a reduced risk of HIV-1 infection, with odds ratio for positive versus negative response to TH023-V1V2 0.42 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.99, p = 0.048) and to A244-V1V2 0.49 (95% CI 0.21 to 1.10, p = 0.085). These results suggest that complement activity may have contributed in part to modest protection against the acquisition of HIV-1 infection seen in the RV144 trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lautaro G. Perez
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David R. Martinez
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Phillip W. Berman
- Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Donald Francis
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Faruk Sinangil
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Carter Lee
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kelli Greene
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - James Tartaglia
- Department of Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert J. O’Connell
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Matos M, Duarte J, Duarte C, Pinto-Gouveia J, Gilbert P. Cultivating the compassionate self against depression: An exploration of processes of change. Eur Psychiatry 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionCompassion and self-compassion can be protective factors against mental health difficulties, in particular depression. The cultivation of the compassionate self, associated with a range of practices such as slow and deeper breathing, compassionate voice tones and facial expressions, and compassionate focusing, is central to compassion focused therapy (Gilbert, 2010). However, no study has examined the processes of change that mediate the impact of compassionate self-cultivation practices on depressive symptoms.AimsThe aim of this study is to investigate the impact of a brief compassionate self training (CST) intervention on depressive symptoms, and explore the psychological processes that mediate the change at post intervention.MethodsUsing a longitudinal design, participants (general population and college students) were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: Compassionate self training (n = 56) and wait-list control (n = 37). Participants in the CST condition were instructed to practice CST exercises for 15 minutes everyday or in moments of stress during two weeks. Self-report measures of depression, self-criticism, shame and compassion, were completed at pre and post in both conditions.ResultsResults showed that, at post-intervention, participants in the CST condition decreased depression, self-criticism and shame, and increased self-compassion and openness to receive compassion from others. Mediation analyses revealed that changes in depression from pre to post intervention were mediated by decreases in self-criticism and shame, and increases in self-compassion and openness to the compassion from others.ConclusionsThese findings support the efficacy of compassionate self training components on lessening depressive symptoms and promoting mental health.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Sandow T, Albar A, Gulotta P, Bennett G, Galliano G, DeVun D, Kirsch D, Gimenez J, Malkerneker D, Gilbert P, Bohorquez H, Kay D. Tumor grade and primary treatment response following DEB-TACE for hepatocellular carcinoma based on liver explant. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.12.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Sandow T, Albar A, Gulotta P, Bennett G, Galliano G, DeVun D, Kirsch D, Gimenez J, Malkerneker D, Gilbert P, Bohorquez H, Kay D. Primary treatment response based on tumor explant morphology in HCC following DEB-TACE. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.12.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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McGarry A, McDermott M, Kieburtz K, de Blieck EA, Beal F, Marder K, Ross C, Shoulson I, Gilbert P, Mallonee WM, Guttman M, Wojcieszek J, Kumar R, LeDoux MS, Jenkins M, Rosas HD, Nance M, Biglan K, Como P, Dubinsky RM, Shannon KM, O'Suilleabhain P, Chou K, Walker F, Martin W, Wheelock VL, McCusker E, Jankovic J, Singer C, Sanchez-Ramos J, Scott B, Suchowersky O, Factor SA, Higgins DS, Molho E, Revilla F, Caviness JN, Friedman JH, Perlmutter JS, Feigin A, Anderson K, Rodriguez R, McFarland NR, Margolis RL, Farbman ES, Raymond LA, Suski V, Kostyk S, Colcher A, Seeberger L, Epping E, Esmail S, Diaz N, Fung WLA, Diamond A, Frank S, Hanna P, Hermanowicz N, Dure LS, Cudkowicz M. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in Huntington disease. Neurology 2016; 88:152-159. [PMID: 27913695 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that chronic treatment of early-stage Huntington disease (HD) with high-dose coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) will slow the progressive functional decline of HD. METHODS We performed a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Patients with early-stage HD (n = 609) were enrolled at 48 sites in the United States, Canada, and Australia from 2008 to 2012. Patients were randomized to receive either CoQ 2,400 mg/d or matching placebo, then followed for 60 months. The primary outcome variable was the change from baseline to month 60 in Total Functional Capacity score (for patients who survived) combined with time to death (for patients who died) analyzed using a joint-rank analysis approach. RESULTS An interim analysis for futility revealed a conditional power of <5% for the primary analysis, prompting premature conclusion in July 2014. No statistically significant differences were seen between treatment groups for the primary or secondary outcome measures. CoQ was generally safe and well-tolerated throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS These data do not justify use of CoQ as a treatment to slow functional decline in HD. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER NCT00608881. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This article provides Class I evidence that CoQ does not slow the progressive functional decline of patients with HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McGarry
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston.
| | - Michael McDermott
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Karl Kieburtz
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Elisabeth A de Blieck
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Flint Beal
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Karen Marder
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Christopher Ross
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Ira Shoulson
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Peter Gilbert
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - William M Mallonee
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Mark Guttman
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Joanne Wojcieszek
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Mark S LeDoux
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Mary Jenkins
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - H Diana Rosas
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Martha Nance
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Kevin Biglan
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Peter Como
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Richard M Dubinsky
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Kathleen M Shannon
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Padraig O'Suilleabhain
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Kelvin Chou
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Francis Walker
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Wayne Martin
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Vicki L Wheelock
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Elizabeth McCusker
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Carlos Singer
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Juan Sanchez-Ramos
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Burton Scott
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Oksana Suchowersky
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Stewart A Factor
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Donald S Higgins
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Eric Molho
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Fredy Revilla
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - John N Caviness
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Joseph H Friedman
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Andrew Feigin
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Karen Anderson
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Ramon Rodriguez
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Nikolaus R McFarland
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Russell L Margolis
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Eric S Farbman
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Lynn A Raymond
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Valerie Suski
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Sandra Kostyk
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Amy Colcher
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Lauren Seeberger
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Eric Epping
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Sherali Esmail
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Nancy Diaz
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Wai Lun Alan Fung
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Alan Diamond
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Samuel Frank
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Philip Hanna
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Neal Hermanowicz
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Leon S Dure
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Merit Cudkowicz
- From Cooper University Healthcare at Rowan University (A.M.), Camden, NJ; University of Rochester (M.M., K.K., E.A.d.B., K.B., P.C.); Weill Cornell Medical Center (F.B.); Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center (K.M.), New York, NY; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (C.R.), Baltimore, MD; Georgetown University (I.S.), Washington, DC; NINDS (P.G.), Bethesda, MD; Hereditary Neurological Disease Center (W.M.M.), Wichita, KS; The Centre for Movement Disorders (M.G.), Toronto, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (J.W.), Indianapolis; Colorado Neurological Institute (R.K.), Englewood; University of Tennessee Health Science Center (M.S.L.), Memphis; London Health Sciences Centre (M.J.), Canada; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.D.R.), Boston; Struthers Parkinson's Center (M.N.), Minneapolis, MN; University of Kansas Medical Center (R.M.D.), Kansas City; Rush University Medical Center (K.M.S.), Chicago, IL; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (P.O.), Dallas; University of Michigan (K.C.), Ann Arbor; Wake Forest University (F.W.), Winston-Salem, NC; University of Alberta (W.M.), Edmonton, Canada; University of California Davis (V.L.W.), Sacramento; Westmead Hospital (E. McCusker), Westmead, Australia; Baylor College of Medicine (J.J.), Houston, TX; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine (C.S.), FL; University of South Florida (J.S.-R.), Tampa; Duke University (B.S.), Durham, NC; University of Calgary (O.S.), Canada; Emory University School of Medicine (S.A.F.), Atlanta, GA; Albany Medical College (D.S.H., Eric Molho), NY; University of Cincinnati (F.R.), OH; Mayo Clinic Arizona (J.N.C.), Scottsdale; Butler Hospital (J.H.F.), Providence, RI; Washington University (J.S.P.), St. Louis, MO; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research (A.F.), Manhasset, NY; Georgetown University (K.A.), Washington, DC; University of Florida (R.R., N.R.M.), Gainesville; Johns Hopkins University (R.L.M.), Baltimore, MD; University of Nevada School of Medicine (E.S.F.), Reno; University of British Columbia (L.A.R.), Vancouver, Canada; University of Pittsburgh (V.S.), PA; Ohio State University (S.K.), Columbus; The Cooper University Health System (A.C.), Camden, NJ; Idaho Elks Rehabilitation Hospital (L.S.), Boise, ID; University of Iowa (E.E.), Iowa City; North York General Hospital 1 (S.E.), Toronto, Canada; St. Luke's Hospital (N.D.), Allentown, PA; North York General Hospital 2 (W.L.A.F.), University of Toronto, Canada; Washington Regional Medical Center (A.D.), Fayetteville, AR; Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.F.), Boston, MA; NJ Neuroscience Institute (P.H.), Edison; University of California Irvine (N.H.); The University of Alabama at Birmingham (L.S.D.); and Massachusetts General Hospital (M.C.), Harvard Medical School, Boston
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Bourgeois A, Egbert R, Gilbert P, Sanders K, Yamada R, Anderson M, Guimaraes M. Patent hemostasis modified technique in transradial interventional procedures. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2015.12.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Pryor W, Bourgeois A, Sanders K, Gilbert P, Egbert, Yamada R, Guimaraes M. Radial access for liver-directed therapy: a single center prospective study. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2015.12.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Vasan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Gilbert P, Haynes B, Nitayapan S, Pitisuttihum P, Kaewkungwal J, Excler JL, Robb M, Michael N, Kim J, O'Connell R. Letter to the Editor on: The RV144 vaccine regimen was not associated with enhancement of infection. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:1036-7. [PMID: 25746053 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1010970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Vasan
- a U.S. Army Component of The Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences ; U.S. Military HIV Research Program; USAMC-AFRIMS ; Bangkok , Thailand
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Sheppard D, Woods S, Bondi M, Gilbert P, Massman P. A-14Combined Effects of Older Age and HIV Disease on the One-Year Incidence of Neurocognitive Disorders. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acv047.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Doyle K, Iudicello J, Morgan E, Gilbert P, Cameron M, Woods S. A-29Health-Related Decision-Making is Disrupted in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND). Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acv047.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Williams WB, Liao HX, Moody MA, Kepler TB, Alam SM, Gao F, Wiehe K, Trama AM, Jones K, Zhang R, Song H, Marshall DJ, Whitesides JF, Sawatzki K, Hua A, Liu P, Tay MZ, Seaton KE, Shen X, Foulger A, Lloyd KE, Parks R, Pollara J, Ferrari G, Yu JS, Vandergrift N, Montefiori DC, Sobieszczyk ME, Hammer S, Karuna S, Gilbert P, Grove D, Grunenberg N, McElrath MJ, Mascola JR, Koup RA, Corey L, Nabel GJ, Morgan C, Churchyard G, Maenza J, Keefer M, Graham BS, Baden LR, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF. HIV-1 VACCINES. Diversion of HIV-1 vaccine-induced immunity by gp41-microbiota cross-reactive antibodies. Science 2015; 349:aab1253. [PMID: 26229114 DOI: 10.1126/science.aab1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An HIV-1 DNA prime vaccine, with a recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) boost, failed to protect from HIV-1 acquisition. We studied the nature of the vaccine-induced antibody (Ab) response to HIV-1 envelope (Env). HIV-1-reactive plasma Ab titers were higher to Env gp41 than to gp120, and repertoire analysis demonstrated that 93% of HIV-1-reactive Abs from memory B cells responded to Env gp41. Vaccine-induced gp41-reactive monoclonal antibodies were non-neutralizing and frequently polyreactive with host and environmental antigens, including intestinal microbiota (IM). Next-generation sequencing of an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region repertoire before vaccination revealed an Env-IM cross-reactive Ab that was clonally related to a subsequent vaccine-induced gp41-reactive Ab. Thus, HIV-1 Env DNA-rAd5 vaccine induced a dominant IM-polyreactive, non-neutralizing gp41-reactive Ab repertoire response that was associated with no vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilton B Williams
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ashley M Trama
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kathryn Jones
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hongshuo Song
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dawn J Marshall
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John F Whitesides
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kaitlin Sawatzki
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Axin Hua
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pinghuang Liu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Z Tay
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Foulger
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Krissey E Lloyd
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jae-Sung Yu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nathan Vandergrift
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Scott Hammer
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Gilbert
- The Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Doug Grove
- The Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cecilia Morgan
- The Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Keefer
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Permar SR, Fong Y, Vandergrift N, Fouda GG, Gilbert P, Parks R, Jaeger FH, Pollara J, Martelli A, Liebl BE, Lloyd K, Yates NL, Overman RG, Shen X, Whitaker K, Chen H, Pritchett J, Solomon E, Friberg E, Marshall DJ, Whitesides JF, Gurley TC, Von Holle T, Martinez DR, Cai F, Kumar A, Xia SM, Lu X, Louzao R, Wilkes S, Datta S, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, Liao HX, Ferrari G, Alam SM, Montefiori DC, Denny TN, Moody MA, Tomaras GD, Gao F, Haynes BF. Maternal HIV-1 envelope-specific antibody responses and reduced risk of perinatal transmission. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2702-6. [PMID: 26053661 DOI: 10.1172/jci81593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the wide availability of antiretroviral drugs, more than 250,000 infants are vertically infected with HIV-1 annually, emphasizing the need for additional interventions to eliminate pediatric HIV-1 infections. Here, we aimed to define humoral immune correlates of risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1, including responses associated with protection in the RV144 vaccine trial. Eighty-three untreated, HIV-1-transmitting mothers and 165 propensity score-matched nontransmitting mothers were selected from the Women and Infants Transmission Study (WITS) of US nonbreastfeeding, HIV-1-infected mothers. In a multivariable logistic regression model, the magnitude of the maternal IgG responses specific for the third variable loop (V3) of the HIV-1 envelope was predictive of a reduced risk of MTCT. Neutralizing Ab responses against easy-to-neutralize (tier 1) HIV-1 strains also predicted a reduced risk of peripartum transmission in secondary analyses. Moreover, recombinant maternal V3-specific IgG mAbs mediated neutralization of autologous HIV-1 isolates. Thus, common V3-specific Ab responses in maternal plasma predicted a reduced risk of MTCT and mediated autologous virus neutralization, suggesting that boosting these maternal Ab responses may further reduce HIV-1 MTCT.
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Lin L, Finak G, Ushey K, Seshadri C, Hawn TR, Frahm N, Scriba TJ, Mahomed H, Hanekom W, Bart PA, Pantaleo G, Tomaras GD, Rerks-Ngarm S, Kaewkungwal J, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttithum P, Michael NL, Kim JH, Robb ML, O'Connell RJ, Karasavvas N, Gilbert P, C De Rosa S, McElrath MJ, Gottardo R. COMPASS identifies T-cell subsets correlated with clinical outcomes. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:610-6. [PMID: 26006008 PMCID: PMC4569006 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Advances in flow cytometry and other single-cell technologies have enabled high-dimensional, high-throughput measurements of individual cells as well as the interrogation of cell population heterogeneity. However, in many instances, computational tools to analyze the wealth of data generated by these technologies are lacking. Here, we present a computational framework for unbiased combinatorial polyfunctionality analysis of antigen-specific T-cell subsets (COMPASS). COMPASS uses a Bayesian hierarchical framework to model all observed cell subsets and select those most likely to have antigen-specific responses. Cell-subset responses are quantified by posterior probabilities, and human subject-level responses are quantified by two summary statistics that describe the quality of an individual's polyfunctional response and can be correlated directly with clinical outcome. Using three clinical data sets of cytokine production, we demonstrate how COMPASS improves characterization of antigen-specific T cells and reveals cellular 'correlates of protection/immunity' in the RV144 HIV vaccine efficacy trial that are missed by other methods. COMPASS is available as open-source software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin Ushey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas R Hawn
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hassan Mahomed
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Willem Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Data Management Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Thai Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Punnee Pitisuttithum
- Vaccine Trials Center, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nelson L Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- US Army Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert J O'Connell
- US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicos Karasavvas
- US Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- 1] Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- 1] Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [3] Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Fong Y, Gilbert P. Calibration weighted estimation of semiparametric transformation models for two-phase sampling. Stat Med 2015; 34:1695-707. [PMID: 25648332 DOI: 10.1002/sim.6439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two-phase designs are commonly used to subsample subjects from a cohort in order to study covariates that are too expensive to ascertain for everyone in the cohort. This is particularly true for the study of immune response biomarkers in vaccine immunology, where new, elaborate assays are constantly being developed to improve our understanding of the human immune responses to vaccines and how the immune response may protect humans from virus infection. It has long being recognized that if there exist variables that are correlated with expensive variables and can be measured for every subject in the cohort, they can be leveraged to improve the estimation efficiency for the effects of the expensive variables. In this research article, we developed an improved inverse probability weighted estimation approach for semiparametric transformation models with a two-phase study design. Semiparametric transformation models are a class of models that include the Cox PH and proportional odds models. They provide an attractive way to model the effects of immune response biomarkers as human immune responses generally wane over time. Our approach is based on weights calibration, which has its origin in survey statistics and was used by Breslow et al. to improve inverse probability weighted estimation of the Cox regression model. We develop asymptotic theory for our estimator and examine its performance through simulation studies. We illustrate the proposed method with application to two HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
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Talley AK, Healy SA, Finney OC, Murphy SC, Kublin J, Salas CJ, Lundebjerg S, Gilbert P, Van Voorhis WC, Whisler J, Wang R, Ockenhouse CF, Heppner DG, Kappe SH, Duffy PE. Safety and comparability of controlled human Plasmodium falciparum infection by mosquito bite in malaria-naïve subjects at a new facility for sporozoite challenge. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109654. [PMID: 25405724 PMCID: PMC4236046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) studies which recapitulate mosquito-borne infection are a critical tool to identify protective vaccine and drug candidates for advancement to field trials. In partnership with the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, the CHMI model was established at the Seattle Biomedical Research Institute's Malaria Clinical Trials Center (MCTC). Activities and reagents at both centers were aligned to ensure comparability and continued safety of the model. To demonstrate successful implementation, CHMI was performed in six healthy malaria-naïve volunteers. Methods All volunteers received NF54 strain Plasmodium falciparum by the bite of five infected Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes under controlled conditions and were monitored for signs and symptoms of malaria and for parasitemia by peripheral blood smear. Subjects were treated upon diagnosis with chloroquine by directly observed therapy. Immunological (T cell and antibody) and molecular diagnostic (real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction [qRT-PCR]) assessments were also performed. Results All six volunteers developed patent parasitemia and clinical malaria. No serious adverse events occurred during the study period or for six months post-infection. The mean prepatent period was 11.2 days (range 9–14 days), and geometric mean parasitemia upon diagnosis was 10.8 parasites/µL (range 2–69) by microscopy. qRT-PCR detected parasites an average of 3.7 days (range 2–4 days) earlier than blood smears. All volunteers developed antibodies to the blood-stage antigen merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1), which persisted up to six months. Humoral and cellular responses to pre-erythrocytic antigens circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and liver-stage antigen 1 (LSA-1) were limited. Conclusion The CHMI model was safe, well tolerated and characterized by consistent prepatent periods, pre-symptomatic diagnosis in 3/6 subjects and adverse event profiles as reported at established centers. The MCTC can now evaluate candidates in the increasingly diverse vaccine and drug pipeline using the CHMI model. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01058226
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K. Talley
- Malaria Clinical Trials Center, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sara A. Healy
- Laboratory for Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Olivia C. Finney
- Malaria Clinical Trials Center, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sean C. Murphy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James Kublin
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Carola J. Salas
- United States Naval Medical Research Unit Number 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Susan Lundebjerg
- Malaria Clinical Trials Center, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John Whisler
- Malaria Clinical Trials Center, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ruobing Wang
- Malaria Clinical Trials Center, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chris F. Ockenhouse
- United States Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - D. Gray Heppner
- United States Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stefan H. Kappe
- Malaria Clinical Trials Center, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Patrick E. Duffy
- Laboratory for Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zolla-Pazner S, Edlefsen PT, Rolland M, Kong XP, deCamp A, Gottardo R, Williams C, Tovanabutra S, Sharpe-Cohen S, Mullins JI, deSouza MS, Karasavvas N, Nitayaphan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttihum P, Kaewkungwal J, O'Connell RJ, Robb ML, Michael NL, Kim JH, Gilbert P. Vaccine-induced Human Antibodies Specific for the Third Variable Region of HIV-1 gp120 Impose Immune Pressure on Infecting Viruses. EBioMedicine 2014; 1:37-45. [PMID: 25599085 PMCID: PMC4293639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the role of V3-specific IgG antibodies (Abs) in the RV144 clinical HIV vaccine trial, which reduced HIV-1 infection by 31.2%, the anti-V3 Ab response was assessed. Vaccinees' V3 Abs were highly cross-reactive with cyclic V3 peptides (cV3s) from diverse virus subtypes. Sieve analysis of CRF01_AE breakthrough viruses from 43 vaccine- and 66 placebo-recipients demonstrated an estimated vaccine efficacy of 85% against viruses with amino acids mismatching the vaccine at V3 site 317 (p = 0.004) and 52% against viruses matching the vaccine at V3 site 307 (p = 0.004). This analysis was supported by data showing that vaccinees' plasma Abs were less reactive with I307 when replaced with residues found more often in vaccinees' breakthrough viruses. Simultaneously, viruses with mutations at F317 were less infectious, possibly due to the contribution of F317 to optimal formation of the V3 hydrophobic core. These data suggest that RV144-induced V3-specific Abs imposed immune pressure on infecting viruses and inform efforts to design an HIV vaccine. The RV144 vaccine reduced infection by viruses with isoleucine in V3 position 307. Many vaccine-induced antibodies are cross-reactive and target an epitope including I307. There was selection for breakthrough viruses carrying F317 in V3 (p = 0.004). F317 is needed to maintain optimal infectivity. F317 is a poor or non-contact residue for vaccine induced V3 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Zolla-Pazner
- New York Veterans Affairs Harbor Healthcare System, 423 East 23 Street, New York, NY 10010, USA ; New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., M2-C200, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Morgane Rolland
- Department of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Building 503, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Allan deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., M2-C200, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., M2-C200, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Constance Williams
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- Department of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Building 503, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Sandra Sharpe-Cohen
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - James I Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, 358B Rosen Building, Campus box 358070, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Mark S deSouza
- Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center 104, Tower 2, Rajdumari Rd. Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand, 10330
| | - Nicos Karasavvas
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS) Department of Retrovirology Humoral Immunology and Assessment Laboratory, 315/6 Rajvithi Rd. Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS) Department of Retrovirology Humoral Immunology and Assessment Laboratory, 315/6 Rajvithi Rd. Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Supachai Rerks-Ngarm
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand
| | - Punnee Pitisuttihum
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Robert J O'Connell
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science (AFRIMS) Department of Retrovirology Humoral Immunology and Assessment Laboratory, 315/6 Rajvithi Rd. Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Army Military HIV Research Program, 6720A Rockledge Dr., Suite 400, Bethesda MD, 20817
| | - Nelson L Michael
- U.S. Army Military HIV Research Program, 6720A Rockledge Dr., Suite 400, Bethesda MD, 20817
| | - Jerome H Kim
- U.S. Army Military HIV Research Program, 6720A Rockledge Dr., Suite 400, Bethesda MD, 20817
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., M2-C200, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Buchbinder SP, Hay C, Grunenberg N, Goepfert P, Georgia T, Seaton K, Sato A, Elizaga M, Yu X, Gilbert P, Moss B, Robinson H. VLP-expressing DNA/MVA Vaccines: The Effect of Schedule and Regimen on Antibody Magnitude and Avidity. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.5050.abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susan P. Buchbinder
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, Bridge HIV, San Francisco, CA, United States
- University of California at San Francisco, Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christine Hay
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | | | - Paul Goepfert
- University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | - Kelly Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Marnie Elizaga
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Xuesong Yu
- SCHARP-FHCRC, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Bernard Moss
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Michaud A, Gilbert P, Gatzoulis M, Pibarot P, Rodés-Cabau J, Perron J, Bedard E. LEFT VENTRICULAR CONTRACTILE RESERVE ASSESSED BY EXERCISE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAM IN ADULTS WITH REPAIRED TETRALOGY OF FALLOT: A NOVEL EARLY MARKER OF INTRINSIC MYOCARDIAL DISEASE? Can J Cardiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.07.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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50
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Sachdev DD, Ahmed H, Huang Y, Gilbert P, Rerks-Ngarm S, Kaewkungwal J, Nitayaphan S, Michael N, Pitisuttithum P, Robb M, Kim JH, O'Connell R, Frahm N, Morgan C, Buchbinder SP. Sex Differences in Immune Variables in the RV144 Trial. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.5410.abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Darpun D. Sachdev
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies (CAPS), UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, Bridge HIV, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Supachai Rerks-Ngarm
- Thailand-MoPH U.S. CDC Collaboration, Department of Disease Control, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | | | - Nelson Michael
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, U.S. Army Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | - Merlin Robb
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, U.S. Army Military HIV Research Program, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Robert O'Connell
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, U.S. Army Medical Component, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cecilia Morgan
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susan P. Buchbinder
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, Bridge HIV, San Francisco, CA, United States
- University of California at San Francisco, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco, CA, United States
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