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Muda R, Sawicki P, Ginszt M. Perceived food palatability, blood glucose level and future discounting: Lack of evidence for blood glucose level's impact on reward discounting. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255484. [PMID: 34370769 PMCID: PMC8351949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Some previous studies have shown that an increase in blood glucose level makes people more future oriented, however, results are inconsistent, other studies failing to replicate this effect. Here, we tested whether psychological factors (in this instance, perception of food pleasantness after consumption of more palatable or less palatable meal) can play a moderating role. We hypothesized that consuming more palatable food (perceived as rewarding) should cause blood glucose levels to affect future discounting, but that this should not occur for the consumption of less palatable food. A high-powered, independent groups experiment (N = 149, power β = .90) showed that, subsequent to performing an initial discounting task, the two groups consuming a meal (a control group consumed no meal) displayed a significant increase in blood glucose levels 10 minutes after meal consumption and just before repeating the discounting task. However, the increased blood glucose levels did not cause changes in delay discounting in either experimental group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Muda
- Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Przemysław Sawicki
- Centre for Economic Psychology and Decision Sciences, Kozminski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Ginszt
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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IJzerman H, Ropovik I, Ebersole CR, Tidwell ND, Markiewicz Ł, de Lima TJS, Wolf D, Novak SA, Collins WM, Menon M, de Souza LEC, Sawicki P, Boucher L, Białek M, Idzikowska K, Razza TS, Kraus S, Weissgerber SC, Baník G, Kołodziej S, Babincak P, Schütz A, Sternglanz RW, Gawryluk K, Sullivan GB, Day CR. Many Labs 5: Registered Replication of Förster, Liberman, and Kuschel’s (2008) Study 1. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2515245920916513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a test of their global-/local-processing-style model, Förster, Liberman, and Kuschel (2008) found that people assimilate a primed concept (e.g., “aggressive”) into their social judgments after a global prime (e.g., they rate a person as being more aggressive than do people in a no-prime condition) but contrast their judgment away from the primed concept after a local prime (e.g., they rate the person as being less aggressive than do people in a no prime-condition). This effect was not replicated by Reinhard (2015) in the Reproducibility Project: Psychology. However, the authors of the original study noted that the replication could not provide a test of the moderation effect because priming did not occur. They suggested that the primes might have been insufficiently applicable and the scenarios insufficiently ambiguous to produce priming. In the current replication project, we used both Reinhard’s protocol and a revised protocol that was designed to increase the likelihood of priming, to test the original authors’ suggested explanation for why Reinhard did not observe the moderation effect. Teams from nine universities contributed to this project. We first conducted a pilot study ( N = 530) and successfully selected ambiguous scenarios for each site. We then pilot-tested the aggression prime at five different sites ( N = 363) and found that it did not successfully produce priming. In agreement with the first author of the original report, we replaced the prime with a task that successfully primed aggression (hostility) in a pilot study by McCarthy et al. (2018). In the final replication study ( N = 1,460), we did not find moderation by protocol type, and judgment patterns in both protocols were inconsistent with the effects observed in the original study. We discuss these findings and possible explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans IJzerman
- LIP/PC2S, Université Grenoble Alpes
- Institut Universitaire de France
| | - Ivan Ropovik
- Faculty of Education, University of Presov
- Institute for Research and Development of Education, Faculty of Education, Charles University
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Wolf
- Department of Psychology, University of Bamberg
| | | | | | - Madhavi Menon
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University
| | | | | | - Leanne Boucher
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University
| | | | | | - Timothy S. Razza
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University
| | | | | | - Gabriel Baník
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov
| | | | - Peter Babincak
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov
| | | | | | | | | | - Chris R. Day
- Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University
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Ebersole CR, Mathur MB, Baranski E, Bart-Plange DJ, Buttrick NR, Chartier CR, Corker KS, Corley M, Hartshorne JK, IJzerman H, Lazarević LB, Rabagliati H, Ropovik I, Aczel B, Aeschbach LF, Andrighetto L, Arnal JD, Arrow H, Babincak P, Bakos BE, Baník G, Baskin E, Belopavlović R, Bernstein MH, Białek M, Bloxsom NG, Bodroža B, Bonfiglio DBV, Boucher L, Brühlmann F, Brumbaugh CC, Casini E, Chen Y, Chiorri C, Chopik WJ, Christ O, Ciunci AM, Claypool HM, Coary S, Čolić MV, Collins WM, Curran PG, Day CR, Dering B, Dreber A, Edlund JE, Falcão F, Fedor A, Feinberg L, Ferguson IR, Ford M, Frank MC, Fryberger E, Garinther A, Gawryluk K, Ashbaugh K, Giacomantonio M, Giessner SR, Grahe JE, Guadagno RE, Hałasa E, Hancock PJB, Hilliard RA, Hüffmeier J, Hughes S, Idzikowska K, Inzlicht M, Jern A, Jiménez-Leal W, Johannesson M, Joy-Gaba JA, Kauff M, Kellier DJ, Kessinger G, Kidwell MC, Kimbrough AM, King JPJ, Kolb VS, Kołodziej S, Kovacs M, Krasuska K, Kraus S, Krueger LE, Kuchno K, Lage CA, Langford EV, Levitan CA, de Lima TJS, Lin H, Lins S, Loy JE, Manfredi D, Markiewicz Ł, Menon M, Mercier B, Metzger M, Meyet V, Millen AE, Miller JK, Montealegre A, Moore DA, Muda R, Nave G, Nichols AL, Novak SA, Nunnally C, Orlić A, Palinkas A, Panno A, Parks KP, Pedović I, Pękala E, Penner MR, Pessers S, Petrović B, Pfeiffer T, Pieńkosz D, Preti E, Purić D, Ramos T, Ravid J, Razza TS, Rentzsch K, Richetin J, Rife SC, Rosa AD, Rudy KH, Salamon J, Saunders B, Sawicki P, Schmidt K, Schuepfer K, Schultze T, Schulz-Hardt S, Schütz A, Shabazian AN, Shubella RL, Siegel A, Silva R, Sioma B, Skorb L, de Souza LEC, Steegen S, Stein LAR, Sternglanz RW, Stojilović D, Storage D, Sullivan GB, Szaszi B, Szecsi P, Szöke O, Szuts A, Thomae M, Tidwell ND, Tocco C, Torka AK, Tuerlinckx F, Vanpaemel W, Vaughn LA, Vianello M, Viganola D, Vlachou M, Walker RJ, Weissgerber SC, Wichman AL, Wiggins BJ, Wolf D, Wood MJ, Zealley D, Žeželj I, Zrubka M, Nosek BA. Many Labs 5: Testing Pre-Data-Collection Peer Review as an Intervention to Increase Replicability. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2515245920958687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Replication studies in psychological science sometimes fail to reproduce prior findings. If these studies use methods that are unfaithful to the original study or ineffective in eliciting the phenomenon of interest, then a failure to replicate may be a failure of the protocol rather than a challenge to the original finding. Formal pre-data-collection peer review by experts may address shortcomings and increase replicability rates. We selected 10 replication studies from the Reproducibility Project: Psychology (RP:P; Open Science Collaboration, 2015) for which the original authors had expressed concerns about the replication designs before data collection; only one of these studies had yielded a statistically significant effect ( p < .05). Commenters suggested that lack of adherence to expert review and low-powered tests were the reasons that most of these RP:P studies failed to replicate the original effects. We revised the replication protocols and received formal peer review prior to conducting new replication studies. We administered the RP:P and revised protocols in multiple laboratories (median number of laboratories per original study = 6.5, range = 3–9; median total sample = 1,279.5, range = 276–3,512) for high-powered tests of each original finding with both protocols. Overall, following the preregistered analysis plan, we found that the revised protocols produced effect sizes similar to those of the RP:P protocols (Δ r = .002 or .014, depending on analytic approach). The median effect size for the revised protocols ( r = .05) was similar to that of the RP:P protocols ( r = .04) and the original RP:P replications ( r = .11), and smaller than that of the original studies ( r = .37). Analysis of the cumulative evidence across the original studies and the corresponding three replication attempts provided very precise estimates of the 10 tested effects and indicated that their effect sizes (median r = .07, range = .00–.15) were 78% smaller, on average, than the original effect sizes (median r = .37, range = .19–.50).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Corley
- Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh
| | | | - Hans IJzerman
- LIP/PC2S, Université Grenoble Alpes
- Institut Universitaire de France
| | - Ljiljana B. Lazarević
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
- Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
| | - Hugh Rabagliati
- Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh
| | - Ivan Ropovik
- Institute for Research and Development of Education, Faculty of Education, Charles University
- Faculty of Education, University of Presov
| | - Balazs Aczel
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | | | | | | | - Holly Arrow
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon
| | - Peter Babincak
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov
| | | | - Gabriel Baník
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov
| | - Ernest Baskin
- Department of Food Marketing, Haub School of Business, Saint Joseph’s University
| | | | - Michael H. Bernstein
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island
| | | | | | - Bojana Bodroža
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad
| | | | - Leanne Boucher
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University
| | | | | | - Erica Casini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca
| | - Yiling Chen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University
| | - Carlo Chiorri
- Department of Educational Science, University of Genova
| | | | | | | | | | - Sean Coary
- Quinlan School of Business, Loyola University Chicago
| | - Marija V. Čolić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade
| | | | | | - Chris R. Day
- Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University
| | | | - Anna Dreber
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics
- Department of Economics, University of Innsbruck
| | - John E. Edlund
- Department of Psychology, Rochester Institute of Technology
| | | | - Anna Fedor
- Institute of Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lily Feinberg
- Psychology and Neuroscience Department, Boston College
| | - Ian R. Ferguson
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
- Department of Psychology, New York University
| | - Máire Ford
- Department of Psychology, Loyola Marymount University
| | | | | | | | | | - Kayla Ashbaugh
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
| | - Mauro Giacomantonio
- Department of Social & Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome
| | | | - Jon E. Grahe
- Department of Psychology, Pacific Lutheran University
| | | | - Ewa Hałasa
- Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
| | | | - Rias A. Hilliard
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences, and the Arts, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
| | | | - Sean Hughes
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University
| | | | | | - Alan Jern
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences, and the Arts, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amanda M. Kimbrough
- School of Arts, Technology, Emerging Media, & Communication, University of Texas at Dallas
| | - Josiah P. J. King
- Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh
| | | | | | - Marton Kovacs
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | | | | | - Lacy E. Krueger
- Department of Psychology & Special Education, Texas A&M University-Commerce
| | | | - Caio Ambrosio Lage
- Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro
| | | | | | | | - Hause Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
| | - Samuel Lins
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto
| | - Jia E. Loy
- Linguistics & English Language, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh
| | - Dylan Manfredi
- Marketing Department, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Madhavi Menon
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University
| | - Brett Mercier
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine
| | | | - Venus Meyet
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University–Idaho
| | | | | | | | - Don A. Moore
- Haas School of Business, University of California at Berkeley
| | - Rafał Muda
- Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
| | - Gideon Nave
- Marketing Department, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Christian Nunnally
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
| | - Ana Orlić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade
| | - Anna Palinkas
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - Angelo Panno
- Department of Human Science, European University of Rome
| | | | - Ivana Pedović
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Niš
| | | | | | | | - Boban Petrović
- Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
- Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | | | - Danka Purić
- Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
| | - Tiago Ramos
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto
| | | | - Timothy S. Razza
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University
| | | | | | - Sean C. Rife
- Department of Psychology, Murray State University
| | - Anna Dalla Rosa
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova
| | | | - Janos Salamon
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | | | | | - Kathleen Schmidt
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale
| | | | - Thomas Schultze
- Institute of Psychology, University of Göttingen
- Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz-Hardt
- Institute of Psychology, University of Göttingen
- Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Rachel L. Shubella
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences, and the Arts, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
| | | | - Rúben Silva
- Department of Psychology, University of Porto
| | - Barbara Sioma
- Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
| | - Lauren Skorb
- Psychology and Neuroscience Department, Boston College
| | | | - Sara Steegen
- Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven
| | - L. A. R. Stein
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island
- Rhode Island Training School, Rhode Island Department of Children, Youth and Families
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Szecsi
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - Orsolya Szöke
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - Attila Szuts
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
| | - Manuela Thomae
- MEU - Die Multiversität
- Diploma University of Applied Sciences
| | | | - Carly Tocco
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York
| | | | | | - Wolf Vanpaemel
- Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven
| | | | - Michelangelo Vianello
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova
| | | | - Maria Vlachou
- Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven
| | | | | | - Aaron L. Wichman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Western Kentucky University
| | | | - Daniel Wolf
- Department of Psychology, University of Bamberg
| | | | - David Zealley
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University–Idaho
| | - Iris Žeželj
- Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade
| | - Mark Zrubka
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam
| | - Brian A. Nosek
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia
- Center for Open Science, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Sawicki
- Centre for Economic Psychology and Decision SciencesKozminski University, Jagiellońska Warsaw Poland
| | - Łukasz Markiewicz
- Centre for Economic Psychology and Decision SciencesKozminski University, Jagiellońska Warsaw Poland
| | - Michał Białek
- Centre for Economic Psychology and Decision SciencesKozminski University, Jagiellońska Warsaw Poland
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Sawicki P, Muda R, Goral K, Skrzypek M, Wiśniewska K, Bieniak M, Ginszt M. Increasing blood glucose level via breakfast meals is not connected with changes in delay discounting. Physiol Behav 2019; 210:112619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract. In this work, we investigated individual differences in cognitive reflection effects on delay discounting – a preference for smaller sooner over larger later payoff. People are claimed to prefer more these alternatives they considered first – so-called reference point – over the alternatives they considered later. Cognitive reflection affects the way individuals process information, with less reflective individuals relying predominantly on the first information they consider, thus, being more susceptible to reference points as compared to more reflective individuals. In Experiment 1, we confirmed that individuals who scored high on the Cognitive Reflection Test discount less strongly than less reflective individuals, but we also show that such individuals are less susceptible to imposed reference points. Experiment 2 replicated these findings additionally providing evidence that cognitive reflection predicts discounting strength and (in)dependency to reference points over and above individual difference in numeracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Białek
- Centre for Economic Psychology and Decision Sciences, Koźminski University, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Przemysław Sawicki
- Centre for Economic Psychology and Decision Sciences, Koźminski University, Warsaw, Poland
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Kadlubowski S, Sawicki P, Sowinski S, Rokita B, Bures K, Rosiak J, Ulanski P. Novel system for pulse radiolysis with multi-angle light scattering detection (PR-MALLS) – concept, construction and first tests. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sawicki P, Białek M. Correction: Side Effects in Time Discounting Procedures: Fixed Alternatives Become the Reference Point. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176620. [PMID: 28426796 PMCID: PMC5398714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Abstract
Typical research on intertemporal choice utilizes a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) paradigm requiring participants to choose between a smaller sooner and larger later payoff. In the adjusting-amount procedure (AAP) one of the alternatives is fixed and the other is adjusted according to particular choices made by the participant. Such a method makes the alternatives unequal in status and is speculated to make the fixed alternative a reference point for choices, thereby affecting the decision made. The current study shows that fixing different alternatives in the AAP influences discount rates in intertemporal choices. Specifically, individuals’ (N = 283) choices were affected to just the same extent by merely fixing an alternative as when choices were preceded by scenarios explicitly imposing reference points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Sawicki
- Kozminski University, Centre for Economic Psychology and Decision Sciences, Jagiellonska 59, Warsaw 03–301, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Michał Białek
- Kozminski University, Centre for Economic Psychology and Decision Sciences, Jagiellonska 59, Warsaw 03–301, Poland
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Abstract
Research by The Psychological Record, 64(3), 433-440. doi:10.1007/s40732-014-0052-9, (2014) demonstrated the novel finding that the magnitude effect for medical outcomes does not reverse across delay and probability discounting as it does for monetary outcomes. We suggest that a possible reason for the lack of a reverse magnitude effect in nonmonetary outcomes is incomparable divisibility of discounted alternatives. To test whether the lack of a reverse magnitude effect in probability discounting of medical outcomes is due to incomparable divisibility of treatment effects, 4 studies were conducted. In the replication study, the effect observed by The Psychological Record, 64(3), 433-440. doi:10.1007/s40732-014-0052-9, (2014) was marginally not significant, although it was directionally consistent with their prediction of steeper discounting of small medical outcomes (as compared to large, defined as brain cancer) both in time and probability discounting. Our manipulation by substituting a divisible outcome (body paralysis) for an indivisible one (brain cancer) did not, however, bring expected results. We discuss the explanations and possible implications of introduced division for divisible and nondivisible medical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Sawicki
- Centre for Economic Psychology and Decision Sciences, Economic Psychology Department, Kozminski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Markiewicz
- Centre for Economic Psychology and Decision Sciences, Economic Psychology Department, Kozminski University, Warsaw, Poland
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Białek M, Markiewicz Ł, Sawicki P. Introducing conjoint analysis method into delayed lotteries studies: its validity and time stability are higher than in adjusting. Front Psychol 2015; 6:23. [PMID: 25674069 PMCID: PMC4309168 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The delayed lotteries are much more common in everyday life than are pure lotteries. Usually, we need to wait to find out the outcome of the risky decision (e.g., investing in a stock market, engaging in a relationship). However, most research has studied the time discounting and probability discounting in isolation using the methodologies designed specifically to track changes in one parameter. Most commonly used method is adjusting, but its reported validity and time stability in research on discounting are suboptimal. The goal of this study was to introduce the novel method for analyzing delayed lotteries-conjoint analysis-which hypothetically is more suitable for analyzing individual preferences in this area. A set of two studies compared the conjoint analysis with adjusting. The results suggest that individual parameters of discounting strength estimated with conjoint have higher predictive value (Study 1 and 2), and they are more stable over time (Study 2) compared to adjusting. We discuss these findings, despite the exploratory character of reported studies, by suggesting that future research on delayed lotteries should be cross-validated using both methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Białek
- Economic Psychology Department, Centre for Economic Psychology and Decision Sciences, Kozminski University Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Markiewicz
- Economic Psychology Department, Centre for Economic Psychology and Decision Sciences, Kozminski University Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Sawicki
- Economic Psychology Department, Centre for Economic Psychology and Decision Sciences, Kozminski University Warsaw, Poland
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Białek M, Sawicki P. Can taking the perspective of an expert debias human decisions? The case of risky and delayed gains. Front Psychol 2014; 5:989. [PMID: 25237307 PMCID: PMC4154394 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In several previously reported studies, participants increased their normative correctness after being instructed to think hypothetically, specifically taking the perspective of an expert or researcher (Beatty and Thompson, 2012; Morsanyi and Handley, 2012). The goal of this paper was to investigate how this manipulation affects risky or delayed payoffs. In two studies, participants (n = 193) were tested online (in exchange for money) using the adjusting procedure. Individuals produced certain/immediate equivalents for risky/delayed gains. Participants in the control group were solving the problem from their own perspective, while participants in the experimental group were asked to imagine "what would a reliable and honest advisor advise them to do." Study 1 showed that when taking the perspective of an expert, participants in experimental group became more risk aversive compared to participants in the control group. Additionally, their certain equivalents diverged from the expected value to a greater extent. The results obtained from the experimental group in Study 2 suggest that participants became less impulsive, which means they tried to inhibit their preferences. This favors the explanation, which suggests that the perspective shift forced individuals to override their intuitions with the social norms. Individuals expect to be blamed for impatience or risk taking thus expected an expert to advise them to be more patient and risk aversive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Białek
- *Correspondence: Michał Białek, Department of Economic Psychology, Centre for Economic Psychology and Decision Sciences, Kozminski University, Jagiellońska 59, Warszawa 03-301, Poland e-mail:
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Back BB, Baker MD, Ballintijn M, Barton DS, Betts RR, Bickley AA, Bindel R, Budzanowski A, Busza W, Carroll A, Chai Z, Decowski MP, García E, Gburek T, George N, Gulbrandsen K, Gushue S, Halliwell C, Hamblen J, Hauer M, Heintzelman GA, Henderson C, Hofman DJ, Hollis RS, Hołyński R, Holzman B, Iordanova A, Johnson E, Kane JL, Katzy J, Khan N, Kucewicz W, Kulinich P, Kuo CM, Lin WT, Manly S, McLeod D, Mignerey AC, Nouicer R, Olszewski A, Pak R, Park IC, Pernegger H, Reed C, Remsberg LP, Reuter M, Roland C, Roland G, Rosenberg L, Sagerer J, Sarin P, Sawicki P, Seals H, Sedykh I, Skulski W, Smith CE, Stankiewicz MA, Steinberg P, Stephans GSF, Sukhanov A, Tang JL, Tonjes MB, Trzupek A, Vale C, van Nieuwenhuizen GJ, Vaurynovich SS, Verdier R, Veres GI, Wenger E, Wolfs FLH, Wosiek B, Woźniak K, Wuosmaa AH, Wysłouch B. Energy dependence of directed flow over a wide range of pseudorapidity in Au + Au collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 97:012301. [PMID: 16907368 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.012301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on measurements of directed flow as a function of pseudorapidity in Au + Au collisions at energies of square root of SNN = 19.6, 62.4, 130 and 200 GeV as measured by the PHOBOS detector at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. These results are particularly valuable because of the extensive, continuous pseudorapidity coverage of the PHOBOS detector. There is no significant indication of structure near midrapidity and the data surprisingly exhibit extended longitudinal scaling similar to that seen for elliptic flow and charged particle pseudorapidity density.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Back
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4843, USA
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15
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Back BB, Baker MD, Ballintijn M, Barton DS, Betts RR, Bickley AA, Bindel R, Budzanowski A, Busza W, Carroll A, Chai Z, Decowski MP, García E, Gburek T, George N, Gulbrandsen K, Gushue S, Halliwell C, Hamblen J, Hauer M, Heintzelman GA, Henderson C, Hofman DJ, Hollis RS, Hołyński R, Holzman B, Iordanova A, Johnson E, Kane JL, Katzy J, Khan N, Kucewicz W, Kulinich P, Kuo CM, Lin WT, Manly S, McLeod D, Mignerey AC, Nouicer R, Olszewski A, Pak R, Park IC, Pernegger H, Reed C, Remsberg LP, Reuter M, Roland C, Roland G, Rosenberg L, Sagerer J, Sarin P, Sawicki P, Seals H, Sedykh I, Skulski W, Smith CE, Stankiewicz MA, Steinberg P, Stephans GSF, Sukhanov A, Tang JL, Tonjes MB, Trzupek A, Vale C, van Nieuwenhuizen GJ, Vaurynovich SS, Verdier R, Veres GI, Wenger E, Wolfs FLH, Wosiek B, Woźniak K, Wuosmaa AH, Wysłouch B. Energy dependence of elliptic flow over a large pseudorapidity range in Au+Au collisions at the BNL relativistic heavy ion collider. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:122303. [PMID: 15903910 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.122303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This Letter describes the measurement of the energy dependence of elliptic flow for charged particles in Au+Au collisions using the PHOBOS detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Data taken at collision energies of square root of s(NN)=19.6, 62.4, 130, and 200 GeV are shown over a wide range in pseudorapidity. These results, when plotted as a function of eta(')=|eta|-y(beam), scale with approximate linearity throughout eta('), implying no sharp changes in the dynamics of particle production as a function of pseudorapidity or increasing beam energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Back
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4843, USA
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16
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Back BB, Baker MD, Ballintijn M, Barton DS, Becker B, Betts RR, Bickley AA, Bindel R, Budzanowski A, Busza W, Carroll A, Decowski MP, García E, Gburek T, George N, Gulbrandsen K, Gushue S, Halliwell C, Hamblen J, Harrington AS, Henderson C, Hofman DJ, Hollis RS, Hołyński R, Holzman B, Iordanova A, Johnson E, Kane JL, Khan N, Kulinich P, Kuo CM, Lee JW, Lin WT, Manly S, Mignerey AC, Noell A, Nouicer R, Olszewski A, Pak R, Park IC, Pernegger H, Reed C, Remsberg LP, Roland C, Roland G, Sagerer J, Sarin P, Sawicki P, Sedykh I, Skulski W, Smith CE, Steinberg P, Stephans GSF, Sukhanov A, Teng R, Tonjes MB, Trzupek A, Vale C, van Nieuwenhuizen GJ, Verdier R, Veres GI, Wadsworth B, Wolfs FLH, Wosiek B, Woźniak K, Wuosmaa AH, Wysłouch B, Zhang J. Centrality dependence of charged-hadron transverse-momentum spectra in d+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 91:072302. [PMID: 12935007 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.072302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have measured transverse momentum distributions of charged hadrons produced in d+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=200 GeV. The spectra were obtained for transverse momenta 0.25<p(T)<6.0 GeV/c, in a pseudorapidity range of 0.2<eta<1.4 in the deuteron direction. The evolution of the spectra with collision centrality is presented in comparison to p+pmacr; collisions at the same collision energy. With increasing centrality, the yield at high transverse momenta increases more rapidly than the overall particle density, leading to a strong modification of the spectral shape. This change in spectral shape is qualitatively different from observations in Au+Au collisions at the same energy. The results provide important information for discriminating between different models for the suppression of high-p(T) hadrons observed in Au+Au collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Back
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4943, USA
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17
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Back BB, Baker MD, Barton DS, Betts RR, Ballintijn M, Bickley AA, Bindel R, Budzanowski A, Busza W, Carroll A, Decowski MP, García E, George N, Gulbrandsen K, Gushue S, Halliwell C, Hamblen J, Heintzelman GA, Henderson C, Hofman DJ, Hollis RS, Hołyński R, Holzman B, Iordanova A, Johnson E, Kane JL, Katzy J, Khan N, Kucewicz W, Kulinich P, Kuo CM, Lin WT, Manly S, McLeod D, Michałowski J, Mignerey AC, Nouicer R, Olszewski A, Pak R, Park IC, Pernegger H, Reed C, Remsberg LP, Reuter M, Roland C, Roland G, Rosenberg L, Sagerer J, Sarin P, Sawicki P, Skulski W, Steadman SG, Steinberg P, Stephans GSF, Stodulski M, Sukhanov A, Tang JL, Teng R, Trzupek A, Vale C, van Nieuwenhuizen GJ, Verdier R, Wadsworth B, Wolfs FLH, Wosiek B, Woźniak K, Wuosmaa AH, Wysłouch B. Significance of the fragmentation region in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 91:052303. [PMID: 12906591 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.052303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present measurements of the pseudorapidity distribution of primary charged particles produced in Au+Au collisions at three energies, sqrt[s(NN)]=19.6, 130, and 200 GeV, for a range of collision centrali-ties. The distribution narrows for more central collisions and excess particles are produced at high pseudorapidity in peripheral collisions. For a given centrality, however, the distributions are found to scale with energy according to the "limiting fragmentation" hypothesis. The universal fragmentation region described by this scaling grows in pseudorapidity with increasing collision energy, extending well away from the beam rapidity and covering more than half of the pseudorapidity range over which particles are produced. This approach to a universal limiting curve appears to be a dominant feature of the pseudorapidity distribution and therefore of the total particle production in these collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Back
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4843, USA
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18
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Back BB, Baker MD, Barton DS, Betts RR, Bindel R, Budzanowski A, Busza W, Carroll A, Decowski MP, Garcia E, George N, Gulbrandsen K, Gushue S, Halliwell C, Hamblen J, Henderson C, Hofman D, Hollis RS, Hołyński R, Holzman B, Iordanova A, Johnson E, Kane J, Katzy J, Khan N, Kucewicz W, Kulinich P, Kuo CM, Lin WT, Manly S, McLeod D, Michałowski J, Mignerey A, Nouicer R, Olszewski A, Pak R, Park IC, Pernegger H, Reed C, Remsberg LP, Reuter M, Roland C, Roland G, Rosenberg L, Sagerer J, Sarin P, Sawicki P, Skulski W, Steadman SG, Steinberg P, Stephans GSF, Stodulski M, Sukhanov A, Tang JL, Teng R, Trzupek A, Vale C, Van Nieuwenhuizen GJ, Verdier R, Wadsworth B, Wolfs FLH, Wosiek B, Woźniak K, Wuosmaa AH, Wysłouch B. Pseudorapidity and centrality dependence of the collective flow of charged particles in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=130 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 89:222301. [PMID: 12485063 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.222301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the measurement of collective flow for charged particles in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=130 GeV using the PHOBOS detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The measured azimuthal hit anisotropy is presented over a wide range of pseudorapidity (-5.0<eta<5.3) for the first time at this energy. The result, averaged over momenta and particle species, is observed to reach 7% for peripheral collisions at midrapidity, falling off with centrality and increasing |eta|. These results call into question the common assumption of longitudinal boost invariance over a large region of rapidity in RHIC collisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Back
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois 60439-4843, USA
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19
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Back BB, Baker MD, Barton DS, Betts RR, Bindel R, Budzanowski A, Busza W, Carroll A, Corbo J, Decowski MP, Garcia E, George N, Gulbrandsen K, Gushue S, Halliwell C, Hamblen J, Henderson C, Hicks D, Hofman D, Hollis RS, Hołyński R, Holzman B, Iordanova A, Johnson E, Kane J, Katzy J, Khan N, Kucewicz W, Kulinich P, Kuo CM, Lin WT, Manly S, McLeod D, Michałowski J, Mignerey A, Mülmenstädt J, Nouicer R, Olszewski A, Pak R, Park IC, Pernegger H, Rafelski M, Rbeiz M, Reed C, Remsberg LP, Reuter M, Roland C, Roland G, Rosenberg L, Sagerer J, Sarin P, Sawicki P, Skulski W, Steadman SG, Steinberg P, Stephans GSF, Stodulski M, Sukhanov A, Tang JL, Teng R, Trzupek A, Vale C, van Nieuwenhuizen GJ, Verdier R, Wadsworth B, Wolfs FLH, Wosiek B, Woźniak K, Wuosmaa AH, Wysłouch B. Energy dependence of particle multiplicities in central Au+Au collisions. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 88:022302. [PMID: 11801006 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.022302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present the first measurement of the pseudorapidity density of primary charged particles in Au+Au collisions at root square[s(NN)] = 200 GeV. For the 6% most central collisions, we obtain dN(ch)/d(eta)/(/eta/<1) = 650+/-35(syst). Compared to collisions at root square[s(NN)] = 130 GeV, the highest energy studied previously, an increase by a factor of 1.14+/-0.05 at 90% confidence level, is found. The energy dependence of the pseudorapidity density is discussed in comparison with data from proton-induced collisions and theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Back
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4843, USA
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Back BB, Baker MD, Barton DS, Betts RR, Bindel R, Budzanowski A, Busza W, Carroll A, Decowski MP, Garcia E, George N, Gulbrandsen K, Gushue S, Halliwell C, Heintzelman GA, Henderson C, Hołyński R, Hofman D, Holzman B, Johnson E, Kane J, Katzy J, Khan N, Kucewicz W, Kulinich P, Lin WT, Manly S, McLeod D, Michałowski J, Mignerey A, Mülmenstädt J, Nouicer R, Olszewski A, Pak R, Park IC, Pernegger H, Reed C, Remsberg LP, Reuter M, Roland C, Roland G, Rosenberg L, Sarin P, Sawicki P, Skulski W, Steadman SG, Stephans GS, Steinberg P, Stodulski M, Sukhanov A, Tang JL, Teng R, Trzupek A, Vale C, van Nieuwenhuizen GJ, Verdier R, Wadsworth B, Wolfs FL, Wosiek B, Woźniak K, Wuosmaa AH, Wysłouch B. Ratios of charged antiparticles-to-particles near mid-rapidity in Au + Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=130 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:102301. [PMID: 11531474 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the ratios of antiparticles to particles for charged pions, kaons, and protons near mid-rapidity in central Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)] = 130 GeV. We observe <pi(-)>/<pi(+)> = 1.00+/-0.01(stat)+/-0.02(syst), <K->/<K+> = 0.91+/-0.07(stat)+/-0.06(syst), and <p>/<p> = 0.60+/-0.04(stat)+/-0.06(syst). The <K->/<K+> and <p>/<p> ratios give a consistent estimate of the baryo-chemical potential mu(B) of 45 MeV, a factor of 5-6 smaller than in central Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt[s(NN)] = 17.2 GeV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Back
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4843, USA
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Back BB, Baker MD, Barton DS, Betts RR, Bindel R, Budzanowski A, Busza W, Carroll A, Decowski MP, Garcia E, George N, Gulbrandsen K, Gushue S, Halliwell C, Heintzelman GA, Henderson C, Hofman DJ, Hołyński R, Holzman B, Johnson E, Kane JL, Katzy J, Khan N, Kucewicz W, Kulinich P, Lin WT, Manly S, McLeod D, Michałowski J, Mignerey AC, Mülmenstädt J, Nouicer R, Olszewski A, Pak R, Park IC, Pernegger H, Reed C, Remsberg LP, Reuter M, Roland C, Roland G, Rosenberg L, Sarin P, Sawicki P, Skulski W, Steadman SG, Steinberg P, Stephans GS, Stodulski M, Sukhanov A, Tang JL, Teng R, Trzupek A, Vale C, van Nieuwenhuizen GJ, Verdier R, Wadsworth B, Wolfs FL, Wosiek B, Woźniak K, Wuosmaa AH, Wysłouch B. Charged-particle pseudorapidity density distributions from Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)]=130 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:102303. [PMID: 11531476 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.102303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The charged-particle pseudorapidity density dN(ch)/d eta has been measured for Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)] = 130 GeV at RHIC, using the PHOBOS apparatus. The total number of charged particles produced for the 3% most-central Au+Au collisions for /eta/<or=5.4 is found to be 4200+/-470. The evolution of dN(ch)/d eta with centrality is discussed, and compared to model calculations and to data from proton-induced collisions. The data show an enhancement in charged-particle production at midrapidity, while in the fragmentation regions, the results are consistent with expectations from pp and pA scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Back
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4843, USA
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Back BB, Baker MD, Barton DS, Basilev S, Bates BD, Baum R, Betts RR, Białas A, Bindel R, Bogucki W, Budzanowski A, Busza W, Carroll A, Ceglia M, Chang YH, Chen AE, Coghen T, Conner C, Czyz W, Dabrowski B, Decowski MP, Despet M, Fita P, Fitch J, Friedl M, Gałuszka K, Ganz R, Garcia E, George N, Godlewski J, Gomes C, Griesmayer E, Gulbrandsen K, Gushue S, Halik J, Halliwell C, Haridas P, Hayes A, Heintzelman GA, Henderson C, Hollis R, Hołyński R, Holzman B, Johnson E, Kane J, Katzy J, Kita W, Kotuła J, Kraner H, Kucewicz W, Kulinich P, LawV C, Lemler M, Ligocki J, Lin WT, Manly S, McLeod D, Michałowski J, Mignerey A, Mülmenstädt J, Neal M, Nouicer R, Olszewski A, Pak R, Park IC, Patel M, Pernegger H, Plesko M, Reed C, Remsberg LP, Reuter M, Roland C, Roland G, Ross D, Rosenberg L, Ryan J, Sanzgiri A, Sarin P, Sawicki P, Scaduto J, Shea J, Sinacore J, Skulski W, Steadman SG, Stephans GS, Steinberg P, Straczek A, Stodulski M, Strek M, Stopa Z, Sukhanov A, Surowiecka K, Tang JL, Teng R, Trzupek A, Vale C, van Nieuwenhuizen GJ, Verdier R, Wadsworth B, Wolfs FL, Wosiek B, Woźniak K, Wuosmaa AH, Wysłouch B, Zalewski K, Zychowski P. Charged-particle multiplicity near midrapidity in central Au+Au collisions at sqrt[SNN]=56 and 130 GeV. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 85:3100-3104. [PMID: 11019276 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present the first measurement of pseudorapidity densities of primary charged particles near midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s(NN)] = 56 and 130 GeV. For the most central collisions, we find the charged-particle pseudorapidity density to be dN/deta|(|eta|<1) = 408+/-12(stat)+/-30(syst) at 56 GeV and 555+/-12(stat)+/-35(syst) at 130 GeV, values that are higher than any previously observed in nuclear collisions. Compared to proton-antiproton collisions, our data show an increase in the pseudorapidity density per participant by more than 40% at the higher energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Back
- Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439-4843, USA
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Donner-Banzhoff N, Echterhoff HH, Hense HW, Kunz R, Sawicki P, Thürmann P, Jonitz G, Ollenschläger G. [Guidelines Clearing House Statement "Hypertension". Summary and recommendations for a rational hypertension guideline in Germany]. Z Arztl Fortbild Qualitatssich 2000; 94:341-9. [PMID: 10939145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to promote quality of hypertension management in Germany, a national hypertension guidelines clearing project was initiated in 1999 by the German Guidelines Clearinghouse. OBJECTIVES To identify and review published German- and English language hypertension guidelines. To establish criteria for future guideline development and implementation. To familiarize stakeholders in Germany with state-of-the-art hypertension guidelines. To identify key topics for a future national evidence-based guideline. METHODS Search procedure, formal appraisal: Systematic search using literature databases and English-/German-language databases, published between 1990 and 1999. Abstract screening of the search results according to the inclusion criteria (n = 132 of a total of 548 hits). Systematic guideline evaluation using checklist with predefined criteria. APPRAISAL OF GUIDELINES' CONTENTS: Peer review of guidelines with the following inclusion criteria: hypertension--general, German and English language, published later than 1994, original or primary guideline or update, issued for nationwide use. Peer review was performed by a multidisciplinary focus group of EBM experts (primary and secondary care physicians, clinical pharmacologist, clinical epidemiologist). None of these was involved in hypertension guideline development during the review period. DOCUMENTATION OF CRITICAL APPRAISAL RESULTS: Systematic documentation of methodological appraisal and peer review results using a structured abstract form. The focus group wrote a final report (clearing report) including methodological abstracts for each guideline, essential topics for a future German hypertension guideline based on examples from the appraised guidelines, comments and recommendations for health care policy markers in Germany. RESULTS 11 out of 132 guidelines were in accordance with the formal minimal standard with a wide range range within the following domains: "description of the development process", "declaration of authors' independence", "explicit link between recommendations and the supporting evidence", "management options", "tools for implementation". None of the guidelines identified all the key identified by the focus group, such as: (1) definition of hypertension--epidemiology--health care problems--intended guideline users/goals, (2) blood pressure measurement, (3) medical history and physical examination, (4) case-finding/screening, (5) indications for referral, (6) risk-stratification, (7) diagnostic procedures, (8) therapeutic goals/indications for therapy, (9) nonpharmacological measures, (10), pharmacotherapy, (11) follow-up/patient education/motivation/compliance, (12) comorbidity, hypertension in childhood/elderly, pregnancy, (13) primary prevention, (14) quality assurance/quality management, (15) dissemination/implementation, (16) open questions/challenges for the future. SUMMARY POINTS To improve the quality of hypertension management in Germany, the expert panel suggested to develop a national evidence-based guideline. This should follow internationally agreed criteria and procedures. The experts identified and reviewed 11 out of 132 hypertension, which might make useful contributions for a future German Hypertension guideline. The expert group identified 16 key topics for a national hypertension guideline.
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Rave K, Heise T, Weyer C, Sawicki P, Heinemann L. Measurement of insulin sensitivity: influence of potassium supply during euglycaemic glucose clamps in healthy volunteers. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1999; 107:313-7. [PMID: 10482044 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1212118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin sensitivity can be quantitatively measured by the hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic glucose clamp technique. Infusion of insulin during the clamp procedure leads to a decline of kalaemia unless potassium is supplied. We investigated whether supplementation of potassium during euglycaemic glucose clamps influences insulin sensitivity. In a randomised study the insulin sensitivity index (S(I)) was determined with two-step hyperinsulinaemic (insulin infusion rates 0.25 (step 1) and 1.0 mU kg(-1) min(-1) (step 2)) euglycaemic (5.0 mmol L(-1)) glucose clamps in 20 healthy male volunteers on two different study days. On one day blood potassium was kept constant by means of a variable i.v. potassium chloride infusion ("eukalaemic potassium clamp"), whereas on the other day the decline in blood potassium was monitored only. Without potassium supply kalaemia decreased from basal levels of 4.35 +/- 0.18 mval L(-1) to 4.25 +/- 0.17 (step 1) and further to 3.88 +/-0.14 mval L(-1) (step 2 (mean +/- SD)). Without and with potassium supply the insulin sensitivity index measured was comparable (S1 10.6 +/- 3.6 vs. 9.5 +/- 3.5 ml min(-1) m2 per microU ml(-1), n.s.; glucose infusion rates 3.6+/-1.6/12.6 +/- 2.6 (step 1/step 2) vs. 3.7 +/- 1.5/12.2 +/- 2.7 mg kg(-1) min(-1), n.s.). In conclusion, this study shows that potassium supply during hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic glucose clamps in healthy subjects does not influence the insulin sensitivity index.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rave
- Department of Metabolic Diseases and Nutrition, WHO Collaborating Center for Diabetes Treatment and Prevention, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Sawicki P, Wright CR. Implementing care paths on inpatient psychiatric units. Hosp Case Manag 1997; 5:45-8. [PMID: 10165650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Heinemann L, Heise T, Ampudia J, Sawicki P, Sindelka G, Brunner G, Starke AA. Four week administration of an ACE inhibitor and a cardioselective beta-blocker in healthy volunteers: no influence on insulin sensitivity. Eur J Clin Invest 1995; 25:595-600. [PMID: 7589016 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1995.tb01751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In most, but not all, studies antihypertensive treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) improves insulin sensitivity, whereas beta-blockers decrease insulin sensitivity. However, there was a significant increase in body weight with beta-blockers and changes in the body potassium homeostasis with ACE inhibitors. In order to compare the drug specific metabolic effects of an ACE inhibitor and a cardioselective beta-blocker controlling these factors, we measured insulin sensitivity in a randomized, double-blind cross-over study in 22 healthy volunteers (age 27 +/- 3 years; BMI 22.0 +/- 1.5 kg m-2 (mean +/- SD)) during euglycaemic glucose clamps before and after 4 weeks' administration of 5 mg Lisinopril or 5 mg Bisoprolol. Both drug phases were separated by 4 weeks of no drug administration. During the insulin sensitivity measurements potassium concentrations were clamped at basal levels by means of a variable i.v. potassium infusion. Body weight was monitored at weekly intervals and kept constant within +/- 1 kg of the subjects' baseline weight throughout the entire study period. Insulin sensitivity did not change significantly during either drug administration period. The insulin sensitivity index of the 22 volunteers after administration of the ACE inhibitor was 7.9 +/- 2.4 mL min-1 m2 microU-1 mL-1 (basal index 8.3 +/- 1.9 mL min-1 m2 microU-1 mL-1, and 7.5 +/- 2.1 mL min-1 m2 microU-1 mL-1 after administration of the beta-blocker (basal index 8.2 +/- 1.9 mL min-1 m2 microU-1 mL-1; NS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L Heinemann
- Department of Metabolic Diseases and Nutrition, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
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Bialas P, Burda Z, Sawicki P, Wosiek J. Reply to the Comment "Critical temperature of the two coupled Ising planes". Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1995; 51:12007-12008. [PMID: 9977957 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Sawicki P. Guidelines for management of hypertension. Metabolic effects of drug treatment exaggerated. BMJ 1994; 308:855. [PMID: 7909465 PMCID: PMC2540001 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.308.6932.855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Mühlhauser I, Sawicki P, Berger M. [Renoparenchymal hypertension]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1989; 114:689-90. [PMID: 2707137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Mühlhauser I, Sawicki P, Didjurgeit U, Jörgens V, Berger M. Uncontrolled hypertension in type 1 diabetes: assessment of patients' desires about treatment and improvement of blood pressure control by a structured treatment and teaching programme. Diabet Med 1988; 5:693-8. [PMID: 2975558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1988.tb01089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Control of arterial blood pressure at near-normal levels is of importance for the prognosis of patients with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. In non-diabetic populations patient compliance to antihypertensive therapy is frequently poor, especially in young people. Thirty-seven consecutive eligible patients with longstanding Type 1 diabetes and persistently uncontrolled hypertension were questioned about their preferences regarding hypertension treatment. Throughout they expressed a strong desire for more information about hypertension and for active participation in monitoring of blood pressure and therapeutic decision-making. In addition, they showed considerable reluctance to accept a pharmacological intervention. Therefore, in order to improve blood pressure control, the patients participated in a structured outpatient hypertension treatment and teaching programme for groups of about 6 patients consisting of four teaching sessions at weekly intervals. The programme comprised home-monitoring of blood pressure and involvement of the patients in treatment decision-making. In 34 patients who had a complete follow-up examination after an average of 16 months, mean sitting arterial pressure had decreased from 111 to 101 mmHg (p less than 0.001) and 53% of the patients were below 140/90 mmHg. The number and dosage of prescribed antihypertensive agents remained unchanged by the intervention. Sodium intake was not reduced during the study, but pulse rate decreased significantly in patients treated with beta-adrenergic blockers and serum uric acid rose in patients on diuretic therapy, suggesting increased adherence of the patients to prescribed antihypertensive drug therapy. In 34 comparable Type 1 diabetic patients who were not subjected to a hypertension treatment and teaching programme mean arterial blood pressure remained unchanged during a 12-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mühlhauser
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Düsseldorf, FRG
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Mühlhauser I, Sawicki P, Berger M. Cigarette-smoking as a risk factor for macroproteinuria and proliferative retinopathy in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 1986; 29:500-2. [PMID: 3758532 DOI: 10.1007/bf00453501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In a case control study 192 cigarette-smoking patients with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes were compared with 192 non-cigarette-smoking patients pair-matched for sex (90 females), duration of diabetes (mean 14 years), and age (mean 32 years). Macroproteinuria was found in 19.3% of the smoking and in 8.3% of the non-smoking patients (p less than 0.001). Proliferative retinopathy was present in 12.5% of the smoking and in 6.8% of the non-smoking patients (p less than 0.025). The percentages of patients with normal proteinuria or without retinopathy were comparable between the two groups. In addition, glycosylated haemoglobin values and the prevalence of hypertension were similar between smoking and non-smoking patients. Thus, cigarette-smoking appears to be a risk factor for the progression of incipient to overt nephropathy and of background to proliferative retinopathy in Type 1 diabetes.
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