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Sharma D, Worssam MD, Pedroza AJ, Dalal AR, Alemany H, Kim HJ, Kundu R, Fischbein MP, Cheng P, Wirka R, Quertermous T. Comprehensive Integration of Multiple Single-Cell Transcriptomic Data Sets Defines Distinct Cell Populations and Their Phenotypic Changes in Murine Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:391-408. [PMID: 38152886 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of single-cell transcriptomic (single-cell RNA sequencing) analysis to the study of atherosclerosis has provided unique insights into the molecular and genetic mechanisms that mediate disease risk and pathophysiology. However, nonstandardized methodologies and relatively high costs associated with the technique have limited the size and replication of existing data sets and created disparate or contradictory findings that have fostered misunderstanding and controversy. METHODS To address these uncertainties, we have performed a conservative integration of multiple published single-cell RNA sequencing data sets into a single meta-analysis, performed extended analysis of native resident vascular cells, and used in situ hybridization to map the disease anatomic location of the identified cluster cells. To investigate the transdifferentiation of smooth muscle cells to macrophage phenotype, we have developed a classifying algorithm based on the quantification of reporter transgene expression. RESULTS The reporter gene expression tool indicates that within the experimental limits of the examined studies, transdifferentiation of smooth muscle cell to the macrophage lineage is extremely rare. Validated transition smooth muscle cell phenotypes were defined by clustering, and the location of these cells was mapped to lesion anatomy with in situ hybridization. We have also characterized 5 endothelial cell phenotypes and linked these cellular species to different vascular structures and functions. Finally, we have identified a transcriptomically unique cellular phenotype that constitutes the aortic valve. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these analyses resolve a number of outstanding issues related to differing results reported with vascular disease single-cell RNA sequencing studies, and significantly extend our understanding of the role of resident vascular cells in anatomy and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha Sharma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (D.S., M.D.W., H.A., H.-J.K., R.K., P.C., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Matthew D Worssam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (D.S., M.D.W., H.A., H.-J.K., R.K., P.C., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Albert J Pedroza
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.J.P., A.R.D., M.P.F.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Alex R Dalal
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.J.P., A.R.D., M.P.F.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Haizea Alemany
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (D.S., M.D.W., H.A., H.-J.K., R.K., P.C., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (D.S., M.D.W., H.A., H.-J.K., R.K., P.C., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Ramendra Kundu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (D.S., M.D.W., H.A., H.-J.K., R.K., P.C., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Michael P Fischbein
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery (A.J.P., A.R.D., M.P.F.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Paul Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (D.S., M.D.W., H.A., H.-J.K., R.K., P.C., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Robert Wirka
- Division of Cardiology, McAllister Heart Institute, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC (R.W.)
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (D.S., M.D.W., H.A., H.-J.K., R.K., P.C., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
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Kim HJ, Cheng P, Travisano S, Weldy C, Monteiro JP, Kundu R, Nguyen T, Sharma D, Shi H, Lin Y, Liu B, Haldar S, Jackson S, Quertermous T. Molecular mechanisms of coronary artery disease risk at the PDGFD locus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:847. [PMID: 36792607 PMCID: PMC9932166 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome wide association studies for coronary artery disease (CAD) have identified a risk locus at 11q22.3. Here, we verify with mechanistic studies that rs2019090 and PDGFD represent the functional variant and gene at this locus. Further, FOXC1/C2 transcription factor binding at rs2019090 is shown to promote PDGFD transcription through the CAD promoting allele. With single cell transcriptomic and histology studies with Pdgfd knockdown in an SMC lineage tracing male atherosclerosis mouse model we find that Pdgfd promotes expansion, migration, and transition of SMC lineage cells to the chondromyocyte phenotype. Pdgfd also increases adventitial fibroblast and pericyte expression of chemokines and leukocyte adhesion molecules, which is linked to plaque macrophage recruitment. Despite these changes there is no effect of Pdgfd deletion on overall plaque burden. These findings suggest that PDGFD mediates CAD risk by promoting deleterious phenotypic changes in SMC, along with an inflammatory response that is primarily focused in the adventitia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Paul Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Stanislao Travisano
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Chad Weldy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - João P Monteiro
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ramendra Kundu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Disha Sharma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Huitong Shi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yi Lin
- Research Center for Intelligent Computing Platforms, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Boxiang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Saptarsi Haldar
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Simon Jackson
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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3
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Kim HJ, Cheng P, Travisano S, Weldy C, Monteiro JP, Kundu R, Nguyen T, Sharma D, Shi H, Lin Y, Liu B, Haldar S, Jackson S, Quertermous T. Molecular mechanisms of coronary artery disease risk at the PDGFD locus. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.26.525789. [PMID: 36747745 PMCID: PMC9900883 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.26.525789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling has been extensively studied in the context of vascular disease, but the genetics of this pathway remain to be established. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) for coronary artery disease (CAD) have identified a risk locus at 11q22.3, and we have verified with fine mapping approaches that the regulatory variant rs2019090 and PDGFD represent the functional variant and putative functional gene. Further, FOXC1/C2 transcription factor (TF) binding at rs2019090 was found to promote PDGFD transcription through the CAD promoting allele. Employing a constitutive Pdgfd knockout allele along with SMC lineage tracing in a male atherosclerosis mouse model we mapped single cell transcriptomic, cell state, and lesion anatomical changes associated with gene loss. These studies revealed that Pdgfd promotes expansion, migration, and transition of SMC lineage cells to the chondromyocyte phenotype and vascular calcification. This is in contrast to protective CAD genes TCF21, ZEB2, and SMAD3 which we have shown to promote the fibroblast-like cell transition or perturb the pattern or extent of transition to the chondromyocyte phenotype. Further, Pdgfd expressing fibroblasts and pericytes exhibited greater expression of chemokines and leukocyte adhesion molecules, consistent with observed increased macrophage recruitment to the plaque. Despite these changes there was no effect of Pdgfd deletion on SMC contribution to the fibrous cap or overall lesion burden. These findings suggest that PDGFD mediates CAD risk through promoting SMC expansion and migration, in conjunction with deleterious phenotypic changes, and through promoting an inflammatory response that is primarily focused in the adventitia where it contributes to leukocyte trafficking to the diseased vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
| | - Paul Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
| | - Stanislao Travisano
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
| | - Chad Weldy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
| | - João P. Monteiro
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
| | - Ramendra Kundu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
| | - Disha Sharma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
| | - Huitong Shi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
| | - Yi Lin
- Research Center for Intelligent Computing Platforms, Zhejiang Laboratory, China 311121
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228
| | - Boxiang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228
| | - Saptarsi Haldar
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Simon Jackson
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA; 94305
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Kundu R, Banerjee S, Baidya SK, Adhikari N, Jha T. A quantitative structural analysis of AR-42 derivatives as HDAC1 inhibitors for the identification of promising structural contributors. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2022; 33:861-883. [PMID: 36412121 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2022.2145353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alteration and abnormal epigenetic mechanisms can lead to the aberration of normal biological functions and the occurrence of several diseases. The histone deacetylase (HDAC) family of enzymes is one of the prime regulators of epigenetic functions modifying the histone proteins, and thus, regulating epigenetics directly. HDAC1 is one of those HDACs which have important contributions to cellular epigenetics. The abnormality of HDAC is correlated to the occurrence, progression, and poor prognosis in several disease conditions namely neurodegenerative disorders, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, chemotherapy resistance, and survival in various cancers. Therefore, the progress of potent and effective HDAC1 inhibitors is one of the prime approaches to combat such diseases. In this study, both regression and classification-based molecular modelling studies were conducted on some AR-42 derivatives as HDAC1 inhibitors to elucidate the crucial structural aspects that are responsible for regulating their biological responses. This study revealed that the molecular polarizability, van der Waals volume, the presence of aromatic rings as well as the higher number of hydrogen bond acceptors might affect prominently their inhibitory activity and might be responsible for proper fitting and interactions at the HDAC1 active site to pertain effective inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kundu
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - S Banerjee
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - S K Baidya
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - N Adhikari
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - T Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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5
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Cheng P, Wirka RC, Kim JB, Kim HJ, Nguyen T, Kundu R, Zhao Q, Sharma D, Pedroza A, Nagao M, Iyer D, Fischbein MP, Quertermous T. Smad3 regulates smooth muscle cell fate and mediates adverse remodeling and calcification of the atherosclerotic plaque. Nat Cardiovasc Res 2022; 1:322-333. [PMID: 36246779 PMCID: PMC9560061 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaques consist mostly of smooth muscle cells (SMC), and genes that influence SMC phenotype can modulate coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. Allelic variation at 15q22.33 has been identified by genome-wide association studies to modify the risk of CAD and is associated with the expression of SMAD3 in SMC. However, the mechanism by which this gene modifies CAD risk remains poorly understood. Here we show that SMC-specific deletion of Smad3 in a murine atherosclerosis model resulted in greater plaque burden, more outward remodelling and increased vascular calcification. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed that loss of Smad3 altered SMC transition cell state toward two fates: a SMC phenotype that governs both vascular remodelling and recruitment of inflammatory cells, as well as a chondromyocyte fate. Together, the findings reveal that Smad3 expression in SMC inhibits the emergence of specific SMC phenotypic transition cells that mediate adverse plaque features, including outward remodelling, monocyte recruitment, and vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Robert C. Wirka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Juyong Brian Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ramendra Kundu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Quanyi Zhao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Disha Sharma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Albert Pedroza
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Manabu Nagao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Dharini Iyer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Michael P. Fischbein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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6
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Cheng P, Wirka RC, Clarke LS, Zhao Q, Kundu R, Nguyen T, Nair S, Sharma D, Kim HJ, Shi H, Assimes T, Kim JB, Kundaje A, Quertermous T. ZEB2 Shapes the Epigenetic Landscape of Atherosclerosis. Circulation 2022; 145:469-485. [PMID: 34990206 PMCID: PMC8896308 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.057789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) transition into a number of different phenotypes during atherosclerosis, including those that resemble fibroblasts and chondrocytes, and make up the majority of cells in the atherosclerotic plaque. To better understand the epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms that mediate these cell state changes, and how they relate to risk for coronary artery disease (CAD), we have investigated the causality and function of transcription factors at genome-wide associated loci. METHODS We used CRISPR-Cas 9 genome and epigenome editing to identify the causal gene and cells for a complex CAD genome-wide association study signal at 2q22.3. Single-cell epigenetic and transcriptomic profiling in murine models and human coronary artery smooth muscle cells were used to understand the cellular and molecular mechanism by which this CAD risk gene exerts its function. RESULTS CRISPR-Cas 9 genome and epigenome editing showed that the complex CAD genetic signals within a genomic region at 2q22.3 lie within smooth muscle long-distance enhancers for ZEB2, a transcription factor extensively studied in the context of epithelial mesenchymal transition in development of cancer. Zeb2 regulates SMC phenotypic transition through chromatin remodeling that obviates accessibility and disrupts both Notch and transforming growth factor β signaling, thus altering the epigenetic trajectory of SMC transitions. SMC-specific loss of Zeb2 resulted in an inability of transitioning SMCs to turn off contractile programing and take on a fibroblast-like phenotype, but accelerated the formation of chondromyocytes, mirroring features of high-risk atherosclerotic plaques in human coronary arteries. CONCLUSIONS These studies identify ZEB2 as a new CAD genome-wide association study gene that affects features of plaque vulnerability through direct effects on the epigenome, providing a new therapeutic approach to target vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA
| | - Robert C. Wirka
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology and Physiology, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Lee Shoa Clarke
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA
| | - Quanyi Zhao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA
| | - Ramendra Kundu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA
| | - Surag Nair
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Disha Sharma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA
| | - Hyun-jung Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA
| | - Huitong Shi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA
| | - Themistocles Assimes
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA
| | - Juyong Brian Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA
| | - Anshul Kundaje
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA
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Dellacecca E, Shivde R, Mhlaba J, Cosgrove C, Kundu R, Rangel S, Le Poole I. 231 Bacteroides colonization is associated with reduced depigmentation in vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.02.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cole ME, Kundu R, Abdulla AF, Andrews N, Hoschler K, Southern J, Jackson D, Miller E, Zambon M, Turner PJ, Tregoning JS. Pre-existing influenza-specific nasal IgA or nasal viral infection does not affect live attenuated influenza vaccine immunogenicity in children. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:125-133. [PMID: 33314126 PMCID: PMC7944357 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The United Kingdom has a national immunization programme which includes annual influenza vaccination in school-aged children, using live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). LAIV is given annually, and it is unclear whether repeat administration can affect immunogenicity. Because LAIV is delivered intranasally, pre-existing local antibody might be important. In this study, we analysed banked samples from a study performed during the 2017/18 influenza season to investigate the role of pre-existing influenza-specific nasal immunoglobulin (Ig)A in children aged 6-14 years. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected prior to LAIV immunization to measure pre-existing IgA levels and test for concurrent upper respiratory tract viral infections (URTI). Oral fluid samples were taken at baseline and 21-28 days after LAIV to measure IgG as a surrogate of immunogenicity. Antibody levels at baseline were compared with a pre-existing data set of LAIV shedding from the same individuals, measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. There was detectable nasal IgA specific to all four strains in the vaccine at baseline. However, baseline nasal IgA did not correlate with the fold change in IgG response to the vaccine. Baseline nasal IgA also did not have an impact upon whether vaccine virus RNA was detectable after immunization. There was no difference in fold change of antibody between individuals with and without an URTI at the time of immunization. Overall, we observed no effect of pre-existing influenza-specific nasal antibody levels on immunogenicity, supporting annual immunization with LAIV in children.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Adolescent
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Child
- Female
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- Nasal Cavity/immunology
- Nasal Cavity/virology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Virus Shedding/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M. E. Cole
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College London (St Mary’s Campus)LondonUK
- Present address:
MEC – The Pirbright InstitutePirbrightUK
| | - R. Kundu
- Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory InfectionsImperial College LondonLondonUK
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. F. Abdulla
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College London (St Mary’s Campus)LondonUK
| | - N. Andrews
- Public Health England (Colindale)LondonUK
| | | | | | - D. Jackson
- Public Health England (Colindale)LondonUK
| | - E. Miller
- Public Health England (Colindale)LondonUK
| | - M. Zambon
- Public Health England (Colindale)LondonUK
| | - P. J. Turner
- Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory InfectionsImperial College LondonLondonUK
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - J. S. Tregoning
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College London (St Mary’s Campus)LondonUK
- Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory InfectionsImperial College LondonLondonUK
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Kim JB, Zhao Q, Nguyen T, Pjanic M, Cheng P, Wirka R, Travisano S, Nagao M, Kundu R, Quertermous T. Environment-Sensing Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Inhibits the Chondrogenic Fate of Modulated Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerotic Lesions. Circulation 2020; 142:575-590. [PMID: 32441123 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.045981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smooth muscle cells (SMC) play a critical role in atherosclerosis. The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an environment-sensing transcription factor that contributes to vascular development, and has been implicated in coronary artery disease risk. We hypothesized that AHR can affect atherosclerosis by regulating phenotypic modulation of SMC. METHODS We combined RNA-sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing, and in vitro assays in human coronary artery SMCs, with single-cell RNA-sequencing, histology, and RNAscope in an SMC-specific lineage-tracing Ahr knockout mouse model of atherosclerosis to better understand the role of AHR in vascular disease. RESULTS Genomic studies coupled with functional assays in cultured human coronary artery SMCs revealed that AHR modulates the human coronary artery SMC phenotype and suppresses ossification in these cells. Lineage-tracing and activity-tracing studies in the mouse aortic sinus showed that the Ahr pathway is active in modulated SMCs in the atherosclerotic lesion cap. Furthermore, single-cell RNA-sequencing studies of the SMC-specific Ahr knockout mice showed a significant increase in the proportion of modulated SMCs expressing chondrocyte markers such as Col2a1 and Alpl, which localized to the lesion neointima. These cells, which we term "chondromyocytes," were also identified in the neointima of human coronary arteries. In histological analyses, these changes manifested as larger lesion size, increased lineage-traced SMC participation in the lesion, decreased lineage-traced SMCs in the lesion cap, and increased alkaline phosphatase activity in lesions in the Ahr knockout in comparison with wild-type mice. We propose that AHR is likely protective based on these data and inference from human genetic analyses. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we conclude that AHR promotes the maintenance of lesion cap integrity and diminishes the disease-related SMC-to-chondromyocyte transition in atherosclerotic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyong Brian Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.,Cardiovascular Institute (J.B.K., P.C., R.W., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Quanyi Zhao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Milos Pjanic
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Paul Cheng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.,Cardiovascular Institute (J.B.K., P.C., R.W., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Robert Wirka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.,Cardiovascular Institute (J.B.K., P.C., R.W., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Stanislao Travisano
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Manabu Nagao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Ramendra Kundu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.B.K., Q.Z., T.N., M.P., P.C., R.W., S.T., M.N., R.K., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.,Cardiovascular Institute (J.B.K., P.C., R.W., T.Q.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
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10
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Verma P, Kundu R. The Ginger Prophecy; A Review of the Underexplored Genus, Hedychium against Cancer. Indian J Pharm Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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11
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Kojima Y, Downing K, Kundu R, Miller C, Dewey F, Lancero H, Raaz U, Perisic L, Hedin U, Schadt E, Maegdefessel L, Quertermous T, Leeper NJ. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B regulates efferocytosis and atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2164. [PMID: 31042164 DOI: 10.1172/jci129277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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12
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Abstract
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is an uncommon and distinct type of chronic infective pyelonephritis causing destruction of the kidney, severely affecting the renal function. The perinephric adipose tissue and peritoneum is not uncommonly involved. The study was undertaken to decipher the clinicopathologic spectrum of XGP. Forty cases of XGP were diagnosed on histopathology over a period of 13 years (2005–2017). Relevant clinical details and radiological findings were recorded from the case files. Out of a total of 40 cases, 26 were female and 14 were male with a mean age of 39.5 ± 13.6 years. Flank pain was the most common presenting symptom. All the patients had unilateral disease and underwent nephrectomy for a nonfunctional kidney. Gross examination showed enlarged kidney with replacement of cortico-medullary tissue by yellow nodular areas of fatty tissue and dilatation of the pelvicalyceal system. Thirty-six (90%) cases had nephrolithiasis. Histologically, the characteristic feature was the existence of lipid-laden foamy macrophages. Renal parenchymal involvement was diffuse in majority (31, 77.5%). Two (5.0%) of the patients had coexisting carcinoma in the same kidney. Histopathologic examination gives the definitive diagnosis of XGP which relies on the characteristic morphology. Surgical intervention in the form of nephrectomy is the treatment of choice and offers good treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kundu
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - A Baliyan
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - H Dhingra
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - V Bhalla
- Department of Urology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - R S Punia
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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13
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Roy R, Kundu R, Sengupta M, Hazra A. Assessment of 2nd and 4th digit length ratio as an anatomical marker for predicting the risk of developing polycystic ovarian syndrome. J ANAT SOC INDIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jasi.2016.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Roy R, Som P, Ghosal A, Kundu R. Bilateral multiple renal arteries with anomalous origin of ovarian arteries on both sides: A case report. J ANAT SOC INDIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jasi.2016.08.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Priest JR, Osoegawa K, Mohammed N, Nanda V, Kundu R, Schultz K, Lammer EJ, Girirajan S, Scheetz T, Waggott D, Haddad F, Reddy S, Bernstein D, Burns T, Steimle JD, Yang XH, Moskowitz IP, Hurles M, Lifton RP, Nickerson D, Bamshad M, Eichler EE, Mital S, Sheffield V, Quertermous T, Gelb BD, Portman M, Ashley EA. De Novo and Rare Variants at Multiple Loci Support the Oligogenic Origins of Atrioventricular Septal Heart Defects. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005963. [PMID: 27058611 PMCID: PMC4825975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) has a complex genetic etiology, and recent studies suggest that high penetrance de novo mutations may account for only a small fraction of disease. In a multi-institutional cohort surveyed by exome sequencing, combining analysis of 987 individuals (discovery cohort of 59 affected trios and 59 control trios, and a replication cohort of 100 affected singletons and 533 unaffected singletons) we observe variation at novel and known loci related to a specific cardiac malformation the atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD). In a primary analysis, by combining developmental coexpression networks with inheritance modeling, we identify a de novo mutation in the DNA binding domain of NR1D2 (p.R175W). We show that p.R175W changes the transcriptional activity of Nr1d2 using an in vitro transactivation model in HUVEC cells. Finally, we demonstrate previously unrecognized cardiovascular malformations in the Nr1d2tm1-Dgen knockout mouse. In secondary analyses we map genetic variation to protein-interaction networks suggesting a role for two collagen genes in AVSD, which we corroborate by burden testing in a second replication cohort of 100 AVSDs and 533 controls (p = 8.37e-08). Finally, we apply a rare-disease inheritance model to identify variation in genes previously associated with CHD (ZFPM2, NSD1, NOTCH1, VCAN, and MYH6), cardiac malformations in mouse models (ADAM17, CHRD, IFT140, PTPRJ, RYR1 and ATE1), and hypomorphic alleles of genes causing syndromic CHD (EHMT1, SRCAP, BBS2, NOTCH2, and KMT2D) in 14 of 59 trios, greatly exceeding variation in control trios without CHD (p = 9.60e-06). In total, 32% of trios carried at least one putatively disease-associated variant across 19 loci,suggesting that inherited and de novo variation across a heterogeneous group of loci may contribute to disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Priest
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Kazutoyo Osoegawa
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Nebil Mohammed
- University of California San Francisco Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vivek Nanda
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ramendra Kundu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Schultz
- University of California San Francisco Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Edward J. Lammer
- University of California San Francisco Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Santhosh Girirajan
- Departments of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Todd Scheetz
- College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Daryl Waggott
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Francois Haddad
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sushma Reddy
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Bernstein
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Trudy Burns
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Steimle
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xinan H. Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ivan P. Moskowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Matthew Hurles
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P. Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Debbie Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael Bamshad
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Evan E. Eichler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Seema Mital
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Val Sheffield
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Bruce D. Gelb
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Portman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Euan A. Ashley
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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16
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Roy R, Pal A, Ghosal A, Kundu R. Anomalous origin of left vertebral artery from arch of aorta and associated vascular anomalies – A case report. J ANAT SOC INDIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jasi.2015.07.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Nurnberg ST, Cheng K, Raiesdana A, Kundu R, Miller CL, Kim JB, Arora K, Carcamo-Oribe I, Xiong Y, Tellakula N, Nanda V, Murthy N, Boisvert WA, Hedin U, Perisic L, Aldi S, Maegdefessel L, Pjanic M, Owens GK, Tallquist MD, Quertermous T. Coronary Artery Disease Associated Transcription Factor TCF21 Regulates Smooth Muscle Precursor Cells that Contribute to the Fibrous Cap. Genom Data 2015; 5:36-37. [PMID: 26090325 PMCID: PMC4467834 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
TCF21 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that has recently been implicated as contributing to susceptibility to coronary heart disease based on genome wide association studies. In order to identify transcriptionally regulated target genes in a major disease relevant cell type, we performed siRNA knockdown of TCF21 in in vitro cultured human coronary artery smooth muscle cells and compared the transcriptome of siTCF21 versus siCONTROL treated cells. The raw (FASTQ) as well as processed (BED) data from 3 technical replicates per treatment has been deposited with Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE44461).
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Nurnberg
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - K Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - A Raiesdana
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - R Kundu
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - C L Miller
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - J B Kim
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - K Arora
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
| | - I Carcamo-Oribe
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Y Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - N Tellakula
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - V Nanda
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - N Murthy
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - W A Boisvert
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
| | - U Hedin
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Perisic
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Aldi
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Maegdefessel
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Pjanic
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - G K Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - M D Tallquist
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
| | - T Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
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18
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Nurnberg ST, Cheng K, Raiesdana A, Kundu R, Miller CL, Kim JB, Arora K, Carcamo-Oribe I, Xiong Y, Tellakula N, Nanda V, Murthy N, Boisvert WA, Hedin U, Perisic L, Aldi S, Maegdefessel L, Pjanic M, Owens GK, Tallquist MD, Quertermous T. Coronary Artery Disease Associated Transcription Factor TCF21 Regulates Smooth Muscle Precursor Cells That Contribute to the Fibrous Cap. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005155. [PMID: 26020946 PMCID: PMC4447275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genome wide association studies have identified a number of genes that contribute to the risk for coronary heart disease. One such gene, TCF21, encodes a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor believed to serve a critical role in the development of epicardial progenitor cells that give rise to coronary artery smooth muscle cells (SMC) and cardiac fibroblasts. Using reporter gene and immunolocalization studies with mouse and human tissues we have found that vascular TCF21 expression in the adult is restricted primarily to adventitial cells associated with coronary arteries and also medial SMC in the proximal aorta of mouse. Genome wide RNA-Seq studies in human coronary artery SMC (HCASMC) with siRNA knockdown found a number of putative TCF21 downstream pathways identified by enrichment of terms related to CAD, including “vascular disease,” “disorder of artery,” and “occlusion of artery,” as well as disease-related cellular functions including “cellular movement” and “cellular growth and proliferation.” In vitro studies in HCASMC demonstrated that TCF21 expression promotes proliferation and migration and inhibits SMC lineage marker expression. Detailed in situ expression studies with reporter gene and lineage tracing revealed that vascular wall cells expressing Tcf21 before disease initiation migrate into vascular lesions of ApoE-/- and Ldlr-/- mice. While Tcf21 lineage traced cells are distributed throughout the early lesions, in mature lesions they contribute to the formation of a subcapsular layer of cells, and others become associated with the fibrous cap. The lineage traced fibrous cap cells activate expression of SMC markers and growth factor receptor genes. Taken together, these data suggest that TCF21 may have a role regulating the differentiation state of SMC precursor cells that migrate into vascular lesions and contribute to the fibrous cap and more broadly, in view of the association of this gene with human CAD, provide evidence that these processes may be a mechanism for CAD risk attributable to the vascular wall. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is responsible for the majority of deaths in the Western world, and is due in part to environmental and metabolic factors. However, half of the risk for developing heart disease is genetically predetermined. Genome-wide association studies in human populations have identified over 100 sites in the genome that appear to be associated with CAD, however, the mechanisms by which variation in these regions are responsible for predisposition to CAD remain largely unknown. We have begun to study a gene that contributes to CAD risk, the TCF21 gene. Through genomic studies we show that this gene is involved in processes related to alterations in vascular gene expression, and in particular those related to the smooth muscle cell biology. With cell culture models, we show that TCF21 regulates the differentiation state of this cell type, which is believed critical for vascular disease. Using mouse genetic models of atherosclerotic vascular disease we provide evidence that this gene is expressed in precursor cells that migrate into the disease lesions and contribute to the formation of the fibrous cap that is believed to stabilize these lesions and prevent heart attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia T. Nurnberg
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Azad Raiesdana
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ramendra Kundu
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Clint L. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Juyong B. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Komal Arora
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Ivan Carcamo-Oribe
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Yiqin Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Nikhil Tellakula
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Vivek Nanda
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Nikitha Murthy
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - William A. Boisvert
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ljubica Perisic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silvia Aldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Milos Pjanic
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Gary K. Owens
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michelle D. Tallquist
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Saluja T, Sharma SD, Gupta M, Kundu R, Kar S, Dutta A, Silveira M, Singh JV, Kamath VG, Chaudhary A, Rao JV, Ravi MD, Murthy SRK, Babji S, Prasad R, Gujjula R, Rao R, Dhingra MS. A multicenter prospective hospital-based surveillance to estimate the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children less than five years of age in India. Vaccine 2015; 32 Suppl 1:A13-9. [PMID: 25091667 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe, dehydrating diarrhea in children aged <5 years globally, with an estimated 25 million outpatient visits and 2 million hospitalizations attributable to rotavirus infections each year. The aim of this hospital-based surveillance was to summarize the local epidemiological and virological features of rotavirus and to estimate the disease burden in the population under surveillance in India. METHODS During the 16 months surveillance period from April 2011 through July 2012, a total of 4711 children under the age of 5 years were admitted with acute diarrhea at 12 medical centers attached to medical schools throughout India. Stool samples were randomly collected from 2051 (43.5%) subjects and were analyzed for rotavirus positivity using commercial enzyme immunoassay kit (Premier Rotaclone Qualitative Elisa) at the respective study centers. Rotavirus positive samples were genotyped for VP7 and VP4 by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at a central laboratory. RESULTS During the study period, maximum number of rotavirus related hospitalizations were reported from December 2011 through February 2012. Out of the 2051 stool samples tested for rotavirus, overall 541 (26.4%) samples were positive for rotavirus VP6 antigen in stool. The highest positivity was observed in the month of December, 2011 (52.5%) and lowest in the month of May, 2011 (10.3%). We found that majority of the rotavirus positive cases (69.7%) were in children <24 months of age. The most common genotypes reported were G1 (38%), G2 (18%), G9 (18%), G12 (9%) and mixed strains (17%). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study confirm the significant burden of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis as a cause of hospitalizations in under five children in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Saluja
- Shantha Biotechnics Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | | | - M Gupta
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - R Kundu
- Institute of Child Health, Kolkata, India
| | - S Kar
- Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - A Dutta
- Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - J V Singh
- CSM Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - V G Kamath
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India
| | | | - J V Rao
- Gandhi Medical College, Hyderabad, India
| | - M D Ravi
- JSS Medical College, Mysore, India
| | - S R K Murthy
- Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - S Babji
- Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - R Prasad
- Shantha Biotechnics Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | - R Gujjula
- Shantha Biotechnics Ltd., Hyderabad, India
| | - R Rao
- Shantha Biotechnics Ltd., Hyderabad, India
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20
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Handa U, Kundu R, Mohan H. Cytological diagnosis of desmoplastic malignant melanoma of the great toe. Cytopathology 2015; 27:76-8. [PMID: 25809940 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U Handa
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh, 160032, India
| | - R Kundu
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh, 160032, India
| | - H Mohan
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh, 160032, India
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Abstract
Keloid is dermal lesion characterized by nodular fibroblastic proliferation, which is considered an aberration of wound healing process. It is believed to be the confused scar that does not know when to stop growing. Pressure therapy using clips or splints is widely used for the treatment of keloids; however, it is often very difficult to control the amount and direction of pressure applied. Among the most common complications of this therapy is ulceration due to excessive pressure. A case of presurgical size reduction for a large ear keloid with a custom made pressure appliance is presented. This novel design of the appliance allows for better control over the amount and direction of the pressure applied on the scar tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rathee
- Department of Prosthodontics, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - R Kundu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Ak Tamrakar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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22
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Dhingra M, Kundu R, Gupta M, Kanungo S, Ganguly N, Singh M, Bhattacharya M, Ghosh R, Kumar R, Sur D, Chadha S, Saluja T. Evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of a live attenuated tetravalent (G1–G4) Bovine-Human Reassortant Rotavirus vaccine (BRV-TV) in healthy Indian adults and infants. Vaccine 2014; 32 Suppl 1:A117-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Kojima Y, Downing K, Kundu R, Miller C, Dewey F, Lancero H, Raaz U, Perisic L, Hedin U, Schadt E, Maegdefessel L, Quertermous T, Leeper NJ. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B regulates efferocytosis and atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2014. [PMID: 24531546 DOI: 10.1172/jci7039170391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation at the chromosome 9p21 risk locus promotes cardiovascular disease; however, it is unclear how or which proteins encoded at this locus contribute to disease. We have previously demonstrated that loss of one candidate gene at this locus, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (Cdkn2b), in mice promotes vascular SMC apoptosis and aneurysm progression. Here, we investigated the role of Cdnk2b in atherogenesis and found that in a mouse model of atherosclerosis, deletion of Cdnk2b promoted advanced development of atherosclerotic plaques composed of large necrotic cores. Furthermore, human carriers of the 9p21 risk allele had reduced expression of CDKN2B in atherosclerotic plaques, which was associated with impaired expression of calreticulin, a ligand required for activation of engulfment receptors on phagocytic cells. As a result of decreased calreticulin, CDKN2B-deficient apoptotic bodies were resistant to efferocytosis and not efficiently cleared by neighboring macrophages. These uncleared SMCs elicited a series of proatherogenic juxtacrine responses associated with increased foam cell formation and inflammatory cytokine elaboration. The addition of exogenous calreticulin reversed defects associated with loss of Cdkn2b and normalized engulfment of Cdkn2b-deficient cells. Together, these data suggest that loss of CDKN2B promotes atherosclerosis by increasing the size and complexity of the lipid-laden necrotic core through impaired efferocytosis.
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Kojima Y, Downing K, Kundu R, Miller C, Dewey F, Lancero H, Raaz U, Perisic L, Hedin U, Schadt E, Maegdefessel L, Quertermous T, Leeper NJ. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B regulates efferocytosis and atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1083-97. [PMID: 24531546 DOI: 10.1172/jci70391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation at the chromosome 9p21 risk locus promotes cardiovascular disease; however, it is unclear how or which proteins encoded at this locus contribute to disease. We have previously demonstrated that loss of one candidate gene at this locus, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (Cdkn2b), in mice promotes vascular SMC apoptosis and aneurysm progression. Here, we investigated the role of Cdnk2b in atherogenesis and found that in a mouse model of atherosclerosis, deletion of Cdnk2b promoted advanced development of atherosclerotic plaques composed of large necrotic cores. Furthermore, human carriers of the 9p21 risk allele had reduced expression of CDKN2B in atherosclerotic plaques, which was associated with impaired expression of calreticulin, a ligand required for activation of engulfment receptors on phagocytic cells. As a result of decreased calreticulin, CDKN2B-deficient apoptotic bodies were resistant to efferocytosis and not efficiently cleared by neighboring macrophages. These uncleared SMCs elicited a series of proatherogenic juxtacrine responses associated with increased foam cell formation and inflammatory cytokine elaboration. The addition of exogenous calreticulin reversed defects associated with loss of Cdkn2b and normalized engulfment of Cdkn2b-deficient cells. Together, these data suggest that loss of CDKN2B promotes atherosclerosis by increasing the size and complexity of the lipid-laden necrotic core through impaired efferocytosis.
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Han S, Englander EW, Gomez GA, Aronson JF, Rastellini C, Garofalo RP, Kolli D, Quertermous T, Kundu R, Greeley GH. Pancreatitis activates pancreatic apelin-APJ axis in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G139-50. [PMID: 23681476 PMCID: PMC3725680 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00370.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatitis is classified into acute pancreatitis (AP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP). Apelin, a small regulatory peptide, is the endogenous ligand for the APJ receptor. Apelin and APJ are expressed in the pancreas. The aims of this study were to examine whether apelin influences the inflammatory and fibrosis responses to pancreatitis in mice and to identify mechanisms behind apelin's activities. Supramaximal cerulein induction of AP or CP caused significant (P < 0.05) elevations in pancreatic apelin and APJ expression. Levels declined during the recovery phases. In apelin gene-knockout mice with pancreatitis, pancreatic neutrophil invasion and myeloperoxidase activity were enhanced significantly, and apelin treatment suppressed both. Apelin exposure reduced CP-induced elevations of extracellular matrix-associated proteins. Apelin inhibited PDGF-simulated connective tissue growth factor production and proliferation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). Serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and keratinocyte cytokine levels were higher in apelin gene-knockout than wild-type mice with pancreatitis. Apelin reduced AP- and CP-induced elevations in pancreatic NF-κB activation. Together, these findings imply that the pancreatic apelin-APJ system functions to curb the inflammatory and fibrosis responses during pancreatitis. Furthermore, findings suggest that apelin reduces inflammation and fibrosis by reducing neutrophil recruitment and PSC activity. Inhibition of neutrophil invasion may be mediated by reduced keratinocyte cytokine and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor secretion. Apelin-induced reductions in PSC proliferation and connective tissue growth factor production are putative mechanisms underlying apelin's inhibition of extracellular matrix production. The apelin-associated changes in NF-κB binding may be linked to apelin's regulation of pancreatic inflammatory and fibrosis responses during pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Han
- 1Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas;
| | - Ella W. Englander
- 1Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas;
| | - Guillermo A. Gomez
- 1Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas;
| | - Judith F. Aronson
- 4Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | | | - R. P. Garofalo
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; ,3Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas;
| | - Deepthi Kolli
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas;
| | | | | | - George H. Greeley
- 1Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas;
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Panda B, Ghosh D, Ishlam A, Kundu R, Mahato M. O09.3 A Successful Model in Reaching Out Mobile Population to Control the Spread of STI/HIV/AIDS: Experience from Link Worker Scheme Implemented in 200 Villages Mostly Inhibited by Mobile Population in West Bengal, India. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Vaghela A, Bhadja P, Ramoliya J, Patel N, Kundu R. Seasonal variations in the water quality, diversity and population ecology of intertidal macrofauna at an industrially influenced coast. Water Sci Technol 2010; 61:1505-1514. [PMID: 20351430 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2010.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Present communication reports the physico-chemical and biological quality of seawater and status of benthos of a highly industrialized shore of the north-western coastline of India. The coastal area considered for the present study, encircled by a variety of industries, was divided into two sampling sites and monitored for two consecutive years. Results of the water quality suggest that the obtained values of the physical and chemical parameters of seawater were comparable with data reported earlier. However, data obtained in the biological parameters of the seawater showed a declining trend. Results of the intertidal macrofaunal diversity studies revealed that the muddy upper littoral zones were represented by few species of coelenterata, porifera, arthropoda and mollusca. In the rocky-muddy middle littoral zones, gastropods, stars fishes, corallites, crabs, polychetes and tubeworms were present, whereas, predominantly rocky lower littoral zones were comparatively rich in macrofaunal diversity with small patches of coral colonies. However, when the results obtained in the present study was compared with that of earlier reported data, it was clear that the macrofaunal diversity indeed declined considerably over the years. This may be due to habitat destruction and habitat alteration in the coastline caused by increased anthropogenic activities in the area. Seasonal variations in the population density and abundance were observed in most of the faunal groups except in sessile corals and sponges. This may be due to local migration of the faunal groups towards deeper regions of the Gulf, as supported by the analysis of similarity, to avoid influx of freshwater during monsoon, and high temperature during summer and post monsoon seasons. The overall assessment of different parameters of this study revealed that though the physico- chemical characteristics of the seawater did not varied much from the earlier reported status, the biological characteristics of the seawater and intertidal zone was affected possibly by a high degree of anthropogenic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vaghela
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
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28
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Hsu GP, Mathy JA, Wang Z, Xia W, Sakamoto G, Kundu R, Longaker MT, Quertermous T, Yang GP. Increased rate of hair regrowth in mice with constitutive overexpression of Del1. J Surg Res 2007; 146:73-80. [PMID: 17764695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental endothelial locus (Del)1 is a secreted extracellular matrix-associated protein that stimulates angiogenesis through integrin binding and is implicated in vasculogenesis. We hypothesized that increased expression of an angiogenic factor would lead to enhanced wound healing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Transgenic mice had Del1 cloned behind a keratin 14 promoter (K14-Del1) to drive constitutive expression in basal keratinocytes. Transgenic animals and wild-type litter mates underwent excisional wounding or depilation, and tissues were harvested at various time points. Wound healing and hair regrowth were assessed by photography, histology, and immunohistochemistry. For injection experiments, purified Del1 protein was injected in the flanks of wild-type mice with carrier on the contralateral flank as a control. Del1 expression during hair development was performed using transgenic mice with a LacZ cassette introduced downstream from the native promoter. RESULTS K14-Del1 animals appeared normal and healed excisional wounds normally but demonstrated an increased rate of hair regrowth after wound healing. Using depilation experiments to specifically address hair follicle growth, we found increased hair regrowth was independent of wounding. This was confirmed by injection of purified Del1 protein. During normal hair anagenesis, Del1 is expressed in the root of the hair follicle. CONCLUSIONS Constitutive expression of Del1 in skin does not affect skin vascularity or improve wound healing. Surprisingly, we found the primary effect of constitutive Del1 expression in the basal keratinocytes was increased hair growth following induction of anagenesis. During normal hair anagenesis, we see expression of Del1 in the root of the hair follicle suggesting it may function there to stimulate hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria P Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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29
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Deng DXF, Tsalenko A, Vailaya A, Ben-Dor A, Kundu R, Estay I, Tabibiazar R, Kincaid R, Yakhini Z, Bruhn L, Quertermous T. Differences in Vascular Bed Disease Susceptibility Reflect Differences in Gene Expression Response to Atherogenic Stimuli. Circ Res 2006; 98:200-8. [PMID: 16373601 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000200738.50997.f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis occurs predominantly in arteries and only rarely in veins. The goal of this study was to test whether differences in the molecular responses of venous and arterial endothelial cells (ECs) to atherosclerotic stimuli might contribute to vascular bed differences in susceptibility to atherosclerosis. We compared gene expression profiles of primary cultured ECs from human saphenous vein (SVEC) and coronary artery (CAEC) exposed to atherogenic stimuli. In addition to identifying differentially expressed genes, we applied statistical analysis of gene ontology and pathway annotation terms to identify signaling differences related to cell type and stimulus. Differential gene expression of untreated venous and arterial endothelial cells yielded 285 genes more highly expressed in untreated SVEC (
P
<0.005 and fold change >1.5). These genes represented various atherosclerosis-related pathways including responses to proliferation, oxidoreductase activity, antiinflammatory responses, cell growth, and hemostasis functions. Moreover, stimulation with oxidized LDL induced dramatically greater gene expression responses in CAEC compared with SVEC, relating to adhesion, proliferation, and apoptosis pathways. In contrast, interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α activated similar gene expression responses in both CAEC and SVEC. The differences in functional response and gene expression were further validated by an in vitro proliferation assay and in vivo immunostaining of αβ-crystallin protein. Our results strongly suggest that different inherent gene expression programs in arterial versus venous endothelial cells contribute to differences in atherosclerotic disease susceptibility.
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John AS, Rao PSS, Kundu R, Raju MS. Leprosy among adolescents in Kolkata, India. Indian J Lepr 2005; 77:247-53. [PMID: 16353523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy, manifesting during adolescence when significant physical and emotional changes are taking place, poses further stress and strain both on the individual and on the family. Based on hospital records, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews, data on 258 adolescent leprosy patients seen at a leprosy referral hospital in Kolkata, India, are presented. The male-female sex ratio was 1.93:1, 56.6% were multibacillary patients and 13.2% had grade 2 disability. At the time of final follow up, 10% of PB and 33% of MB patients had already discontinued treatment. The commonest complication was reaction (14.5%). Adolescents were still dependent on their parents for health matters. Data obtained from questionnaires confirmed the role of social stigma in hiding, delay in starting of MDT and defaulting. Frequent hospital admissions resulted in loss of jobs and disruption of studies and caused psychological disturbances. It is critical to identify and treat adolescent leprosy on a priority basis. Health education and counselling programmes must be more focused and acceptable. Further research is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S John
- Premananda Memorial Hospital, The Leprosy Mission, Kolkata, India.
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31
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Ashley EA, Powers J, Chen M, Kundu R, Finsterbach T, Caffarelli A, Deng A, Eichhorn J, Mahajan R, Agrawal R, Greve J, Robbins R, Patterson AJ, Bernstein D, Quertermous T. The endogenous peptide apelin potently improves cardiac contractility and reduces cardiac loading in vivo. Cardiovasc Res 2005; 65:73-82. [PMID: 15621035 PMCID: PMC2517138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2004] [Revised: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The endogenous peptide apelin is differentially regulated in cardiovascular disease but the nature of its role in cardiac function remains unclear. METHODS We investigated the functional relevance of this peptide using ECG and respiration gated magnetic resonance imaging, conductance catheter pressure-volume hemodynamic measurements, and echocardiography in vivo. In addition, we carried out histology and immunohistochemistry to assess cardiac hypertrophy and to localize apelin and APJ in the adult and embryonic mouse heart. RESULTS Intraperitoneal injection of apelin (300 microg/kg) resulted in a decrease in left ventricular end diastolic area (pre: 0.122+/-0.007; post: 0.104+/-0.005 cm(2), p=0.006) and an increase in heart rate (pre: 537+/-20; post: 559+/-19 beats per minute, p=0.03). Hemodynamic measurements revealed a marked increase in ventricular elastance (pre: 3.7+/-0.9; post: 6.5+/-1.4 mm Hg/RVU, p=0.018) and preload recruitable stroke work (pre: 27.4+/-8.0; post: 51.8+/-3.1, p=0.059) with little change in diastolic parameters following acute infusion of apelin. Chronic infusion (2 mg/kg/day) resulted in significant increases in the velocity of circumferential shortening (baseline: 5.36+/-0.401; 14 days: 6.85+/-0.358 circ/s, p=0.049) and cardiac output (baseline: 0.142+/-0.019; 14 days: 0.25+/-0.019 l/min, p=0.001) as determined by 15 MHz echocardiography. Post-mortem corrected heart weights were not different between apelin and saline groups (p=0.5) and histology revealed no evidence of cellular hypertrophy in the apelin group (nuclei per unit area, p=0.9). Immunohistochemistry studies revealed APJ staining of myocardial cells in all regions of the adult mouse heart. Antibody staining, as well as quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction identified expression of both APJ and apelin in embryonic myocardium as early as embryonic day 13.5. CONCLUSIONS Apelin reduces left ventricular preload and afterload and increases contractile reserve without evidence of hypertrophy. These results associate apelin with a positive hemodynamic profile and suggest it as an attractive target for pharmacotherapy in the setting of heart failure.
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Mondal A, Kundu B, Kundu R, Bhattacharya MK. Multifocal giant cell tumour of bone in a skeletally immature patient--a case report. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2001; 44:479-81. [PMID: 12035373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant cell tumor of bone is usually seen in adults affecting a single bone. Multiple giant cell tumour of bone occurring in skeletally immature patients is extremely rare. Multifocal giant cell tumor of bone in a ten year old boy involving upper end of humerus and tibia is being reported for its extreme paucity in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mondal
- Department of Cytology & Histopathology, SVS Marwari Hospital and Cancer Detection Centre, Kolkata
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Mondal A, Kundu R, Misra DK. Factors regulating the metastatic potential of benign giant cell tumour of bone--study of an unusual case with short review of literature. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2001; 44:31-5. [PMID: 12561992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign giant cell tumour of bone with metastases to other bones and lungs is extremely rare. Benign metastasising giant cell tumour is distinctly separate from multicentric giant cell tumour, primary and secondary malignant giant cell tumour. Factors regulating the local recurrence and metastatic potential of this benign tumour depend on its aggressiveness which can be better assessed by clinical and radiological parameters rather than the histopathological appearance. A benign giant cell tumour of ischium with metastasis to vertebra and lung over an eleven year period is discussed. Extreme paucity of literature prompted to publish the article. A short review of factors determining the recurrence and metastatic spread of benign giant cell tumour of bone is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mondal
- Department of Pathology, SVS Marwari Hospital and Cancer Detection Centre, Calcutta
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Mondal A, Kundu R, Chatterjee J. Primary malignant giant cell tumour of bone--a study of two cases with short review. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2000; 43:403-7. [PMID: 11344602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary malignant giant cell tumour of bone is extremely rare. It is distinctly separate from benign metastasising giant cell tumour of bone and secondary malignant giant cell tumour which occurs in response to radiotherapy and repeated curettage of benign giant cell tumor. The tumor has high mortality rate. It usually affects lower end of femur and upper end of tibia. Two usually affects lower end of femur and upper end of tibia. Two cases, on involving upper end of tibia and other in vertebra are discussed. Extreme paucity of literature prompted to publish this article. A short review of radiological appearance, histopathological findings and treatment modalities is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mondal
- Department of Pathology, SVS Marwari Hospital and Cancer Detection Centre, Calcutta
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35
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Chhaya J, Thaker J, Mittal R, Nuzhat S, Mansuri AP, Kundu R. Influence of textile dyeing and printing industry effluent on ATPases in liver, brain, and muscle of mudskipper, Periophthalmus dipes. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1997; 58:793-800. [PMID: 9115145 DOI: 10.1007/s001289900404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Chhaya
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Gujarat, India
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McCabe LR, Banerjee C, Kundu R, Harrison RJ, Dobner PR, Stein JL, Lian JB, Stein GS. Developmental expression and activities of specific fos and jun proteins are functionally related to osteoblast maturation: role of Fra-2 and Jun D during differentiation. Endocrinology 1996; 137:4398-408. [PMID: 8828501 DOI: 10.1210/endo.137.10.8828501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Developmental studies of oncogene expression implicate the Fos and Jun family of transcription factors in the regulation of bone growth and differentiation. Promoters of many developmentally regulated genes, including osteocalcin, a marker of osteoblast differentiation, contain AP-1 sites that bind Fos/Jun dimers. Here, we demonstrate that the selective expression of fos- and jun-related genes is functionally related to the stage of osteoblast growth and differentiation in vitro. During osteoblast proliferation, nuclear protein levels of all seven activating protein-1 (AP-1) members are maximal. Subsequently, during the period of extracellular matrix maturation, levels decline. In fully differentiated osteoblasts, Fra-2 and (to a lesser extent) Jun D are the principal AP-1 members detectable by Western blot analysis. AP-1 complex composition and binding activity also exhibit developmental changes. All Fos and Jun family members are involved in AP-1 complex formation in proliferating cells, whereas Fra-2 and Jun D predominate in AP-1 complexes in differentiated osteoblasts. Overexpression of Fos and Jun family members in ROS 17/2.8 cells markedly affects the expression of an osteocalcin promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase construct. Coexpression of only one AP-1 pair, Fra-2 and Jun D, stimulated reporter expression, whereas coexpression of other AP-1 pairs down-regulated expression (i.e. c-jun and any Fos family member) or had no effect (i.e. Fra-1 and Jun B). Promoter deletion analyses indicate that these effects are site specific. Consequential effects of Fra-2 on osteoblast differentiation are further demonstrated by antisense studies in which osteoblast differentiation and the development of a bone tissue-like organization were suppressed. Consistent with recent findings suggesting that AP-1 complex composition can selectively regulate gene transcription, our findings demonstrate that differential expression of Fos and Jun family members could play a role in the developmental regulation of bone-specific gene expression and, as a result, may be functionally significant for osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R McCabe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester 01655, USA
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37
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Thaker J, Chhaya J, Nuzhat S, Mittal R, Mansuri AP, Kundu R. Effects of chromium(VI) on some ion-dependent ATPases in gills, kidney and intestine of a coastal teleost Periophthalmus dipes. Toxicology 1996; 112:237-44. [PMID: 8845044 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(96)86481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The coastal teleost species, Periophthalmus dipes, commonly known as the mudskipper, was exposed to three sublethal concentrations (5, 10 and 15 mg/l) of potassium chromate for three exposure durations (2, 4 and 6 days). The study compares the dose- and duration-dependent effects of Cr(VI), as potassium chromate, on the ATPase systems in various organs of this fish species. In this study, effects of Cr(VI) stress on total ATPase, (Na+,K+)-ATPase, (Ca+2)-ATPase, (Mg+2)-ATPase, (Ca+2, HCO3-)-ATPase and (Mg+2,HCO3-)-ATPase in gills, kidney and intestine were estimated. A general dose- and duration-dependent inhibitory trend was observed. However, it is evident that exposure duration is more important then dose in the inhibition of the activity of the enzymes. At some concentrations, initial stimulation of the activity of some enzymes were also noticed. However, maximum inhibition was observed in higher Cr(VI) concentrations exposed for the longest time. It is possible that this inhibition of the ATPases by Cr(VI) blocked the active transport system of the gill epithelial as well as chloride cells, glomerular and epithelial cells of the tubules and thus altered the osmoregulatory mechanism of the fish. It appears that this heavy metal ion alters the membrane permeability of the intestinal epithelial cells and other layer of cells by altering the activity of ATPases, resulting in a breakdown of the active transport mechanism needed for the absorption of nutrients, ions and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thaker
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Gujarat, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kenneth R. Norris Cancer Hospital and Institute, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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39
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Kundu R, Chakrabartty S. Treating congenital hypothyroidism: maximum age limit up to which a socially compatible child is expected. J Indian Med Assoc 1996; 94:96-8. [PMID: 8810204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It is has been known that the treatment with thyroxine in hypothyroid children results in normal physical growth, but mental development is less predictable. A comparative study of developmental milestones, anthropometry and intelligence quotient (IQ) in congenital hypothyroid children starting thyroxine therapy before and after 6 months of age was done. Forty-eight congenital hypothyroid children were enrolled. They were given thyroxine and were followed up. In 18 cases who received thyroxine at or before 6 months of age their anthropometric measurements in majority were 50th percentile or above. Their mental age was deficient on an average by 5 months as compared to chronological age and their IQ was above 85. In rest of 30 cases where thyroxine was started after 6 months of age anthropometric measurements in majority were less than 50th percentile. Their mental age was deficient on an average by 14 months with IQ ranging between 50 and 70. Thyroxine therapy before 6 months of age considerably improved mental function so that they are educable. On the contrary those with late thyroxine therapy showed mild to moderate mental retardation and need special care. In developing country like ours if treatment of hypothyroidism can be started even by 6 months of age considerable brain function can be salvaged so that they can attain a self supportive life.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kundu
- Institute of Child Health, Calcutta
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40
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Kundu R, Lakshmi R, Mansuri AP. Effects of Cr (VI) on ATPases in the brain and muscle of mudskipper, Boleophthalmus dentatus. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1995; 55:723-729. [PMID: 8563206 DOI: 10.1007/bf00203759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Kundu
- Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India
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Liu YH, Kundu R, Wu L, Luo W, Ignelzi MA, Snead ML, Maxson RE. Premature suture closure and ectopic cranial bone in mice expressing Msx2 transgenes in the developing skull. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:6137-41. [PMID: 7597092 PMCID: PMC41657 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.13.6137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordinate growth of the brain and skull is achieved through a series of interactions between the developing brain, the growing bones of the skull, and the fibrous joints, or sutures, that unite the bones. These interactions couple the expansion of the brain to the growth of the bony plates at the sutures. Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of the bones of the skull, is a common birth defect (1 in 3000 live births) that disrupts coordinate growth and often results in profoundly abnormal skull shape. Individuals affected with Boston-type craniosynostosis, an autosomal dominant disorder, bear a mutated copy of MSX2, a homeobox gene thought to function in tissue interactions. Here we show that expression of the mouse counterpart of this mutant gene in the developing skulls of transgenic mice causes craniosynostosis and ectopic cranial bone. These mice provide a transgenic model of craniosynostosis as well as a point of entry into the molecular mechanisms that coordinate the growth of the brain and skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kenneth R. Norris Cancer Hospital and Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Semenza GL, Wang GL, Kundu R. DNA binding and transcriptional properties of wild-type and mutant forms of the homeodomain protein Msx2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 209:257-62. [PMID: 7726844 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Msx2 is a mammalian homeodomain protein that is expressed during craniofacial development. A proline-to-histidine substitution at residue 148 of human Msx2 results in an autosomal dominant form of craniosynostosis. In this study, both wild-type and mutant Msx2 were shown to specifically bind to a DNA sequence previously identified as a high-affinity binding site for the related homeodomain protein Msx1. In co-transfection assays both wild-type and mutant Msx2 repressed reporter gene transcription in a dose-dependent but binding-site-independent manner. These results provide evidence that Msx2 is a transcriptional repressor and suggest that the mutant form of Msx2 may exert its pathophysiologic effects on craniofacial development by a gain-of-function mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Semenza
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-3914, USA
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Liu YH, Ma L, Wu LY, Luo W, Kundu R, Sangiorgi F, Snead ML, Maxson R. Regulation of the Msx2 homeobox gene during mouse embryogenesis: a transgene with 439 bp of 5' flanking sequence is expressed exclusively in the apical ectodermal ridge of the developing limb. Mech Dev 1994; 48:187-97. [PMID: 7893602 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4773(94)90059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Msx2, a member of the highly conserved and widely distributed msh homeobox gene family, is expressed in a variety of sites in the vertebrate embryo, including craniofacial structures, heart, limb buds and otic and optic vesicles. In many of these sites, its expression is regulated by tissue interactions. Here we address the cis-trans regulatory interactions that direct Msx2 expression to specific regions of the embryo and enable it to respond to tissue interactions. We created a series of Msx2-lacZ fusion constructs with varying amounts of Msx2 genomic sequences. These were introduced into mouse embryos and their expression monitored by staining for beta-galactosidase activity. A construct bearing 5.2 kb of 5' flanking sequence, the intron, both exons and 3 kb of 3' flanking sequence was expressed in a pattern that closely resembled that of the endogenous Msx2 gene. In the E12.5 embryo, sites of expression included craniofacial mesenchyme, portions of the neural ectoderm, mesoderm in the distal limb bud and the overlying apical ectodermal ridge (AER). Removal of intronic and 3' UTR sequences slightly altered the pattern of Msx2 expression in the neural ectoderm of the E12 embryo. Deletion of 5' flanking sequences to -0.5 kb eliminated Msx2 expression in all sites except the AER. The proximal Msx2 promoter, including sequences required for the AER-specific expression of the -0.5 lacZ transgene, is highly conserved between mouse and human, one stretch exhibiting 100% identity over 72 bp. This conservation suggests that the AER element is under remarkably tight evolutionary constraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kenneth R. Norris Hospital and Institute, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033
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Bell JR, Noveen A, Liu YH, Ma L, Dobias S, Kundu R, Luo W, Xia Y, Lusis AJ, Snead ML. Genomic structure, chromosomal location, and evolution of the mouse Hox 8 gene. Genomics 1993; 17:800. [PMID: 7902329 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1993.1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Bell JR, Noveen A, Liu YH, Ma L, Dobias S, Kundu R, Luo W, Xia Y, Lusis AJ, Snead ML. Genomic structure, chromosomal location, and evolution of the mouse Hox 8 gene. Genomics 1993; 16:123-31. [PMID: 8098007 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1993.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We isolated genomic clones containing the mouse Hox 8 gene, a member of the msh gene family. We show that Hox 8 comprises two exons of approximately 600 and 691 bp separated by a 3.5-kb intron, and that it cosegregates with previously mapped markers in the distal region of mouse chromosome 13. In midgestation embryos, the Hox 8 gene produces transcripts of 1.4 and 2.2 kb. Both transcripts are present in facial tissues of the newborn mouse, though the ratio of the 2.2-kb transcript to the 1.4-kb transcript is reduced relative to the ratio observed for midgestation embryos. An alignment of the homeobox sequences of previously characterized members of the msh family revealed three subclasses: Hox 7-like genes, Hox 8-like genes, and msh-like genes. Both the Hox 7-like genes and Hox 8-like genes are present throughout the vertebrates. Representatives of the third subclass, the msh-like genes, are found in a protostome (Drosophila) and a deuterostome (Ciona) and are thus likely to be phylogenetically widespread. To investigate the distribution of Hox 8-like genes outside the chordates, we used the polymerase chain reaction and degenerate Hox 8 primers to screen genomic DNA of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Phylum Echinodermata). We isolated a gene with greater sequence similarity to mouse Hox 8 than to members of the Hox 7 or msh subfamilies, demonstrating that the Hox 8 subfamily has been in existence at least since the echinoderms diverged from the lineage that gave rise to the chordates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Bell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033
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Shea J, Ford G, Case W, Angus P, Stickley E, Thomlinson J, Moore V, Bhabra K, Wilson G, Mathew H, Tucker A, Gandhi A, Coulden P, Maher O, Brayshaw S, Lloyd D, Mishra A, Smith P, Wetherill J, Kemp T, James P, Lynch M, Ikoku B, Mohanraj M, Ahfat P, Gudgeon P, Logan C, Evans M, Barnes S, Biswas C, Kundu R. Support for suspended surgeon. West J Med 1992. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.304.6831.918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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