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Shahripour AB, Plummer MS, Lunney EA, Sawyer TK, Stankovic CJ, Connolly MK, Rubin JR, Walker NP, Brady KD, Allen HJ, Talanian RV, Wong WW, Humblet C. Structure-based design of caspase-1 inhibitor containing a diphenyl ether sulfonamide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2779-82. [PMID: 11591522 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of compounds was designed and prepared as inhibitors of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE), also known as caspase-1. These inhibitors, which employ a diphenyl ether sulfonamide, were designed to improve potency by forming favorable interactions between the diphenyl ether rings and the prime side hydrophobic region. An X-ray crystal structure of a representative member of the diphenyl ether sulfonamide series bound to the active site of caspase-1 was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Shahripour
- Department of Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research & Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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2
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Krippner-Heidenreich A, Talanian RV, Sekul R, Kraft R, Thole H, Ottleben H, Lüscher B. Targeting of the transcription factor Max during apoptosis: phosphorylation-regulated cleavage by caspase-5 at an unusual glutamic acid residue in position P1. Biochem J 2001; 358:705-15. [PMID: 11535131 PMCID: PMC1222104 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3580705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Max is the central component of the Myc/Max/Mad network of transcription factors that regulate growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Whereas the Myc and Mad genes and proteins are highly regulated, Max expression is constitutive and no post-translational regulation is known. We have found that Max is targeted during Fas-induced apoptosis. Max is first dephosphorylated and subsequently cleaved by caspases. Two specific cleavage sites for caspases in Max were identified, one at IEVE(10) decreasing S and one at SAFD(135) decreasing G near the C-terminus, which are cleaved in vitro by caspase-5 and caspase-7 respectively. Mutational analysis indicates that both sites are also used in vivo. Thus Max represents the first caspase-5 substrate. The unusual cleavage after a glutamic acid residue is observed only with full-length, DNA-binding competent Max protein but not with corresponding peptides, suggesting that structural determinants might be important for this activity. Furthermore, cleavage by caspase-5 is inhibited by the protein kinase CK2-mediated phosphorylation of Max at Ser-11, a previously mapped phosphorylation site in vivo. These findings suggest that Fas-mediated dephosphorylation of Max is required for cleavage by caspase-5. The modifications that occur on Max in response to Fas signalling affect the DNA-binding activity of Max/Max homodimers. Taken together, our findings uncover three distinct processes, namely dephosphorylation and cleavage by caspase-5 and caspase-7, that target Max during Fas-mediated apoptosis, suggesting the regulation of the Myc/Max/Mad network through its central component.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krippner-Heidenreich
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg Strasse 1, 30623 Hannover, Germany
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3
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Seol DW, Li J, Seol MH, Park SY, Talanian RV, Billiar TR. Signaling events triggered by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL): caspase-8 is required for TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res 2001; 61:1138-43. [PMID: 11221844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a TNF family member and potent apoptosis inducer. In contrast to TNF-alpha or Fas ligand, relatively little is known about the signaling events activated by TRAIL. In particular, the initial caspase(s) required for TRAIL-induced apoptosis remains to be determined Caspase-3-like protease but not caspase-1-like protease (YVADase) activity rapidly increased in HeLa cells in response to TRAIL treatment. The increase in protease activity correlated with the profile of apoptotic cell death that was inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk. In response to TRAIL, caspase-8, an initiator caspase in death receptor-mediated apoptosis, was activated within 1 h in association with Bid cleavage, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and DNA fragmentation factor 45 cleavage. Z-IETD-fmk, a caspase-8 inhibitor, completely blocked caspase-8 activation and resulted in inhibition of caspase-3 (a caspase-3-like protease) activation and apoptotic cell death. Overexpression of a caspase-8 dominant negative mutant inhibited apoptosis induced by TRAIL. Caspase-8-deficient Jurkat cells were resistant to both TRAIL and Fas-induced apoptosis, whereas wild-type Jurkat cells were susceptible to both TRAIL- and Fas-induced apoptosis. The caspase-8-reintro duced caspase-8-deficient Jurkat cells acquired normal susceptibility to both TRAIL and agonistic Fas antibody. Reverse transcription-PCR and sequence analyses have revealed that these caspase-8-deficient Jurkat cell express wild-type caspase-10. Therefore, our data indicate that caspase-8 is required for TRAIL-induced apoptosis and suggest that caspase-10 may play a minor role, if any, in TRAIL-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Seol
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15261 USA. seold+@pitt.edu
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4
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Smith L, Chen L, Reyland ME, DeVries TA, Talanian RV, Omura S, Smith JB. Activation of atypical protein kinase C zeta by caspase processing and degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:40620-7. [PMID: 11016947 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m908517199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical protein kinase C zeta (PKCzeta) is known to transduce signals that influence cell proliferation and survival. Here we show that recombinant human caspases can process PKCzeta at three sites in the hinge region between the regulatory and catalytic domains. Caspase-3, -6, -7, and -8 chiefly cleaved human PKCzeta at EETD downward arrowG, and caspase-3 and -7 also cleaved PKCzeta at DGMD downward arrowG and DSED downward arrowL, respectively. Processing of PKCzeta expressed in transfected cells occurred chiefly at EETD downward arrowG and DGMD downward arrowG and produced carboxyl-terminal polypeptides that contained the catalytic domain. Epitope-tagged PKCzeta that lacked the regulatory domain was catalytically active following expression in HeLa cells. Induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells by tumor necrosis factor alpha plus cycloheximide evoked the conversion of full-length epitope-tagged PKCzeta to two catalytic domain polypeptides and increased PKCzeta activity. A caspase inhibitor, zVAD-fmk, prevented epitope-tagged PKCzeta processing and activation following the induction of apoptosis. Induction of apoptosis in rat parotid C5 cells produced catalytic domain polypeptides of endogenous PKCzeta and increased PKCzeta activity. Caspase inhibitors prevented the increase in PKCzeta activity and production of the catalytic domain polypeptides. Treatment with lactacystin, a selective inhibitor of the proteasome, caused polyubiquitin-PKCzeta conjugates to accumulate in cells transfected with the catalytic domain or full-length PKCzeta, or with a PKCzeta mutant that was resistant to caspase processing. We conclude that caspases process PKCzeta to carboxyl-terminal fragments that are catalytically active and that are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Smith
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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5
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Kim YM, Kim TH, Chung HT, Talanian RV, Yin XM, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide prevents tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced rat hepatocyte apoptosis by the interruption of mitochondrial apoptotic signaling through S-nitrosylation of caspase-8. Hepatology 2000; 32:770-8. [PMID: 11003621 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2000.18291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial cytochrome c release plays a critical role in apoptotic signal cascade after the activation of cell surface death receptors. We investigated the role played by nitric oxide (NO) in mitochondrial apoptotic signaling in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) plus actinomycin D (TNF-alpha/ActD)-induced apoptosis. NO produced either by S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP) or inducible NO synthase (iNOS) prevented TNF-alpha/ActD-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes and also inhibited both caspase-8-like (IETDase) and caspase-3-like protease (DEVDase) activity as well as mitochondrial cytochrome c release. Recombinant human (rh) caspase-8 induced the cleavage of the cytochrome c-effluxing factor Bid and cytochrome c release from purified mitochondria in the reconstitution system with Bid(+/+) cytosol, but not with Bid(-/-) cytosol. The addition of SNAP and the caspase-8 inhibitor Ac-IETD-fmk inhibited caspase-8-dependent Bid cleavage and cytochrome c release. The inhibitory effect of NO on caspase-8 was reversed by dithiothreitol (DTT). Furthermore, rh-caspase-8 was found to be modified by S-nitrosylation with 1.7 moles of NO bound per mole of enzyme. Treatment of hepatocytes with interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) plus interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), which induced iNOS expression and NO production, suppressed TNF-alpha/ActD-induced Bid cleavage and mitochondrial cytochrome c release. The NOS inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMA) inhibited the protective effects of IL-1beta and IFN-gamma. The liver-specific NO donor V-PYRRO/NO also inhibited in vivo elevation of IETDase activity, Bid cleavage, and mitochondrial cytochrome c release in the livers of rats injected with TNF-alpha plus D-galactosamine. Our results indicate that one mechanism by which NO protects hepatocytes from TNF-alpha/ActD-induced apoptosis is via the interruption of mitochondrial apoptotic signaling through S-nitrosylation of caspase-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Kangwon-do, Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Talanian
- BASF Bioresearch Corporation, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
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7
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Annand RR, Dahlen JR, Sprecher CA, De Dreu P, Foster DC, Mankovich JA, Talanian RV, Kisiel W, Giegel DA. Caspase-1 (interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme) is inhibited by the human serpin analogue proteinase inhibitor 9. Biochem J 1999; 342 Pt 3:655-65. [PMID: 10477277 PMCID: PMC1220507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of caspases, cysteine proteinases that cleave their substrates after aspartic residues, is poorly understood, even though they are involved in tightly regulated cellular processes. The recently discovered serpin analogue proteinase inhibitor 9 (PI9) is unique among human serpin analogues in that it has an acidic residue in the putative specificity-determining position of the reactive-site loop. We measured the ability of PI9 to inhibit the amidolytic activity of several caspases. The hydrolysis of peptide substrates by caspase-1 (interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme), caspase-4 and caspase-8 is inhibited by PI9 in a time-dependent manner. The rate of reaction of caspase-1 with PI9, as well as the rate of substrate hydrolysis of the initial caspase-PI9 complex, shows a hyperbolic dependence on the concentration of PI9, indicative of a two-step kinetic mechanism for inhibition with an apparent second-order rate constant of 7x10(2) M(-1).s(-1). The hydrolysis of a tetrapeptide substrate by caspase-3 is not inhibited by PI9. The complexes of caspase-1 and caspase-4 with PI9 can be immunoprecipitated but no complex with caspase-3 can be detected. No complex can be immunoprecipitated if the active site of the caspase is blocked with a covalent inhibitor. These results show that PI9 is an inhibitor of caspase-1 and to a smaller extent caspase-4 and caspase-8, but not of the more distantly related caspase-3. PI9 is the first example of a human serpin analogue that inhibits members of this class of cysteine proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Annand
- Mitotix Inc., One Kendall Square, Bldg. 600, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
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8
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McIlroy D, Sakahira H, Talanian RV, Nagata S. Involvement of caspase 3-activated DNase in internucleosomal DNA cleavage induced by diverse apoptotic stimuli. Oncogene 1999; 18:4401-8. [PMID: 10442630 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of chromosomal DNA into nucleosome-sized fragments is one of the characteristics of apoptotic cell death. Here, we examined whether caspase-activated DNase (CAD) is responsible for the DNA fragmentation that occurs upon exposure to various apoptotic stimuli. When human Jurkat cells were exposed to etoposide, or UV or gamma radiation, a caspase-3-like protease was activated, and nuclear DNA was fragmented. Human TF-1 cells, which are dependent on granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), also underwent apoptosis accompanied by the activation of caspase-3-like protease and DNA fragmentation, when cultured without the cytokine. Both Jurkat and TF-1 cells expressed two forms of ICAD, ICAD-L and ICAD-S, which were cleaved upon exposure to these apoptotic stimuli. Among eight different caspases examined, recombinant caspases 3 and 7 specifically cleaved ICAD synthesized in a cell-free system. An expression plasmid containing mouse ICAD-L mutated at the caspase-3-recognition sites was then introduced into Jurkat and TF-1 cells. When the transformants were induced to undergo apoptosis (by treatment with etoposide, UV or gamma radiation for Jurkat cells, or factor withdrawal for TF-1 cells) they did not show DNA fragmentation, although they still died as a result of these stimuli. These results indicated that CAD, released from ICAD by caspase activation, is involved in the nuclear DNA fragmentation induced by these apoptotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- D McIlroy
- Department of Genetics, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan
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9
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Maravei DV, Trbovich AM, Perez GI, Tilly KI, Banach D, Talanian RV, Wong WW, Tilly JL. Cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins by caspases during ovarian cell death: evidence that cell-free systems do not always mimic apoptotic events in intact cells. Cell Death Differ 1999; 4:707-12. [PMID: 16465283 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/1999] [Revised: 04/24/1999] [Accepted: 07/14/1999] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence support a role for protease activation during apoptosis. Herein, we investigated the involvement of several members of the CASP (cysteine aspartic acid-specific protease; CED-3- or ICE-like protease) gene family in fodrin and actin cleavage using mouse ovarian cells and HeLa cells combined with immunoblot analysis. Hormone deprivation-induced apo-ptosis in granulosa cells of mouse antral follicles incubated for 24 h was attenuated by two specific peptide inhibitors of caspases, zVAD-FMK and zDEVD-FMK (50-500 microM), confirming that these enzymes are involved in this paradigm of cell death. Proteolysis of actin was not observed in follicles incubated in vitro while fodrin was cleaved to the 120 kDa fragment that accompanies apoptosis. Fodrin, but not actin, cleavage was also detected in HeLa cells treated with various apoptotic stimuli. These findings suggest that, in contrast to recent data, proteolysis of cytoplasmic actin may not be a component of the cell death cascade. To confirm and extend these data, total cell proteins collected from mouse ovaries or non-apoptotic HeLa cells were incubated without and with recombinant caspase-1 (ICE), caspase-2 (ICH-1) or caspase-3 (CPP32). Immunoblot analysis revealed that caspase-3, but not caspase-1 nor caspase-2, cleaved fodrin to a 120 kDa fragment, wheres both caspases-1 and -3 (but not caspase-2) cleaved actin. We conclude that CASP gene family members participate in granulosa cell apoptosis during ovarian follicular atresia, and that collapse of the granulosa cell cytoskeleton may result from caspase-3-catalyzed fodrin proteolysis. However, the discrepancy in the data obtained using intact cells (actin not cleaved) versus the cell-free extract assays (actin cleaved) raises concern over previous conclusions drawn related to the role of actin cleavage in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Maravei
- The Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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10
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Brady KD, Giegel DA, Grinnell C, Lunney E, Talanian RV, Wong W, Walker N. A catalytic mechanism for caspase-1 and for bimodal inhibition of caspase-1 by activated aspartic ketones. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:621-31. [PMID: 10353641 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated 619 aspartic ketones with 9 different types of prime-side groups (acyloxymethyl, aryloxymethyl, arylthiomethyl, alkylthiomethyl, acylamino-oxymethyl, sulfonylaminomethyl, alpha-ketoamide, alpha-(1-phenyl-3-trifluoromethyl-pyrazol-5-yl)oxymethyl (PTP), and aliphatic ketones) as inhibitors of caspase-1. The inhibitory behaviors could be classified as reversible, inactivating, or bimodal (i.e. reversible inhibition followed by slow inactivation) based on the kinetically observed formation of reversible thiohemiketal complexes and conversion to an irreversible thioether adduct, and the mechanism of any given ketone was only poorly predictable on the basis of leaving group structure and chemistry. Among 201 bimodal inhibitors, the rate of conversion of the reversible thiohemiketal complex to the inactive thioether (k(i)) was strictly first-order, consistent with direct conversion of the thiohemiketal to the thioether with no intermediate collapse to free ketone and thiolate. We have examined 22 crystallographic structures of caspase-1 complexed as a thiohemiketal with the inhibitors from 8 different ketone classes, and found the Cys285S-C-C(alpha)-leaving group dihedral angle to be near either to 60 degrees or to 180 degrees. Only the 180 degrees conformation was permissive for SN2 displacement of the leaving group and, furthermore, positioned His237Ndelta to stabilize developing charge on the leaving group. Among these structures and 19 additional complexes, all showed a strong interaction between His237Ndelta and the ketone or thiohemiketal oxygen. We therefore propose a proteolytic mechanism for caspase-1 involving polarization of the scissile carbonyl by the His237 imidazolium group. During thiohemiketal/thioether conversion (but probably not during peptide hydrolysis), the leaving group is stabilized by the His237 imidazolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Brady
- BASF Bioresearch Corporation, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605-4314, USA.
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11
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Huang Y, Nakada S, Ishiko T, Utsugisawa T, Datta R, Kharbanda S, Yoshida K, Talanian RV, Weichselbaum R, Kufe D, Yuan ZM. Role for caspase-mediated cleavage of Rad51 in induction of apoptosis by DNA damage. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:2986-97. [PMID: 10082566 PMCID: PMC84093 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.4.2986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/1998] [Accepted: 12/15/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here that the Rad51 recombinase is cleaved in mammalian cells during the induction of apoptosis by ionizing radiation (IR) exposure. The results demonstrate that IR induces Rad51 cleavage by a caspase-dependent mechanism. Further support for involvement of caspases is provided by the finding that IR-induced proteolysis of Rad51 is inhibited by Ac-DEVD-CHO. In vitro studies show that Rad51 is cleaved by caspase 3 at a DVLD/N site. Stable expression of a Rad51 mutant in which the aspartic acid residues were mutated to alanines (AVLA/N) confirmed that the DVLD/N site is responsible for the cleavage of Rad51 in IR-induced apoptosis. The functional significance of Rad51 proteolysis is supported by the finding that, unlike intact Rad51, the N- and C-terminal cleavage products fail to exhibit recombinase activity. In cells, overexpression of the Rad51(D-A) mutant had no effect on activation of caspase 3 but did abrogate in part the apoptotic response to IR exposure. We conclude that proteolytic inactivation of Rad51 by a caspase-mediated mechanism contributes to the cell death response induced by DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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12
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Kim YM, Kim TH, Seol DW, Talanian RV, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide suppression of apoptosis occurs in association with an inhibition of Bcl-2 cleavage and cytochrome c release. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:31437-41. [PMID: 9813055 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.47.31437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now known that caspase-3-like protease activation can promote Bcl-2 cleavage and mitochondrial cytochrome c release and that these events can lead to further downstream caspase activation. NO has been proposed as a potent, endogenous inhibitor of caspase-3-like protease activity. Experiments were carried out to determine whether NO could interrupt Bcl-2 cleavage or cytochrome c release by the inhibition of caspase activity linking these events. NO inhibited the capacity of purified caspase-3 to cleave recombinant Bcl-2. Both Bcl-2 cleavage and cytochrome c release were inhibited in tumor necrosis factor alpha- and actinomycin D-treated MCF-7 cells exposed to NO donors. The NO-mediated inhibition of Bcl-2 cleavage and cytochrome c release occurred in association with an inhibition of apoptosis and caspase-3-like activation. Thus, NO suppresses a key step in the positive feedback amplification of apoptotic signaling by preventing Bcl-2 cleavage and cytochrome c release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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13
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Kim YM, Talanian RV, Li J, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide prevents IL-1beta and IFN-gamma-inducing factor (IL-18) release from macrophages by inhibiting caspase-1 (IL-1beta-converting enzyme). J Immunol 1998; 161:4122-8. [PMID: 9780184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Procytokine processing by caspase-1 is required for the maturation and release of IL-1beta and IFN-gamma-inducing factor (IGIF) (or IL-18) from activated macrophages (Mphi). Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as a potent inhibitor of cysteine proteases. Here, we tested the hypothesis that NO regulates cytokine release by inhibiting IL-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE) or caspase-1 activity. Activated RAW264.7 cells released four to five times more IL-1beta, but not TNF-alpha, in the presence of the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine. Stimulated peritoneal Mphi from wild-type mice (inducible NO synthase (iNOS)+/+) also released more IL-1beta if exposed to N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine, whereas Mphi from iNOS knockout mice (iNOS-/-) did not. Inhibition of NO synthesis in stimulated RAW264.7 cells also resulted in a threefold increase in intracellular caspase-1 activity. The NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine inhibited caspase-1 activity in cells as well as the activity of purified recombinant caspase-1 and also prevented the cleavage of pro-IL-1beta and pro-IGIF by recombinant caspase-1. The inhibition of caspase-1 by NO was reversible by the addition of DTT, which is consistent with S-nitrosylation as the mechanism of caspase-1 inhibition. An in vivo role for the regulation of caspase-1 by NO was established in iNOS knockout animals, which exhibited significantly higher plasma levels of IL-1beta and IFN-gamma than their wild-type counterparts at 10 h following LPS injection. Taken together, these data indicate that NO suppresses IL-1beta and IGIF processing by inhibiting caspase-1 activity, providing evidence for a unique role for induced NO in regulating IL-1beta and IGIF release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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14
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Wang KK, Posmantur R, Nath R, McGinnis K, Whitton M, Talanian RV, Glantz SB, Morrow JS. Simultaneous degradation of alphaII- and betaII-spectrin by caspase 3 (CPP32) in apoptotic cells. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:22490-7. [PMID: 9712874 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.35.22490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation of alphaII- and betaII-spectrin during apoptosis in cultured human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells was investigated. Immunofluorescent staining showed that the collapse of the cortical spectrin cytoskeleton is an early event following staurosporine challenge. This collapse correlated with the generation of a series of prominent spectrin breakdown products (BDPs) derived from both alphaII- and betaII-subunits. Major C-terminal alphaII-spectrin BDPs were detected at approximately 150, 145, and 120 kDa (alphaII-BDP150, alphaII-BDP145, and alphaII-BDP120, respectively); major C-terminal betaII-spectrin BDPs were at approximately 110 and 85 kDa (betaII-BDP110 and betaII-BDP85, respectively). N-terminal sequencing of the major fragments produced in vitro by caspase 3 revealed that alphaII-BDP150 and alphaII-BDP120 were generated by cleavages at DETD1185*S1186 and DSLD1478*S1479, respectively. For betaII-spectrin, a major caspase site was detected at DEVD1457*S1458, and both betaII-BDP110 and betaII-BDP85 shared a common N-terminal sequence starting with Ser1458. An additional cleavage site near the C terminus, at ETVD2146*S2147, was found to account for betaII-BDP85. Studies using specific caspase or calpain inhibitors indicate that the pattern of spectrin breakdown during apoptosis differs from that during non-apoptotic cell death. We postulate that in concert with calpain, caspase rapidly targets critical sites in both alphaII- and betaII-spectrin and thereby initiates a rapid dissolution of the spectrin-actin cortical cytoskeleton with apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, USA.
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15
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Wang KK, Posmantur R, Nadimpalli R, Nath R, Mohan P, Nixon RA, Talanian RV, Keegan M, Herzog L, Allen H. Caspase-mediated fragmentation of calpain inhibitor protein calpastatin during apoptosis. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 356:187-96. [PMID: 9705209 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1998.0748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two cysteine protease families (caspase and calpain) participate in apoptosis. Here we report that the endogenous calpain inhibitor calpastatin is fragmented by caspase(s) to various extents during early apoptosis in two cell types. In anti-fas or staurosporine-treated Jurkat T-cells, the high-molecular-weight form (HMW) of calpastatin (apparent Mr 110 K) was extensively degraded to immunoreactive fragments of Mr 75 K and 30 K In apoptotic SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, HMW calpastatin was degraded to a major immunoreactive fragment of 75 K. In both cell types, fragmentation of HMW calpastatin was blocked by a caspase-specific inhibitor carbobenzoxy-Asp-CH2OC(O)-2,6-dichlorobenzene. In vitro translated HMW calpastatin was sensitive to proteolysis by recombinant caspase-1, -3, and -7. By contrast, in vitro translated LMW calpastatin (which lacks domains L and I) was cleaved into multiple fragments only by caspase-1 and was relatively resistant to caspase-3, -7, and other caspases tested. Consistently with that, purified erythroid LMW calpastatin was also highly susceptible to caspase-1 digestion. Recombinant human calpastatin spanning domain I through III (CAST(DI-III)) was found cleaved by caspase-1 at at least three sites, located in either the A or the C helix of domains I and III (ALDD137*L, LSSD203*F and ALAD404*S), while only a single site (ALDD137*L) was cleaved by caspase-3. These findings suggest that both HMW and LMW calpastatins are more vulnerable to caspase-1 than to caspase-3. Surprisingly, both erythroid LMW calpastatin and recombinant CAST(DI-III) fragmented by caspase-1 suffered only a less than twofold reduction of inhibitory activity toward calpain. We propose that the proteolysis of calpastatin in early apoptosis might have yet unidentified effects on the cross-talk between the two protease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Wang
- Department of Neuroscience Therapeutics, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48105, USA.
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16
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Fas is a member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. Activation of Fas by its ligand or an agonistic anti-Fas antibody causes apoptosis in Fas-bearing cells, by activating various members of the caspase family. RESULTS Specific fluorogenic substrates (MCA-DEVDAPK[dnp] and MCA-VEVDAPK[dnp]) for caspases 3 and 6 were prepared. Using these substrates, a gradual increase of the caspase 3-and 6-like proteases were detected during the Fas engagement in human Jurkat. This activation of caspases correlated well with the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and lamin B1, as well as with DNA fragmentation. When the recombinant caspases were added to the extracts from Jurkat cells, caspase 3 produced active caspase 6-like protease, while caspase 6 activated the caspase 3 protease, suggesting that these proteases can activate each other. The caspase-treated cell extracts, as well as the extracts from the Fas-activated cells, caused the proteolysis of nuclear proteins and DNA degradation. The cleavage of nuclear proteins was inhibited by caspase inhibitors, while the same inhibitors had no effect on DNA degradation. CONCLUSIONS At one stage of the caspase cascade, caspases activate each other, and amplify the apoptotic signal. Caspases downstream of the cascade then cause the proteolysis of nuclear proteins and DNA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kawahara
- Department of Genetics, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Japan
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17
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as an important endogenous inhibitor of apoptosis, and here we report that NO prevents hepatocyte apoptosis initiated by the removal of growth factors or exposure to TNFalpha or anti-Fas antibody. We postulated that the mechanism of the inhibition of apoptosis by NO would include an effect on caspase-3-like protease activity. Caspase-3-like activity increased coincident with apoptosis due to all three stimuli, and treatment with the caspase-3-like protease inhibitor N-acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde inhibited both proteolytic activity and apoptosis. Endogenous or exogenous sources of NO prevented the increase in caspase-3-like activity in hepatocytes. Exposure of purified recombinant caspase-3 to an NO or NO+ donor inhibited proteolytic activity. Dithiothreitol (DTT), but not glutathione, reversed the inhibition of recombinant caspase-3 by NO. When lysates from cells stimulated to express inducible NO synthase or cells exposed to NO donors were incubated in DTT, caspase-3-like activity increased to about 55% of cells not exposed to a source of NO. Similarly, administration of an NO donor to rats treated with TNFalpha and D-galactosamine also prevented the increase in caspase-3-like activity as measured in liver homogenates. The effect of the NO donor was reversed by about 50% if the homogenate was incubated with DTT. TNFalpha-induced apoptosis and caspase-3-like activity were also reduced in cultured hepatocytes exposed to 8-bromo-cGMP, and both effects were inhibited by the cGMP-dependent kinase inhibitor KT5823. The suppression in caspase-3-like activity in hepatocytes exposed to an NO donor was partially blocked by an inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3, -a]quinoxalin-1-one, (ODQ), while the incubation of these lysates in DTT almost completely restored caspase-3-like activity to the level of TNFalpha-treated controls. These data indicate that NO prevents apoptosis in hepatocytes by either directly or indirectly inhibiting caspase-3-like activation via a cGMP-dependent mechanism and by direct inhibition of caspase-3-like activity through protein S-nitrosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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18
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Abstract
The caspases are a family of at least 10 human cysteine proteases that participate in cytokine maturation and in apoptotic signal transduction and execution mechanisms. Peptidic inhibitors of these enzymes are capable of blocking cytokine maturation and apoptosis, demonstrating their crucial roles in these processes. We have recently discovered that nitric oxide (NO), produced either extracellularly by NO donors or intracellularly by the inducible nitric oxide synthase, prevented apoptosis in hepatocytes. Caspase-3-like activity was found to be inhibited under these conditions. To investigate further the interaction between NO and caspases, we utilized purified human recombinant caspases and examined the effect of NO on enzymatic activities of different caspases. We report here that of the seven caspases studied, all were reversibly inhibited by NO. Dithiothreitol was able to reverse the NO inhibition, indicating direct S-nitrosylation of caspase catalytic cysteine residue by NO. Our results support the concept that NO is an endogenous regulator of caspase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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19
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Talanian RV, Yang X, Turbov J, Seth P, Ghayur T, Casiano CA, Orth K, Froelich CJ. Granule-mediated killing: pathways for granzyme B-initiated apoptosis. J Exp Med 1997; 186:1323-31. [PMID: 9334372 PMCID: PMC2199091 DOI: 10.1084/jem.186.8.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/1997] [Revised: 08/06/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that the serine protease granzyme B (GrB), which is crucial for granule-mediated cell killing, initiates apoptosis in target cells by first maturing caspase-10. In addition, GrB has a limited capacity to mature other caspases and to cause cell death independently of the caspases. Compared with other members, GrB in vitro most efficiently processes caspase-7 and -10. In a human cell model, full maturation of caspase-7 does not occur unless caspase-10 is present. Furthermore, GrB matured caspase-3 with less efficiency than caspase-7 or caspase-10. With the caspases fully inactivated by peptidic inhibitors, GrB induced in Jurkat cells growth arrest and, over a delayed time period, cell death. Thus, the primary mechanism by which GrB initiates cell death is activation of the caspases through caspase-10. However, under circumstances where caspase-10 is absent or dysfunctional, GrB can act through secondary mechanisms including activation of other caspases and direct cell killing by cleavage of noncaspase substrates. The redundant functions of GrB ensure the effectiveness of granule-mediated cell killing, even in target cells that lack the expression or function (e.g., by mutation or a viral serpin) of one or more of the caspases, providing the host with overlapping safeguards against aberrantly replicating, nonself or virally infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Talanian
- BASF Bioresearch Corporation, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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20
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Talanian RV, Quinlan C, Trautz S, Hackett MC, Mankovich JA, Banach D, Ghayur T, Brady KD, Wong WW. Substrate specificities of caspase family proteases. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:9677-82. [PMID: 9092497 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.15.9677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 708] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The caspase family represents a new class of intracellular cysteine proteases with known or suspected roles in cytokine maturation and apoptosis. These enzymes display a preference for Asp in the P1 position of substrates. To clarify differences in the biological roles of the interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) family proteases, we have examined in detail the specificities beyond the P1 position of caspase-1, -2, -3, -4, -6, and -7 toward minimal length peptide substrates in vitro. We find differences and similarities between the enzymes that suggest a functional subgrouping of the family different from that based on overall sequence alignment. The primary specificities of ICE homologs explain many observed enzyme preferences for macromolecular substrates and can be used to support predictions of their natural function(s). The results also suggest the design of optimal peptidic substrates and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Talanian
- BASF Bioresearch Corp., Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
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21
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Ahmad M, Srinivasula SM, Wang L, Talanian RV, Litwack G, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Alnemri ES. CRADD, a novel human apoptotic adaptor molecule for caspase-2, and FasL/tumor necrosis factor receptor-interacting protein RIP. Cancer Res 1997; 57:615-9. [PMID: 9044836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
FADD/MORT1 is a death domain (DD)-containing adaptor/signaling molecule that interacts with the intracellular DD of FAS/APO-I (CD95) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and the prodomain of caspase-8 (Mch5/MACH/FLICE). FADD engagement of caspase-8 presumably activates this caspase and leads to apoptosis. Another DD-containing adaptor/signaling molecule, CRADD, was identified and was shown to induce apoptosis. CRADD has a dual-domain structure similar to that of FADD. It has an NH2-terminal caspase homology domain that interacts with caspase-2 and a COOH-terminal DD that interacts with RIP. CRADD is constitutively expressed in many tissues and thus could play a role in regulating apoptosis in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ahmad
- Kimmel Cancer Institute, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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22
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Datta R, Kojima H, Banach D, Bump NJ, Talanian RV, Alnemri ES, Weichselbaum RR, Wong WW, Kufe DW. Activation of a CrmA-insensitive, p35-sensitive pathway in ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:1965-9. [PMID: 8999887 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.3.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The response of eukaryotic cells to ionizing radiation (IR) includes induction of apoptosis. However, the signals that regulate this response are unknown. The present studies demonstrate that IR treatment of U-937 cells is associated with: (i) internucleosomal DNA fragmentation; (ii) cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; (iii) cleavage of protein kinase C delta; and (iv) induction of an Ac-DEVD-p-nitroanilide cleaving activity. Overexpression of the cowpox protein CrmA blocked tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced apoptosis but had no effect on IR-induced DNA fragmentation or cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and protein kinase C delta. By contrast, overexpression of the baculovirus p35 protein blocked both IR- and TNF-induced apoptosis. The results further demonstrate that the IR-induced proteolytic activity is directly inhibited by the addition of purified recombinant p35, but not by CrmA. We show that the CPP32 protease is sensitive to p35 and not CrmA. We also show that IR induces activation of CPP32 and that this event, like induction of apoptosis, is sensitive to overexpression of p35 and not CrmA. These findings indicate that IR-induced apoptosis involves activation of CPP32 and that this CrmA-insensitive apoptotic pathway is distinct from those induced by TNF and certain other stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Datta
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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23
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Ghayur T, Hugunin M, Talanian RV, Ratnofsky S, Quinlan C, Emoto Y, Pandey P, Datta R, Huang Y, Kharbanda S, Allen H, Kamen R, Wong W, Kufe D. Proteolytic activation of protein kinase C delta by an ICE/CED 3-like protease induces characteristics of apoptosis. J Exp Med 1996; 184:2399-404. [PMID: 8976194 PMCID: PMC2196396 DOI: 10.1084/jem.184.6.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/1996] [Revised: 10/08/1996] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that protein kinase C (PKC) delta is proteolytically activated at the onset of apoptosis induced by DNA-damaging agents, tumor necrosis factor, and anti-Fas antibody. However, the relationship of PKC delta cleavage to induction of apoptosis is unknown. The present studies demonstrate that full-length PKC delta is cleaved at DMQD330N to a catalytically active fragment by the cysteine protease CPP32. The results also demonstrate that overexpression of the catalytic kinase fragment in cells is associated with chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, induction of sub-G1 phase DNA and lethality. By contrast, overexpression of full-length PKC delta or a kinase inactive PKC delta fragment had no detectable effect. The findings suggest that proteolytic activation of PKC delta by a CPP32-like protease contributes to phenotypic changes associated with apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ghayur
- BASF Bioresearch Corporation, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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24
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Dang LC, Talanian RV, Banach D, Hackett MC, Gilmore JL, Hays SJ, Mankovich JA, Brady KD. Preparation of an autolysis-resistant interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme mutant. Biochemistry 1996; 35:14910-6. [PMID: 8942655 DOI: 10.1021/bi9617771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe the expression, purification, and characterization of human interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) containing an affinity tag and modified to resist autoproteolysis. The point mutation Asp381 to Glu was added to eliminate the major site of autolytic degradation while maintaining catalytic activity, and an N-terminal polyhistidine tag was added in place of the ICE pro-region to facilitate purification. N-His (D381E) ICE was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by nickel-chelating Sepharose and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). The enzyme was stabilized greater than 80-fold against autolytic degradation relative to wild-type N-His ICE. SDS-PAGE analysis with silver-staining revealed no impurities, and 85% of the protein was catalytically active as determined by titration with a novel titrant, PD 163594 (3-[2-(2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyrylamino)prop ionylamino]-4- oxo-5-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yloxypentanoic acid). An oxidized adduct of ICE with glutathione, formed by disulfide rearrangement with oxidized glutathione to inhibit and stabilize the enzyme during purification, was rapidly reduced upon exposure to 5 mM DTT. One mole of glutathione was released per mole of active enzyme. Of the nine cysteines in ICE, eight were present in their reduced form in the glutathione adduct. N-His (D381E) ICE cleaved Ac-YVAD-Amc with the Michaelis-Menten parameters K(M) = 14 microM and Kcat = 0.7 s-1, values essentially identical to those reported for enzyme from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Dang
- BASF Bioresearch Corporation, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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25
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Nath R, Raser KJ, Stafford D, Hajimohammadreza I, Posner A, Allen H, Talanian RV, Yuen P, Gilbertsen RB, Wang KK. Non-erythroid alpha-spectrin breakdown by calpain and interleukin 1 beta-converting-enzyme-like protease(s) in apoptotic cells: contributory roles of both protease families in neuronal apoptosis. Biochem J 1996; 319 ( Pt 3):683-90. [PMID: 8920967 PMCID: PMC1217843 DOI: 10.1042/bj3190683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeletal protein non-erythroid alpha-spectrin is well documented as an endogenous calpain substrate, especially under pathophysiological conditions. In cell necrosis (e.g. maitotoxin-treated neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells), alpha-spectrin breakdown products (SBDPs) of 150 kDa and 145 kDa were produced by cellular calpains. In contrast, in neuronal cells undergoing apoptosis (cerebellar granule neurons subjected to low potassium and SH-SY5Y cells treated with staurosporine), an additional SBDP of 120 kDa was also observed. The formation of the 120 kDa SBDP was insensitive to calpain inhibitors but was completely blocked by an interleukin 1 beta-converting-enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor, Z-Asp-CH2OC(O)-2,6-dichlorobenzene. Autolytic activation of both calpain and the ICE homologue CPP32 was also observed in apoptotic cells. alpha-Spectrin can also be cleaved in vitro by purified calpains to produce the SBDP doublet of 150/145 kDa and by ICE and ICE homologues [ICH-1, ICH-2 and CPP32(beta)] to produce a 150 kDa SBDP. In addition, CPP32 and ICE also produced a 120 kDa SBDP. Furthermore inhibition of either ICE-like protease(s) or calpain protects both granule neurons and SH-SY5Y cells against apoptosis. Our results suggest that both protease families participate in the expression of neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nath
- Department of Neuroscience Therapeutics, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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26
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Datta R, Banach D, Kojima H, Talanian RV, Alnemri ES, Wong WW, Kufe DW. Activation of the CPP32 protease in apoptosis induced by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and other DNA-damaging agents. Blood 1996; 88:1936-43. [PMID: 8822910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The response of human myeloid leukemia cells to treatment with 1-beta-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) includes the induction of apoptosis. Ara-C induced apoptosis is associated with proteolytic cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and protein kinase C (PKC) delta. However, the signals involved in this response are unknown. The present studies show that ara-C treatment of U-937 cells is associated with induction of a protease activity that cleaves the tetrapeptides Ac-DEVD-pNA and Ac-DMOD-pNA found at the cleavage sites of PARP and PKC delta, respectively. The ara-C-induced protease activity was sensitive to overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL and the baculovirus protein p35. By contrast, overexpression of the cowpox virus protein CrmA blocked apoptosis induced by engagement of the Fas receptor but not that induced by ara-C. CrmA overexpression also had no detectable effect on ara-C-induced cleavage of PKC delta. The results further show that ara-C induces activation of the CPP32 protease by a CrmA-insensitive and p35-sensitive mechanism. Similar results were obtained with cisplatinum, etoposide, and camptothecin. These findings indicate that ara-C and other DNA-damaging agents activate a CrmA-insensitive apoptotic pathway involving CPP32 and that these signals differ from those associated with apoptosis induced by the Fas receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Datta
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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27
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Talanian RV, Dang LC, Ferenz CR, Hackett MC, Mankovich JA, Welch JP, Wong WW, Brady KD. Stability and oligomeric equilibria of refolded interleukin-1beta converting enzyme. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:21853-8. [PMID: 8702986 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.36.21853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the preparation and characterization of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) refolded from its p20 and p10 protein fragments. Refolded ICE heterodimer (p20p10) was catalytically active but unstable, and in size exclusion chromatography eluted at an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa. The mechanisms of the observed instability were pH-dependent dissociation at low enzyme concentrations, and autolytic degradation of the p10 subunit at high concentrations. Binding and subsequent removal of a high affinity peptidic inhibitor increased the apparent molecular mass to 43 kDa (by size exclusion chromatography), and significantly increased its stability and specific activity. Chemical cross-linking and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the 43-kDa size exclusion chromatography conformer revealed a 60-kDa species, which was absent in the 30-kDa conformer, suggesting that inhibitor binding caused formation of a (p20p10)2 homodimer. The observation of a reversible equilibrium between ICE (p20p10) and (p20p10)2 suggests that analogous associations, possibly between ICE and ICE homologs, can occur in vivo, resulting in novel oligomeric protease species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Talanian
- BASF Bioresearch Corporation, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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28
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Abstract
Binding of Fas ligand or an agonistic anti-Fas antibody induces apoptosis in Fas-bearing cells. The interleukin-1Beta-converting enzyme (ICE) is a cysteine protease that is involved in apoptosis induced by various stimuli, including Fas-mediated apoptosis. Several ICE homologues have been identified, and these are subdivided into three groups (ICE-, CPP32-, and Ich-1-like proteases). We show here that specific inhibitors of ICE- or CPP32-like proteases can inhibit Fas-mediated apoptosis. Transient ICE-like activity was found in the cytosolic fraction of Fas-activated cells, whereas ICE-dependent, CPP32-like activity gradually accumulated in the cytosol. Cell lysates from mouse lymphoma supplemented with either recombinant ICE or CPP32 induced apoptosis of nuclei. The CPP32 inhibitor inhibited ICE- or CPP32-induced apoptosis in the cell-free system, whereas the ICE-inhibitor only inhibited ICE-induced apoptosis. Cell extracts from thymocytes from ICE-null mice induced apoptosis in the cell-free system when it was supplemented with CPP32. These results indicate that Fas sequentially activates ICE- and CPP32-like proteases, and that downstream CPP32, together with a component(s) in the cytoplasm, causes apoptosis of nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Enari
- Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, Japan
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29
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Kamens J, Paskind M, Hugunin M, Talanian RV, Allen H, Banach D, Bump N, Hackett M, Johnston CG, Li P. Identification and characterization of ICH-2, a novel member of the interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme family of cysteine proteases. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:15250-6. [PMID: 7797510 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.25.15250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) is a cytoplasmic cysteine protease required for generating the bioactive form of the interleukin-1 beta cytokine from its inactive precursor. We report the identification of ICH-2, a novel human gene encoding a member of the ICE cysteine protease family, and characterization of its protein product. ICH-2 mRNA is widely expressed in human tissues in a pattern similar to, but distinct from, that of ICE. Overexpression of ICH-2 in insect cells induces apoptosis. Purified ICH-2 is functional as a protease in vitro. A comparison of the inhibitor profiles and substrate cleavage by ICH-2 and ICE shows that the enzymes share catalytic properties but may differ in substrate specificities, suggesting that the two enzymes have different functions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kamens
- BASF Bioresearch Corporation, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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30
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Walker NP, Talanian RV, Brady KD, Dang LC, Bump NJ, Ferenz CR, Franklin S, Ghayur T, Hackett MC, Hammill LD. Crystal structure of the cysteine protease interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme: a (p20/p10)2 homodimer. Cell 1994; 78:343-52. [PMID: 8044845 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme (ICE) proteolytically cleaves pro-IL-1 beta to its mature, active form. The crystal structure at 2.5 A resolution of a recombinant human ICE-tetrapeptide chloromethylketone complex reveals that the holoenzyme is a homodimer of catalytic domains, each of which contains a p20 and a p10 subunit. The spatial separation of the C-terminus of p20 and the N-terminus of p10 in each domain suggests two alternative pathways of assembly and activation in vivo. ICE is homologous to the C. elegans cell death gene product, CED-3, and these may represent a novel class of cytoplasmic cysteine proteases that are important in programmed cell death (apoptosis). Conservation among members of the ICE/CED-3 family of the amino acids that form the active site region of ICE supports the hypothesis that they share functional similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Walker
- BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Main Laboratory, Ludwigshafen, Federal Republic of Germany
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31
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Abstract
NMR experiments show that a stable complex can be formed between a 14-base-pair oligonucleotide and a disulfide-bonded dimer of a peptide containing 27 residues of the basic region of the yeast transcriptional activator GCN4; the complex is in slow exchange on the NMR time scale. In contrast, a nonspecific complex is in fast exchange on the NMR time scale. DNase I footprinting experiments show that dimers of peptides containing as few as 20 residues of GCN4 bind DNA with sequence specificity similar to that of the intact protein. Circular dichroism experiments suggest that specific binding involves only 15 residues, corresponding to residues 231-245 of GCN4, in an alpha-helical conformation. These results limit substantially the region of GCN4 involved in sequence-specific DNA contacts and provide a uniquely simple model for studying protein-DNA interactions in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Talanian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02142
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32
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Abstract
A recently described class of DNA binding proteins is characterized by the "bZIP" motif, which consists of a basic region that contacts DNA and an adjacent "leucine zipper" that mediates protein dimerization. A peptide model for the basic region of the yeast transcriptional activator GCN4 has been developed in which the leucine zipper has been replaced by a disulfide bond. The 34-residue peptide dimer, but not the reduced monomer, binds DNA with nanomolar affinity at 4 degrees C. DNA binding is sequence-specific as judged by deoxyribonuclease I footprinting. Circular dichroism spectroscopy suggests that the peptide adopts a helical structure when bound to DNA. These results demonstrate directly that the GCN4 basic region is sufficient for sequence-specific DNA binding and suggest that a major function of the GCN4 leucine zipper is simply to mediate protein dimerization. Our approach provides a strategy for the design of short sequence-specific DNA binding peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Talanian
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, MA 02142
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33
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Abstract
The identities and precise roles of the DNA polymerase(s) involved in mammalian cell DNA replication are uncertain. Circumstantial evidence suggests that DNA polymerase alpha and at least one form of DNA polymerase delta, that which is stimulated by Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, catalyze mammalian cell replicative DNA synthesis. Further, the in vitro properties of polymerases alpha and delta suggest a model for their coordinate action at the replication fork. The present paper summarizes the current status of DNA polymerases alpha and delta in DNA replication, and describes newly available approaches to the study of those enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Talanian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655
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34
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Abstract
Twenty-three pyrophosphate analogues were screened as inhibitors of proliferating cell nuclear antigen independent DNA polymerase delta (pol delta) derived from calf thymus. Carbonyldiphosphonate (COMDP), also known as alpha-oxomethylenediphosphonate, inhibited pol delta with a potency (Ki = 1.8 microM) 20 times greater than that displayed for DNA polymerase alpha (pol alpha) derived from the same tissue. Characterization of the mechanism of inhibition of pol delta indicated that COMDP competed with the dNTP specified by the template and was not competitive with the template-primer. In the case of pol alpha, COMDP did not compete with either the dNTP or the polynucleotide substrate. COMDP inhibited the 3'----5' exonuclease activity of pol delta weakly, displaying an IC50 greater than 1 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Talanian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01655
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35
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Abstract
Fluid-deprived rats were presented with one of three types of palatable solutions for 15 min, followed by access to either the same solution or one of the other types for 15 min. The solutions were 5.3% sucrose, 0.9% salt solution, and tap water. Naloxone reduced intake of all solutions, as compared to placebo, regardless of type of fluid or order of presentation. Rats receiving water followed by sucrose solution reduced their intake of water under naloxone, but did subsequently take a considerable amount of sucrose solution showing that they were capable of drinking more. These findings indicate that naloxone's effects closely track ordinary satiation-effects, merely enhancing satiation-like functions at each instance of opportunity to take fluids.
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